Effect of green solution on the properties of ocher

Thesis EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER Nguyen, Ninh Thuy Department of Civil Engineering Graduate School Yeungnam University Advised by Professor Kwon, Hyugmoon ABSTR

EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER

The Graduate School

YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Structural Engineering Major

Nguyen, Ninh Thuy

Advisor: Prof Kwon, Hyugmoon

EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER

by Nguyen, Ninh Thuy

THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of

Yeungnam University

in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY

June 2005

It has been 2 years since I came to Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Korea I had a good chance to study many knowledge not only in my major, but also for my life I met the dedicated Professors, the honest friends in our Department

I would like to show my appreciation to Prof Shin Young Shik, Prof Woo Kwang Sung, Prof Lee Jae Hoon, Prof Kwon Young Bong, Prof Jee Hong Kee who helped me a lot in my studying

Specially, I would like to show my grateful to Adviser, Prof Kwon Hyugmoon, for all his advice and support me to finish my Master Degree

I would like to thank to my friends: Dr Lee Seung Joon, Park Mi Young, Ju

Gi Chul, Lee Seung Hwan, Jang Young Min, Han Sang Hyun, Bae Dong Man, Jubg Joung Jin, Kim Sae Hwan, Kim Nak Gu, Lee Jae Hee, Kim Bong Sun, Kwon Soon Hong and Hwang Jung Gil Specially thanks to my friends

in our laboratory: Cho Sung Bae, Kwak Byong Hu, Chae Chul Ho, Lee Seung Gul and Hoang Thi Kieu Nga for their help

I would like to thank to my Professors and my friends in Vietnam for their stimulation while I am doing my study

Finally, I would like to appreciate to my parents, my brothers, my sisters,

my wife and my children who always encouraged me

Abstract

M.S Thesis

EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER

Nguyen, Ninh Thuy

Department of Civil Engineering

Graduate School Yeungnam University Advised by Professor Kwon, Hyugmoon

ABSTRACT

Ocher is one of the most widely used pigments Not only it was used in cave painting, it was also used as a friendly construction material as well

The data on this paper shows the effect of green solution on

Abstract

the properties of ocher: determine the good mix proportion of ocher, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption Seventy two series of specimen were prepared for this study The specimens with green solution and the specimens without green solution were prepared to distinguish the desired effect of green solution

The result of this experiment: the compressive strength of ocher is increased from 15% to 21% The bending strength of ocher is increased from 12% to 18% The ratio of water absorption is reduced from 8 % to 11% The ratio of saturation is increased from 2 % to 6 %

This study shows the effect of green solution on basic properties of ocher and can be used for fundamental information for the advanced research in near future for unburnt brick by ocher

Page

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 The main types of bricks 2

1.3 Varieties and qualities of clay bricks 3

Chapter 2 Materials 6

2.1 Soil of weather granite 7

2.2 Dried ocher 8

2.3 East ocher 9

2.4 Binder 10

2.5 Green solution 11

Chapter 3 Experiment 12

3.1 Compressive Strength 12

3.2 Bending strength 13

3.3 Water absorption 14

3.4 Mix proportions 16

Chapter 4 Result of the tests 27

4.1 Compressive strength 27

4.2 Bending strength 44

4.3 Water absorption 47

4.4 The effect of green solution 52

Chapter 5 Conclusion 67

Table 1 Chemical composition of binder 10

Table 2 Analysis test of green solution 11

Table 3 Mix proportion of series I, II, III 17

Table 4 Mix proportion of series IV, V, VI 18

Table 5 Mix proportion of series VII, VIII, IX 19

Table 6 Mix proportion of series X, XI, XII 20

Table 7 Compressive strength of series I-1~I-6 27

Table 8 Compressive strength of series II-1~II-6 28

Table 9 Compressive strength of series III-1~III-6 29

Table 10 Compressive strength of series IV-1~IV-6 31

Table 11 Compressive strength of series V-1~V-6 31

Table 12 Compressive strength of series VI-1~VI-6 32

Table 13 Compressive strength of series VII-1~VII-6 34

Table 14 Compressive strength of series VIII-1~VIII-6 34

Table 15 Compressive strength of series IX-1~IX-6 35

Table 16 Compressive strength of series X-1~X-6 37

Table 17 Compressive strength of series XI-1~XI-6 37

Table 18 Compressive strength of series XII-1~XII-6 38

Table 19 Compressive strength of clay bricks (KS L 4201-1997) 43

Table 20 Bending strength of ocher 44

Table 21 Water absorption and saturation of ocher 47

Table 22 Effect of green solution on compressive strength 52

Table 23 Effect of green solution on bending strength 57

Table 24 Effect of green solution on water absorption and saturation 62

Page

Figure 1 Produced and used bricks long time ago 2

Figure 2 Air pollution from burnt brick factory 4

Figure 3 Soil of weather granite 7

Figure 4 Dried ocher 8

Figure 5 East ocher 9

Figure 6 Binder 10

Figure 7 Autograph AG-250TG - Shimadzu machine 12

Figure 8 Hanshin Kumpung machine 13

Figure 9 Materials prepared for mixing 21

Figure 10 Mixing machine 21

Figure 11 Compacting the cylinder specimen 22

Figure 12 Compacting 4x4x16 cm specimen 22

Figure 13 Molding specimen 23

Figure 14 Curing specimens 24

Figure 15 Drying specimens 24

Figure 16 Weighting dry specimen 25

Figure 17 Submersion in cold water 25

Figure 18 Submersion in boiling water 26

Figure 19 Compressive strength of series I~III 30

Figure 20 Compressive strength of series IV~VI 33

Figure 21 Compressive strength of series VII~IX 36

Figure 22 Compressive strength of series X~XII 39

Figure 25 Ratio between 7 days and 28 days compressive strength

of ocher with 10% and 15% east ocher 42

Figure 26 Bending strength of ocher with 25% and 30% binder 45

Figure 27 Ratio between 7 days and 28 days bending strength of ocher with 25% and 30% binder 46

Figure 28 Water absorption of ocher with 15% east ocher 48

Figure 29 Saturation of ocher with 15% east ocher 48

Figure 30 Relationship between water absorption and saturation compressive strength 49

Figure 31 Relationship between water absorption and compressive strength 50

Figure 32 Relation between saturation and compressive strength 51

Figure 33 Effect of green solution on compressive strength, 25% binder 53

Figure 34 Effect of green solution on compressive strength, 30% binder 54

Figure 35 Increasing ratio of compressive strength 55

Figure 36 Ratio of compressive strength 7 days and 28 days 56

Figure 37 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 25% binder 58

Figure 38 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 30% binder 59

Figure 39 Increasing ratio of bending strength 60

Figure 40 Ratio of bending strength 7 days and 28 days 61

Figure 41 Effect of green solution on water absorption 63

Figure 42 Decreasing ratio of water absorption 64

Figure 43 Effect of green solution on saturation 65

Figure 44 Increasing ratio of saturation 66

in a heated chamber However this is not strictly required as such bricks can be left to dry naturally [1]

Normally, bricks are shaped as rectangular prisms Special shapes, some of which are known as 'standard specials' are produced

as required Bricks can be solid, perforated, hollow or cellular They are acceptable for different constructional purposes within the range of compressive strength and resistance to water and corrosive fluids

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1 produced and used bricks long time ago

Bricks are in competition as building units with a wide range of alternative materials and forms of construction and finish The main disadvantages of bricks as a construction material are that they provide more labour intensive in erection and provide poor thermal insulation Their main advantages are their flexibility in use, good appearance, low maintenance costs, structural strength, combined with good sound insulation, resistance to fire, and durability

1.2 The main types of bricks [1]

Building bricks can be made from three basic materials: clay, calcium silicate or concrete Clay bricks account for approximately 90 percent of total deliveries of bricks in Great Britain This proportion has scarcely changed over time [1]

There are two main types of clay brick: fletton and non-fletton The distinctive feature of fletton bricks is that they are made only

Chapter 1 Introduction

from the lower Oxford clay which contains a relatively high proportion of carbonaceous material They are called fletton bricks , it was developed at Fletton near Peterborough [1]

1.3 Varieties and qualities of clay bricks

Bricks are classified in the British Standard BS 3921 as follows:

(a) Common bricks are defined as suitable for general building work

but have no special claim to an attractive appearance They are generally used in interior walls but can also be used for external walls, particularly when rendered or colour washed

(b) Facing bricks are defined as those bricks specially made or

selected to give an attractive appearance when used without rendering, plaster or other surface treatment of the wall Facing bricks are available in a wide range of strengths, colours and textures

(c) Engineering bricks have a dense and strong semi-vitreous body

conforming to defined limits for absorption and strength They can

be sub-divided into facings and commons according to their appearance They are used for load bearing and where it is exposure

to damp or frost is most likely to be extreme [1]

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 2 air pollution from burnt brick factory

Although the burnt bricks are many useful, the technology to produce them are harmful to our environment Production is made through four main steps: preparation, pressing, tunnel furnaces, sheet link Sortiment of basic building material production is broad and it is flexibly changed according the needs Basic building materials are divided to two types according to their shape: normal and shaped They are either burned or chemically bounded building materials that are further divided to magnesite magnesitchrom, chrommagnesite and periklascarbon The more burnt bricks are produced, the more air pollution we have Ozone pollution, or smog, is mainly a daytime

Chapter 1 Introduction

problem during summer months because sunlight plays a primary role

in its formation Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are known as the chief "precursors" of ozone These compounds react in the presence of sunlight to produce ozone The sources of these precursor pollutants include cars, trucks, power plants and factories, or wherever natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and oil are combusted These gaseous compounds mix like a thin soup in the atmosphere, and when they interact with sunlight, ozone is formed Large industrial areas and cities with heavy summer traffic are the main contributors to ozone formation When temperatures are high and the mixing of air currents

is limited, ozone can accumulate to unhealthful levels [2]

Nowadays, we are thinking about the friendly building materials, such as unburnt bricks We do not have the burning step with this materials, it is not only good for our environment, but also for our children

In this research, I studied about properties of ocher and effect

of green solution on the properties of ocher This will be applied to produce unburnt bricks in the near future

Chapter 2 Materials

CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS

Ochers are among the most widely used pigments They can

be traced back to the earliest cave paintings Red ocher can be found

in natural form in volcanic regions or can be produced by heating yellow ocher There are many variations of red ocher: a light, warn tone is Venetian Red, darker, more cool-toned purple versions is called Indian Red, or Caput Mortuum The choicest source for red ocher in classical antiquity was known as Pontus Euxinus, from the Pontine city of Sinope, according to Pliny The coloring agent of all these pigments is iron oxide Although there are many shades of red ocher they all appear subdued when compared to vermillion Red ocher is very opaque and absorbs large amount of oil [2]

In this research, there are 4 kinds of materials used: soil of weathered granite, dried ocher, east ocher and binder

Chapter 2 Materials

2.1 Soil of weather granite

Figure 3 Soil of weather granite

In this study, soil of weather granite can be compared to coarse aggregate in the mix proportion of concrete Diameter of soil of weather granite is < 1 mm Specific gravity is 2.61 g/cm3 Bulk density is 1650 kg/m3

Chapter 2 Materials

2.2 Dried ocher

Figure 4 Dried ocher

Diameter of dried ocher is < 1 mm In this study, dried ocher has the same function as soil of weather granite, more over, dried ocher can prevent the cracking of specimen when the specimens have been curing Specific gravity is 2.58 g/cm3 Bulk density is 1580 kg/m3

Chapter 2 Materials

2.3 East ocher

Figure 5 East ocher

East ocher is a kind of ocher that has received the sunshine on the east side of the mountain East ocher is very good for skin Specific area of east ocher in this study is 2700 cm2/g Specific gravity

is 3.00 g/cm3 Bulk density is 1150 kg/m3

Chapter 2 Materials

2.4 Binder

Figure 6 Binder

Binder, was used as the paste in mix proportion Specific area

of binder is 2700 cm2/g Specific gravity is 3.02 g/cm3 Bulk density is

1150 kg/m3

Table 1 Chemical composition of binder Oxide SiO2 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO Ig loss Content,

Not detected Not more than

0.1 ppm

DDTC-Ag absorption photometry Lead

Pb

Not detected Not more than

0.05 ppm

Atomic absorption photometry

Cadmium Not detected Not more than

0.1 ppm

Atomic absorption photometry Mercury

Hg

Not detected Not more than

0.01 ppm

Atomic Fluorescence absorption photometry Chrome Not detected Not more than

0.5 ppm

carbarzide absorption photometry

After 7 days and 28 days, the cylinder specimens were tested

by the Autograph AG-250TG - Shimadzu machine

Figure 7 Autograph AG-250TG - Shimadzu machine

Chapter 3 Experiment

3.2 Bending strength

Figure 8 Hanshin Kumpung machine

Bending strength test method in this research is based on KS F

Chapter 3 Experiment

3.3 Water absorption

Water absorption greatly affects the durability of brick (measured by its resistance to frost action) Very soft, underburned bricks may absorb water as much as one-third of their weight; wherereas good, hard bricks may absorb less than 10 percent water The smaller the amount of absorption, the greater the durability It is the saturation coefficient as defined in the following, is also a measure

of freeze-thaw resistance A large saturation coefficient indicates relatively fewer and smaller pores in the brick The smaller voids accommodate expansion results from the freezing of water in the larger voids In some consequence, bricks with a higher saturation coefficient are expected to have less resistance to damaging action from frost than units that contains a lower saturation coefficient

The absorption of bricks (total water absorption) is defined as the increase in the weight of brick due to water It can be expressed as

a percentage of the dry weight, and can be calculated as [6]

100 )

(

) 24

=

unit of weight dry

water cold in hr after absorbed water

of weight ratio

absorption

Chapter 3 Experiment

The saturation coefficient, also called the C/B ratio, is defined as the ratio between absorption after 24 hours in cold water and absorption after boiling for 5 hours, and is calculated as

Where,

W1: is the dry weight of the unit

W2: the saturated weight of the unit after 24 hr submersion in water

W3: the saturated weight of the unit after 5 hr submersion in boiling water

100)5(

)24

=

hr for boiling after

absorption total

water cold

in hr after

absorption t

coefficien

saturation

1001 3

Chapter 3 Experiment

3.4 Mix proportions

In this study, my purpose is to determine the best mix proportion and the effect of green solution I started with 72 series that were coded from series I-1 to series XII-6 The series I, II, III are based on the 15% of soil of weathered granite (SWG), the series IV, V,

VI are based on the 20% of soil of weathered granite (SWG), the series VII, VIII, IX are based on the 25% of soil of weathered granite (SWG), the series X, XI, XII are based on the 30% of soil of weathered granite (SWG) In each group of series, I changed percentage of the others materials: east ocher (EO) from 5 to 15%, binder (B) from 5 to 30% and the remaining percentage is dried ocher (DO)

The water ratio in this study is 20% of the materials and dosage of green solution is 1% of the weight of binder

Chapter 3 Experiment

Table 3 Mix proportion of series I, II, III

Materials (%) Series

Chapter 3 Experiment

Table 4 Mix proportion of series IV, V, VI

Materials (%) Series

Chapter 3 Experiment

Table 5 Mix proportion of series VII, VIII, IX

Materials (%) Series

Chapter 3 Experiment

Table 6 Mix proportion of series X, XI, XII

Materials (%) Series

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 9 Materials prepared for mixing

Figure 10 Mixing machine

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 11 Compacting the cylinder specimen

Figure 12 Compacting 4x4x16 cm specimen

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 13 Molding specimen

Step 1: The materials, after weighting (fig 9), were mixed by the

machine (fig 10) with 30 seconds low speed in dry state, after added water and again with 30 seconds low speed, after that with 60 seconds high speed

Step 2: After mixing, I made 2 kinds of specimen: the cylinder 5 cm

diameter, high 10 cm for compressive strength (fig 11), water absorption and saturation The other kind is 4x4x16 cm for bending test (fig 12, 13)

Step 3: Curing the specimens: the specimens were cured in the curing

room, humidity 60% and the temperature is 20oC (fig 14)

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 14 Curing specimens

Figure 15 Drying specimens

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 16 Weighting dry specimen

Figure 17 Submersion in cold water

Chapter 3 Experiment

Figure 18 Submersion in boiling water

Chapter 4 Result of the Tests

CHAPTER 4 RESULT OF THE TESTS

4.1 Compressive strength

The result of testing are shown on table 7~18 and figure 20~25

Table 7 Compressive strength of series I-1~I-6

Compressive strength (MPa) Series

Based on the result of compressive strength (table 7), it is easy

to distinguish that the compressive strength of series I, in which soil of weather granite is 15%, east ocher is 5%, binder is from 5% to 30% and dried ocher is from 50% to 75%, is not good The compressive strength of series I is from 0.71 MPa to 5.71 MPa at 7 days and from 0.78 MPa to 6.37 MPa at 28 days

Chapter 4 Result of the Tests

Table 8 Compressive strength of series II-1~II-6

Compressive strength (MPa) Series

Chapter 4 Result of the Tests

Table 9 Compressive strength of series III-1~III-6

Compressive strength (MPa) Series

Chapter 4 Result of the Tests

Figure 19 Compressive strength of series I~III

Based on the figure 19, the compressive strength of ocher of series I, series II, series III-1~III-3 is very low

4.82

6.59

11.13

0.90 2.18

soil of weathered granite 15%