Conjunctions in some english marketing newsletters (with reference to vietnamese equivalents)

hopeful that this study will be of great help to those who are interested in this aspect The research secondly aims to study conjunctions used in English and Vietnamese marketing newslet

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

(liên hệ với Tiếng Việt) TRAN THI THUONG

Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que

Hanoi, 11/ 2020

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled

“Conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters with reference to Vietnamese equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

Hanoi, 2020

Tran Thi Thuong

Approved by SUPERVISOR

Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que

Date:

First and foremost, I am really grateful to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que Thank for his whole-hearted guidance and precious instruction for this graduation paper from the beginning to the completion Without his assistance, encouragement and valuable adjustment, this study could not be fulfilled

Secondly, my heartfelt acknowledgement also belongs to all of my lecturers and teachers in Hanoi Open University for helping, assisting and advising during

my research Besides, thank for Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, her feedback for my master thesis proposal outline were always valuable

Of course, this acknowledgement would not be complete without thanking

my parents and family, who supported me throughout my entire study and encouraged my activities Thanks to be loved, support and faith of my parents, I was able to finish my study and make it a great time to look back on

Last but not least, I am proud of expressing thanks to friends and acquaintances who have supported and given a hand during the completion of my study

I hope you will enjoy reading my master thesis about Conjunctions in some

it is not the best thesis about this topic, but if you have any questions, please feel free to contact me

vi vii viii

2.4.2.1 Definitions of Vietnamese conjunctions 24

2.4.2.2 Classifications of Vietnamese conjunctions 25

2.5 Semantic and syntactic features of conjunctions 27

2.5.1 Semantic and syntactic features of conjunctions in some English

2.5.2 Semantic and syntactic features of conjunctions in some

Vietnamese Marketing Newsletters

CHAPTER 3: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS

IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE MARKETING NEWSLETTERS

33

3.1 Comparison between semantic and syntactic features of

conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 54

4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research 56

APPEDIX IV

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, English plays a key role in everyday life communication as well

as in exchange of ideas in terms of culture, society, economy, politics and business all over the world As a result, we need to enhance the mastering of principles in English usage In learning English, grammar is an important factor and normally carefully considered Besides, conjunctions have been one of the most fascinating topics that attract a large number of people It is one of the four main categories of adverbials and it plays an important role in joining phrases, clauses, sentences in order to create coherence in every text So, this study investigates how learners of English and Vietnamese use the conjunctions in some marketing newsletters The writer use two main research approaches They are quantitative and qualitative

marketing newsletters in English and Vietnamese, internet, media as well as other related research To obtain the main objectives of the study which is to show the similarities and differences of the conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing Newsletters The results show that in conjunctions, both two languages have the same kinds However, they have some kinds and the usages are not the same in English and Vietnamese The writer would like to conduct this research with the hope that our study can bring some theoretical and practical value for both linguistic study and language teaching methodology

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

E.g: For example

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language

Ibid: The same author/ resources

M.A: Master of Arts

PDF: Portable Document Format

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of newsletters 10

Table 3.1 Conjunctions in English and Vietnamese 46

Table 3.2 English conjunctions in English marketing newsletters 49

Table 3.3 Vietnamese conjunctions in Vietnamese marketing newsletters 50

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

In the world of cooperation and development, English has become an international language and effective means of communication bringing nations throughout the world close together English is said to have played a very important role in the development of commerce, trade, education, technology, economics, etc

in almost every country especially in Vietnam’s integration into the world Therefore, it is necessary to know how to use English correctly and communicatively In the process of learning English, having good knowledge of English grammar is of great importance, for one can express his/her ideas, feelings

or emotions not only by separated words but also by meaningful sentences formed grammatically Thus, the importance of grammar is the researcher’s first reason for choosing this topic

The second reason the writer chooses conjunctions to study is that when grammar is under discussion, most people tend to appreciate the significances of tenses, aspects, voices, order of clause elements rather than conjunctions Conjunctions, functioning as connectors and transition signals, actually play an important role in linking sentences, paragraphs, or clauses Apart from this, thanks

to conjunctions, various kinds of grammatical sentences are formed such as compound sentences and complex sentences

One more reason that has inspired the researcher to the topic is her deep interest in English Language, especially in newsletters The fact is that, a newsletter

is regarded as a form that many companies use to promote their products It serves

as a smaller version of the newspaper to create good relationships with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders It goes without saying that newsletters contribute towards the overall success of the business Newsletters are also known as consultant letters, so they need to have the logic and coherence to attract customers Besides, conjunctions are seen as an essential means of linking so as to increase the persuasion in newsletters

For the above reasons, the writer would like to choose the topic

“Conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters with reference to Vietnamese equivalents” with the attempt to find out the similarities and

differences in conjunction usages in English and Vietnamese Newsletters It’s also

hopeful that this study will be of great help to those who are interested in this aspect

The research secondly aims to study conjunctions used in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters and then explore the similarities and differences based on the syntactic and semantic features between them

Beside, it can provide English teachers with many teaching implications in using spoken and written English and translating texts from English into Vietnamese and vice versa At the end of the study, some implications for teaching, learning and translation will be covered as useful resources

1.2.2 Objectives

- To compare and contrast in terms of the semantic and syntactic features of the conjunctions to investigate the similarities and differences between them

- To explore the conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters

- To give some suggested implications for writing and understanding English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters

1.4 Methods of the study

The study has been carried out based on a combination of different methods, among which the main method is contrastive analys to find out the similarities and differences between the conjunctions are used in some English and Vietnames

is defined as a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted two-valued typologies (a contrastive analysis is always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared For the contrastive analysis method, English is considered to be the target language and Vietnamese - the source language - a means to contrast This method involves two steps: describing the syntactic and semantic features of conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters, then comparing and contrasting to point out the similarities and differences between these two languages Together with this method, the writer also uses the quantitative method that is based on data to examine conjunctions used in both English and Vietnamese Supporting techniques such as reference to the publication, consultation with the supervisor, discussion

with colleagues, and personal observations are also of great significance

1.5 Scope of the study

- Many topics relating to conjunctions as well as lots of types of newsletters in different fields need to be exploited For the feasibility of a minor M.A thesis, the writer narrowed the scope of the paper The main focus is on the descriptive and contrastive analysis of conjunction usages in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters with respect to the syntactic and semantic features

- The author has taken some samples of both English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters to compare and contrast The materials on offers in English are taken from some English magazines, marketing newsletters in english and Vietnamese, internet, media as well as other related research

1.6 Significance of the study

Theoretically, this study gives a selected definitions of syntactic and semantic features of conjunctions Besides, it is also emphasized about syntactic and semantic features of conjunctions some English Marketing Newsletters with

reference to Vietnamese equivalents So, the reader and users can point out the similarities and differences between the conjunctions in some English and Vietnames marketing newsletters

knowledge and suggest ideas to correctly and flexibly apply this sort of conjunctions without hesitation

1.7 Structure of the study

This study consists of four chapters main parts:

Chapter 1: Introduction: This part introduces the rationale, the aims and

objectives, the scope, the method, the research questions and the organization of the study

Chapter 2: Literature review: as its name suggests, covers a series of

concepts about English and Vietnamese conjunctions and an overview of newsletters The writer also introduces some famous studies related to conjunctions

as a source to develop this thesis

Chapter 3: Findings and discussion is the main part of the research, which

focuses on “Conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters with reference

to Vietnamese equivalents” The author analyzes and contrasts how to use

conjunctions in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters based on the syntactic and semantic features to find out the similarities and differences in the two languages

Chapter 4: Conclusion: This part presents the major findings of the study, the recapitulation, concluding remarks, limitation of the study and suggestions for further study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous studies

There were a great number of studies and researches about conjunctions, newsletters related to linguistic, syntax and translation in both of English and Vietnamese The knowledge support of these researches have contributed to my paper and should be appreciated before going into the main part of the study

In English, According to Greenbaum conjuncts are sentence adverbials that indicate logical relationships between sentences or between clauses They are mainly adverbs (e.g therefore, however, nevertheless) or prepositional phrases (e.g

on the other hand, in consequence, in conclusion) Abroad in 1976, London

publisher and New York had released the book “Cohesion in English” link in

English involution of MAK Halliday and Hassan Ruqaiya In 1992, Philadelphia,

Amsterdam publisher launched to the readers the work of Martin on “English text –

system and structure” (written in English - systems and structure) In 1998, the end

edition of MAK Halliday on “An introduction to function grammar”- Introduction

to functional grammar, by Hoang Van Van service This can be seen as quite

technical studies on the links allow, including joins In 2000, the book “English

Grammar - an introduction” by Peter Collins and Carmella Hollo is reprinted The

book consists of two part Grammatical description (Description grammar) and at language in context Looking (consider the language in context) In part 2, section cohesion - links and analysis of cohesion in sample texts - analysis allows links in the typical text - mentioned problem link and joins

In the scope of the country, also had several works mentioned text, links and structure, semantics, pragmatics of joining In 1980, the university publishing house and Ha Noi secondary vocational school have to introduce you to read the work “

Vietnamese grammar” by Hoang Trong Phien In 1985 the work of Tran Ngoc

Them on the “Systems text links and Vietnamese” was announced This is a

valuable project and marks a new development in general grammar text, joins in

particular In the Graduation Paper named “A contrastive analysis of English

coordinators “and/or/but” and Vietnamese equivalents” Le Thi Bich (2000) merely

contrasted the typical coordinating conjunctions “and/ or/ but” in English and

Vietnamese equivalents At the end of the study, the author came to a conclusion

that there are similarities and differences of using the conjunctions “and/ or/ but” in

English and in Vietnamese equivalents based on semantic and syntactic perspective

In 2001, the education publishing house has launched to readers the work of

Vietnam Nguyen Thi Thanh on “System consistently the Vietnamese words”

Subjects of the study is the language, referring deeply about issues related generalization linking words, the authors divided into two words associated methods Another research concerning conjunctions by Nguyen Thanh Huong (2002) in her graduation paper, she provided an overview of all kinds of English conjunctions More importantly, in this paper, the author listed some difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners in understanding and using conjunctions Also, in

2005, works to “ required” and “ arbitrary” about two expressions meaning in the language of Cao Xuan Hao was suggestive of comparative In 2008, the works of

David Nunan English “Introduction discourse analysis” - “ Introduction discourse

analysis” are two translators Lake and Truc Thanh Huyen America translated into

Vietnamese After referring to the concept of discourse and discursive distinguish concepts and text, Nunan’s link mentioned, including joins In addition to referring

to the concept joins, the author also refers to four kinds of semantic relations mainly

in the joins In 2006, the book “ The text and links in Vietnamese: Text, coherent,

links, text” of Diep Quang Ban is reprinted In part two, the author also mentioned

uplinking In 2015 book "English explained-Introduction” of (Thu Hien and Cam

Van) grammatical description of the interjection

However, there has not been any research that studies about semantic and cultural features of Conjunctions in English and Vietnamese Marketing Newsletters In the scope of the thesis, It is fully hoped tobe received the support and contributions from the listeners and readers

2.2 Review of theoretical background

The works on syntax had been written long before modern grammar official fixed and appeared In old times, syntax concept was ruled by a structure named by grammaire générale which was discovered by Antoine Arnauld in “Grammaire

Générale” in 1660 This framework states that human brain thinking processes will reflect straightly into language As a result “there is a single, most natural way to express a thought” (Antoine, 1660)

The framework lasts until the 19th century which been replaced by the development of linguistics and by the argument of progressive linguists

They recognize that it is not true about the state “there is a single, most natural way

to express a thought” because of the impact of internal and external environment on human thinking And so the logic base for studying language’s structure had been denied (Bickerton, 1990)

It only became clear when linguists discovered and adapted modern theories

of syntax in the late 20th century The famous work “generative grammar” of professor Noam Chomsky is considered as the most popular framework to study and analyze about syntax with the main hypothesis that “language is a configuration of the human mind” and “syntax is based upon the component structure of sentences”, following the concept that syntax fetures certainly focus on the arrangement of a sentence more than its communication purpose (Chomsky, 2002)

2.2.2 Theory of semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning in language It primarily focus on the correlation between the symbolic constistuent of a sentence sush as words and phrases and what they demonstrate for, their references First discovered by French linguist Michel Breal, the word semantics relates series of awarenesses from normal using to higher application In simple meaning, it describe a range of understanding which could carry out the world choice The difference between semantics and syntax is syntax is just an formal arrangement of constistuents of a language without their own meanings, while semantics requires the critical meaning for every use of words (Breal, 1890)

There are many theories of semantics which has been studied and analyzed for centuries and they could generally classified into three basic concepts:

• Model theoretic semantics: Discovered by Richard Montague in the late 1960s, this formal theory of ordinary language semantics is about how and in which expressions reflect theirs relational meaning among themselves And more

amazingly, the truth values of a sentence and its reasonable denotations to other sentence are analyzed to a model (Montague, 1960)

• Truth conditional semantics: First mentioned by the linguist Donald Davidson, the theory tries to find the language connection with the reality which differenates it from model theoretic semantics Its result shows that every components of a sentence must rely and reflect the truth conditions of themselves

in order to carry out the true meaning of the combination There is a simple example for this theory: “Winter is cold” is true only when winter is cold, if two conditions of the meaning “winter” and “cold” are not logical with each other then the semantics could not be performed (Davidson, 1973)

• Lexical semantics: is the theory of context It states that the meaning of a word is totally revealed by its situation Each component of the sentence must collaborate with others in term of meanings which could depend on their own level and form in order to carry out the meaning of the sentence As a result, it would be easier for the speakers to conveniently deliver their thoughts depending the current context (Levin, 1991)

However, there has not been a study on linguistic focusing in term of semantic and syntactic features of conjunction in English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters So, this dissertation is an attempt to meet such research need It is also the major contribution of this study at least at the application level

2.3 An overview of Newsletters

2.3.1 Definitions of Newsletters

According to Hamilton (1996) in the book “Newsletters Design”, a

newsletter is an ambiguous term It is defined as a condensed periodical used to communicate specialized editorial information He explains briefly that

“condensed” means it is shorter than the average newspaper or magazine and provides lots of information in limited space; “periodical” means it is published regularly; “specialized” means it focuses not on a broad subject area such as

finance, but on a subject-within-a-subject such as real estate finance, not on organizations in general, but a specific organization

From the point of Nadeem Hussain’s views, in the article “Advantages and

disadvantages of Newsletters” published on September 18th, 2008, a newsletter is

defined as a form of advertising that is sent periodically It is considered as a

popularly effective marketing tool, it provides relevant and updated information of the products or services of the organization for the existing clients or customers

In another persuasive definition written by Chuck Green (2002), a newsletter

is one of the best ways to keep the company’s name in front of the eyes of the clients, the associates, and others that may be in the company’s market target And sending newsletters to customers is a common marketing strategy which can bring many benefits for the company

Although there are different opinions on the definition of Newsletters, it is not difficult to see that many linguist share the point of view that Newsletters is a printed or electronic document containing information about the recent activities of

an organization, sent regularly to the organization's members Besides, it is a printed document with information about the activities of a group, sent regularly to members or friends Moreover, Newsletters is also a document with information about the recent activities of an organization, sent regularly to its members or customers

2.3.2.Types of Newsletters

In his book “Design it Yourself Newsletters” written by Chuck Green (2002),

he describes three basic types of Newsletters or models of newsletters including

Marketing Newsletters, Relationship Newsletters, and Expert Newsletters The

author also shows that each type of newsletter has its own characteristics

The first type is Marketing Newsletters They are commonly used by

businesses to promote a product or a kind of service It is also known as a company newsletter The marketing newsletter tries to turn prospective customers into patrons

The second type is Relationship Newsletters Some examples about this type

are club newsletters, employee newsletters, church newsletters, and school newsletters They focus on the shared interests of the target audience or reinforcing

a relationship

The last type is Expert Newsletters This type can be very exclusive or be

paid These newsletters generally focus on a specific topic and the recipient is someone who has specifically requested the information in the newsletters and is willing to pay for the information

2.3.3 Formats of Newsletters

According to Janice Byer in the article “Newsletters are smart marketing”

published on August 12th, 2010, newsletters can be produced in several formats For businesses, the most economical and most readily acceptable newsletter formats are plain text emails, HTML emails, and HTML page on the website, PDF, and print The author also shows that each newsletter format has its own advantages and disadvantages and they are shown on the table below:

Table 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of newsletters

Plain Text Easy for readers to open Cannot include graphics or fancy

Costs only your time

HTML

Visually appealing Restricted in size

Costs only your time

Can only be fully viewed while readers are online

Email Allows for creativeness

HTML

Web Page

Endless possibilities for design Takes time to design

Room for lots of content & graphics Readers have to be online to view

Do not need to send as email

Attachment

Costs only your time

Endless possibilities for design The larger the format, the longer to

Produce Room for lots of content & graphics Need to have the full version of

Adobe to produce or a PDF printer

PDF

Driver Can send only a text email with a

link to the page

Readers can save to their computer

and read at their leisure

Print

Costs only your time

Endless possibilities for design Costly to print and mail

Room for lots of content & graphics

Determining which model fits the types of newsletters to use and publish is

to depend on the user’s purposes Having the same opinion with Janice Byer, Ladan

Lashkari in the article “Newsletter Formats – How to easily choose the perfect

format for your newsletters”, published on January 19th, 2007 also gives three basic formats of Newsletters They are HTML, plain text, and PDF She states that HTML

is a good format because it is more professional than plain text and easier to create than PDF It allows extensive use of graphics and text links Using graphics and

product pictures in newsletters can really attract customers’ attention Plain text is

the easiest format to create, but it does not sound professional because no technical

knowledge and special software are required as well PDF is not used as commonly

as the two above newsletters formats It is quite difficult to produce because the writer needs to build each issue in Microsoft Word first and then convert it into PDF with special software

In comparison with English newsletters formats, the writer realizes that HTML and PDF are the widely used formats in Vietnamese newsletters

2.3.4 English and Vietnamese marketing Newsletters

One of the biggest tasks of many business companies today is gaining and keeping prospective customers Accordingly, most companies use marketing newsletters as an effective way to promote their products and services, and English and Vietnamese companies are no exception

According to Nadeem Hussain (2008), marketing newsletter is a form of advertising that is sent periodically It is a document that notifies, reminds, advises, communicates and advertises about a business to its target audiences and customers

In addition, it is also a good way to build an effective connection with clients Companies can motivate customers to buy their products through informative marketing newsletters

Newsletter marketing is the practice by which companies send informational and product-focused content via an emailed letter to a subscriber list that comprises potential and existing customers Online businesses utilize newsletters to keep their brand top-of-mind for consumers, establishing authority in the space and notifying readers of products that may interest them Businesses from a variety of industries utilize newsletter marketing to reach their target audiences and create brand exposure Each company designs its distribution differently depending on the wants and needs of its readers However, every newsletter contains certain necessary elements to make it successful Creative headlines: Subject lines should

entice the reader to open the email and accurately represent its contents Relevant and consistently scheduled: Information should be specific to the target audience and be published in regular intervals Strong call to action: Every newsletter should have a desired action to be performed by the reader Uncluttered format: If leads are confused or overwhelmed by the formatting, they are more likely to unsubscribe or be disengaged with the newsletter Mobile responsiveness: More people are using mobile devices to check email and shop online Companies need to make sure their newsletters are optimized for tablets and smartphones for the best results Unsubscribe: Businesses want to keep leads as happy as possible, even if that means losing their subscription to a newsletter Furthermore, opt-in forms must be visible for potential customers to sign up Incentives: Rewards will not only attract consumers to opt into newsletter marketing, but to make a purchase Terms and Conditions: Leads will want to know what their personal information is being used for when they sign up for a newsletter Include a link to your privacy policy so they can be reassured that their data won't be shared

Both English and Vietnamese marketing newsletters are being widely used by many companies with a view to promoting their businesses However, there is still a slight difference that English marketing newsletters content is often longer than that

in Vietnamese

2.4 An overview of Conjunctions

2.4.1 English conjunctions

2.4.1.1 Definitions of English conjunctions

Traditionally, the conjunction is one of the eight parts of speech in English A conjunction, as reported by Malmkjer, is defined as an indeclinable part

of speech that links other parts of speech, in company with which it has significance, by classifying their meaning or relations According to Leung, conjunctions have been studied under various labels and have drawn much attention from various scholars in the field of English/Linguistics over time: Halliday and Hasan treat them as “linguistic devices that create cohesion”, while Sanders and Maat describe them as a “semantic relation that is explicitly marked” According to Aidinlou and Reshadi, conjunctions are a “semantic connection between two clauses” Furthermore, Leung cites four scholars in this regard These are: Schiffrin,

who treats conjunctions as “discourse markers”, Fraser considers them as a

“pragmatic class of lexical expressions”, or simply, “pragmatic markers”, while Rouchota states that conjunctions “encode different meanings, and that they can be

a procedural device”, and lastly, Caron conceives conjunctions simply as being used

“to express various kinds of relations between utterances”

Aside from the scholars mentioned above, others most generally conceive conjunctions as linkers or connectors that join two words, phrases, clauses or sentences together, either in speech or in writing To this end, Leech and Svartvik note, “Clauses or phrases may be linked together (coordinated) by conjunctions” They further state that conjunction or coordination can also link two words of the same word class Aarts says, “Conjunctions belong to a closed class of words that have a linking function” (Closed class here means that we cannot derive another word class from conjunctions the same way we do with others such as nouns, verbs and adjectives) According to Roberts, conjunctions perform the function of joining any two or more sentences together to form another coordinate sentence Speaking from the same viewpoint, Lester states that conjunctions join words or groups of words In the words of Eckhard - Black, “A conjunction stands between two words, phrases or clauses and links them” Similarly, Carnie says that “Coordinate structures are constituents linked by conjunctions like and or or” In addition, Kirkpatrick states that “A conjunction is a linking word used to join words, word groups or clauses” Again, a conjunction, in the words of Murthy, is “A word which joins together sentences or words and clauses” Furthermore, Baskervill and Sewel say that “Unlike adverbs, conjunctions do not modify but they are just solely for the purpose of connecting” As noted by Kirksten, “Conjunction is an indeclinable part

of speech that links other parts of speech, in company with which it has significance, by classifying their meaning or relations” In a similar fashion, Crystal says that conjunctions are “A term used in the grammatical classification of words

to refer to an item or a process whose primary function is to connect words or other conjunctions in which the conjoined elements may be referred to as conjuncts” Also, McArthur says that a conjunction is a part of speech or word class used to connect words or constructions, adding that the linked units that result are said to be coordinated or coordinate

All these scholars, as we have seen, are unanimous in echoing the fact that conjunctions are words that link, connect or join two words, phrases, clauses

and sentences together This is absolutely true because whenever the word conjunction, being a part of speech in a language, is mentioned, the first thing that comes to mind traditionally is that it is a linker, a connector or a joinder

According to Rodney Huddleston (1944) defines conjunction as uninflected word that used to connect clauses or sentences, or to coordinate words in the same clause Another definition by Ann Cole Brown (1987), conjunction is a word that connects individual words or groups of words In fact, a conjunction literally means

the act of joining or combination Conjunction is a word rooted from two Latin

oniunctio or coniunctions meaning “to join together” (Arthur, 1992) English

conjunctions are defined as words which typically join sentences and elements within sentence” (Berk, 1999) According to him, we can always add one structure

to another by joining two or more elements with a conjunction

And in a word, it is worth viewing the most adequate definition by Richard

Mallery (1967) that “a conjunction is a word or a pair of words used either to

connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences or to show how one sentence is related to another.”

In grammar, conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases,

or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjunctions The term discourse

marker is mostly used for conjunctions joining sentences This definition may

overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must

be defined for each language In English a given word may have several senses, being either a preposition or conjunction depending on the syntax of the sentence For example, "after" is a preposition in "he left after the fight", but it is a conjunction in "he left after they fought" In general, a conjunction is an invariable (non-inflected) grammatical particleand it may or may not stand between the items conjoined

The definition of a conjunction may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, e.g "as well as", "provided that"

A simple literary example of a conjunction is: "the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest" (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria)

A conjunction may be placed at the beginning of a sentence: "But some superstition

about the practice persists."

Many definitions of conjunctions are arrived at by other grammarians

However, they generally defined the concept of conjunction in the light of

emphasizing on its main function concerning the combination of words, clauses or sentences

2.4.1.2 Classification of English conjunctions

Language scholars have divergent views on the types of conjunction For instance, Baskervill and Sewell, Arthur, Lester and Eckhard-Black divide conjunctions into two classes: coordinating and subordinating conjunctions These scholars (including others not mentioned here) leave out correlative conjunctions because, according to them (e.g Lester), correlative conjunctions are similar to coordinating conjunctions However, there are traditionally basically three types of conjunctions, which are: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions

In a different development, Halliday and Hasan on their part, propose four types of conjunction that ensure cohesion in English generally:

(1) Additive Conjunctions act to structurally coordinate or link by adding to proposed item and are signalled by and, also, furthermore, in addition, etc Additive conjunctions may also act to negate the proposed item and are signalled by nor, and

… no, neither Kinds of additive include: alternative, e.g or, or else, alternatively; after-thought (or conjunct), e.g incidentally, by the way; expository, e.g that is, I mean, in other words; exemplificatory, e.g for instance, thus; comparing similarity, e.g likewise, similarly, in the same way (or in the same vein); and comparing dissimilarity, e.g on the other hand, by contrast, on the contrary

(2) Adversative Conjunctions are used to express comparison or contrast between sentences and they include but, on the other hand, however, yet, though, only Kinds of adversative include: emphatic, e.g nevertheless, despite this; contrastive avowal, e.g in fact, actually, as a matter of fact; correction of meaning, e.g instead, rather, at least; closed dismissal, e.g in any case, in eithercase, whichever way it is; and open-ended dismissal, e.g any how, at any rate, however it is

(3) Causal Conjunctions express the cause or reason of what is being stated They include: then, so, hence, therefore Kinds of clausal conjunction include: specific causal It is divided into three: (a) reason, e.g for this reason, on account of this, on this basis, it follows; (b) result, e.g as a result, in consequence, arising out of this and (c) purpose, e.g for this purpose, with this in mind, to this end; simple emphatic, e.g in that case, in such an event, that being so; direct respective, e.g in

this respect, in this regard, with reference to this; reversed polarity, e.g otherwise, under other circumstances, in other respects, aside from this

(4) Temporal conjunctions represent sequence relationships between clauses and they include: next, secondly, then, in the end Kinds of temporal conjunction include: simultaneous, e.g just then, at the same time; preceding, e.g previously, formerly, before that; conclusive, e.g finally, at last, in conclusion; immediate, e.g at once, thereupon, forthwith; repetitive, e.g next time, on another occasion, later; specific, e.g next day, an hour later; durative, e.g meanwhile, in the interim, for the time being; here and now This is divided into three – (a) past, e.g up to now, last time; (b) present, e.g at this point, here, now and (c) future, e.g from now

on, henceforth (or henceforward); summarizing, e.g to sum up, in short, briefly; resumptive, e.g to resume, to return to the point Moreover, Halliday, as cited by Saya and Fatemi, further classifies conjunction into three more abstract types: elaboration, extension and enhancement Elaboration includes apposition like in other words and clarification like rather Extension includes addition and variation like alternatively Enhancement includes spatial-temporal like there, previously and causal-conditional like consequently and in that case We deem it necessary to comment here that the above taxonomy by Halliday and their examples are more of adverbs than conjunctions Also on his part, Murthy outlines four types of conjunctions which are: coordinating, subordinating, correlative and compound conjunctions We will consider them one after the other

(i) Coordinating Conjunctions

These are used to link words, phrases and clauses They are conjunctions which are used to join together clauses of equal rank In other words, they generally connect sentence elements of the same grammatical class such as nouns with nouns, adverbs with adverbs, phrases with phrases and clauses with clauses They also link two sentences that do not depend on each other for meaning They are simply referred to as coordinators, and the art of joining two words, phrases, clauses or sentences using coordinators is known as coordination Huddleston divides coordination into two - basic coordination, which can be described directly,

e.g (1) Her daughter is a dentist and her son is studying law

(English Grammar, 1996)

Non-basic coordination, which can be described indirectly, in terms of its relation

to the more elementary type

(2) Okosun says he is innocent and she is a disinterested witness (ibid)

According to Aarts, we treat coordination as an instance of parataxis, a

term derived from Greek, meaning „syntactic side-by-side arrangement‟

Furthermore, all cases of coordination that involve an overt coordinator are referred

to as syndetic coordination Where there is no overt coordinator, it is referred to as

asyndetic coordination Asyndetic coordination is exemplified as follows:

(3) (a) She is honest, hard working, intelligent (ibid)

(b) We need bananas, apples, oranges, pears (ibid)

(c) Abu laughed, Jummai chuckled, Ojo grinned (ibid)

Coordinating conjunctions include: and, nor, but, and or Sentential examples:

(4) (a) I bought a computer and a keyboard (Huddleston, 1994)

(b) When his wife left him, he did not bother nor went to plead for her return (ibid)

(c) She is poor but she is happy (ibid)

(d) The books are on the table or in the cupboard (ibid)

According to Murthy, coordinating conjunctions are divided into three

kinds They are: Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions, Adversative

Conjunctions, Disjunctive or Alternative Conjunctions

Also, we will consider them one after the other:

(i) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions

These are used to join statements, or they add one statement to another They

include: and, so, both … and, as well as, not only … but also, no less than, etc

Sentential examples:

(5) (a) He looked and smiled at me (English Grammar, 1996) (b) He is my father so I respect him (ibid)

(c) They both gave me money and stood by me in my trouble (ibid)

(d) As well as writing the letter for me, he posted it (ibid)

(e) She, no less than her friend, tried to cheat me (ibid)

(ii) Adversative Conjunctions

According to Halliday and Hasan, the meaning of the adversative relation is

“contrary to expectation‟ The expectation may be derived from the content of what

is being said, or from the communication process, in a speakerhearer situation They

include: but, still, only, etc Sentential examples:

(6) (a) She is beautiful but poor (Chalker, 1967)

(b) You are intelligent still you have to work hard (ibid)

(c) He is a good servant only he has greed for food (ibid)

(iii) Disjunctive or Alternative Conjunctions

These are used to express a choice between two alternatives They include: or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, else, whether…or, otherwise, etc Sentential examples:

(7) (a) You must tell me the truth or I cannot help you (Close, 1975)

(b) She is not a teacher nor a typist (ibid)

(c) You must either return my money or sell your house to me (ibid)

(d) She neither loved him nor liked to marry him (ibid)

(e) You must do the work sincerely else you will lose the job (ibid)

(ii) Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating conjunctions are words which are used to link subordinate clauses with the main clauses in a complex sentence They are conjunctions used to join clauses of unequal rank In other words, they are used to join an independent or main (principal) clause with a dependent (subordinate) one that relies on the main clause for meaning and relevance This means that main clauses can stand alone and

do not depend on subordinate clauses while subordinate clauses cannot stand alone

As Aarts notes, “another way of putting this is to say that subordination is a type of hypotaxis, a Greek term that means originally “syntactic underneath arrangement” This means that a subordinating conjunction causes the clause it appears in to become dependent, and that it will only be a sentence fragment unless it is joined to

an independent clause Simply, subordinating conjunctions are called subordinators and the art of using a subordinator to join two clauses together is referred to as subordination According to Quirk and Greenbaum, subordination is a non-symmetrical relation, holding between two clauses in such a way that one is a constituent or part of the other Also according to Huddleston, subordination in contrast with coordination, involves inequality, that is, a relation between a dependent (the subordinate element) and a head (the superordinate one) A subordinating conjunction can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence According to Sahebkeir & Aidinlou, subordinating conjunctions are also known as transitional conjunctions They include: after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than, whether, in order that, nevertheless, etc Sentential examples:

(8) (a) He came after I had finished my work (English Grammar, 1996)

(b) He was sacked from office because of his stance against corruption (ibid) (c) I wonder if he will ever change (ibid)

(d) He thinks that we will agree (ibid)

(e) Though he is your brother, you should not trouble him like that (ibid)

(f) We waited till the President arrived (ibid)

(g) The plane was hijacked before it arrived at the airport (ibid)

(h) Unless I marry Mary, I will never be happy in life (ibid)

(i) Do as I said and nothing more! (ibid)

(j) John came when I was writing my dissertation, etc (ibid)

According to Baskervill and Sewell, subordinating conjunctions are divided into eight classes They include: time, consider them one after another:

Time

These are subordinators that express consequence in time or succession in time between clauses Examples include: before, after, till, since, when, while, etc Sentential examples:

(9) (a) Mary had left before my arrival (English Grammar, 1996)

(b) I began my work after they had gone (ibid)

(c) I have not seen Mercy since she was married (ibid)

(d) She will be happy when her mother returns from the market (ibid)

(e) He was speaking with his friends while I was trying to sleep (ibid)

Cause or Reason

These are subordinators that express causal relations in the simplest form

that mean “as a result of this” or “because of this” Examples include: because,

since, as, and for Sentential examples:

(10) (a) He travelled home because of the death of his mother (Cobuild, 1990) (b) Since it is dark, take the torch with you (ibid)

(c) As she is my sister, I like her (ibid)

Result or Consequence

Result/consequence and cause/reason are closely related but the main subordinator here is so and that These have the relation that is expressed to mean

„for this reason‟ which leads to something else Sentential examples:

(11) (a) He talked so fast that I could not understand him (Internet, 2020)

(b) I was so tired that I could not eat after cooking (ibid)

Purpose

Purpose and cause/reason are closely related and the subordinators involved have the sense of “for this reason”or “for this purpose” They include: that,

so that, in order that, lest, etc Sentential examples:

(12) (a) We eat that we may live (Brown, 1987)

(b) I will help him now so that he can help me tomorrow (ibid)

(c) Emeka travelled to Abuja in order that he could see his brother (ibid)

(d) He walked quietly lest he should wake the child (ibid)

Condition

According to Quirk and Greenbaum , conditional subordinators state the dependence of one circumstance or set of circumstances on another The main subordinators in English are if and unless The if-clause could either be a positive or

a negative condition while the unless-clause is a negative one For example:

(13) (a) If you do the job well, I will pay you (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973)

(b) If you do not do the job well, I will not pay you (ibid)

(c) Unless the strike is called off, there will be no lecture tomorrow (ibid)

The latter (c) roughly means “If the strike has not been called off …” But there is a slight difference between an unlessclause and a negative if-clause in that unless has the more exclusive meaning of “only if … not” or “except on condition that …” It

is thus the opposite of the compound conjunction provided (that) or providing (that), which means “if and only if”:

(14) Provided that no objection is raised, we will hold the retreat there

Other compound conditional conjunctions approximately synonymous with provided (that) are as long as, so long as, and on condition that Also, if and unless clauses often introduce non-finite and verbless clauses, e.g.: if ready…, unless expressly for bidden, etc In addition, clauses beginning with unless lay stress on the excluded positive option, and so normally contain assertive forms For example: (15) I will not phone you, unless something unforeseen happens

Type 1: The type 1 of the clause refers to the condition possible to fulfil The clause appears in the simple present tense, and the main clause has the pattern: will-future (or modal + infinitive) For example:

if-16) If I study, I will pass the exam (English Grammar, 1996)

Type 2: This refers to the condition in theory possible to fulfil Here, the if-clause appears in the simple past tense. The pattern of the main clause is as follows: would + infinitive; e.g.:

(17) If I studied, I would pass the exam (ibid)

Type 3: The type 3 of the if-clause refers to the condition not possible to fulfil In other words, the condition is too late to fulfil The if-clause here appears in the past perfect tense, and the main clause has the pattern: would + have + past participle For example:

(18) If I had studied, I would have passed the exam (ibid)

Real and unreal conditions: Similar to type 1-3 of the if-clause is what Quirk and Greenbaum call real and unreal conditions According to them, a “real”condition leaves unresolved the question of the fulfilment or non-fulfilment of the condition, and hence also, the truth of the proposition expressed by the main clause For example:

(19) (a) If he comes, I will see him (ibid)

(b) If she was awake, she certainly heard the noise (ibid)

In an “unreal” condition, on the other hand, it is clearly expected that the condition will not be fulfilled For example:

(20) (a) If he came, I would see him (ibid)

(b) If she had been awake, she would have heard the noise (ibid)

(22) (a) No goals were scored, though it was an exciting game (Swan, 1995)

(b) Although I enjoyed myself, I was glad to come here (ibid)

(c) However hard he tried, he failed the exam (ibid)

(d) Whereas Sule seems rather stupid, his brother is clever (ibid)

(e) Even if you dislike music, you would enjoy this concert (ibid)

(viii) Comparison

These are subordinators that express comparison between dependent and independent clauses They are introduced by than, as-as, as, etc Sentential examples:

23) (a) She respected me more than I thought (ibid)

(b) Uchendu walks as beautifully as a film star (ibid)

(c) As sugar attracts ants, John is attracted by Mary (ibid)

(iii) Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are link words that consist of two parts and are used to give emphasis to the combinations of two structures that are balanced (Sahebkeir & Aidinlou) They are regarded as team conjunctions because they are used in pairs They get their name from the fact that they work together (co-) and relate one sentence element to another Correlative conjunctions are more similar to coordinating conjunctions in that the sentence fragments they connect are fairly equal Lester notes that correlative conjunctions are very similar to coordinating conjunctions except that they are two-part conjunctions They include: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, as many…as, whether…or, not only…but also, such…that, so…that, hardly…when, scarcely…when, no sooner…than, not…but, etc Sentential examples:

(24) (a) I want either eba or amala (Bergman, 1989)

(b) Neither a borrower nor a lender be (ibid)

(c) I have both eba and amala (ibid)

(d) There are as many curtains as there are windows (ibid)

(e) He was not sure whether he was losing or winning (ibid)

(f) She was not only mean but also rude (ibid)

(g) Such was the nature of their relationship that they never would have made it

even if they wanted to (ibid)

(h) I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run back (ibid) (i) I had no sooner finished my studies than I got a job (ibid)

(iv) Compound Conjunctions

These are groups of words that are used as conjunctions Quirk and Greenbaum regard such groups of words as compound subordinators They are compound items which act, to various degrees, like a single conjunction Such groups of words end with obligatory “that”, e.g in order that, in that, except that, on condition that, so that, such that, etc while some others have optional “that”, e.g now (that), provided (that), supposing (that), seeing (that), considering (that), etc Furthermore, Omosowone and Akindolire regard compound conjunctions as semi-coordinating conjunctions because they link elements together More examples are:

as well as, as much as, rather than, etc Other examples include: as though, in as much as, as soon as, etc Sentential examples:

(25) (a) He applied for the job in order that he might help his father (Brown, 1987) (b) I can lend you the money on condition that you repay me next month (ibid) (c) I shall give you the job provided that you know how to type (ibid)

(d) The pastor as well as his members received the gift of the Holy Spirit (ibid) (e) He buries himself in the things of this world as though he will not die (ibid) (f) In as much as he remains President, things will never work in that country (ibid) (g) Please, appear as soon as he calls you (ibid)

There are four types of conjunctions (coordinating, correlative, subordinate, and adverbial), and the punctuation that those conjunctions take Conjunctions are very essential in speech and in writing They improve the cohesion between the different parts of the text and enable you to construct long sentences without sounding awkward Although the concept of conjunctions may seem too simple, you should still take time and make sure that you place the punctuations properly, choose the appropriate conjunctions, and see to it that you

adhere to the standard rules of grammar

2.4.2 Vietnamese Conjunctions

2.4.2.1 Definitions of Vietnamese conjunctions

Vietnamese conjunction is an interesting topic that many Vietnamese

linguists have concerned about In the dictionary “Bách khoa Việt Nam, tập 2”

published in 2002, conjunctions serve as connectors which link words, phrases, and sentences to denote the significance of the relationships such as alternative, contrast, concession, etc

According to Hoàng Trung Thông (1998), conjunctions are words expressing the grammatical relations used to join the components in sentences or in phrases Conjunctions do not make sense in terms of vocabulary and grammar, especially they never keep functions as subject or predicate in a sentence

Having the same opinions with Hoàng Trung Thông, Nguyễn Hữu Quỳnh in

“Tiếng Việt hiện đại” (1994) also defines that conjunctions are words which refer to

the grammatical relations used to connect parts of sentences or the elements in the phrase

Another definition written by Hoàng Thế (1990) shows that conjunctions are considered as joiners to connect two clauses together and Nguyễn Lai (2006) also agrees that conjunctions are words with the function to adhere words having the same syntax roles in sentences or to link the same functional components, sentences, paragraphs in which the conjunctions represent certain semantics’ functions

Although each author gives the different definition, their contents come to a high agreement It can be said that like English conjunctions, Vietnamese conjunctions are the glue to combine words, word phrases, paragraphs, sentences, etc The linguists really help readers to understand deeply about conjunctions The following part is detail classifications of Vietnamese conjunctions

2.4.2.2 Classifications of Vietnamese conjunctions

There are many ways of classifying Vietnamese conjunctions, but the one mostly applied is according to the parts of utterances that they link together From the view of Diệp Quang Ban (1993), Vietnamese conjunctions are arranged into two principal groups: subordinating and coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are used to combine subordinate constituents with super-ordinate constituents, while coordinating conjunctions are used to link words, word phrases, and sentences

According to Nguyễn Lai (2006), like English conjunctions, Vietnamese conjunctions can also be categorized into two types: conjunctions connecting coordinated clauses (coordinators) and conjunctions connecting dependent clauses (subordinators)

(i) Coordinators

Conjunctions that link coordinated clauses are: và (and), nhưng/ mà (but),

hay/hoặc (or), vì vậy/ do vậy (so/ hence/ therefore, etc They are placed between the

two clauses

e.g Chợ họp giữa phố vãn từ lâu Người về hết và tiếng ồn ào cũng mất

(Market in the city centre has disbanded for a long time Everyone comes back

home and noise is also lost.)

(Cited in “Hai đứa trẻ” (1938) - Thạch Lam)

According to grammatical meanings, conjunctions of this type have three main meanings or functions in sentences

The first function is conjunctions expressing listing, for instance, coordinators “và”,

“với”, “cùng” simply link clauses to indicate enumeration and consecutive or

simultaneous events

e.g Tôi đến nhà An nhiều lần và trở thành người thân của cả gia đình

(I went to An’s house many times and became the intimate of the whole family) (Cited in “Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, tập 1” (1993) - Diệp Quang Ban)

The next function is conjunctions showing alternative “hay”, “hay là”,

“hoặc là”, “hoặc…hoặc…” An example of this type can be seen in:

e.g Ngoài ra, ông vẫn thường đi xếp hàng mua gạo hoặc nhu yếu phẩm

(In addition, he often stands in a queue to buy rice or necessities.)

(Cited in “Giấc mơ ông lão vườn chim (1970) – Anh Đức)

The last function of conjunctions is that they are used to express contrast such as

“nhưng”, “song”, “còn”, for example “Hắn nghiến răng vào mà chửi cái đứa đã đẻ

ra Chí Phèo Nhưng mà biết đứa nào đã đẻ ra Chí Phèo?

(He gritted his teeth to verbal child that spawned Chi Pheo But know who has

spawned Chi Pheo?)

(Cited in “Chí Phèo” (1946) – Nam Cao)

(ii) Subordinators

The other set of conjunctions is used to link dependent clauses, and there are

usually couple conjunctions to describe these relationships such as “tuy…nhưng…”,

“vì …nên…”, “do…nên…”, “bởi…nên…”, “dù…nhưng…”, “nếu…thì…”

In dependent clauses, there are four smaller types of relationships:

- Conjunctions expressing reason: “vì…(cho) nên/ mà…”, “tại…(cho) nên/ mà…”,

“do….(cho) nên/ mà…”, “nhờ…(cho) nên/ mà…”, “bởi…(cho) nên/ mà…”

e.g Từ khóc như mưa bởi vì Từ chẳng còn biết trông cậy vào ai

(Tu cried bitterly because she did not know whom she could rely on.)

(Cited in “Đời Thừa” (1943) – Nam Cao)

- Conjunctions expressing condition-consequence: “nếu (như)…thì…”, “hễ

(mà)…thì/ là…”, “giá (mà)…thì…”, “ví…thì…”, “nhỡ…thì…” These conjunctions

are used in conditional sentences

e.g Nếu thị không vào thì hắn vẫn cứ nghĩ vẩn vơ mãi

(If she does not come, he still thinks miscellaneously.)

(Cited in “Chí Phèo” (1946) – Nam Cao)

- Conjunctions expressing concession: “tuy…nhưng/ vẫn…”, “dù…nhưng/

vẫn…”, “mặc dù…nhưng/ vẫn…”

e.g Tuy những tiếng quen thuộc ấy hôm nào chả có, nhưng hôm nay hắn mới nghe

thấy

(The familiar noise is always appeared every day, but today he hears that.)

(Cited in “Chí Phèo” (1946) – Nam Cao)

- Conjunctions expressing purpose: “để…(thì)…”

e.g Hắn tìm một người bạn thân để nói chuyện văn chương (He is looking for a

close friend in order to talk literature.)

(Cited in “Đời Thừa” (1943) – Nam Cao)

2.4.3 Structure of conjunctions

Conjunctions are a grammatical resource for indicating links within texts (Schleppegrell) This is because they join similar grammatical elements: noun or pronoun to noun or pronoun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb, preposition to preposition, phrase to phrase and clause to clause Like prepositions, conjunctions do not have inflection because they belong to the closed class, that is, they are not expandable This means that they cannot be inflected through suffixation (prefixes and suffixes) to make them change from one grammatical class

to the other like nouns, verbs and adjectives In other words, nouns, verbs and adjectives can generate more grammatical classes when inflected through suffixation but that is not applicable to conjunctions In this regard, conjunctions are like prepositions, as both of them belong to the closed class This implies that prepositions too are not expandable, or cannot be inflected through suffixation to generate more grammatical classes

2.5 Semantic and syntactic features of conjunctions

2.5.1 Semantic and syntactic features of conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters

2.5.1.1 Semantic features of conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters

As Kitis, also cited by Hertwig, Benz and Krauss points out, the conjunction and in this sentence does much more than conjoin, connect or link the two clauses Rather, it functions as an “emotional device” that communicates the speakers emotional attitude, surprise, or even outrage

Coordinate conjunction are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two words, two phrases or two clauses

E.g a) Then followed the history andrise of the ancient and respectable family, in

the usual terms (English Grammar in use, 2012)

b) Elizabeth had succeeded of her mother's rights and being very handsome, and very like himself, her influence had always been great, and they had gone on

together most happily (ibid)

c) She had, however, one very intimate friend, a sensible, deserving woman, who had been brought, by strong attachment to herself, to settle close by her, in the village of Kellynch; and on her kindness and advice, Lady Elliot mainly relied for the best help and maintenance of the good principles and instruction which she had

been anxiously giving her daughters (ibid)

In these examples, the coordinate conjunction and is used to join the two words history and rise, ancient and respectable, the two phrases being very handsome andvery like himself, and the two clauses she had, however, one very intimate friend and Lady Elliot mainly relied

2.5.1.2 Syntactic features of conjunctions in some English Marketing Newsletters

- Syntactical in subordinate conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions are used to join subordinate clauses with independent clauses Subordinate conjunctions are: if, because, when, since, where, while, whereas, after, before, until and as if

Eg He saw Snow White which was unconscious in case

(English Grammar in use, 2012)

The sentence is wrong because the sentence uses “which” as the conjunction

“which” as the conjunction is used to connect things meanwhile the subject of the sentence is Snow White so the conjunction should use “who”

The correct sentence is: He saw Snow White who was unconscious

Eg.There was a king that looked for somebody to help him (ibid)

The sentence is wrong because “that” as the conjunction used to connect things and the sentence needs a conjunction to connect subject So “who” is used to connect subject

The correct sentence is: There was a king who looked for somebody to help him

Eg The police knew Prof Moriarty had killed somebody last night (ibid)

The sentence is wrong because it needs a conjunction to connect two entences and the appropriate conjunction for the sentence is “if” The

correct sentence is The police knew if Prof Moriarty had killed somebody last

night

Eg She always did whoever the King told her (ibid)

The sentence is wrong because a conjunction to connect nouns is needed in the sentence meanwhile “whoever” is used to connect people so “whatever” is used

to connect nouns The correct sentence is She always did whatever the King told her

Eg He did a doodle on my book and I was not in my mood (ibid)

The sentence is wrong because “and” as the conjunction is not appropriate in the sentence “whereas” is more appropriate to use in the sentence

The correct sentence is He did a doodle on my book whereas I was not in my mood

- Syntactical in coordinate conjunctions

Coordinate conjunctions are used to join words, phrases and clauses of equal importance Coordinate conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor and for Correlative conjunctions, such as not only … but also, neither … nor, both … and, and relative pronouns, such as who, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, are also part of coordinate conjunctions

Eg He could win the battle and the sword was so powerful

(English Grammar, 1996)

The sentence is wrong because the use of “and” as the conjunction is not appropriate in the sentence “because” is more appropriate to use in the sentence so the correct sentence is He could win the battle because the sword was so powerful

Eg Sherlock Holmes was a clever man but lived happily (Sherlock Holmes, 2009)

The sentence is wrong and the explanation is same as the first sentence explanation “and” as the conjunction is more appropriate to use in the sentence and the correct sentence is Sherlock Holmes was a clever man and lived happily

Eg Since that tragedy, Andy changed his behavior to be a better person but never

be arrogant again

The sentence is wrong and the explanation is same as the first and the second sentence “and” as the conjunction is more appropriate to use in the sentence and the correct sentence is Since that tragedy, Andy changed his behavior to be a better person and never be arrogant again

- Syntactical in conjunctive adverb

Conjunctive adverb is adverb used to connect independent clauses The conjunctive adverbs are however, consequently, moreover, besides, on the other hand, that is to say, furthermore, nevertheless, meanwhile, indeed, anyhow, hence, and henceforth Always place a semicolon (;) before and a comma (,) after a conjunctive adverb that connect two independent clauses

Eg However, Juliet’s father had decided the time to marry her with Paris

(Romeo and juliet, 1968)

The sentence is wrong because “however” isn’t appropriate in the sentence

“in the other hand” is more appropriate to use in the sentence The correct sentence

is In the other hand, Juliet’s father had decided the time to marry her with Paris

Eg Romeo kissed Juliet’s lips for the last time although the sleeping potion had worked

(Romeo and juliet, 1968)

The sentence is wrong and the explanation is same as the first sentence above “meanwhile” is more appropriate to use in the sentence and the correct sentence is Romeo kissed

Eg Juliet’s lips for the last time; meanwhile, the sleeping potion had worked

(Romeo and juliet, 1968)