Compliance of local government units to ecological solid waste management act of 2000 the case of the municipality of luisiana laguna philippines

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY ------ MYRA ROSE MENDOZA FLORES COMPLIANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT of 2000:

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

- -

MYRA ROSE MENDOZA FLORES

COMPLIANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT of 2000: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF LUISIANA, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS PROPOSAL

Study Mode : Full-time

Faculty : International Programs Office

Thai Nguyen, 2017

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Thesis Title

COMPLIANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

TO ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT of 2000: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY

OF LUISIANA, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES

Do Thi Anh, Ph.D with Do Thi Lan, Ph D

Abstract:

With rapid increase of population and economic growth, the Republic of the Philippines is facing a major challenge for effective management of its growing municipal waste The government has enacted the Republic Act 9003 which is also called the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, to overcome the challenges of waste management This study was conducted to determine the level of compliance to solid waste management of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines It is also described the current solid waste management practices of the municipality Key informants (Office of the City mayor, Secretariat of Municipal Environment Natural Resources Office, municipal environmental engineer, Solid Waste Management Board Vice Chairman, president of all barangay captains) and barangay captains are interviewed They were selected because of their direct involvement and participation in the implementation of the Solid Waste Management Program The 4 residents

to each barangay were conducted for the survey Data were analyzed by qualitative research method Results showed that the municipality has a high of compliance with the 62.5 % degree of compliance Level compliance assessment is based on the critical analysis as shown in Municipal Ecological Solid Waste Management Compliance Assessment With the high compliance, Local Government Units are still having difficulties

descriptive-on how residents will completely cooperate to the activities of Solid Waste Management Board Local Government Units do their part for the beneficial of local community and environment municipality, but citizens of municipality are still deaf to response the environmental projects This paper also concludes that Local Government Units are not able

to achieve the goals without the combination of technical and engineering expertise, and regulatory and enforcement powers with public education, awareness, and involvement campaigns to be able to properly implement solid waste and pollution control programs

Republic Act 9003, compliance Number of pages: Fifty-nine (59) pages

Signature of the Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At times, during my struggles, I don‟t deny that I regretted and think to stop on studying, because of some problems After all these challenges, here I am! Strong and fighting which only need a few more steps and perseverance to complete my bachelor degree My deep gratitude goes to our Almighty God for giving me strength, guidance, love, and joy I praise Him for abundantly supplying all my needs according

to His riches in glory

I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr Carmelita Rebancos for her ability in Solid Waste Management and lending me her time despite of her busy schedule And also to Dr Do Thi Lan together with her husband for giving me a chance to be my thesis adviser and giving comments and suggestions to my research paper

I sincerely gave thanks to the Mayor of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines for allowing me

to conduct my research paper in town I also thank some staffs of the municipality for giving reliable information, additional knowledge and comments especially to Sir Christopher Raflores

I am deeply indebted to the administrator and president of LAPRISADA, Ex V.M G Rodante Estrellado Without his encouragement, support specifically to financial, and advice, I would never have been able to pursue studying abroad and carry out what I have started

I would like to thank the Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for bringing us experience, knowledge, and most of all, a new family I also gave thanks to the Laguna Private Schools Administrator‟s Association

(LAPRISADA) for being part and giving such a great opportunity towards to my

successful future

I‟m grateful to be part of the K-45 class for having fun-loving classmates I couldn‟t

have asked for a better group of people to spend for almost four years I also want to thank all my friends who helped me get through to finish my study Some friends like Pauline Damaso, Rosette Princess Dela Torre, and Rhonalyn Agupo, were tolerant enough to live with me for a few years Also, thanks to my close friends out there in the Philippines, whose untiring and generous supports in all my endeavors have cheered me on

Most importantly, I would like to send my gratitude to my parents Ariel and Mila Rose Flores for all the moral support, understanding, and unconditional love that they gave

to me To my brother and sister, Hazel Joy and Jan Mark, thank you for being my inspiration and having there always on my side

These people always helped me to keep my life in context Graduate school isn't the most important thing in life, but good friends, good times and happiness are

“Don’t be pushed by problems Be led by your dreams” - Ralph Waldo Emmerson

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

List of Abbreviations ix

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research Rationale 1

1.2 Research Objectives 3

1.3 Research Questions and Hypothesis 3

1.3.1 Research Questions 3

1.3.2 Research Hypothesis 3

1.4 Significance of the Study 4

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study 4

1.6 Definition of Terms 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Related Literature 8

2.1.1 Compliance 8

2.1.2 Overview of Purposive Sampling 11

2.1.3 RA 9003 Law 13

2.3 Related Studies 19

PART III METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Selection of the Study Area 22

3.2 Data Collection 22

3.3 Sampling method and Respondents 24

3.4 Research Instruments 24

3.5 Municipal ESWM Compliance Assessment 25

3.6 Data Analysis 31

PART IV MUNICIPAL PROFILE 32

4.1 History 32

4.2 Location 32

4.3 Population 34

4.4 Socio- economic features 36

4.5 Physical Characteristics 38

4.6 Waste Characterization Data 39

PART V RESULTS 40

PART VI DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 53 6.1 Discussion 53

6.2 Conclusion 55

6.3 Recommendations 56

REFERENCES 59

APPENDICES

List of Figures

Figure 1 Transportation Route to and from LUISIANA ……… pp 33

Figure 2 Luisiana, Laguna Terrain from Mountain Banahaw of

Lucban, Quezon Philippines ………

pp.33

Figure 3 Municipal Map of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines ……… pp 34

Figure 4 Pandan Weaving ……… pp 37

Figure 5

Bio-Waste Materials coming from the Municipal Public

Market are shredded at the Luisiana Environment

Management Complex – Composting Plant (LEMC – CP) …

pp 45

Figure 6 MRFs of some barangay ……… pp 45

Figure 7 Brgy San Diego Open Dumpsite ……… pp 47

List of Tables

Table 1 Types and Purpose of Purposive Sampling ……… pp 11

Table 3 Leveling of Compliance ……… pp 30

Table 4 Population of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines ……… pp 35

Table 5 Percentages of Awareness, Knowledge, and Practices of

Residents……… pp 50

Table 6 Performances of Barangay to SWM ……… pp 51

Table 7 Municipal ESWM Compliance Level Assessment ………… pp 52

List of Abbreviations

IEC : Information, Education, Communication

MESWMP : Municipal Ecological Solid Waste Management

MRF : Materials Recovery Facility

NSO : National Statistic Office

DTI : Department of Trade and Industry

PART I: INTRODUCTION

A standout amongst the most imperative problems for most urban areas around the world is solid waste management Consistently, huge amounts of solid waste are disposed off at different landfill sites This waste originates from homes, offices, industries and different other agrarian related activities The waste does not restore and treated legitimately in the landfill destinations will create foul smell (Conserve Energy Future, 2017) Additionally, due to inappropriate waste disposal systems specifically

by municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a problem People clean their homes and places of work andlitter their surroundingswhich canpollute the encompassing airand can truly influence the health of humans, wildlife, and our environment

Yet, given the fact that everybody is responsible for the waste that they generate, and that legitimate transfer of that waste is also the responsibility of the waste generator, program with respect to solid waste management is needed Sustainable solid waste management program is possible if there will be adequate political and citizen‟s

participation will in the part of the Local Government Units (LGUs)

The town of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines has been created the 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan by 2014 and has been approved of NSWMC by March 31, 2015 The project intends to showcase an environment-friendly waste management system which will benefit the local communities, and the over-all quality of the environment

of the municipality, as well as, to comply with the existing environmental laws, in

particular, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 The 10 SWMP of Luisiana Laguna has just been implemented in the first month of 2017, due to the reason that many ordinances should be made

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) has been passed to address these environmental concerns and the enforcement of this landmark environmental law has been placed in the hands of the Local Government Units (LGUs) With these, the duty of the LGU is to give the methods and ability to have decent waste administration practices where it follows the section of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 Through building

up laws and innovating education and information campaign, citizens‟ participation

could be accomplished Solid waste administrations are basic instruments for the simple of handling but as well as strongly affect the outlook of the general people

There are a total of 1,693 LGUs in the country broken down as follows: 79 provinces,

116 cities and 1,498 municipalities There are also an estimated 41,975 barangays According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), as of

2015, only 36 percent of LGUS have complied with all aspects of the RA 9003 law (Mercado, E 2006) The fact that there are compliant LGUs only means that is doable and there is no reason why other LGUs could not follow it In view of these, level of compliance has to identify to determine the accomplishments of the local governments

of solid waste implementation

The study is important to see the compliance of LGUs to RA 9003on municipality of Luisiana, Laguna to have sustainable solid waste management plan and ensuring the protection of public health and the environment from the improper waste systems

- assess the degree and level of compliance of LGUs through RA 9003 law

1 3 Research Questions and Hypothesis

1.3.1 Research Questions

The 10 Year Solid Waste Management Plan in Luisiana, Laguna Philippines have been implemented and continuously on going forward of its goal However, noncompliance of some barangays and residents would be a barrier to reach the goal Therefore, the compliance of the barangays of the municipality to RA 9003 has to be analyzed in the hope that it can be supported in facilitating compliance among LGUs Yet, Does assessing compliance of LGUs with RA 9003 is important? Why? What is the level compliance of the municipality of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines?

1.3.2 Hypothesis

In the study, the following hypothesis will be tested

1 Practices of 10 Year Solid Waste Management Plan of Luisiana Laguna Philippines are likely progressing with the citizen‟s cooperation

2 Implementation of Local solid waste management plan complies with the RA

9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000

1.4 Significance of the Study

The study would be able to know the significance of assessing the compliance of LGUs based on the provisions of RA 9003 Compliance assessment would likewise give information for further enrichment in implementation The outcomes could help the strategy makers in planning techniques/ approaches to deal with deliberately enhance the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act 2000 Revealing the most critical provision would also be useful in organizing a program for effective solid waste management

The study would also provide knowledge on the importance of solid waste management compliance in the protection and conservation of the environment Moreover, compliance to solid waste management would also serve as a resource base

to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently

1.5 Scopes and Limitations of the study

The study was conducted to assess the compliance of LGUs to RA 9003 and describe the current practices of the municipality of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines The study covered the entire interviewed and surveyed person, also secondary data sources as an effective evident in assessing compliance

However, the survey made without warning on a randomly selected respondents Hence, respondents may lie or evade the questions

The researcher collected information through self report, hence, it has a potential bias

to the respondents Respondents are intend to make a good impressions about the

management of LGUs to solid waste rather than being truthful Given the truth that it has a bias, researcher still take what repondents told

1.6 Definition of Terms

“10-Year SWM Plan” is about the future strategy of the city regarding its proper

management of waste

“Barangay” shall refer as barrio, the smallest administrative division in

the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward

“Barangay Captain” refers to the highest elected official in a barangay, the smallest of

the elected administrative divisions of the Philippines

“Collection” shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a

communal storage point

“Compliance” refers to a response, specifically a submission, made in reaction to an

implicit or explicit request

“Composting” shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by

micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into humus-like product;

“Controlled dump” shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in

accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation;

“Disposal” shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing

of any solid waste into or in any land;

“Ecological solid waste management” refers to the systematic of administration of

activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment

“Local Government Unit” is an administrative and political government unit

subsidiary to the national government which could itself consists of sub-units as in the case of a province or a municipality

“Materials recovery facility” – includes a solid waste transfer stations or sorting

station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility;

“Municipal waste” shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local

government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional,

and industrial wastes and street litters;

“Municipality” refers to a village, town, or city that‟s usually governed by a mayor

and council From this noun, we get the adjectivemunicipal, which you can use to describe something that relates to a town or its government

“Republic Act 9003” is an act providing for an ecological solid waste management

program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purpose

“Sanitary landfill” shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed operated

and maintained in a manner that experts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility;

“Segregation” shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating , at the

point of the origin, different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal

“Solid waste” shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste,

non-hazardous institutional, ports and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste

“Solid Waste Management” shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes

“Special wastes” shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners,

household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, and yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires

“Source reduction” shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid

waste stream by methods such as product design, materials substitution, materials use and packaging restrictions;

“Transfer Stations” shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes,

temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to larger vehicles for transport

“Waste Segregation” refers to sorting and segregation of different materials found in

solid waste in order to promote recycling and re- use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal

PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Literatures

2.1.1 Compliance

“Compliance is a kind of influence where an individual does what another person

wants them to do, following his or her request or suggestion

It is similar to obedience; however there is no order – only a request And it is frequently missed out from our strategy pallet of planning a negotiation.” (Vivek, A

2016)

“Compliance is determined a social phenomenon, inferring that the words, actions, or

mere presence of other individuals often plays a role in someone‟s decision regardless

of whether or not to comply with a given request In compliance, the target may or may not recognize that he or she is being urged to act in a particular way and the request may be explicit (directly stated) or implicit (subtly implied)

In social interactions, compliance affects everyday behavior To reach goals or attain social or personal gains the Social psychologists used view of compliance as a means

of social influence Social psychologists expect to examine overt and subtle social influences and their relationship to compliance when studying compliance Individuals can be influenced into compliance in several ways.” (Boundless, 2016)

According to Cialdini, a key researcher into compliance and persuasion has outlined compliance techniques, ways in which individuals are influenced or persuaded to comply with the demands or desires of others (Cooling G.2012) These

are (1) Authority – most of the people comply with those in positions of authority, e.g

famous people (2) Commitment is when once people greed to something, either by

their behavior or statement of belief, they are probably going to comply with similar

requests (3) Liking - people only comply with requests from people they like (4)

Reciprocity – people often feel they have to “return a favour” (5) Social Proof –

people view a behavior as correct if they see others performing it

“In addition to these ways, the following can be applied to pressure an individual into

conforming to certain ideas

A The Foot in the Door Technique

The foot in the door technique (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) understands agreeing to

a small request increases the probability of agreeing to a second, bigger request Along

this line, at first you make a small request and once the person agrees to this they find it more difficult to decline the bigger one

One of the most frequent online examples is asking for a subject‟s email address, and later pitching them with a bigger request Giving one‟s email address is compliance with a small request Afterward, the marketer can ask for a sale

B The Door in the Face Technique

Refusing a large request increases the probability of agreeing to a second, smaller

request Initially you make a big request which a person can be suppose to refuse Then you make a smaller request which the person finds hard to refuse since they

shouldn‟t say NO It is like negotiating a purchase discount with a vendor In the first place, you make a request that will not be met and request for 20% When this is

refused you make a more reasonable request and request for 10%

It has been discovered the door-in-the face technique creates the compliance in a high level only when the same person makes the request, and the requests are comparable in

nature This strategy works because to the principle of reciprocity (Cialdini et al,

1975) Saying “no” to a big request can make the person feel they owe the other person who made the request a favor

C The Low-Ball Technique

Increasing the probability of agreeing to purchase it at a higher cost is to purchase something at a given price

At first, you get the person agree to your request and then increase the original

terms Trick them into agreeing more than they planned For instance, when

purchasing a car the salesman agreed a price, but need consultation with his manager if this is agreeable, while waiting you think you have ensured a good deal The salesman returns and says he manager would not agree the deal and the cost are raised Most people agree to the higher price

This success of this strategy works on the principle of commitment Since the person

has said “yes” or agreed to first request, commitment has been given At the point

when the request changes or becomes unreasonable, the person will (to a degree) find

it hard to say “no” because of having originally committed themselves.” (Vivek, A 2016)

2.1.2 Overview of Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling techniques have also been referred to as nonprobability sampling

or purposeful sampling or „„qualitative sampling.‟‟ The purposive sampling methods involve selecting certain units or cases „„based on a specific purpose rather than randomly‟‟ (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003a, p 713) Non-probability sampling focuses

on sampling strategies where the units that are investigated are totally based on the judgment of the researcher This type of sampling can be extremely valuable in situations when you have to reach a targeted sample quickly, and proportionality in sampling is not the main concern There are a number of different types of purposive sampling, each with various objectives Each of these types of purposive sampling

technique is showed in table 1

Table 1 Types and Purpose of Purposive Sampling

Extreme or Deviant Case

This strategy used when a researcher wants to focus on cases that diverge from the highly unusual manifestations of the phenomenon of interest, such as outstanding success/notable

failures, top of the class/dropouts, exotic events, crises

Intensity

Chooses information-rich cases that manifest the phenomenon intensely, but not extremely, such as good students/poor students It requires prior information on the variation of the phenomena under study so that you can choose intense, although not extreme, examples

Maximum Variation

The purpose is to capture a wide range of shared dimensions that have emerged in adapting to different conditions Identifies important common patterns that cut across variations

Homogeneous

A sampling that focuses, simplifies analysis, reduces variation, and facilitates group interviewing Technique that aims to achieve a homogeneous sample; that is, a sample whose units share the same characteristics or traits

Typical Case

Illustrates or highlights on what is typical, normal, and/or average This strategy might be adopted when one needs to display a qualitative profile of one or more typical cases

When using this strategy you should have a wide consensus about what is “average”

Stratified Purposeful

Focuses characteristics of specific subgroups of interest; facilitates comparisons This strategy is like stratified random sampling (samples are taken within samples), with exception

of the sample size is typically much smaller In stratified sampling you “stratify” a sample based on a characteristic

Criterion This strategy is typically picking all cases that meet some

criterion where a quality assurance issue is considered

Theory-Based or Operational

Construct

Identifies manifestations of a theoretical construct of interest

so as to elaborate and examine the construct This strategy is used as part of grounded theory studies You would sample people/incidents, etc., based on whether or not they manifest/represent an important theoretical or operational construct

Confirming or Disconfirming

In this strategy deepens initial analysis, seeks exceptions, and tests variation It finds both confirming cases (those that add depth, richness, credibility) as well as disconfirming cases (an example that does not fit and are the source of rival interpretations)

Opportunistic

It follows new leads during fieldwork, takes advantage of the unexpected, and flexible This strategy takes advantage of whatever unfolds as it is unfolding, and might be utilzed after fieldwork has begun and as a researcher becomes open to sampling a group or person they may not have initially planned to interview

Politically Important Cases

Looks for cases that will increase the usefulness and relevance

of information gained based on the politics of the moment This strategy attracts attention to the study (or avoids attracting undesired attention by purposefully eliminating from the sample politically sensitive cases)

Convenience

Selects cases based on ease of availability This strategy saves money, time, and effort; however, has the weakest rationale along with the lowest credibility This strategy may yield

information-poor cases since cases are picked simply because they are easy to access, rather than on a specific strategy/rationale

Combination or Mixed

Purposeful

Combines two or more strategies listed above Basically, using more than one strategy above is considered combination or mixed purposeful sampling This type of sampling meets multiple interests and needs

Source (Patton, M Q (1990) Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.)

2.1.3 Republic Act 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Solid waste is an environmental issues that extent to the critical proportions in the Philippines Due to a growing population, increasing urbanization and, rapidly increasing consumption, waste generated in the Philippines is estimated at 19,700 tons per day (Word Press, 2007)

“In response to the looming garbage issues in the country, Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 or RA 9003 was formulated It declares the policy of the state in embracing a comprehensive, systematic, and ecological solid waste management program that ensure the protection of public health and the environment and the proper collection, segregation, storage, transport, treatment, and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of best environmental practices Besides, it exemplifies the possibilities and advantages of recycling not only in addressing waste management problems as well as in mitigating poverty

December 20, Philippines Congress passed the RA 9003 and afterward approved by the Office of the President on January 26, 2001 It contains seven (7) chapters sub-divided into 66 sections setting out policy direction for an effective solid waste management program in the country

RA 9003 portrays solid waste management as a discipline associated with the control

of generation, storage, collection, processing, transfer and transport, and disposal of solid wastes The way by which these activities are conducted shall be in accord with the best principles of public health, engineering, economics, conservation, aesthetics, other environmental considerations, and public attitudes This Act provides a comprehensive ecological solid waste management program by creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, appropriating funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing penalties

A Institutional Mechanism

RA 9003 mandated the establishing of a National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) and Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) in every local government unit (LGU) to be represented by public officials, in their ex-officio capacity, and the private sector To develop and implement the National Solid Waste Management Framework, the commission will serve as the coordinating body On the other hand, The SWMB is directed to formulate a 10-year local Ecological Solid Waste Management Plans establishing a sustainable and effective solid waste management plan with primary emphasis on implementation of all attainable re-use, recycling and composting programs This is according to relevant provisions under RA

7160 or the Local Government Code

1 Waste Characterization and Segregation.Local solid waste management plan shall be characterized the initial source reduction and recycling element of the solid waste generated within the area of a jurisdiction Waste segregation shall

primarily be conducted at the source including commercial, household, industrial and agricultural sources Different containers are required for each sort of waste for on-site collection properly marked as “compostable”, “non-recyclable”, “recyclable” or “special waste”

2 Source Reduction.This refers to the methods by which the LGUs can lessen a sufficient amount of solid waste disposed within five (5) years The rate of waste diversion is set to increase every three (3) years LGUs are required to divert no less than 25% of all solid waste from waste disposal facilities through re-use, recycling and composting activities

3 Collection and Transport of Solid Waste.The geographic subdivisions are taken into account in the coverage of the solid waste collection area in every barangay ensuring 100% collection efficiency within 24 hours from all sources The plan shall describe and activities in the availability and provision of properly designed containers in selected collection points while awaiting collection and transfer, segregation of different types of waste, hauling and transfer of solid waste from collection points to final disposal sites, issuance and enforcement of ordinances for effective implementation, and provision of properly trained officers and workers For the protection of all personnel, protective gears must

be equipped directly dealing with the collection of solid waste

4 Recycling Program.The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), in coordination with other concerned agencies, is directed to publish an inventory

of existing markets for recyclable materials, product standards for recycled and recyclable materials, and a suggestion to stimulate demand for the production of recycled materials and products Moreover, DTI is expected in coding system

for eco-labeling Non-environmentally acceptable products shall be allowed within one (1) year after public notice as alternatives available to consumers but

at cost not exceeding ten (10) percent of the disposable product In this act, it is strictly prohibited the use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging

5 LGUs are mandated to establish Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in each barangay or cluster of barangays designed to receive, sort, process and store compostable and recyclable materials efficiently The residual wastes shall then

be transferred to a disposal facility or long-term storage or sanitary landfill Department of Natural Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) shall be published all solid waste disposal facilities or sites in the country No open dumps either any practice or disposal of solid waste that constitutes open dumps for solid waste shall be allowed Within three (3) years, the Act should further provide for conversion of existing open dumps to controlled dumps

6 Composting.Inventory of existing markets and demands for composts shall publish by the Department of Agriculture (DA) that is updated annually The standards of the composts intended for commercial distribution should conform

to the DA for organic fertilizers

B Local Government Solid Waste Management

The NSWMC is accredited to publish guidelines for identification of areas with common waste management problems and appropriate units for clustering solid waste management services It is encourage and facilitate the development of local plans to reinforce provisions of the Local Government Code for all provinces, cities,

municipalities and barangays to consolidate or coordinate efforts, services and resources to establish common waste treatment and disposal facilities

C Incentive Scheme

An incentive scheme is provided by the Act to encourage participation of individuals, private organizations and entities, including non-government organizations in developing outstanding and innovative projects, technologies, processes and techniques or activities in re-use, recycling and reduction that pursuant to Omnibus Investment Code This includes 10-year tax and duty exemption on imported capital equipment, vehicles, legacies, gifts and donations used for collection of solid waste and tax credit equivalent to 50% of the national internal revenue taxes and custom duties Incentives in non-fiscal are granted to businesses and industries engaged in recycling of waste in the form of simplified procedures for importation of equipment, spare parts, new materials and supplies, and for the export of processed products

Other forms of incentives include extension of financial services to individuals, enterprises or private entities engaged in solid waste management and grant entitlement to outstanding LGUs Likewise, those LGUs who host common waste management facilities can receive incentives

D Penal Provisions

Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive list of prohibited acts including: (1) undertaking activities in violation of sanitation operation; (2) squatting in open dumps and landfills; (3) open burning of solid waste; (4) mixing of source-separated recyclable

material with other solid waste; (5) littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places; (6) open dumping, burying of biodegradable materials in flood-prone areas; (7) manufacturing, distributing, using, and importing consumer products that are non-environmentally-friendly materials; (8) causing non-segregated waste; (9) establishment or operation of open-dumps; (10) unauthorized removal of recyclable material; (11) importing toxic wastes misrepresented as “recyclable” or “with recyclable content”; (12) site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate and not conforming with the land use plan of LGUs; (13) transporting and dumping in bulk in areas other than facility centers; (14) operation of waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area; and (15) construction of establishment within 200 meters from dump sites or sanitary landfills

E Financing Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste Management Fund is an act provided a special account in the National Treasury This will be sourced from fines and penalties forced proceeds of permits and licenses, donations, endowments, grants and contributions The entire amount allocated under the annual General Appropriations Act The Fund will be utilized to finance products, technologies, facilities, and processes that would enhance proper solid waste management; information, education, research programs; technical assistance; communication and monitoring activities; awards and incentives; and capacity building activities.” (Aquino P A et al, 2013)

2.2 Related Studies

Upon the study of compliance of LGUS to Ecological Solid Waste administration Act 2000 or Republic Act 9003, different local governments have embraced and coordinated the law into nearby laws and ordinances RA 9003 provided the system with regards to the Solid Waste Management Plans in different LGUs in the nation In accordance with the consistence LGUS to Ecological Solid Waste administration Act 2000 or Republic Act 9003 in 2000, various researchers and reports are regarding the evaluation of compliance of LGUS to Republic Act 9003 to the SWM on the district These reviews go from the evaluation of the nearby governments

in their consistence with the RA 9003 for implementing of solid waste management in the Philippines

(Ballados, 2010) studied on the Solid Waste Management Practices, Negros Occidental Her study entitled “Assessing the Solid Waste Management Practices in Bacolod City, Philippines” studied the solid waste management practices of the waste

generators, and the extent of their compliance with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007 In the abstract of her study, she utilized the descriptive method of research and employed survey research to gather data The findings of this study served as basis in developing a handbook on solid waste management It is showed that the waste generators do not practice waste segregation based on the findings of researcher The researcher concluded that the respondents do not also practice recycling of wastes because of the lack of facilities and lack of support from the local government units Thus, this study indicates that the

local government units do not comply with the implementing rules and regulations of the RA 9003 Moreover, she stated that massive educational campaign on appropriate and effective solid waste management practices should be conducted in the residential, institutional, industrial, hospitals and commercial establishments to promote public awareness Lastly, researcher concluded that the local government units should formulate a long-term and comprehensive solid waste management programs that would encourage and motivate the public to encourage their cooperation and participation The local government units should likewise reach out and build partnership with non-government organizations, private sectors and civic organizations

their own monitoring and evaluation monitoring policy on waste disposal and they provided incentives and awards the schools for diligently monitoring waste disposal The data on the label of implementation of local governance policies for waste resource conservation revealed that local Government Units fairly implemented (3.03) this program The level of implementation for local governance policies on waste reduction was fairly implemented (3.01) by the local government units The local government units had their highest rating (3.23) on providing budget for information campaign Also, they facilitated trainings to enhance community participation and involvement The local Government Units raised the public consciousness on the effects of wastes to the moral life of the community Local government units practiced sustainability activities through the manufacturing of products from wastes (3.29) The local Government Units practiced governance to its partner organization by implementing the reduction of waste policy

PART III: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Selection of the study area

The study was conducted in Luisiana, Laguna Philippines which is a fourth class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 19,720 people (Census Population, 2015) Locals call the town

„Little Baguio of Laguna‟ because of its high elevation and cooler climate like the City

of Baguio

3.2 Data Collection

The data sources of the study composed of primary and secondary sources The primary sources of the study are including a series of surveys and interviews among the residents of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines The secondary sources are including the copies of the 10 Year Solid Waste Management Plan of the Luisiana, Laguna Philippines and Republic Act 9003 The gathered data serves as an assessment on the current practices, knowledge and awareness of the residents with the solid waste management

The researchers asked permission from the office of the Municipal Mayor to conduct this study Barangay Captains of the different barangays were also informed before the questionnaires were distributed

The final copy of the questionnaire was translated into Mother tongue language for the respondents to fully understand each statement The validated copy of the questionnaire was distributed personally to the respondents Retrieval was done

immediately after answering It was tabulated and interpreted when all the data were gathered

3.3 Sampling Method and Respondents

The study covered the responses of 5 (five) key informants (Office of the City Mayor, Secretariat of MENRO office, municipal environmental engineer, SWMB Vice Chairman, President of all barangay captains), 23 barangay captains, and 4 residents for each of the 23 barangay with a total of 92 as shown in table 2 For a survey, it has

a total of 92 and with the key informants which are the barangay captains and selected municipal officials, sum up to 28 Combination or mixed purposeful sampling method used in the study The 4 residents from each barangay were chosen using purposeful random sampling For the 23 barangay captains, homogenous sampling method was used and snowball or chain sampling used for the 5 key informants

On the other hand, the 92 purposeful random samples from different barangays included the barangay captains and key informants are all respondents The key informants and barangay captains serve as respondents, being the persons responsible

in the implementation of RA 9003

Table 2 Total Number of Surveyed Households

municipal office, barangay captains and residents for each barangay For key informants, questions are about the development and implementations of the solid waste management, while for barangay are dealing with the responses to 10 SWMP of municipality Questionnaires for residents are the awareness to SWMP of municipality, and practices and knowledge to solid waste management

The survey with the interview guide questions was conducted on May 2 to June 15,

2017

3.5 Municipal Ecological Solid Waste Management Compliance Assessment

Compliance Assessment of Municipality of Luisiana was based on the critical analysis regarding RA 9003 RA 9003 Compliance Assessment would be the guide for assessment It is composed of 16 indicators divided into four categories which are the Institutional, Solid Waste Management System, Solid Waste Management Facilities, and Solid Waste Management Financing Under the divided categories of compliance assessment, indicators are displayed

The first category entitled institutional mechanism, would be assessed the establishing members of SWMB mandated by RA 9003 to be represented by public officials, in their ex-officio capacity, and the private sector Meetings, guidance to barangays and undertaken activities of LGUs are including to this part Under to this part, the first indicator is member composition Rating 0 indicates that SWMB are incomplete, SWMB composed all the members needed but some of it do not follow their duties and responsibilities would be 1, 2 imply to members are not complete but still do for others

and follow the duties and responsibilities, and SWMB composed all the members needed and do what the duties and responsibilities for all members is 3

The second indicator is assistance to barangays The highest rate for compliance is 3 which higher officials assist well the barangays and barangay captains do the command of municipal officials Rating 2 implies that barangay captains knew the ordinance should do but higher officials do not cooperate, cooperate to barangays but

do not tell what barangay captains should do - 1, and lowest rate is 0 that higher officials are not cooperating to barangays

Multi-Purpose Environment Cooperative is the third indicator Rating 0 indicates that not undertaking activities to promote the implementation, undertaken activities projects but the barangay captains are not collaborating – 1, 2 implies to activities projects and the barangay captains are collaborating but lack of encouragement and promoting projects for residents, and 3 describe the undertaken activities and the barangay captains are collaborating to encourage and promote projects for residents

Assessing the Solid Waste Management System for the next part would be based as well on ratings To this category, the fourth indicator is having Local SWMP With this, rating 0 if the plan still being developed, if there an existing plan but it not yet submitted and approved or it is being used would be rated as 1, 2 when the plan is being submitted, and 3 signifies when the MSWMP was approved

The fifth indicator is the Waste Characterization Lowest rate is 0 infers to unable to identify the constituent materials, 1 if the constituent materials identified the constituent materials, yet not comprised solid waste generated, identified constituent

materials are not complete is 2, and 3 refers that identified constituent materials s are complete which comprised the solid waste generated

Recycling Program is the sixth indicator Rating 0 implies to without any methods for developing the markets recycled materials If the LGU recycling component shall evaluate industrial, commercial, residential, agricultural, governmental, and other curbsides, mobile, drop-off, and buy-back recycling programs, manual and automated materials recovery facilities, zoning, building code changes and rate structures which encourage recycling of materials would be 1, 2 if recommended revisions to the building ordinances, requiring newly constructed buildings and buildings undergoing specified alterations to contain storage space, devices or mechanisms that facilitate source separation and storage of designated recyclable materials to enable the local government unit to efficiently collect, process, market and sell the designated materials, and 3 indicates of having all requirements where the SWMP meet the waste diversion specified

For the seventh indicator, it is composting programs In the rate of 0, if the LGUs without any methods for developing the markets for composted materials; 1– published an inventory material but not published anything to demand composts; 2 suggests except 1, it is provided that the composting of agricultural wastes, and other compostable materials; and 3 if plan published an inventory of existing materials and demand for composts

The eighth indicator would be the Systematic Collection and Transfer Rating 0, if no waste collection, and the presence of a regular schedule of the collection is 1 The rate

is 2 when aside for regular collection, there are receptacles at collection points- different types of wastes are collected separately, and 3 is when all three are present

Waste segregation at source is the ninth indicator The rate of 0 is when the majority of the barangays do not produce any segregation, 1, 2, and 3 would mean that majority of the barangays practiced segregation

IEC Programs is the tenth indicator Rating 0 implies to the absence of any IEC programs, 1 when it has already an IEC but not yet implemented, 2 when the existing IEC programs have been implemented but just partially effective, and 3 given when there is an established IEC programs strategy which is continuously being implemented and monitored to ensure the programs effectivity achieving goals

The eleventh indicator is Special Waste Management Rating 0 is SWMP do not include any existing waste handling and disposal practices, 1 – SWMP include any existing waste handling and disposal practices but not yet implemented, if SWMP include any existing waste handling and disposal practices but not properly implemented is 2 and 3 when SWMP include any existing waste handling and disposal practices are implementing precisely

Incentives Programs is the twelfth indicator The rate of 0 is when the absence of incentive projects, 1 when the plan has incentives, 2 signifies that it has incentives but not receiving any grants, and 3 when LGUs, provided the grants like cash

For the third category, it is the solid waste management facilities To this part, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth indicator belongs The thirteenth indicator is established MRFs, rate 0 indicates that few barangays have MRF, 0 when all

barangays have MRF but the building and layout are not well designed 2 imply to all barangays have MRF but the equipment to accommodate efficient and safe materials processing, movement, and storage are not well developed, and 3 is the presence of all requirements

The fourteenth indicator is the disposal facilities Rating 0 signifies that no disposal system and open and controlled dumpsite are still operating, 1 when the process of proposal development for establishing Sanitary Landfill All open and controlled dump sites have an authority to closed, if the proposed SLF is being constructed or not yet operating is 2 , and 3 when all operation of the SL and open dump sites or controlled dump sites are already rehabilitated and/or used in any way possible and permissible

Composting Facilities would be the fifteenth indicator The lowest rate would be 0 which signifies that local government has no any composting programs, composting facilities are not durable would be 1, durable but it doesn‟t use is 2; and 3 when the composting facilities are very useful

The last category is the Solid Waste Management Financing In this part, fund establishment where belong as the sixteenth indicator The rate of 0 indicates if the LGUs has no established fund for SWM; 1, if it acquires funds from other allocated funds when necessary or when allocation for SWM is only dined as the need arise, 2 when the LGUs either has budget allocation for SWM or has other sources of fund, and 3 signifies when the local government has an allocation of income generating program Summarized of municipal solid waste management compliance assessment is

in appendix B

Rating of compliance would be based also on the barangay performance and awareness, knowledge and practices of residents This will be used in determining the LGUs degree of compliance With that, the total score was computed Then the degree

of compliance was obtained based on the ratio of the total score from the total possible score as shown below:

Where:

CD = Degree of Compliance

TS – Total Score

I = Total Number of Indicators

Sn = Highest possible score/rating

Then, the results summarized based on the ratings of each indicator as written in Appendix 2 The level of compliance was identified based on the range of degree of compliance where it belongs as shown in Table 3

Level of Compliance

Table 3 Leveling of Compliance

3.6 Data Analysis

The RA 9003 (ESWMA) mainly serves as the legal framework and secondary data sources of the analysis The study is descriptive research that the aims are to depict and evaluate the compliance of the solid waste management of Luisiana, Laguna Philippines

Results from the survey and key informants are classified Nevertheless, results from the 5 municipal officials are written in the current practices to solid waste management

of municipality Critical-based analysis was used in the compliance assessment concerning the local government Survey outcomes were interpreted through descriptive statistics by computing the frequencies, and percentage values primarily based on the scaled used