Assessment of waste management and treatment in bac ninh city

1 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Nguyễn Minh Vũ Student

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

Type: On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Thai Nguyen, 25/9/ 2018

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DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Nguyễn Minh Vũ

Student ID DTN1453070083

Thesis Title Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh

city Supervisor (s) Dr Hoàng Hải Thanh

Supervisor’s

signature(s)

Abstract: The environment is of special importance to human life in general and to the economic, cultural and social development of each country in particular In recent years, there have been many policies related to environmental protection for socio-economic development and environmental quality Together with many solutions such as science and technology books socialization of environmental sanitation is also an important solution in the strategy of environmental protection and sustainable development With population growth, the consequence is an increase in the amount of domestic waste Vietnam is currently facing environmental pollution caused by domestic waste Bac Ninh city is high population The problem of waste is being mentioned by Bac Ninh province leaders The following report shows the status of waste management in Bac Ninh City and outline some measurements to minimize the amount of waste in Bac Ninh City Keywords Solid waste, Waste, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Number of pages 62 pages

Date of submission 25/9/2018

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Graduation is the process of learning so that each student can apply the knowledge and theories learned in the school to life solving, making the students familiar with the working methods and skills This is an indispensable stage for every student in the learning process With the agreement of the School administrators, the Board of Directors of the Advanced Education Program Office , Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, I research the project:

"Assessment of waste management and treatment in Bac Ninh City"

The practice time is not long, but it gives me useful knowledge and valuable experience, so far i have completed my graduation project

I would like to sincerely thank the teachers in the Advanced Education Program Office, who taught and trained us and especially teacher Dr Hoang Hai Thanh, who directly guide and help me during my practice and complete the graduation thesis

I sincerely thank staffs who are working at the Department of Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province are enthusiastic in helping me in the process of good practice

Due to time constraints, the first step is to familiarize myself with the new method, which will inevitably report deficiencies I would like to receive comments from teachers and all students to complete this thesis

Thank you sincerely !

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TABLE OF CONTENT

List of figures 6

List of tables 7

List of abbreviations 8

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 Rationale 9

1.2 Objectives 10

1.3 Contents of work 10

1.4 Description of my activities 10

1.5 Timeline 10

2.1 The scientific basis of the topic 11

2.1.1 Overview of waste 11

2.1.2 Source of solid waste 12

2.1.3 The impact of solid waste on the environment and the health of the community 13

2.1.3.1 Impact on water environment 13

2.1.3.2 Impact on the air environment 13

2.1.3.3 Impact on the soil environment 13

2.1.3.4 Impact on human health 14

2.2 The legal basis of the topic 14

2.3.2 Situation of managing and treating domestic waste in Vietnam 21

2.3.2.1 Situation of management and treatment of solid waste in urban areas and cities in Vietnam 21

2.2 Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions in Bac Ninh city 23 2.2.1 Natural condition 23

2.2.2.1 Geographical location 23

2.2.2.2 Topography, geomorphology 24

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2.2.2.3 Geological 25

2.2.2.4 Climate and hydrological 25

2.2.2 Social and economic conditions 27

CHAPTER 3 SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 31

3.1 Object and scope of the study 31

3.1.1 Research subjects 31

3.1.2 Research scope 31

3.2 Location, study time 31

3.3 Research content 31

3.3.1 Survey, assess the natural, socio-economic conditions of the Bac Ninh city 31

3.3.2 Survey and evaluate the current status of waste in the Bac Ninh city 31 3.4 Research Methods 32

3.4.1 Method of collecting secondary data 32

3.4.2 Survey method, interview 32

3.4.3 Method of surveying the local survey in combination with the interview 33

3.4.4 Analytical method of data synthesis 33

3.4.5 Method of determining the volume and composition of garbage 33

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 34

4.2 Assessment of waste management and treatment in the area of Bac Ninh city 34

4.2.1 Source of waste and components of domestic waste in the Bac Ninh city 34

4.2.2 Collection status transport Waste treatment of the Bac Ninh city 38

4.2.2.1 Solid waste management in Bac Ninh province 38 4.2.2.2 Collection status, transport and handling of domestic solid waste 40

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4.2.3 Assessment of community awareness on the management and

treatment of domestic waste in Bac Ninh city 46

4.3 Some problems in waste management in Bac Ninh city 48

4 Proposed measurements to manage and address daily garbage in wards in the Bac ninh city 49

4.4.1 Solutions to waste management 49

4.4.1.1 Solutions on raising awareness of waste management 49

4.4.1.2 For activities of collecting and treating domestic waste 51

4.4.2 Solutions for environment at city level 51

4.4.3 Technology solutions 52

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 54

5.1 Conclusions 54

5.3 Recommendation 55

References 56

Appendix 58

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Administrative map of Bac Ninh city 24

Figure 4.1: Percentage distribution of waste components in wards 38

Figure 4.2: Domestic solid waste management model in Bac Ninh city 39

Picture 1.1: Dong Ngo rubbish dump - Bac Ninh city 58

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2: Solid waste generation in some countries 16

Table 2.1: Monthly average air temperature 26

Table 2.2: Average monthly evaporation volume 26

Table 2.3: Characteristics of air humidity in Bac Ninh city 26

Table 2.4: Monthly average wind speed 27

Table 2.5: Population of Bac Ninh in the years 28

Table 4.1: Volume of domestic waste generated at sources 34

Table 4.2: Waste generated in households in wards in Bac Ninh city 35

Table 4.3: Total waste generated from sources in wards Bac Ninh city 36

Table 4.4: Composition of garbage in wards in Bac Ninh city 37

Table 4.5: Average amount of waste collected in wards in Bac Ninh city 42

Table 4.6: Rate of household waste collection at Bac Ninh city 43

Table 4.7: The maximum rate of collection and transportation services for garbage collected in the area of Bac Ninh province 45

Table 4.8: The level of public interest in environmental issue 47

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

ODA: Official Development Assistance

TWh: Terawatt hours

EM : Effective Microorganism

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale

Vietnam is on the path of industrialization and modernization of the country Moving from a subsidized economy to a market economy, Vietnam is facing enormous challenges in terms of economic growth and the fight for environmental protection

In recent years, with the increasing urbanization speed and the strong development

of industries, services, tourism leading to higher living standards, waste arising from the activities of people is becoming more and more diverse and more toxic in nature

The management and treatment of daily life waste in most cities and towns

of our country have not met the requirements of hygiene and environmental protection There are no consistent solutions, correct policies and appropriate steps

to manage solid waste in urban construction and management will lead to unintended consequences, deterioration of the environment quality, which entails risks to public health and limits the development of society

Over the years, together with the economic development to improve people's lives In order to realize the objective of sustainable development, economic development and environmental protection, the management and treatment of solid waste in Bac Ninh province has been and is being concerned by the provincial authorities and concerned agencies Although the facilities, technical facilities and people have been strengthened, garbage collection and treatment has not met the actual demand This shows what is and is not in the management of solid waste in general and waste in particular in Bac Ninh city

The management of domestic waste is an indispensable requirement and this problem needs to be solved in a timely manner, ensuring first and foremost sanitary, urban landscape, public health and it also ensures to minimize negative impact on the environment

Recognizing the importance of waste management in the face of the many difficulties of this management, and with the consent of the management board, the board of directors of Advanced Education Program Office - University of Thai

Project has been implemented during the internship:

Investment project to build pollution treatment system of Khac Niem noodle village

1.4 Description of my activities

Week 1: Go to internship area, learn about the facilities and works

Week 2 : Receive the topic

Week 3: Learn about the topic, read the documentation

Week 4,5,6,7: Field survey, interview

Week 8,9,10,11, 12 : Writting report

Week 13,14,15,16: Join the other project

1.5 Timeline

Time: 1/3/2018 - 30/6/2018

other materials (Nguyen Xuan Nguyen, 2004)

- Recycling: In fact, people take back the material from the old product and use it to create new products

- Reuse of waste: In fact, there are products or raw materials with long life span, which can be used many times without changing the physical shape or chemical

nature (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003)

There are many different types of waste sorting There is currently no uniformity in the classification of wastes, however, by the practical perceptions of economic activity and the implications of waste management research that can be divided into different ways the following classification:

use or control and management of waste (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003)

* Discarded materials mean products or materials which are excluded from the process of production or consumption and recovered for recycling and reuse as materials for the production of other products

* Managing daily garbage: It is the planning and management of investment, construction of waste management facilities to collect, store, transport, reuse, recycle and treat waste to reduce environmental pollution

* Garbage collection is the gathering, sorting and temporary storage of garbage at many collection points and establishments approved by competent agencies

* Garbage transportation means the process of transporting garbage to the place where it is generated, collected, stored, transported to the place of disposal, recycling, reuse or landfill

* Waste treatment means the process of using technology solutions to reduce, eliminate or destroy harmful or useless components in garbage, recover, recycle or reuse, useful ingredients in garbage

2.1.2 Source of solid waste

The volume of domestic waste is increasing due to the impacts of population growth and socio-economic development, where demand for consumption in urban centers and rural areas has changed change The main sources of waste are:

- From residential areas (one household, many households )

- From industrial zones (light industry, chemical industry, energy industry, building materials )

- From agriculture (hulls, bottles of pesticides )

- From urban areas (bus stations, parks )

- From trade, services (shops, markets )

- From agencies, schools

- From health facilities (waste of patients, staff )

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The assessment of the sources of solid waste has given us some insights so that we can apply scientific and technical measures to minimize the negative impacts of solid waste on the environment school

2.1.3 The impact of solid waste on the environment and the health of the community

2.1.3.1 Impact on the water environment

Solid waste, especially organic waste, is readily biodegradable in water Garbage landfill will be separated in combination with other water sources such as rain water, underground water, surface water to form leaking water Leakage leaks

in the landfill will increase the biodegradability of garbage as well as in the transportation of environmental contaminants The potential environmental pollutants present in the garbage water are COD, N-NH3, BOD5, TOC and a large number of microorganisms, in addition to heavy metals Influence the water

environment if not treated (National Environment Report , 2011)

2.1.3.2 Impact on the air environment

Biodegradable waste (such as food, fruit, vegetables .) in appropriate temperature and humidity conditions (best temperature of 35oC and humidity of 70-80%) will be obtained by microorganisms Decomposition creates odors and many other pollutants have a negative impact on the urban environment, human health

and performance (National Environment Report , 2011)

2.1.3.3 Impact on the soil environment

In the organic waste soil will be the microorganism decomposes in two aerobic and anaerobic conditions When appropriate moisture will produce a series

of intermediates, eventually forming simple minerals such as water, CO2, CH4 With a sufficient amount of waste and water leaks, the self-cleaning ability of the soil environment makes these substances less polluting or polluting

But with the amount of waste that is too large to clean the soil, the soil will become overloaded and contaminated These pollutants, along with heavy metals, toxic substances and microbes, in the soil that feed into the groundwater, pollute this water layer

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For non-degradable garbage such as rubber, plastic if no suitable treatment

solution, they will be the risk of degeneration and soil fertility reduction (National

Environment Report , 2011)

2.1.3.4 Impact on human health

Waste generated from urban areas, if not properly collected and treated, will pollute the environment, negatively affect the health of the community and deteriorate the urban landscape The composition of solid waste in daily life is very complex, which contains human and animal germs, organic wastes, dead organisms and so on, thus creating favorable conditions for flies, mosquitoes and mice to reproduce, spreading the disease to humans, sometimes becoming epidemic Some bacteria, viruses, parasites exist in the garbage can cause diseases such as malaria, skin diseases, typhoid, diarrhea, helminths

Classifying, collecting and disposing of garbage in contravention of regulations is a serious danger for sanitation workers and refuse workers, especially when they encounter waste from hospitals or industry

In unprotected landfills, if left unchecked, there would be serious problems for the landfill and communities in the area, such as polluting the air, water, soil environment and the environment The place where the intermediate host hosts the disease

Garbage that is not well collected will also be one of the factors that hinder

flow, reducing the drainage capacity of rivers and urban sewage systems (National

Environment Report , 2011)

2.2 The legal basis of the topic

a) Legal documents of the state

- 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

- Environmental Protection Law 2014 No 55/2014 / QH13

- Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP 9/4/2007 on solid waste management

- Circular No 13/2007 / TT-BXD dated December 31, 2007 of the Ministry of Construction guiding a number of articles of the Government's Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP on solid waste management

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- Document No 2272 / BXD-VP dated November 10, 2008 of the Ministry of Construction announcing the norms for estimation of collection, transportation and disposal of urban waste

- The Ministry of Finance's Circular No 121/2008 / TT-BTC dated December 12,

2008, guiding the mechanism of incentives and financial supports for investment activities in solid waste management

- Pursuant to the Government's Decree No 04/2009 / ND-CP of January 14, 2009,

on preferences and support for preservation activities

b) Profile of the cooperating agency

Address: at number 7 - Hai Ba Trung - Suoi Hoa - Bac Ninh City - Bac Ninh Province

* Function and mission

The Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh Province (hereinafter referred to as the Department) is a specialized agency under the Provincial People's Committee, subject to the management and administration of the provincial People's Committee and the direction, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Apart from advising and helping the provincial People's Committees in the State management over natural resources and environment, including land, water and environment, meteorology and hydrography, climate change, geodesy and cartography, mineral resources the Department has the task of implementing legal documents, planning, plans, programs, projects and projects on natural resources and environment after being approved At the same time, Inspection, registration, licensing, diplomas and certificates in the field of natural resources and environment

* Organizational structure:

- Address:

Bac Ninh Urban Public Works and Environment Limited Company

4 Nguyen Dang Dao, Suoi Hoa, Bac Ninh

- The main tasks:

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+ Collect, transport waste treatment from households, market area, restaurant, shopping centers and tourist spots

+ Street sweeps and water sprinklers, clearing, dredging sewers urban

+ Planting and tending trees, managing urban flower gardens, ensuring street lighting

- Garbage collection capacity of the company:

+ Number of collectors: 154 (divided into 10 groups)

+ Number of vehicles: 215 vehicles

+ Number of specialized junk trucks: 9 cars,7 specialized vehicles ironing waste

2.3 Situation management and treatment of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam

2.3.1 The situation of managing and treating domestic waste in the world

In the past years, environmental issues as well as waste management have been neglected for a number of reasons, mainly due to the underdeveloped economy, low population, and unsustainable science and technology Today, waste management in urban areas is really a matter of concern Cities are often the center

of economic, political, cultural and social development, science and technology, etc This is where the various types of waste are generated that can cause negative impacts on people and environment, urban landscape, people's health It is estimated that the world's annual volume of waste is between 2.5 and 4 billion tonnes (except for construction and dismantling, mining and agriculture)

According to Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa (2006) , the level of urbanization is high, the

amount of waste increases per capita, for example, in some countries today: Canada 1.7 kg/person/day; Australia 1.6 kg/person/day; 1.3 kg/person/day; 1.3 kg/ person/day; China 1.3 kg/person/day

Table 2: Solid waste generation in some countries

Countries

Urban population (%total)

Volume of urban solid waste (Kg / person / day)

Low income countries 15,92 0,40

(Sources: Department of Environmental Health, 2006)

With the increase of waste, the classification, collection and treatment of waste is something that every nation needs to pay attention to Today, the world has many ways of treating waste resources such as: technology uses heat, buried technology, Seraphin technology, biotechnology

Typically, some countries already have very specific waste management and treatment models:

* Singapore is the 100% urbanized and cleanest city in the world Singapore has

invested in the collection, transportation and treatment of garbage, and has developed a strict legal system as a precondition for better waste disposal Singapore waste is collected and sorted by plastic bags Recycled wastes are transported to recycling plants, and other wastes are disposed of by burning and burial In Singapore there are more than 300 private companies specializing in industrial and commercial waste collection All these companies are licensed and under direct supervision of the Department of Science, Technology and Environment In addition, households and companies in Singapore are encouraged

to collect and transport garbage to companies themselves For example, for households collecting direct garbage at home, they have to pay a fee of $ 17 per month, indirectly collected at residential areas for only $ 7 per month (Le Huynh Mai, 2009)

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Garbage from various sources after collection is taken to the waste separation center, where the waste is classified as flammable and non-flammable Flammable substances are shipped to the incineration plant and the flammable substances are transported to the Semakau landfill built on an island off Singapore's coast

The stages in Singapore's waste management system are rhythmic and interrelated, from collection, sorting, transportation to burning or burial Waste gas treatment from incinerators is carried out in a rigorous process to avoid the transfer of solid-to-gaseous pollutants, and burial sites are also operated under strict procedures to

ensure safety full of works and environmental protection (Le Huynh Mai, 2009)

* Japan: Japanese families classify waste into 3 separate types and put in 3 bags

with specified color: organic waste, inorganic waste, paper, cloth, glass, metal garbage The organic waste is transported to a garbage treatment plant for the production of micro-organism fertilizers The remaining garbage, such as paper, cloth, glass, metal, is transported to a recycling facility

The organic waste after transportation to the plant will be fed into a lagoon with a lid and flowed in a stream of water that has a very strong airflow on the organic matter and dissolves them thoroughly after the treatment It's just a kind of fine sand and waste water that reduces pollution Unsourced scales will be compressed into

very good sidewalk tiles, which will absorb water when it rains (Danida Project,

2007)

* Bulgaria: In Bulgaria, organized urban waste collections reached 84.2% of the

population, including most urban residents, while in rural areas only accounted for nearly 40% The classification and recycling of waste is still slow

Waste generation: Urban per capita emissions in 2004 were 427 kg, below the

EU-25 average of 537 kg

Waste collection: In 2004, Bulgaria was met by an organized urban waste collection system, and the urban waste collection and transportation systems met 1801 residential areas, with the number of population is 6,551,181 people, accounting for 84% of the national population Since 2004, the Ministry of Environment and Water (MOEW) has started to finance separate waste collection systems in urban areas In

2004, pilot projects were funded in 12 cities, four licensed packaged waste registrations, and 446 thousand tonnes of marketed packaging

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Treatment: Bulgarian waste is collected, recyclable waste is reused and waste is disposed of with various methods such as incineration, burial or treatment by means

of reprocessing mechanical, chemical and physical At present burial measures are

still the basic measure in Bulgaria, accounting for 86.5% of waste generated (Tran

Quang Ninh, 2008)

* China:

Amount of waste generated: The average level of solid waste in China is 0.4 kg / person/day, compared with 1.1 kg/person/day in Japan and 2.1 kg/person/day However, due to rising living standards, the average solid waste in 2030 will exceed 1 kg/person/day This increase is due to the rapid increase in urban population This results in a rapid increase in Chinese solid waste

Waste Composition: China's urban waste contains large amounts of ash (approximately 25 million tons / year or 13%) of organic waste, accounting for 40-65% Waste is paper, plastic and plastic coated rapidly

Treatment: Approximately 20% of urban sprawl in China is collected and treated in line with the investment of about 30 billion yuan (3.7 billion dollars) for the management of solid waste and there are improvements Significant in the field of solid waste management Most of the big cities are turning to hygienic burying and using more scorching technologies

Also present in China is one of the popular technologies of garbage treatment plants

in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, China, which is the application of waste treatment technology in closed equipment Garbage is received, put into the composting equipment (mostly silage) 10-12 days, the content of H2S, CH4, S02 reduction, is put out to ripen Then sort and process organic fertilizer The advantage of this method

is that after 10-12 days, the smell of H2S has been reduced, leaving the workers harmless, recovering the garbage water without affecting the aquifer and recovering

the product Inorganic substances sent to landfill do not cause smells ( Tran Quang

Ninh, 2008)

* Sweden: In December 2003, the Swedish government instructed the

Environmental Protection Agency to draw up national waste plans Waste management in Sweden has made resource use more efficient and less environmentally-friendly Successes include:

+ Burying: The volume of daily-life waste to be buryed down shall be markedly reduced and in 2004, it shall be 0.38 million tons Up to the present time, the amount of waste dumped for the first time accounts for only 10%

+ Biological treatment: In 2004, 10.4% (0.43 million tons) of domestic wastes went through biological treatment, up 7.7% since 2003, the waste was classified in source Approximately 48 kg of human waste (including green waste and food waste) is treated

The most common collection systems for private homes are two different garbage bins, one for bio-waste and one for other types of waste The next popular collection system is visual classification, different colored plastic bags are placed in the same trash, usually placed in 3 different buckets

Turn waste into energy: Up to now, there are 29 waste incineration plants in Sweden In 2004, the plants treated 1.94 million tons (46.7% of domestic waste) and

the energy yield was about 9.3 TWh in the form of heat and electrical power ( Tran

Quang Ninh, 2008)

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2.3.2 Situation of managing and treating domestic waste in Vietnam

2.3.2.1 Situation of management and treatment of solid waste in urban areas and cities in Vietnam

* Emerging situation: In Vietnam, more than 15 million tons of solid waste are generated each year, of which domestic waste from households, restaurants, markets and businesses accounts for 80% of the total volume Waste is arising in the country The remainder comes from agricultural facilities Industrial hazardous wastes and medical wastes are produced in small quantities, but they are also considered as noteworthy sources because they pose a risk to health and the environment

Urban areas are the main source of domestic waste Urban areas have a population of only 24% of the country's population but generate more than 6 million tons of waste each year (equivalent to 50% of the country's total domestic solid waste) Waste generated from households and business districts in rural and urban areas has different components Daily household wastes, markets and businesses in rural areas contain a large proportion of biodegradable organic matter (60-70%) In urban areas, waste has a lower level of biodegradable organic matter (about 50% of total domestic solid waste) Changes in agglomeration and product models are responsible for increasing the incidence of hazardous and non-biodegradable wastes

such as plastics, metals and glass ( Tran Quang Ninh, 2008)

* Management Status: The waste treatment is mainly carried out by Urban

Environmental Company (URENCO) It is responsible for collecting and disposing

of household waste, including household waste and office waste, and is responsible for treating both industrial and medical waste in most cases

At present, a number of large urban centers are applying in practice the solid waste management system, including:

- The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for drawing up the national environmental improvement strategy and advising the state to set up national environment management laws and policies

- The Ministry of Construction shall guide the urban management and construction strategy and waste management

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- The People's Committee of the province, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment has the task of protecting the urban environment, strictly abide by the general strategy and the general law on environmental protection of the state through the development of specific rules and regulations

- URENCO is directly responsible for the task of waste treatment, environmental protection city

With the theme of socialization of environmental protection, the government encourages private companies and community-based organizations to work closely with local authorities in managing the solid waste

Like many countries in South and Southeast Asia, disposal of waste in open landfill or controlled landfill sites is a major treatment in Vietnam According to Decision No 64/QD-TTg, dated 22/4/2003 of the Prime Minister, in 2007, out of

439 establishments causing serious environmental pollution nationwide, there were

49 open-air dumping sites or areas Bureaucracy that is hazardous to the environment and high human health must be thoroughly treated However, it is necessary to find funding sources for these activities

At present, the government is giving priority to the construction of waste treatment and disposal systems, including landfills However, due to the lack of financial resources, most of the sanitary landfills are built with ODA Destructive disposal is a common practice in areas where waste collection and disposal services are not routinely disposed of in the home, usually in rivers or lakes near the home,

or disposed of wanted in empty land

Solid waste treatment technology in urban Vietnam is usually self-designed and manufactured, but has gathered relatively full range of common types to treat solid waste water and urban emissions The level of technology has met Vietnam's environmental standards In particular, the price is lower than the price of imported technology However, the production of equipment and technology is still individual, single, not producing mass environmental technology or manufacturing

on the technology chain Investment capital for the environment in our country is still very limited The team of scientists and environmental technology is weak and lacking

In order to promote the management of solid waste in urban areas and industrial parks, the Prime Minister issued the directive on strengthening

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management of solid waste Tuy Hoa City (Phu Yen) was funded by the Belgian Government for the improvement of hygiene and environmental protection This project has a total budget of 3.3 million Euro, implemented in three years (2006-2008), helping Tuy Hoa City build a sanitary waste treatment facility to improve environmental conditions; Health for people in the area The project also contributes

to improving the management capacity of Phu Yen Urban Environment Management Company in collecting and treating solid waste; At the same time, raising awareness of the community, increasing people's participation in improving

sanitation and environmental protection ( Tran Quang Ninh, 2008)

2.2 Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions in Bac Ninh city

2.2.1 Natural condition

2.2.2.1 Geographical location

Bac Ninh city is located in the south of Cau river, north-east of the province,

30 km south of the center of Hanoi, 20 km north of Bac Giang city, boundary line as follows:

- The North borders on Yen Phong and Bac Giang;

- To the south, it borders on Tien Du distric - The east borders with Que Vo;

- The West borders on Yen Phong district

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Figure 2.1 Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province

Figure 2.1 Administrative map of Bac Ninh city, Bac Ninh province

Bac Ninh has 19 administrative units (Tien An, Ninh Xa, Suoi Hoa, Vien An, Dap Cau, Thi Cau, Kinh Bac, Dai Phuc, Vu Ninh, Vo Cuong, Van An, Van Duong, Hap Lung, Khuc Xuyen, Phong Khe, Khac Niem) and three communes (Hoa Long, Nam Son and Kim Chan) Bac Ninh is located in the economic triangle of Ha Noi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh, more than 100 km east of Hai Phong Industrial Center in Quang Ninh Bac Ninh city has important traffic routes such as National Highway 1A, 1B, 38, 18, Bac Ninh - Noi Bai, Hanoi - Lang Son railway, waterway (Cau river), travel and cultural exchange These conditions have created favorable conditions for Bac Ninh to develop in all socio-economic fields

(Geography-Natural, Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province)

2.2.2.2 Topography, geomorphology

Topography: The terrain of Bac Ninh is relatively flat with elevations of between +4.0 to +2.5 m, including plain terrain and transition terrain between the

(Geography-Natural, Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province)

2.2.2.3 Geological

In the area of Bac Ninh city, there are following areas:

- Na Khuat Formation (T2nk): The main component is shale, interbedded with siltstone, sandstone, lime clay The rocks of this formation are scattered in Thi Cau, Dap Cau, Hap Linh, Van Duong, Nam Son

- Mau Son Formation (T3cms2) in Bac Ninh City has middle subsurface subsurface (T3cms2): Main components are slate, lime clay, quatidite alternating with siltstone The rocks of this formation are exposed with relatively large area in the surrounding

hills The rocks are folded and cracked with moderate levels, (Geography-Natural,

Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province)

2.2.2.4 Climate and hydrological

Climate: In tropical monsoon climate, with cold winter

- Thermal regime: Bac Ninh city generally has a relatively high temperature, average annual temperature is about 23 - 27 0C The month with the highest average temperature usually falls in June and July, the average temperature of these two months is 28 - 33 0C The lowest monthly average temperature is January, around

16 - 20 0C

Bac

Ninh

16,0 17,2 20 23,7 27,3 28,8 29,1 28,3 27,3 24,7 21,2 17,8 23,5

(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)

- Sunny: The average hours of sunshine in Bac Ninh city range from 1400 to 1700

hours The most sunny months are July to September, the average number of hours

per month is 160 to 200 hours The least sunny months are February and March,

with an average of only 40 to 50 hours per month

- Evaporation: The ability to evaporate in the river basin depends on climate factors:

air temperature, sunshine, wind, humidity Bac Ninh city has a relatively high

temperature background combined with the speed, the winds are relatively large, so

the amount of evaporation here is relatively high, from 950 to 990 mm / year in may

years

- Humidity: Air humidity is closely related to air temperature and precipitation In

the rainy season, humidity can reach 80 - 90% In the dry season, humidity is only

(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)

Table 2.3 Characteristics of air humidity Bac Ninh city

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- Wind, storm: The prevailing wind direction in the city in the summer is the south

and southeast wind, in the prevailing wind direction winter is the northeast’s wind

For the past 12 years, the average number of sunshine hours is 1417 hours, with the

highest average hours of sunshine in July with 168 hours, with average hours of

sunshine at least January with 64 hours, average wind speed of the province is about

1.5 - 2.5 m/s The maximum wind speed observed at Bac Ninh is 28 m/s

Table 2.4 Average monthly wind speed

(Source: Bac Ninh city irrigation planning to 2020)

Hydrological regime: The city has hydrographic regime in the Cau river basin system (originated in Bac Kan mountainous province), the section running

through the city is up to 30 km long (about 1/4 of the total length through the area)

Bac Ninh province, riverbed wides (60 - 80m) in the dry season and (100 - 120m) in

the rainy season Data for measuring the water level in Dap Cau: the highest water

level was 8.09m (1971), the lowest water level was 0.17m (1960), the maximum

flow was 1780m3/s, the minimum flow was 4.3m3/s

2.2.2 Social and economic conditions

a) Population and labor

In 2013, the city has a population of 183,828 Of which, 157,196 people in the city (85.51%), the natural population growth rate is 11 ‰ In general, population

distribution is uneven among commune and ward administrative units; The average

density of the whole city is about 2225 people / km2 In urban areas, where there are

many conditions for economic development, infrastructure system is synchronous,

the population density is often high such as: Tien An ward 20,237 people / km2; 908

people per km2; The lowest level in Nam Son commune is 855 people / km2

(Source: Bac Ninh Statistical Office in 2013)

The total number of trained social workers in the whole city is about 44.1%

of the total population, equivalent to 70,084 people The quality of human resources

is primarily through education and, in particular, technical expertise According to the survey, the city which is science and technology labor accounted for about 40%

of the working-age population, higher than the provincial average; The unemployment rate in urban areas is about 4.4% and the rate of working time in rural areas is about 82%

b) Economy

According to the report on socio-economic development in Bac Ninh city in

2013, the average GDP growth rate reached 16.89%, an increase of 0.39% against the plan

Economic structure: Trade - Services accounted for 47.2%; Industry - Construction 48.4%; Agriculture 4.4%

The total value of industrial production in the province reached VND 9,866.6 billion, equaling 101.7% of the plan (up to 22.33% over the same period in 2012) Production value of agriculture, forestry and fishery reached 2.45,7 billion VND, equaling 101% of the plan

Revenue: State budget revenue reached 651.1 billion VND, equaling 105% of the

provincial budget and 98% of the city budget (Population-

Economy-Culture-Society of Bac Ninh province )

c) Culture – education

The size of the disciplines studied, developed and expanded

Perception: (for 5-year-old children) 99% of children have good knowledge For elementary school: full implementation reached 99.9% For junior high school students, the average grade is 0.6%, the average grade and the lower grade of 0.1% (compared to the same period last year) The quality of culture in both primary and secondary schools has positive changes

There are 1,314 teachers on the payroll, 366 teachers in the contract staff The quality of teacher has been improved The number of excellent teachers in the provincial level is 69, of which 18 are excellent (highest in the province) The conditions for education continue to be strengthened in the direction of standardization In 2013 there are three schools that met national standards, bringing the total number of standard schools of the city to 43/65 To formulate and implement the project on development of the city's education and training in the 2010-2015 period

Cultural activities: Movement to build cultural families, villages, cultural streets are maintained In 2012, there were 35,895 37,238 households registered for cultural titles (= 96.4%), of which 34,652/37,238 households reached cultural families (= 91.7%); 108 out of 108 villages and towns registered to receive the title of culture (100%); There are 69 villages in the city achieving the title of Culture in 2012 (63%)

In 2012, Bac Ninh City has 03 monuments named "Historical - Cultural vestiges": Archaeological vestige, Pottery temple, Thanh Lang pagoda - Van An and Hang Ma temple - Tien An ward

+ Medical care

The city has provincial general hospitals and private general hospitals, preventive medicine centers and 19 medical stations with 103 beds In addition, there are more than 131 medical facilities The area of medical facilities is 22.92 ha, average

30

1.55m2 / person Despite many difficulties in the past years due to material degradation, the medical conditions for the people are still limited, but the health sector has tried to overcome and achieve encouraging results

+ Cultural and social work - physical training and sports

The city's cultural and information activities have made positive changes, contributing significantly to improve the spiritual life of the people Every year, the city maintains cultural activities and religious activities through the cultural activities of the family, the traditional festivals and cultural nuances of the Kinh Bac area such as Ba Chua Kho temple festival, Ham Long Pagoda, Dien village festival + Energy, Post and Telecommunications

Communication and post-telecommunication systems are becoming more and more interesting and timely invested, basically meeting the requirements of national and international networks (coverage of mobile networks, internet and television stations, central and provincial radio stations, in addition to the broadcasting stations of some provinces in the region Up to now, the number of fixed telephones has been around 18.7 telephones per 100 people, 2.4 times higher than in 2001, and

there are over 28,000 telephone subscribers (Population- Economy-Culture-Society

of Bac Ninh province )