Meaning transference of prepositions of place in, on and at in english and the vietnamese equivalents

Summary 16 Chapter 3: MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 17 3.1 Semantics of the place prepositions “in, at and on

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

TA THI THU HIEN

Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01

Hanoi, 11/ 2020

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

(Sự chuyển nghĩa của giới từ chỉ nơi chốn “in, on

và at” trong Tiếng Anh và tương đương trong

Tiếng Việt)

TA THI THU HIEN

Field: English Language

Code: 8.22.02.01

Supervisor:Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Van Thanh

Hanoi, 11/ 2020

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

The undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project

report entitled “Meaning transference of prepositions of place “in, at and on” in English and Vietnamese equivalents” submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Ha Noi, November, 2020

Ta Thi Thu Hien

SUPERVISOR Approved by

Assoc.Prof.Dr.Le Van Thanh

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research has, in many senses, been accomplished with the help and encouragement of many people Therefore, I hereby would like to express my appreciation to all of them

First of all, I would like to acknowledge my depth of gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Van Thanh, who has not only encouraged me to do this study but also given invaluable ideas and enormously helpful guidance

My sincere thanks also go to all staffs of the Faculty of English and Hanoi Open University for their valuable lessons and precious help Thanks to them, I could overcome enormous obstacles when doing this research

Last but not least, I also owe the deepest gratitude to my parents and

my colleagues, my friends for their constant support and thorough understanding Their great encouragement and love have helped me to overcome the difficulties during my study

Certificate of originality i

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2

1.3 Research questions 3

1.4 Methods of the study 3

1.5 Scope of the study 4

1.6 Significance of the study 4

1.7 Structure of the study 5

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1Overview of research 2.1.1 Research overview: 6 6 2.1.2 Studies on the semantics of place prepositions according to the traditional approach 6 2.1.3 Foreign research situation 6 2.1.4 Research situation in the country: 6 2.2 Theoretical basis 7 2.2.1 Semantics 7 2.2.2 Cognitive linguistics 8 2.2.3 Perception 8 2.2.4 Prepositions in English 9 2.2.4.1 Definition of prepositions 9 2.2.4.2 The role and position of prepositions in sentences 9 2.2.4.3 Classification of prepositions in English 10 2.2.4.4 Prepositional phrase 10 2.2.5 Prepositions in Vietnamese 12 2.2.5.1 The views of Vietnamese linguists about prepositions in

Vietnamese

12

2.2.6 Approach some basic concepts of cognitive linguistics to explain the meaning of prepositions from the place "in, at and on"

15

2.2.7 Summary 16

Chapter 3: MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT”

IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

17

3.1 Semantics of the place prepositions “in, at and on” in English

(According to the approach of perceptual linguistics)

3.1.1.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "in" 20

3.1.2 Semantics of the preposition "at” 24

3.1.2.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the

preposition of place "at”

24

3.1.2.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "at" 26

3.1.3 Semantics of the preposition “on” 28

3.1.3.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the

preposition of place “on”

3.2.1 Semantics of the equivalent expression "vào” 30

3.2.1.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent

expression "vào”

30

3.2.1.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression "vào” 31

3.2.2 Semantics of the equivalent expression “trên” 36

3.2.2.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent

expression "trên”

36

3.2.2.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression “trên” 37

3.2.3 Semantics of the equivalent expression "ở, tại" 38

3.2.3.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent

expression "ở, tại”

38

3.2.3.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression "ở, tại” 38

3.3 Compare the semantic change of prepositions of place “in, at

and on” in English with equivalent expressions “vào, tại ở và trên”

in VietNamese

39

3.3.1 Compare the semantic development of the preposition "in, at

and on" with equivalent meaning in Vietnamese

36

3.3.1.3 "In", "on" compare with “trên”, “trong” 44

Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 53

4.1 Recapitulation 53

4.2 Concluding remarks 55

4.3 Limitation of the research 55

4.4 Suggestion for further studies 55

The thesis is based on the theory of empirical experience to analyze the meaning transferences of place prepositions “in, at and on” in English and equivalents in Vietnamese To make a comparision between meaning transferences of prepositional of place “in, at and on” in English and in VietNamese or between those of English and their VietNamese equivalents Thesis research is equivalent to the original meaning and the transformation is based on empirical rather than equivalent type words From here, the thesis draws some conclusions about location orientation, location awareness of British and Vietnamese people through the use of prepositions

The sources of English language research materials are built on reference to bilingual dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries Along with that is a reference to the official dictionary lookup pages of famous publishers All English examples in this source are translated into Vietnamese based on dictionaries The Vietnamese research language resource is built on the reference of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries The thesis also uses linguistic materials collected on the internet During the thesis implementation, I use some specific research methods: Method of analyzing the elemental meaning, Descriptive Method, Comparative method

The thesis will be one of the intensive researches on semantics and semantic change of some prepositions in English and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics Based on the recent studies of cognitive linguistics, the thesis will add a significant amount of valuable information about the theoretical issues related to prepositions such as: personal experience and prepositions from place of view from the perspective of personal experience, the semantic change of place prepositions creates ray categories, the thesis will be a useful reference for those who are interested to the semantic theory of place prepositions viewed from the perspective of cognitive linguistics

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TR: (Trajector / positional object),

LM (Landmark/landmark)

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

1 1 Rationale

There have been many works that are considered exemplary, classic

in the application of the perception perspective to the study of diverse and rich linguistic phenomena that previous linguistic trends have not yet resolved convincingly, especially in the realm of place-related

expressions and expand meaning based on place-only relations

The prepositions of place under the approach of cognitive linguistics are an extremely interesting and interesting research content for researchers specializing in the field of cognitive linguistics It is an important contribution of cognitive linguistics into general linguistic theory

Investigate the characteristics of local experiences as a basic human experience and how the conceptualization of local relationships reflects

in human linguistics and thinking, in particular, to study the problem of how location ideas are systematically set up and developed to create non-location meanings through the use of prepositions of place Studying place orientations, place perception through prepositions of place from a linguistic perspective means studying how place orientation, objective perceptions of place is reflected or perceived sense in the human brain and expressed through prepositions of place, thereby understanding the way in which objects connect to each other in places It is through this process that location relationships are established based on a system of notions before appropriate, relevant words are used

The thesis “Meaning transference of prepositions of place “in at and on” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents” based on the theory of

empirical experience to study on the semantic problem of some

prepositions of place including "in, at and on" in English and equivalents

in Vietnamese, because place prepositions represent the most basic and arguably most complex relationship between entities through location experience and are reflect through the language and thinking of indigenous people The results obtained by the thesis will help clarify

more about the above issues, so the implementation of this topic is a necessary work with scientific significance

1.2 Aims and objectives

1.2.1 Aims

The thesis is based on the theory of empirical experience to analyze

the meaning transferences of place prepositions “in, at and on” in English and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese "vào, ở, tại và trên"

and find similarities and differences in the semantic change between the

words in and vào, at and ở, tại, on and trên To make a comparision between meaning transferences of prepositional of place “in, at and on”

in English and in VietNamese or between those of English and their VietNamese equivalents Next, the thesis's conclusions will have certain applications in practice From here, the thesis draws some conclusions about location orientation, location awareness of British and Vietnamese people through the use of prepositions

1.2.2 Objectives

Systematize the theoretical basis related to the object of study: general analysis of characteristics of prepositions of place, meaning and the semantic change of place prepositions in place approach of cognitive linguistics and prepositions of places from the perspective of personal experience, the role of background knowledge or encyclopedic knowledge in understanding the meaning of place prepositions and radiating categories

- Define some basic concepts related to prepositions of place according to the approach of cognitive linguistics: landmark/location, people /objects to be located Analysies the semantic change of 3 English prepositions in English places according to the approach of cognitive linguistics

- Analysis of the semantic change of 3 equivalent in Vietnamese

according to the approaches of cognitive linguistics

- Compare the semantic change of the three place prepositions in

English “in, at and on” and equivalent in Vietnamese according to the

approach of cognitive linguistics

- Offer practical applications of the thesis, such as contributing to the compilation of textbooks teaching Vietnamese for English, applying to the compilation of dictionaries about prepositions of places

1.3 Research questions:

In order to achieve the objectives, the following research questions are raised for exploration:

1 What are the types of meaning transference of preposition of

place in, on, at in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese?

2 What are the similarities and differences of these in English and Vietnamese?

3 What implications are suggested for translator and learner in meaning translation of 3 prepositions of place

1.4 The methodology and research method of the thesis

During the thesis implementation, I use some specific research methods:

1.4.1 Method of analyzing the elemental meaning:

The thesis uses this method to highlight the semantic problem and the

semantic change of the three place prepositions “in, at and on” in English and expressions the equivalent of "vào, ở, tại và trên" in

Vietnamese, interpreting of cognitive knowledge of experiences in

physical place is expressed through the semantics of the words “in, at and on”

1.4.2 Descriptive Method:

The thesis uses this method to describe in a most general, complete and specific manner the issues raised This method is used to describe the semantics, analyze semantic change, from here, explains the semantic

change based on the body of perception knowledge of the words “in, at and on”

The tactics of the descriptive method used by the thesis include:

The conceptual analysis method: The thesis uses this method to clarify the issues of cognitive linguistics, help identify and analyze the basic attributes belonging to the concept of semantics of words

The tactics of contextual analysis: To a certain extent, the thesis uses this method to analyze the elements of the socio-cultural context and the

context of the context to identify the semantic change on knowledge

perceives the words “in, at and on”

1.4.3 Comparative method:

The thesis uses this method to achieve the final purpose of the thesis

is to compare and find out the similarities and differences in the semantic

change from place to non-meaning Three prepositions of place “in, at and on” in English with equivalents in Vietnamese according to the

approach of cognitive linguistics The method of comparison that the thesis chooses is a two-way comparison: from the theory of semantic change based on the personal experience of English prepositions and equivalents in Vietnamese, the thesis will proceed collate to find similarities and differences that are expressed in each language

1.5 Scope of the thesis research:

Due to the limited capacity, the thesis only limits the study of

semantic change of the three prepositions of place “in, at and on” in English and 3 equivalent expressions are "vào, ở, tại và trên" in

Vietnamese on the original meanings This study will not survey all meaning transference of English prepositions

The sources of English language research materials are built on reference to bilingual dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries: The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), book Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary with Vietnamese Translation - Từ điển song ngữ Anh - Việt (2014), Từ điển Anh - Việt (English-Vietnamese Dictionary (1996) Along with that is a reference to the official dictionary lookup pages of famous publishers

The Vietnamese research language resource is built on the reference

of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries: Từ điển tiếng Việt (2010), Từ điển tiếng việt thông dụng (2009), Từ điển Việt Anh (1995) Vietnamese examples are also italicized

The thesis also uses linguistic materials collected on the internet

1.6 Significance of the study

The thesis will make further contributions to the theory of semantics and the semantic transformation of prepositions from place of view from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, personal experience and place preposition from the perspective of personal experience, The analysis

and comparison of the semantic change of place words in English and Vietnamese will contribute to further clarifying the way of locating, recognizing the place of indigenous peoples, here are English and Vietnamese, thereby pointing out the relationship between the language, cultural thinking of the British and the Vietnamese

Practical significance: The thesis can help learners of English and Vietnamese as a foreign language to use more properly and easily the

words "in, at and on" In addition, the research results of the thesis also

apply to indexing tables and give accurate definitions for entries containing those words in monophonic dictionaries and dictionary types Bilingual, contributing to the compilation of textbook that teach Vietnamese to English From there, contributing to improving the quality

of Vietnamese-English, English-Vietnamese interpreters

1.7 Structure of the thesis:

The research topic has 4 chapters:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature review

Chapter 3: fiding and discusion

Chapter 4: Conclusion

Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of research

2.1.1 Research overview:

After determining the name of the thesis, we have also determined that the focus of the thesis is the problem of the semantics of the place prepositions according to the approach of perceptual linguistics These issues have been researched by domestic and foreign scientists, this overview of the research situation will synthesize the most general possible sources of such documents, specifically analysis, evaluating the researched issues in each project that are closely related to the topic, in order to draw important points and points of view as a theoretical basis for implementing the topic

2.1.2 Studies on the semantics of place prepositions according to the traditional approach

2.1.3 Foreign research situation

The studies of prepositions, place prepositions and semantics of place prepositions appeared quite early We can mention the earliest work of prepositions by Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, Aristotle based on grammatical and logical bases to divide words into conjugates, verbs, and nouns, and conjugations and he mentioned here include words and prepositions

Alexandrian scholars re-classified the classes of words into eight distinct categories, including the preposition The traditional grammar school in Russia and the former Soviet Union has also studied the term type for a long time, which may be linked to the works of M.V.Lomonoxop in the 18th century; A.A.Reformatkiy, L.V.Sherba, Iu.X.Xtepano, A.I.Xmirnitxkiy, V.M.Xolxev, in the 20th century

In Western Europe, grammarists and semantics were also interested in studying prepositions Lyons (1995) through Linguistics Semantics-An introduction confirmed two basic functions of functional and functional prepositions place

2.1.4 Research situation in the country:

In Vietnam, many studies on prepositions, place prepositions and semantics of place prepositions according to traditional approaches have also appeared Some of the books that have research on prepositions in

Vietnamese such as: The Hư in modern Vietnamese by Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988), Vietnamese grammar: I&II type words by Dinh Van Duc (2015)… In the book The basis of linguistics and Vietnamese of Vu Duc Nghieu-Mai Ngoc Chu-Hoang Trong Phien (2007) has identified 10 prepositions belonging to "conjugation" (another name is "word relation")

The works that appeared in this period researching the general kind words, the specific works on prepositions, place prepositions and the semantics of place prepositions are very rare

The semantic variation has been carefully studied by Hoang Tue through the article "Continuing the meaning of monosyllabic words" In this article, he analyzed the semantic variation of monosyllabic words through research case with from eat From this article, he draws the conclusion that "Each word is a sound, with its original form intact, not deformed; But each hour is not a single meaning but has many meanings But many meanings but still refer to one meaning; multifaceted changes,

in order to reflect the real miraculous order in the human brain and the unique characteristics in the thinking of generations of people of the same nation, the same common life, thus Containing the true riches, the most quintessential and the most mysterious of the national language, the same common life, that mystery has the power to assimilate the words of foreign languages that Vietnamese has received into one Proactive and creative way this article is one of the first research studies on the semantics of words with a little direction in the approach of cognitive linguistics

Vu Van Thi (1995) analyzed and explained the process of transforming real words into function words on the basis of surveying a number of prepositions with real origins in Vietnamese including: group

of words indicating position (trong, ngoài, trên, dưới), group of words indicating the direction of movement (đi, vào, lên, xuống, tới, sang, qua, về)

2.2 Theoretical basis

2.2.1 Semantics

Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an

artificial language, like a computer programming language Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists In fact, semantics is one

of the main branches of contemporary linguistics Linguistic semantics looks not only at grammar and meaning but at language use and language acquisition as a whole "The study of meaning can be undertaken in various ways Linguistic semantics is an attempt to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination

to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to him or her

2.2.2 Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of language, mind, and sociocultural experience that first emerged in the 1970s Cognitive linguistics is characterized by a commitment to the inseparability of meaning and form in the study of language It also takes the view that language reflects general aspects of cognition rather than adopting a modular view of mind A further feature of the approach is the view that language is best studied in the context of use and indeed emerges from it Cognitive linguists have predominantly focused on two general areas of inquiry: the study of language organization (cognitive approaches to grammar) and language as a means of studying aspects of conceptual structure (cognitive semantics) Cognitive linguistics is an increasingly influential approach in cognitive science, social science, and applied linguistics

2.2.3 Perception

Perception, according to Yolanda Williams, a psychology professor; can be defined as our way to recognize and interpret information we’ve gathered through our senses This also includes how we respond to a certain situation with the given information (Williams) Psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes (Milnes) Perception relates to psychology because as discussed in the notes, psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes, while perception is how we react to situations In other words, our behavior towards that situation

There are two types of theories to perception, there is the perception theory, and the cognitive dissonance theory There are many

self-theories about different subjects in perception There are also disorders that relate to perception even though you may think perception is just a person’s view point

2.2.4 Prepositions in English

2.2.4.1 Definition of prepositions

In English, prepositions have a very important role both in terms of grammar as well as in creating the meaning of sentences, there are many definitions of prepositions: According to Michael Swan, "prepositions are words like on, of, into, and is often followed by a noun or a pronoun

”[147, xxiii] According to the Oxford Advanced Learner dictionary (2010), “preposition is a word or a group of words such as in, from, to, out of, on behalf of, used before a noun or pronoun to indicate place, mind, time or device And the preposition is a preposition and the noun goes after that preposition like ‘at night or after breakfast’

The definitions of the authors all have same points, that is: preposition

is the linking word in the sentence, the preposition usually comes after the verb and before other components of the sentence Placement of prepositions in sentences is very flexible

2.2.4.2 The role and position of prepositions in sentences

English has around 140 prepositions, but according to David Thatcher

66 single prepositions are used frequently These are the following prepositions:

1) about, 2) above, 3) across, 4) after, 5) against, 6) along, 7) alongside, 8) amid (st), 9) among(st), 10) around, 11) as, 12) at, 13) before, 14) behind, 15) below, 16) beneath, 17) beside(s), 18) between, 19 )beyond, 20) but, 21) by, 22) concerning, 23 )considering, 24) despite,25) down, 26) during, 27) except, 28 )for, 29) from, 30) in, 31) inside,32) into, 33) less, 34) like, 35) minus, 36) near, 37) notwithstanding, 38) of, 39) off, 40) on, 41)onto, 42)opposite, 43)out, 44)outside, 45)over, 46)past, 47)pending, 48)plus, 49)regarding, 50)round, 51)since, 52)through, 53)throughout, 54)till, 55)to, 56) toward(s), 57 ) under, 58) underneath, 59) unlike, 60 )until, 61) up, 62) upon, 63) via, 64) with, 65) within, 66) without

According to the definition, prepositions are words used to connect (link - link), to establish relationships, to help the units become a chain related to each other in grammar and semantics Prepositions can describe function, purpose… The preposition is sometimes compared as

a kind of mortar or paste that binds blocks of material (other words, mostly nouns or nouns) together into walls within a building (which is or paragraph)

There are cases in which a preposition can be removed, but there are also cases where a preposition cannot be removed Some prepositions can have one or more meanings

2.2.4.3 Classification of prepositions in English

In terms of semantics, we can consider the types of prepositions and the basic meaning of the categories of space (space), time (time) and metaphor (metaphor) converting from this category to the category other concoctions Structurally, Yule divides prepositions into two categories: simple prepositions and complex prepositions

Prepositions in English mark the relationship between a followed noun phrase and a noun phrase, verb, or adjective that precedes it According to Yule, the basic meaning of the preposition will be located

in space (location in space), located in time (location in time) and positioned in the sense of metaphor (location in metaphor) The following noun phrase will be the object of the preposition, creating the prepositional Phrase

There are some similarities between the way prepositions are positioned spatially and over time

For example: At six o’clock; At that time; On Monday; On March 20th; In October

In English, some prepositions are used in idiomatic fashion (it is mandatory to use that preposition, and of course learners must memorize it), and we must understand in the metaphorical sense, namely, the entity metaphor), according to the classification of Lakoff and Johnson (1984)

2.2.4.4 Prepositional phrases

In English grammar, there are main terms (phrase) as follows: noun, verb, adjective, adverb (in the sense that the phrase has a central adverb, not a name of a sentence element) and preposition When a preposition is

derived for an object and combined with a noun to form an object, that language is called the preposition For example, in the sentence: "The cat sleeps on the sofa" (the cat sleeps on the sofa) "on" is the preposition, used to introduce the word "on the sofa" So a speech that begins with a preposition is called a preposition [164, 173] For example: before lunch; after doing the job; in a big hurry

In terms of syntactic features: nouns retain the combinations according to the noun model

Regarding semantic features: the semantics of the noun is consistent with the semantic of the preceding preposition, which is shown that if the preposition has a spatial meaning, the noun has a spatial meaning, and if the preposition has a meaning Non - space (or the original meaning is space, but has been used in the translational, non-spatial meaning), the noun will have a non-spatial meaning

According to modern English grammar, a preposition has one of two following functions:

(a) As a modifier to modify a noun, for example: Edward Windsor and his girlfriend of five years at last announced their intention to marry [164, 173];

(b) As a modifying adverb for the verb Example: Prince Edward and Rhys- Jones faced the nation with aplomb [164, 174]

All prepositions require an object and the object can be expressed or understood implicitly Examples of the object are implicitly understood as: That's the answer I was waiting for (ie That's the answer for which I was waiting.) The predicates of the preposition are always a noun or a word of the equivalent of the noun (noun equivalent)

Here are some examples of the use of prepositions and prepositions in English [103]

V- Prep- N3

Used as an adverb for a verb (as a modifier to a verb)

Sleep throughout the winter sleeps through the winter

Danced atop the tables for hours danced at the top of the table for hours

Prep- N

As a modifier to a noun

V- Prep / Prep phrase

Use as the complement of a verb

Phrase - N

Use as the complement of a noun

The main feature of English is its rich preposition system Prepositions make English more flexible, and also make English difficult

to learn for foreigners

Author Cao Xuan Hao thinks that preposition is a type of function

"Words used to introduce a phrase, indicating that the phrase is part of a sentence or as an auxiliary language in a larger phrase is the preposition" [28] According to Nguyen Thien Giap, prepositions are "words that include words like of, equals, to prepositions have the main feature of combining with a noun - its object - to create a larger syntactic unit called preposition In Vietnamese, in addition to the proper prepositions

such as: tại, bởi, vì, từ, tuy, nếu, dù, …there are also prepositions

transformed into nouns such as: trên, dưới, trong, ngoài, sau, trước,

của…and prepositions changed by the predicate such as: ở, đến, tới, vào,

ra, lên, xuống, bằng, với, cùng, … Notably, in Vietnamese there are a

number of possible prepositions the paradigm theory follows it

Example: Quyển sách này của ông ấy đấy; Thịt nai trong chảo ấy; Cái bàn này bằng gỗ

Nguyen Anh Que classifies prepositions into a large group as function words, Nguyen Huu Quynh ranks prepositions in the smaller group rather than noun relations In his thesis, Vu Van Thi defines prepositions as follows: "Prepositions are a type of function words belonging to the group of noun relations, which has the function of expressing the syntactic relationship between the main and secondary components in a

sentence", and then Vu Van Thi gives the characteristics of the preposition as follows:

Preposition is a function word expressing relationship meaning Prepositions have almost no capacity to add any meaning to the center,

so prepositions are not elements with a one-way relationship but a way relationship

two-The preposition represents the primary and secondary grammatical relationship between the center and the sub-component

Prepositions have the ability to formalize words, phrases to create prepositions so that they have the ability to hold the syntactic function as

a positional sub-element: The common position of prepositions is to stand between the main and sub-components of type: AqB where A, B are components; q is a word relation

Prepositions in Vietnamese can be confused with other words, due to the same phonetic expression (and writing)

As mentioned above, the group of authors Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Dieu, Nguyen Thien Giap mentioned ten types of words, the preposition belongs to "conjugation" (another name is "word relation") The conjugation (word relation) is the word used to connect, will include two subtypes: "conjugate" (association of isometric relation) and

"preposition" (association of primary and secondary relations) So we can call "preposition", "adverbial", "adjective" etc generally "function words", because as a large grammatical-lexical category, function words include many types, in which there are words like just mentioned The preposition will introduce a larger phrase that is "preposition", for

example: "bằng xe máy", "ngoài sân", "vào cuối tuần" This paragraph

can be part of a sentence, usually an adverb, when we consider them in specific sentences, for example:

-Nó đi học bằng xe đạp

-Chúng tôi uống cà phê ngoài sân

-Chúng ta sẽ gặp nhau vào cuối tuần

In the above cases, the preposition plays the role of the adverb of the sentence

However, prepositions not only play the role of adverbs, but also play other sentence component roles, such as:

Trong nhà ra mở cửa (Trong nhà is the subject)

Với các ông khác, tôi không muốn nói chuyện với họ (Với các ông khác, it is the subject, according to the sentence composition

classification system of Nguyen Minh Thuyet and Nguyen Van Hiep)

Việc này tùy hai ông (Tùy hai ông is the predicate)

Regarding the concept of gender, there are many differences between English and Vietnamese According to Tran Quang Hai, some researchers, according to Nguyen Tai Can's opinion, believe that only words with central words are considered short term, and so in Vietnamese, only nouns and verbs and the adjective is considered short term And the combination "preposition + short term" is a variation of the short term, that is, a short phrase has been formatted to place in a certain position in the sentence, not acknowledging the preposition Nguyen Kim Than said that Vietnamese has prepositions In terms of morphology, Vietnamese prepositions and English prepositions have many similarities

The views of Vietnamese linguists on the concept of gender are not completely clear and unified But researchers all admit the existence of prepositions as a kind of language, in the category of "conjugation" or

"word relation" We will use the term "prepositions" throughout the thesis for both English and Vietnamese to facilitate analysis and comparison

2.2.6 Approach some basic concepts of cognitive linguistics to explain the meaning of prepositions from the place "in, at and on"

2.2.6.1Meaning and semantic change according to the approach of cognitive linguistics

According to the approach of cognitive linguistics, the meaning of the word is not due to the relation of reflection or manifestation of external objective entities, but the meaning because it represents the idea that exists in mind our mind about some entity Meaning related to a mental manifestation is the idea Consciousness comes out and comes up from

"perception, feeling" Thus the semantic change is essentially conceptual development, the semantic structure is essentially the expression of conceptual structure and radiating network Because concepts belong to thought, associated with the creativity of language users in different

contexts according to physical experiences, there is no limit In this direction, when studying the semantic variation of place prepositions on the basis of physical experience, in addition to defining meanings as a result of conceptual development, the thesis focuses on expressing experiences the body roots are the main reason for the semantic variation

2.3.6.2 The concept of body roots (embodiment)

Since the 1970s of the last century, with the emergence of cognitive science, many theories have been formed to help us have a new perspective on how people see and study the world objectively Cognitive theories also have a strong impact on language research When

it comes to cognitive linguistics, there are a number of basic concepts that are often mentioned, one of the first basic concepts we need to understand is "bodily roots" Body roots are a concept of the most important in cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguists build the empirical hypothesis and see empirical experiences as the basis for semantic development in language In Vietnamese, Nguyen Lai has a very close argument with the root hypothesis when he thinks that the meaning of a word is not an existing ambiguity, but that the contradiction between content and form in language is associated with development Development of semantic fields - starting from the cognitive development based on experiences and then creating changes, adjusting and creating new forms containing the growing attached semantic content , show and reflect our new perception [34, 43-47] According to Lakoff and Johnson (1999) in "Philosophy in the flesh" (temporary Translation: Philosophy in the body), the concept of bodily roots in relation to the child process people take body parts and bodily experiences to shape the system system of ideas and thinking This is a systematic process in which cohesion is involved the brain, sensory organs and nervous system that regulate movements

2.3.6.3 The polymorphism of the preposition explained in terms of perceptual semantics

In any language, there is a phenomenon that a word can have many meanings, called a polymorphic word The polymorphic words denote the richness of the language, but also make it difficult to learn and use

Using the meaning of a wrong word can lead to a sentence that is misunderstood or irresistible in terms of grammar or semantics In traditional vocabulary, with the concepts of expanding meaning, narrowing the meaning, researchers tried to explain the process of forming polymorphic words However, it is not until cognitive semantics, the multi-meaning phenomenon of words that can be explained convincingly According to the ideal cognitive model, combined with Lakoff's concept of "radial categories" we can explain more thoroughly the development of the meaning of words In particular, with the concept

of "the category of diffuse mind", Lakoff and cognitive linguists have convincingly explained the formation of derivative meanings from a central meaning From this central meaning derivative meanings will gradually be formed, these derivative meanings of the word are structured in relation to a composite prototype, according to the foreseeable rule,

2.2.7 Summary

In order to describe the semantics and translate the meaning of place prepositions, I choose the familiar semantic approach that some of the earlier authors have chosen in describing English and Vietnamese prepositions; but to explain the semantic development of prepositions, I advocate the approach of cognitive linguistics With the semantic and cognitive-oriented approach, I have conducted development statistics Semantics, going from place to non-geographic meaning in English, compared with Vietnamese I think that the explanatory power of cognitive linguistics can help us to have an approach and explain more thoroughly and thoroughly about prepositions In particular, the approach

of cognitive linguistics can help us to better understand and explain systematically the meaning variation of place prepositions in these two languages

In order to research in depth the gender word "in, at, on", compared with Vietnamese, the thesis also mentions the relationship between language and thinking In particular, the thesis introduces to a sufficient level the approach of cognitive linguistics, through a series of important concepts such as TR (Trajector / positional object), LM (Landmark/landmark)

Chapter III: MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT” IN ENGLISH

AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

3.1 Semantics of the place prepositions “in, at and on” in English (According to the approach of perceptual linguistics)

3.1.1 Semantics of the preposition "in"

3.1.1.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the

preposition of place“in”

The original meaning and derivative meanings of the preposition of the

place "in" are described specifically in the Oxford Advanced Learner's

Dictionary [35, p.816] as follows:

1 At a point within an area or a certain space; in, at, in

Example: We’re watching TV in the living room (Chúng tôi đang xem ti

vi trong phòng khách); The cat is in the garden (Con mèo đang ở trong vườn);…

2 In the framework of something; surrounded by something

Example: The city had been vibrated in red (Thành phố đã bị bao trùm bằng màu đỏ); My beautiful village is shut in by the mountains (Ngôi làng xinh đẹp của chúng tôi được bao quanh bởi những ngọn núi)

3 Into something; into the

Example: The cake is dipped in milk; (chiếc bánh được nhúng vào sữa);

He is between us (Anh ấy chen vào giữa chúng tôi)…

4 Make up the whole or part of what / who; is contained within something / who

Example: “Will you go camping with us tomorrow?” “Yes, count us in” (“Các bạn có đi cắm trại với chúng tôi ngày mai không?” “Có chứ, tính

cả chúng tôi vào nhé”) We recognize her mother’s character in her (Chúng tôi nhận ra tính cách mẹ cô ấy ở cô ấy)…

5 During a period of time

For example: She’ll go to England in September (Cô ấy sẽ đi Anh vào tháng 9); We’re going to travel London in autumn (Chúng tôi dự định du lịch London vào mùa thu)…

6 After a specified amount of time

Example: We finished our homework in two hours (Chúng tôi đã hoàn thành bài tập trong hai giờ); I will return in a few minutes (Tôi sẽ quay trở lại sau vài phút)…

7 Be used in negative or after first, last sentences in a specified period

of time

Example: We haven’t seen her in years (Chúng tôi không gặp cô ấy trong mấy năm rồi); It’s the last report I’ve received in two months (Đó là báo cáo cuối cùng mà tôi đã nhận được trong 2 tháng nay)…

8 Wear something

Example: Do you remember that woman in the red suit? (Bạn có nhớ người phụ nữ mặc đồ đỏ kia không?) We’ll dress in our best clothes for her birthday party (chúng tôi sẽ mặc những bộ đồ đẹp nhất để tới buổi tiệc sinh nhật của cô ấy)…

9.Is used to describe the physical surroundings

For example: We’re going out in the rain (chúng tôi đang đi dưới trời mưa) She was sitting alone in the darkness (Cô ấy đang ngồi một mình trong bóng tối)…

10 Used to indicate a state or condition

Example: She’s in danger! (Cô ấy đang gặp nguy hiểm); She lived in poverty in the rest of her life (Cô ấy đã sống trong nghèo khó trong phần đời còn lại của mình)…

11 Related to something; join in something

Example: How many vehicles were involved in the accident? (Có bao nhiêu phương tiện lien quan tới vụ tai nạn?) Everyone joined in the discussion enthusiastically (Mọi người tham gia vào cuộc thảo luận một cách hào hứng)…

12 Used to refer to whose profession or job

Example: He has served in the army for 5 years (Anh ta phục vụ trong quân đội được 5 năm rồi); She is in business (Cô ấy đang kinh doanh);

He works in medicine (Anh ấy làm việc trong ngành y)…

13 Used to refer to a shape, arrangement or quantity

Example: A report in three parts (Một bài báo gồm 3 phần); He asked us

to sit in two rows (Anh ta yêu cầu chúng tôi ngồi theo hai hàng)…

14 Used to refer to the language, material used

Example: She told me to say it in French (Cô ấy bảo tôi nói bằng Tiếng pháp đi) We paid in cash (Chúng tôi trả bằng tiền mặt)

15 Relevant, related to something

Example: A country poor in minerals (Một đất nước nghèo khoáng sản); Five metres in width (Năm mét chiều rộng)…

16 Related / related to something

Example: In attempting to save that woman from drowning, he nearly lost his own life (Trong khi cố gắng cứu người phụ nữ kia khỏi bị chết đuối, anh ấy suýt nữa mất mạng);…

17 Used to introduce the name of a person of particular quality

Example: Our school has lost a first-rate teacher in her (Trường chúng tôi đã mất một cô giáo số một là cô ấy);…

18 Used to refer to a proportion or a relative amount

Example: A gradient of one in ten (Độ dốc một phần mười); A tax rate of

22 pence in the pound (Tỉ lệ thuế 22 penni cho một pao);…

Through the 18 meanings listed above, we find that the original meaning of the place preposition "in" refers to a situation where an entity (person / thing) is located within a container or containment space The semantic relationship between the entity related to this container or container space can be static or time-related (explain the occurrence of meanings 1,5,6,7,8, 9,12,13,14,16,17.18 above) and also the motion related to the displacement (explanation for the occurrence of meaning 17,18 above) Meaning related to displacement is developed into a wide range of situations, both practical and abstract Thus, the concept of internal position or inward displacement is the semantic basis of the

preposition of the place "in"

The original meaning is related to the shifting of the preposition of

place"in", which is the "3", into something; in "and from this original

meaning, other meanings began to appear, changing systematically These other meanings are structured around the original meaning by some kind of relationship or perceptual relationship The following analysis will clearly describe the semantic variation of the preposition of

the "in" place after the verb is related to the translation It is especially important to note that the place preposition "in" when after the verb can

be an adverb or preposition, this distinction is not always clear

Therefore, to avoid falling into the "in" preposition debate when after the

adjective is the preposition or the adverb, I choose to call it "place word" when it comes after the verb

3.1.1.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "in"

The original meaning refers to the shift of the "in" place to denote

a situation in which an entity moves into a certain place or object With such a place experience expressed through the original meaning of the

"in" place preposition, the meaning is then transformed in different

where the invading entity is narrowed down, represented by the

expression: She rolled the map in (Cô ấy cuộn tấm bản đồ vào); My hat

is caved in (Cái mũ của tôi bị làm bẹp dúm vào); We were crowed in the narrow remaining rooms (Chúng tôi đã bị nhồi vào những căn phòng chật hẹp còn lại); Her cold body had been draped in a warm blanket (Cơ thể lạnh cóng của cô ấy đã được cuốn vào trong một cái chăn ấm áp); We’ll dress in our best clothes for her birthday party (Chúng tôi sẽ mặc những bộ đồ đẹp nhất để tới buổi sinh nhật của cô ấy);…Conceptualized spontaneously as parts of the entity are moved "into" the space it

originally occupied In such cases, the person / object is positioned as the reflective object, because the movement is explained for the previous state of the same entity This concept explains the occurrence of the meanings, 2,3,8 above

Second, situations in which the word "in" is used to indicate the

relationship, to something, to something, or to participate in something, This situation has to do with thean entity's metaphorical movement “into” the localized area it originally occupied And so comes

up with expressions like: How many vehicles were involved in the accident? (có bao nhiêu phương tiện liên quan tới vụ tai nạn?); Everyone joined in the discussion enthusiastically (Mọi người tham gia vào cuộc

thảo luậnmột cách hào hứng); You need to decide now if you want to come in the project (Bạn cần phải quyết định ngay bây giờ nếu bạn muốn tham gia vào dự án); Experts are being brought in to deal with this problem (các chuyên gia đang được yêu cầu tham gia vào để xử lý vấn

đề này);…This concept explains the occurrence of meanings 2,3,4,11,15

on

Third, when referring to a situation where the entire entity is located within the contained container or location, and when contained within that container or container location, that entity Being forced, surrounded, obscured, from there it will be difficult to be recognized and observed in a limited, dimensional, contoured, and limited positioning

area, from which words appear: My beautiful village is shut in by the mountains (Ngôi làng xinh đẹp của tôi được bao quanh vào bởi các ngọn núi); The soldiers dug themselves in the trench (Những người lính ẩn mình vào hầm); His land had been fenced in and patholled by guards (Mảnh đất của ông ta đã bị rào và tuần tra bởi lính gác); Các tình huống tương tự như: She tried to hide her face in the darkness (Cô ấy cố giấu mặt vào trong bong tối), He has hidden my money in his bag (Anh ta

đã giấu tiền của tôi vào trong túi); His wife buried her face in her hands with embarrassment (vợ anh ấy giấu mặt vào trong tay anh ấy với vẻ bối rối); She walked slowly, buried her hands in the pockets (Cô ấy thảbộ một cách chậm rãi, nhét tay sâu trong túi); She’s trying to hold in her real feelings (Cô ấy đang cố gắng kìm nén những cảm xúc thực sự của

cô ấy);…Based on the experience where the entity is surrounded,

obscured, making it difficult to recognize, observe, from here the concept

of concealment, concealment of the word "in" appeared This concept

explains the occurrence of the 4 meanings above

Fourth, the experience when an entity is in a limited, contoured, dimensional locating area will often prevent observers from seeing the interior and its contents From here, there appears a close correlation between the dimensional, contoured, and limited positioning area and containment Specifically, when an entity is wholly restricted within a container or container, prevented from moving from the container or container, the action or movement of that entity will be restricted From there, the entity will feel trapped, claustrophobic, frustrated, and

uncomfortable in that restricted locus And so came the way of saying:

All prisoners were confined in a dark and narrow room (Tất cả các tù nhân bị giam vào phòng tối và hẹp); She felt boxed in by all their petty rules and regulations (cô ấy cảm thấy bị giam hãm bởi tất cả những quy tắc và quy định tầm thường của họ); They must shut the dogs in the shed while they prepared the barbecue (Họ phải nhốt con chó vào chuồng khi

họ chuẩn bị thịt nướng); Her house’s doors and windows have been sealed in (Các cửa ra vào và cửa sổ nhà cô ấy đã bị bịt kín vào);…This

concept explains the occurrence of the 4 meanings above

Fifth, there is a close correlation between the notion of the difficulty to be recognized, observing and the notion of concealment,

which gives rise to the idea of disappearance for the word "in" space to appear appeared in ways of saying: The sun went in (Mặt trời khuất dạng); The water on the carpet quickly soaked in (Nước trên thảm nhanh chóng ngấm vào); Wait a few minutes to let the lotion sink in (Đợi một vài phút để cho kem ngấm vào);…This idea explains the occurrence of

meaning 2 above

Sixth, when referring to a situation in which the entity is entirely contained in the positioning area where the positioning area is limited and therefore difficult to observe and identify everything inside From

there, the word "in" is used to refer to the difficulty in finding what to

find, finding a way out or a solution to the problem, Therefore, a way

of saying: They were lost in the thick woods (Họ bị lạc vào trong rừng rậm); the truth was wrapped in secret (Sự thật bị bao trùm vào trong màn bí mật);…This concept explains the occurrence 2, 3 above

Seventh, the situations at which the word "in" is concerned with

seeing, is perceived to be accessible, and with the metaphorical movement of an entity closer to the area of observers entering visible or

accessible areas And so the way of saying: When we get to the beach, the tide is coming in (Khi chúng tôi tới bãi biển thì thủy triều đang dâng lên); When we get to the beach, the tide is setting in (Khi chúng tôi tới bãi biển thì thủy triều đang dâng lên); We stood watching the boat come

in (Chúng tôi đứng nhìn chiếc thuyền đi vào); Evening is closing in (Màn đêm đang đến gần);…This concept explains the occurrence of meaning 3

above

Eighth, the word "in" is also used to denote a situation when

things, things that were previously unknown, are discovered, this change

of meaning is created based on the where an entity can see or access what

exists and then recognize something, thus appearing the saying: My secret began to filter in from her (Bí mật của tôi bắt đầu lộ ra từ cô ấy); I wish someone would let me in on the plan (tôi ước một người nào đó sẽ tiết lộ cho tôi về kế hoạch); I wish to have someone I can confide in (tôi ước có một người nào đó mà có thể giãi bày tâm sự);… This idea

explains the occurrence of 3 above

Reality shows us, sometimes the word "in" is used to represent that

the entity is surrounded, obscured, making it difficult to identify, observe, or conceal, conceal, disappear take them as in the following

examples: The soldiers dug themselves in the trench (Những người lính

ẩn mình vào hầm); He has hidden my money in his bag (anh ta đã giấu tiền của tôi vào trong túi); She is trying to hold in her real feelings (Cô

ấy đang cố gắng kìm nén những cảm xúc thực sự của cô ấy); The sun went in (Mặt trời khuất dạng);… and sometimes it was used for the

known, perceived or perceived situation, discovered as in the examples:

When we get to the beach, the tide is coming in (Khi chúng tôi tới bãi biển thì thủy triều đang dâng lên); My secret began to filter in from her (bí mật của tôi bắt đầu lộ ra từ cô ấy);… and this indicates that the word

in space has almost contradictory meanings in relation to the experience

of the person concerned From different points of view in each specific situation

Ninth, another meaningful development in which allusions to a particular phenomenon become accessible and thus genuinely related to the notion of a particular phenomenon or source becoming available,

much, redundant And so came the ways of saying: We have bought in coal for the winter (Chúng tôi đã mua dự trữ than cho mùa đông); I abound in courage (Tôi có thừa lòng dũng cảm); We must lay in food in case it snows heavily and continuously in many days (Chúng tôi phải dự trữ thức ăn phòng khi trời đổ tuyết nặng hạt và liên tục trong nhiều ngày tới);…this concept explains the occurrence of meaning 3.10 above

Tenth, another meaning development is made up of the correlation when the entity moves into some container or containment space until

this transition is complete, now from the "in” is used to refer to an

activity that makes something or something complete, ends, and from

here comes the ways of saying: We’ll pencil the meeting in for the next Monday at 8 o’clock (Chúng ta sẽ sắp xếp cuộc họp vào thứ 2 tuần tới vào lúc 8 giờ) The deep hole had been filled in (Cái hố sâu đã được lấp đầy); The war ended in the death of many soldiers (Cuộc chiến tranh kết thúc bằng cái chết của nhiều binh lính);… This idea explains the

meaning of 3 above

Based on a scene where the entity which is located outside the container or container undergoes an "inward" movement until the entity fits within the container or container, from the perspective of the observer close is located inside the container, the perceived entity is moved closer to the inner point of view, from here creating a change of meaning different from the implication of place, expressed in ways such

as: We arrived in New York yesterday (Chúng tôi đến New York ngày hôm qua); The bus is coming in now (Xe buýt đang đến nơi đây rồi); What time did the train get in? (Mấy giờ tàu đến nơi?)…This concept

explains the occurrence of 3 above

Through the above analysis shows us, from the closely

experienced relation when the entity moves "in" where it initially occupied leads to the semantic change of the preposition of place "in" The word filled with a variety of different meanings of the preposition

"in" appears and these meanings are related to other meaning (or other

meanings) by perceptual relationships as analyzed above

3.1.2 Semantics of the preposition "at"

3.1.2.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the

preposition of place "at"

The original meaning and derivative meanings of the preposition of the

place "at" are described specifically in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary

2 Used to say where somebody works or studies

Example: He's been at the bank longer than anyone else (Anh ấy ở ngân hang lâu hơn bất kỳ ai khác) She's at Yale (= Yale University) (Cô ấy ở Yale (= Đại học Yale))

3 Used to say when something happens

We left at 2 o'clock (Chúng tôi rời đi lúc 2 giờ); At night you can see the stars (Vào ban đêm, bạn có thể nhìn thấy các vì sao)

4 Used to state the age at which somebody does something

She got married at 25 (Cô ấy cưới ở tuổi 25); He left school at the age of

16 (Anh ấy rời trường năm 16 tuổi)

5 In the direction of or towards somebody/something

What are you looking at? (Bạn đang nhìn gì đó?) He pointed a gun at her (Anh ta chĩa súng vào cô ta)

6.Used after a verb to show that somebody tries to do something, or partly does something, but does not succeed or complete it

He clutched wildly at the rope as he fell (Anh ta điên cuồng nắm chặt sợi dây khi ngã xuống); She nibbled at a sandwich (= ate only small bits of it) (Cô ấy nhấm nháp một chiếc bánh mì sandwich (= chỉ ăn những miếng nhỏ của nó))

7 Used with adjectives to show how well somebody does something

I'm good at French (Tôi giỏi tiếng Pháp) She's hopeless at managing people (Cô ấy vô vọng trong việc quản lý mọi người)

8 Used to show a rate, speed, etc

He was driving at 70 mph (Anh ấy đang lái xe với vận tốc 70 dặm / giờ); The book retails at £19.95 (Cuốn sách được bán lẻ ở mức £ 19,95)

9 Used to state the distance away from something

I held it at arm's length (Tôi cầm nó ngang tay); Can you read a car number plate at fifty meters? (Bạn có thể đọc biển số ô tô ở độ cao năm mươi mét không?)

10 Used to show the situation somebody/something is in, what somebody is doing or what is happening

The country is now at war (Đất nước đang có chiến tranh); I think Mr Harris is at lunch (Tôi nghĩ ông Harris đang ăn trưa)

11 At somebody’s/something’s best/worst, etc used to say that somebody/something is as good, bad, etc as they can be