Assessment of water quality of cau river flows through thai nguyen city

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN QUANG HUNG TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Faculty : Internatio

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN QUANG HUNG

TOPIC TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Faculty : International Training and Developmet Center

Thai Nguyen, September 2015

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Students name Nguyen Quang Hung

of understanding of the provisions in the wastewater treatment Currently, Thai Nguyen started building and improving water treatment systems for water of Cau river, which is effective, and simple discharge management After assessing the situation in the Cau river, the necessary measures are proposed Within management, local governments need to take measures to check against the individual and organize

to find the cause of pollution With technological solutions, the options considered

and evaluated in this thesis indicate that flowing river through Thai Nguyen can make choices to prevent and manage the quality of water in order to protect the environment

ACKNOWLEDGEMET

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Msc Nguyen Huu Tho for his invaluable useful comments, remarks, encouragement and engagement through the learning process of this graduated thesis I sincerely thank the lecturers who enthusiastically imparted useful knowledge on water treatment during the University program to all class attendants I also thank the support of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the coordinators and program managers for their support and assistance I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to my classmates, who supported me throughout this course, by their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to my thesis In addition, I like to thank the participants in my survey, who have willingly shared their precious time during the process of interviewing I would like to thank my loved ones, who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together Thank you all very much!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMET iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ix

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Research’s objectives 1

1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 2

1.4 Limitations 2

1.5 Definitions 2

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Scientific background 5

2.2 Empirical background 7

2.2.1 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world 7

2.2.2 Studies on water quality in Viet Nam 8

2.3 Study area review 10

2.3.1 The natural and socio-economic conditions of Thai Nguyen City 10

2.4 General assessment 18

PART III METHODS 19

3.1 Material 19

3.1.1 Basic characteristics of Cau River 19

3.1.2 Assessment of current status of the water environmental quality of the Cau River 19 3.1.3 Propose some solutions to reduce pollution and the effects of contaminated river water for the surrounding environment management solutions 19

3.2 Methods 20

3.2.1 Secondary data collection methods 20

3.2.2 Methods of collecting, storing and analyzing samples 20

3.2.3 Questionnaire and Interview methods 22

3.2.4 Analyzing, synthesizing and assessing data methods 22

PART 4 RESULTS 23

4.1 Overview of Cau river flows through Thai Nguyen 23

4.1.1 Status of Water from Cau river in Thai Nguyen city 23

4.1.2 The situation of water from Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen 23

4.2 Assessment of current situation of water in Cau River and surrounding areas.28 4.2.1 Currents situation of water at Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen City 28

4.2.2 Assessment of water from Cau River to local people based on survey 29

4.3 Recommendation of solutions to overcome and minimize water pollution of Cau River 32

4.3.1 Management solutions 33

4.3.2 Technological solutions 34

4.3.3 Management solution for Citizens lives around Cau River in Thai Nguyen 35

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 38

5.1 Discussion 38

5.2 Conclusion 39

REFERENCES 1

APPENDICES 1

APPENDIX 1 : SAMPLE SURVEY 1

APPENDIX 2 1

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Distribuiton of land use in Thai Nguyen City in 2015 ……… … 15 Table 4.1 The Average result of water quality from Cau River in Cao Ngan Brigde of Son Cam commune ……….……….24 Table 4.2 The Average result of water quality from Cau River in Gia Bay Brigde

of Dong Bam commune ……….……… …25 Table 4.3 The Average result of water quality from Cau River in Thac Huong Dam ……… ……….……,…26 Table 4.4 The total of result water quality from 3 places……….……28 Table 4.5 The impact of water pollution to agriculture production and the health

of people living around Cau River ……… … 30

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AOX : Absorbable Organic Halogens

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

EPA : Environmental Protection Agency

DNRE : Department of Natural Resources and Environment

LEP : Law on Environmental Protection

MNRE : Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment

TSS : Total Suspended Solids

VEA : Vietnam Environment Administration

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Environment is a system of natural and artificial material factors, which affect to the survival and the development of humans and animals (Environmental Protection Act, 2014) Those factors considered as basic components of the environment; they formed and developed under the law of nature One of the most crucial and necessary factors for all life on earth in general and human in particular is water It does not only affect human's health, dietary needs, daily activities, but it is also a factor to ensure the prosperity of humankind Nowadays, the development of science and technology has accelerated the pace of socio-economic development, creating a giant volume of material goods for meeting the growing demands of human However, the socio-economic development, especially the rapid development of the industry in recent years has discharged a huge amount of wastewater This is the direct cause of the environmental pollution in general and water quality decline in particular, that makes clean water on Earth become increasingly scarce and exhausted As a country with a growing economy, Vietnam has become the water polluted on the world Among them, the Cau River through flows Thai Nguyen City is one of the hot spots of water pollutants, especially water from households use in agriculture and a factory near the river

1.3 Research questions and hypotheses

- What is an overview of Cau River through flows Thai Nguyen City?

- What is current situation of water of the Cau River?

- What the opinions of people living around Cau River to reduce water pollution?

Environmental pollution

According to term 8-article 3 of the Law on environmental protection (The National Assembly of Vietnam , 2014), Environmental pollution refers to " the change in the environment components in breach of technical regulations or environment and environmental standards, which can result in adverse impacts on human beings and creatures "

- Water resources

According to Jason A Hubbart and Jacqueline (2013) “Water resources are used

in various ways including direct consumption, agricultural irrigation fisheries, hydropower, industrial production, recreation, navigation environmental protection, the disposal and treatment of sewage and industrial effluents Water has sources and ex economic, social and political characteristics which make it a unique and challenging natural resource to manage "

- Water pollution

“Water pollution is a worse change physical chemical and biological property of water, with the presence of abnormal in liquid and solid form, making substances water become toxic to humans and organisms, and reducing biodiversity in water In Terms of speed and scale of water pollution needs to be concerned more than impact, soil contamination ( Thien, 2007)

- Environmental standards

- Environmental standards are referred in term 6 Law on Article 3 of the Environmental protection (The National Assembly of Vietnam 2014) as a set of

parameters relating to the environmental quality in surrounding areas, amount of contaminants that remain in wastes, technical and managerial requirements which are issued by a competent regulatory authority in the form of a written document that entities involved may choose to follow at their discretion to serve the purpose of environmental protection"

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Scientific background

Literature of Water quality assessment

Water quality assessed based on the following indicators:

* Physical indicators:

- Temperature: Temperature affects both the chemical and biological characteristics of surface water It affects dissolve oxygen level in the water, photosynthesis or the aquatic plants, metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, and the sensitivity of these organisms to pollution, parasites and disease (Centre for Educational Technologic, 2015)

- pH: As one of the criteria to be checked for water quality and wastewater, pH value allows determine appropriate treatment method or adjust the amount of chemicals in wastewater treatment process using biological methods The change in the pH value of water can lead to changes in the composition of the substance in water, or promote a prevent chemical and biological reactions happened the water (Advanced chemical in Systems, 2015)

- Color: The color of water created due to impurities in the water, such as organic matter, inorganic ions, some aquatic species, etc and can greatly affect the value of sense when using water (Song, 2013)

- Turbidity: Turbidity of water is level of preventing light penetrate across the water Many types of dissolve substances can cause the turbidity of the water from colloidal-particle-sized types to suspensions, sandy sediment particles and micro-

organisms It also contains many chemical components as inorganic, organic, etc High level of turbidity indicates high level of water contamination (USGS, 2014)

- Solids concentration: Solids affect water quality for domestic use and production, hinder or consume more chemicals in the process Solids in water is caused by inorganic substances in soluble or insoluble form as emulsified soil and organic matter, synthetic organic compounds such as micro-organisms, fertilizers and industrial wastes (Filter and Separation, 2014)

* Chemical indicators

- Ammonia (N-NH4+)

Ammonia is contaminant to water The presence of ammonia in surface anaerobic groundwater derived from the organic decomposition by microorganisms in conditions That is a substance used in the disinfection stage of water; it is use as antibacterial chemicals to produce residual chlorine, which lengthen time of bactericidal effect when water flows in the pipeline (Khoa, 2013)

- Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen in natural water and wastewater depends on physical chemical conditions and biological activities of the microorganisms The determination of concentration of dissolved oxygen is a means to control the pollution caused by human activities and examine the consequences of wastewater (NORWECO, 2011)

- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Indicator of chemical oxygen demand is use to fully assess the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in the wastewater In order to determine this

indicator, potassium dichromate ( K2Cr2O7) is used to complete oxidation of organic matter, then quantitative methods and formulas are applied to determine the amount of COD (Khoa, 2013)

- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen needed for microbial oxidation of organic matter in a defined time period is denoted by BOD and is calculated

in mg/L BOD indicator reflects the level of organic pollution of wastewater The greater the BoD of wastewater (or water source), the higher contaminated level and vice versa (Hellawell ,1989)

* Microbiological indicators

- Fecal coliform

Coliform organisms group is widely used as indicator of fecal contamination Characterized by the ability to ferment lactose in culture environment at 35-37 C with the formation of aldehydes acid and gases within 48 hours (Ashbolt, 2015)

2.2 Empirical background

2.2.1 Water resources and situation of water pollution in the world

Water pollution is alarming problem in the world today, especially in developed countries Therefore, the research of current state of water is carried out in many countries, the results showed that In Europe Rivers, nitrate salt concentration exceeds 2.5 times over the permitted standards (100 mg), while phosphate concentration is 2.5 times higher than the allowed standard Every year, the river carries into the ocean 320 million tons of Fe 2.3 million tons of Pb: 1.6 million tons of Mg: 320 million tons of Ca;

Phosphate 6.5 million tons 10million tons of oil; and 700 of Hg (The National Center for science and Technology Information and Materials, 2013)

According to announcement of ston, hundreds of miles of rivers flow through New York City have no life within: because of the wastes of some plants in mary years remain unresolved UDNAY Estimation shows that the food industry, peper chemicals nationwide annually discharge to rivers an amounts of 94.5 billion m3 of liquid contaminants with different indicators (The Encyclopedia of earth, 2013)

2.2.2 Studies on water quality in Viet Nam

Although Vietnam has only entered entrance to industrialization for a few decades, pollution has appeared in many places Along with the increase in population and urbanization rate, water from the production of agricultural, mining and industrial

production increased The untreated amount of wastewater flows directly into pond, lakes, rivers, etc., and alters the ecosystems of receiving rivers, pollutes the area of urban and large industrial areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai Binh Duong, Thai Nguyen, Hoa Binh, etc

All BOD of the dissolved oxygen NH4+, NO2 No, in rivers, lakes, and ditches exceed the allowed regulations For example, according to the survey results of many scientific studies show that currently, Kim Nguu River, To Lich River, Nhue River, Bay Mau Lake, Cau Bay River and even the West Lake and Hoan Kiem Lake contaminated from moderate to serious levels Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is low BoD5 is higher than 30 mg/l; NH4+ : 10mg/ l; NO2 also soars Currently, in accordance with the standard of Ministry of Science and Technology the levels of pollution (particularly BOD5 and suspended solids) in the large lakes are 5 to 20 times higher than allowed levels (VOV, 2013)

In Ho Chi Minh City, water pollution also occurs The total amount of untreated pollutants in water river is more than 2 times in Hanoi of the canals and from into Saigon River to Dong Nai At Saigon River, pollution levels are in organic (DO =1.5-5.5 mg /l; BOD5 10-30mg/l,) grease and microorganisms (Tuyen, 2012) There is no indicator reaches environmental standard for source A The highest pollution is in the center of Ho Chi Minh City In addition, Saigon River was severely acidified by alum in Hoc Mon - Cu Chi section According to the analysis and evaluation, the monitoring parameters exceed standards in the dry season: high organic matter and low dissolved oxygen cause anaerobe

c process and create stench of H2S and NH3 (VOV, 2013)

In Thai Nguyen City, industrial water discharged from paper, iron and steel, ferrous metallurgy production bases and coal mining bases are quite large in dry season, total wastewater of Thai Nguyen City area is account for about 15% of Cau River's capacity (Dao, 2013)

non-2.3 Study area review

2.3.1 The natural and socio-economic conditions of Thai Nguyen City

2.3.1.1 The natural conditions of Thai Nguyen City

Natural conditions Thai Nguyen City was situated at a valley surrounded by hills and Rocky Mountains Now, Thai Nguyen province has nine administrative units including Thai Nguyen city (provincial town), Song Cong town and seven districts of Dai

Tu, Dinh Hoa, Dong Hy, Phu Binh, Phu Luong, Vo Nhai

Cau River flows through the Van Lang commune, Cao Ngan commune (Dong Hy district, Thai Nguyen province), received a tributary of the left bank and then veer to the north-northeast-south southwest Go to Phu Luong Son Cam commune receives a tributary to the right bank of the river then flows through eastern Du Thai Nguyen city Flowing to Russia My commune in Phu Binh District, the switch to the northeast southwest to Thuan Thanh, Pho Yen district receives a tributary to the Cong River

* Geographical features

The Rocky Mountains, which are distributed and surround the City center, dominates the landscape in Thai Nguyen City (20% of natural area) The next typical geographical feature is hill, with the average height of 100 150 meters (Thai Nguyen DNRE, 2012) The City center has relatively plain geographical conditions offering

opportunities for the development of the city and the investment of small and sized companies

medium-* Climate conditions

Thai Nguyen has tropical monsoon with 2 typical seasons Winter starts in December and lasts until the beginning of April while summer is from May to October Rainy season is normally from July to September The rainfall in the rainy accounts for 85% s annual total rainfall, whereas it is 15% in dry season Besides, there are northeast monsoon together with extreme cold and sometimes smog in dry season There are high temperature sunny days when season changes (up to 350 C in daytime) (Thai Nguyen Statistic Office, 2012)

Typical meteoric values year:

+ Total rainfall: 1858mm

+ Average temperature: 230C

+ Average humidity: 78%

+ Average wind speed: 2m/s

+ Prominent wind direction: From North to northeast

+ Average total sunny hour: 160

* Hydrologic features

Cau River is the main river of the province and Thai Nguyen almost split into two equal half north south directions River started flowing in Thai Nguyen from Van Lang, Dong Hy district and to Ha Chau commune, Phu Binh District, River became the natural

boundary between the two provinces of Thai Nguyen and Bac Giang and then completely out of place Thuan Thanh province, Pho Yen district

Also Thai Nguyen, there are some other rivers, but most of them are tributaries of the the Cau River In which notably Du river,Nghi Tuong River and Cong River The river does not belong in Thai Nguyen of Cau River Basin is Rang River and its tributaries

in the Vo Nhai district , this river flows into Huu Lung District, Lang Son and Thuong River basin Also, a small area of Dinh Hoa District of Day River upstream Water pollution is a matter of concern, especially the pollution of the Cau River

Song Cau has abundant water, the average flow 135m3 / sec, maximum flood season 4.300m3 / sec (1959) Seasonal water regime, depending on rainfall regimes

This is also the main flow of the Thai Binh River, originates from northern Tam Tao (Cho Don, Bac Kan) at altitudes above 1,200 meters Cau River flows through the town of Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Ninh City, Pha Lai conmmune then flows into the sea at the mouth of the Pacific Cau River from source to Pha Lai 288km long, the average height from 190m to Pha, therefore, average slope small, only about 16.1% Based on the characteristics of the river, can be divide into 3 segments Cau River:

- Upstream, from source to Cho Moi (flows in the North - South, between 400 to

500 meters Mountains (with high tops to 1,326 to 1.525m), the narrow river, very rapids, slope up to 10 %

- Middle Class, from New Market to Waterfall Case, flows north - south after a northwest - southeast, flowing between high hills from 100-300m, riverbed slope about 1%

- Downstream from the waterfall overlooking the Pacific door, that user segment in Thai Nguyen flow north - south, then moved from the Northwest - Southeast in North Delta Very small riverbed is slope <0.1%

Cau River with heavy traffic, average flow years is 135m3 / sec Cau River water regime consistent with rainfall regimes Flood season accounts for 75% of water, dry season accounts for less than 25% of water all year

Cau River has many tributary rivers; the main tributaries are five within Thai Nguyen, except Ca Lo River to flow from Vinh Phuc Song Cau less sediment, only 380 million tons / year, but the sediment is very good, containing 3% calcium and P2O5, the proportion of nitrogen + 0.77 to 0.88% (3-4 times alluvial Red River)

2.3.1.2 Socio-economic conditions

* Status of economic development

Thai Nguyen of midland and mountainous north, an area is considered poor and least developed in Vietnam Despite economic Thai Nguyen were moving to industrialization and modernization, the share of agriculture is decreasing

- For industry:

In 1959, the city also became the center of a nascent metallurgical industry, with the creation of Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), thanks to its ample local resources of iron ore and coal The new mill produced its first cast iron in November

1963 In 2009, it converted from a wholly government-owned enterprise to a partially privatized joint-stock company By 2011, its output reached 230,000 tons of pig iron and 400,000 tons of steel ingots Although its primary production mills are located just south

of Thai Nguyen City, it now has 17 branches and 6,000 employees, with another 8 partially owned subsidiaries in 9 northern provinces It has won many national awards and now exports steel to Cambodia, Canada, Indonesia, Laos, and other countries overseas

- Commerce and service

Up till now, Thai Nguyen City has long been famous throughout Vietnam for the quality of its green tea, with Tan Cuong Commune producing the most widely recognized brand Since 2007, it has shipped an average of about 22,000 tones of tea domestically and 7,500 tones overseas, to Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, and Taiwan In an effort to boost exports, the city hosted its First International Tea Festival in November 2011 The effort seems to have paid off During the first five months of 2012, it exported 49,000 tones, an increase of over 15% from the prior year, with Pakistan its biggest customer

- Population

The growth of population and urbanization has led to the unequal distribution of population between City and rural area The need for infrastructure (road, traffic, chean water, irrigation, etc.) has not been met, which leads to headache environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, natural disasters like drought flood, landslide, etc) Disposed water from living and industry, which is not strictly processed, has affected the local socio-economic development

In order to calculate precisely all the status of implementing the plan for Natural resources Environment and sustainable development, it is vital to proceed the process of

making annual report on the factors of natural resources and environment of Thai Nguyen City to prepare for making plan for socio - economic development in the following years

- Human resource

Human resource for laboring takes up to 71% of the total population The high number of labor is the most important resource for implementing the plan for socio-economic development of the City in the following years (Thai Nguyen DNRE, 2013A) The rate of labor in the business sector accounts for 98% of the total labor resource in the City in the period from 2010-2015 (Thai Nguyen DNRE, 2013A) Thai Nguyen has effectively used the labor resource in the production activities

- The fact of land use in Thai Nguyen City

Table 1: Distribution of land use in Thai Nguyen City in 2015

Area ( hectares)

6 Other annual crop

7 Perennial plant land CLN 4004.14 21.49

21 Productive land,

(Department Natural Resources and Environment, Thai Nguyen City, 2015)

Overall, according to statistics, the inventory of land around the city Thai Nguyen showed volatility between soils in the last 5 years is relatively large The total area of agricultural land on the city fell 285.13 ha (accounting for 1.53% of total natural land area), non-agricultural land decreased 5.92 ha (representing 0.03% of the total land area course), and unused land decreased 57.11 hectares (0.38% of total natural land area)

The level of urbanization, the demand for residential land of households and individuals, the demand for land for economic development purposes social and economic institutions in the city is growing (area Land in increased 27.19 ha area for production and business activities increased by 20.70 ha) The area of unused land has also been put into operation and using more efficient (Unused land 57.11 ha decreased 0.3% compared with the total natural land area)

Through inventory results also showed that the city throughout the land currently used by households and individuals use is 13190.09 hectares; CPC is used is 174.54 ha; Economic organizations are using is 851.20 ha; State agencies and units are used is 1073.03 hectares; other organizations are using is 28.34 hectares; Residential communities are using is 7.10 ha

Regarding the measurement of cadastral mapping, certificates of land use throughout the city have been measured cadastral mapping with a total area of 18630.56 hectares natural In which area of land has been granted land use right certificates is 11346.49 hectares, accounting for 60.90% of total natural land area

However, test results show that the amount of land has been allocated, leased, transferred aim for the object being households, individuals, organizations, organizational units, but so far unrealized still large

The total area has been allocated, leased, transferred purposes but not yet implemented in the province is 365.17 ha In particular, households and individuals have not done is 3,35ha, agencies and state entities unrealized 1.02 ha, economic organizations unrealized is 15.40 ha

2.4 General assessment

Through scientific, theoretical and empirical background of research results on water quality in the world and Viet Nam, the implementation of study “Assessment of water from Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen” is necessary

PART III METHODS 3.1 Material

- Research object: The water of Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen

- Research scope: Cau River flows through Thai Nguyen

+ Concentrations of COD, BOD5, TSS, pH and other factors

- Location: Cau River in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Viet Nam

- Time: August 15, 2015 to December 15, 2015

- Research contents: - Assessment water quality

- Interview about people living around Cau River

3.1.1 Basic characteristics of Cau River

- Overwiew of the Cau River in Thai Nguyen City

- Demand for water and raw materials of Cau River

- The process of water pollution

3.1.2 Assessment of current status of the water environmental quality of the Cau River

- Evaluate the quality of water through samples;

- Assess the impact of water pollution to local people through questionnaires

3.1.3 Propose some solutions to reduce pollution and the effects of contaminated river water for the surrounding environment management solutions

- Solutions on management

- Solutions on technology