Assesment of domestic waste management and treatment in nuoc hai town hoa an districs cao bang province

Law on Environmental Protection Vietnam in 2005, enacted the effective date 29 November 2005 have stipulates July 1, 2006: "Organizations and individuals arising waste typically has resp

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Study mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center

Thai Nguyen, 23/01/2015

Abstract

Nowadays, domestic waste is an urgent problem that we are facing There are many reasons of domestic waste but the main cause is due to the production activities and human consciousness Especially, in daily life, the huge amount of domestic waste that people discharge which is not treated promptly will cause adverse effects Residential, hospitals, schools, markets… are considered as main sources of domestic waste, particularly the area town where the need of daily garbage consumption of people is very large The large demand for using garbage means that high amount of solid waste will be discharge Untreated or not thoroughly treated garbage which is released from landfill has

a bad smell for the people living nearby the landfill Likewise, domestic waste can have negative impacts such as: affect the water environment, soil, air and urban landscape in the town, affecting the health of people and the surrounding environment

Besides the management of domestic waste is still loose, the environment awareness of people is not high, the status of litter occurs still frequently The town

is populated place, therefore the amount of garbage of people's daily to discharge environment is increasing Garbage treatment method mainly uses simple methods such as bury and burning In addition, methods of biological composting manure also used quite common in our country

management, treatment, collected, transported

Date of submission: 23/01/ 2015

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title Assessment of domestic waste management and treatment

in Nuoc Hai town, Hoa An district, Cao Bang province Supervisor (s) Dr Tran Van Dien

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the process of implementing the research topics: "Assessment of domestic waste management and treatment in Nuoc Hai town -Hoa An district, Cao Bang province-" I got the guide and help, encouragement of the teachers and the students I would like to express sincere gratitude to:

First and foremost, I wish to express sincere thanks to the Director Board of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, board of managers of International Training and Development Center and all the teachers have dedicated teaching, the scientific knowledge and the valuable experience for me during the training period, learning in school

In particular, I take this opportunity to express profound gratitude and deep regards to the supervisor Dr Tran Van Dien who guided wholeheartedly, to advise, imparted knowledge and valuable experience to help me during the study and completed thesis

Furthermore, I sincerely thanks to her uncle, elder brother and elder sister officers in Division of Natural Resources and Environment - Hoa An district during the implementing the research topic at the agency and to thanks to the officers of the People's Committee of Nuoc Hai town and the whole households have helped me during the investigation, interviewing, collecting data on Nuoc Hai area towns

Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to the family, relatives and friends who have helped me during the internship

Due to the short time, limited professional qualification and less experience the report may have inevitable mistakes I very much look forward to the valuable inputs and recommendation of teachers and friends to my thesis more perfectly Thank you very much!

Thai Nguyen, 23/01/ 2015

Student

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 1

LIST OF TABLES 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Rresearch rationale 4

1.2 Research’s objectives 5

1.2.1 The general objective 5

1.2.2 The specific objective 5

1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 6

1.4 Significance 6

1.5 Limitations 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Scientific basis of topics 7

2.1.1 Concepts related to waste 7

2.1.2 Generations sources and domestic waste classification .8

2.1.2.1 Generations sources 8

2.1.2.2 Classification of domestic waste 9

2.1.3 Effect of domestic waste on the environment and human 11

2.1.3.1 The effect of domestic waste on the environment 11

2.1.3.2 The effect of domestic waste on public health 12

2.1.3.3 Domestic waste reduces the urban landscape 12

2.2 The legal basis 13

2.3 Factual basis of the topics 14

2.3.1 Status of domestic waste in the world 14

2.3.2 The management and treatment of garbage in the world 17

2.3.3 Status of domestic waste in Vietnam 20

2.3.4 The situation of management and treatment in Vietnam 25

2.3.4.1 Some of the methods and the garbage treatment technology in Vietnam 26

2.3.4.2 Waste management situation in some provinces in the country 28

2.3.5 Status of domestic waste in Hoa An District - Cao Bang Province 31

PART III METHODS 35

3.1 Material 35

3.2 Methods 36

3.2.1 Study secondary data 36

3.2.2 Collecting primary data 36

3.2.3 Determining the volume and composition of waste 37

3.2.4 Data analysis and processing 37

3.2.5 Experts consultation 38

PART IV RESULTS 39

4.1 Natural and socio-economic conditions in Nuoc Hai town- Hoa An disttict - Cao Bang province 39

4.1.1 Natural conditions 39

4.1.2 The socio-economic characteristics of the Nuoc Hai town 43

4.1.2.1 Population and population distribution 43

4.1.2.2 Economic conditions 43

4.1.2.3 Infrastructure 43

4.1.2.4 Security order problems 45

4.1.2.5 The collection system and waste disposal 45

4.2 Assessment the status of domestic waste collection in Nuoc Hai town 45

4.2.1 Source of domestic waste generated in Nuoc Hai town 45

4.2.2 The amount of waste generated and the components of domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town 47

4.2.2.1 The amount of waste generated 47

4.2.2.2 The components of waste in town 49

4.2.2.3 Status of the management, collection and transportation of domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town 50

4.3 Assessment of domestic waste management issues and treatment in Nuoc Hai town 55

4.3.1 The management 55

4.3.2 The process of landfill and treatment 57

4.3.3 Assessment of community awareness about the management of domestic waste 60

4.4 Proposed solutions improve the efficiency of domestic waste management and treatment in Nuoc Hai town 61

4.4.1 Management solution 62

4.4.2 Technical solutions 63

PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 66

5.1 Discussion 66

5.2 Conclusion 68

REFERENCES 70

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Chart source of waste generated 9 Figure 2.2 Diagram of waste treatment technology of U.S -Canada 19 Figure 2.3 Technology of domestic waste disposal in China 20 Figure 2.4 Diagram of technology of domestic waste processing, Plant of

organic fertilizer Cau Dien - Hanoi 31 Figure 2.5 Diagram of garbage collection system is being applied .34 Finger 4.1 The components of garbage in the town 50 Figure 4.2 Diagram organizations structure of urban environment branch Hoa

An district 51 Figure 4.3 The process of collection and transportation of garbage in Nuoc Hai town .53 Figure 4.4 Landfill in Nuoc Hai town 59 Figure 4.5 Some illustrations of dust-hole 65

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 The definition components of domestic solid waste (DSW) .10

Table 2.2 The amount of solid waste generated in some countries 15

Table 2.3 The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas in Vietnam 23

Table 2.4 The situation of solid waste generated in our country (by geographic region) 24

Table 2.5 The situation of waste collection in Nuoc Hai district in the recent years (tons/year) 32

Table 4.1 Land use status in Nuoc Hai town .41

Table 4.2 The volume of domestic waste generated from the sources 46

Table 4.3 The volume of waste generated in Nuoc Hai town 47

Table 4.4 The average volume of garbage generated from households 48

Table 4.5 The components of garbage in the town 49

Table 4.6 The human resources serve for the collection, managing and disposal of domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town 51

Table 4.7 The level of fees environmental sanitation collected in Nuoc Hai area towns .56

Table 4.8 Assessment of population community about management system of domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town (%) 61

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

In recent years, the economic and social development of our country has made remarkable achievements, many lives have been improved Our country is in the process of industrialization, development and modernization and has made great achievements in many fields Along with the rapid progress of the country, the goal of conserving the environment always has been the one of the main interest

of different Parties and the entire State Environmental protection is both objective and one of the basic content for sustainable development concerns However, the population and socio-economic growth rate are both growing, people must adopt and their lives should be improved as well in response to the changes, advancements and progress On the other hand, the demands and or daily consumption of everybody are getting bigger; hence, the volume of domestic waste is increasing which indeed causes many serious problems concerning environment protection In Vietnam, in recent years environmental pollution situation has become serious and most commonly lead to degradation

of land, water, air, especially in the large places like urban areas The amount of waste is increasing that greatly affect the environmental landscape - changes resulting to negative tendencies and direct impact on the lives of many people Currently, environmental pollution is an urgent matter in almost every country around the world Nowadays, there are many methods to deal with, to mitigate the consequences of this matter In particular, the handling and garbage collection meet many difficulties regarding both means and methods Domestic waste is currently one of the major problems of environmental pollution Domestic waste management is one of the top issues in our community which contributes a lot to many challenges of today’s environment Nowadays, the

issue of environmental protection and waste management activities are becoming more urgent, and this must be a concern of the entire society and community However, if management is done sustainably and reasonable reuse of domestic waste will be a source of cheap raw materials; this will bring economic benefits

to many individuals and contribute greatly to environmental protection and save the earth’s natural resources

Nuoc Hai town are the center political culture of Hoa An district, Nuoc Hai towns are sector which has shown strong economic growth However, the current status of general waste and domestic waste in particular, have not been fully evaluated and audited, Provided that this leads to difficulty in collection and waste management, no appropriate measures on proper disposal which in return still protecting the environment

at the same time So in the assessment of the current status of the management and treatment of household waste is one of the vital problems of Nuoc Hai town

Therefore the research topic: “Assessment of Domestic Waste Management and

Treatment in Nuoc Hai town - Hoa An district - Cao Bang province” was conducted

in Nuoc Hai town under the guidance of Dr Tran Van Dien - Thai Nguyen University

of Agriculture and Forestry

1.2 Research’s objectives

1.2.1 General objective

The general objectives of this project is to assess the current of domestic waste management and treatment in the Nuoc Hai town area, and then proposes a number of measures in accordance with the conditions of the town to mitigate environmental pollution caused by the domestic waste

1.2.2 Specific objective

+ To evaluate of domestic waste management status and treatment in the Nuoc Hai town area

+ To assess the awareness of the communities and people about domestic waste management

+ To propose some solutions to manage the domestic waste in a sustainable way

1.3 Research questions and hypotheses

1 What is the current status of domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town?

2 How to manage and treat domestic waste in Nuoc Hai town?

3 What are solutions to manage domestic waste in study area?

1.4 Significance

+ The meaning of learning and scientific research

- Application of the knowledge gained from the school into reality

- Enhance practical skills

- Accumulation of work experience after graduation

- Advanced knowledge on research and find reference material to gain efficiency

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Scientific basis of topics

2.1.1 Concepts related to waste

According to the Vietnam Environment Protection Act: the waste are material in solid, liquid and gas produced from production, business and service activities or other activities.(Law on Environmental protection, 2006)

+ Hazardous waste is waste that contains toxic elements, radioactive, flammable, explosive, infectious, cause harmful on the environment and human health According to Article 3 of Decree 59/2007/ ND-CP dated April 09, 2007 of solid waste management:

• Solid waste is material in solid which is discharged from the process of production, business, services activities or other activities

• Domestic waste is waste generated in living individuals, households and public places

• Solid waste collection is a set of activities, sorting, packing and temporary storage of solid waste at collection points to the location or facility is the state agency authorized approval

• Transportation of solid waste is the process of transporting solid waste from the generation places, collection, storage, and transfer to treatment places, recycling, reuse or final landfill

• Solid waste treatment is the process of using technology solutions and techniques to reduce, remove, and destroy harmful ingredients in solid waste; recovery, recycling and reuse of useful component in solid waste

• Solid waste management including planning management activities, construction basic investment, classified operations, collection, storage, transportation, re-use, recycling and disposal solid waste to prevent and mitigate the adverse effects on the environment and human health

• Domestic waste management activities are classified activities, collection, transportation, recycling and treatment of waste

• Domestic waste is waste related to human activities, source formed primary from residential area, offices, schools, service centers, commercial places Therefore, domestic waste should be classified and subject for reuse measures, recycled, properly disposed in order to protect the environment

• Domestic waste or domestic solid waste are part of the solid waste, is understood as the solid waste arising from activities of everyday living of the people

2.1.2 Generation sources and domestic waste classification

2.1.2.1 Generation sources

The amounts of domestic waste are increasing due to the impact of the increase

in the population, economic development - social, the changing nature of consumption in urban and rural areas So the domestic waste arising from various sources:

+ From the residential areas

+ From the commercial centers, offices, schools and public buildings

+ From the industry activities, agriculture and construction activities

+ From the hospitals, medical facilities, services, etc

Private

house,

residential

Agency , school

Leisure center

Hospital, medical facilities

Traffic,

construction

Local government

Industrial zone, factories

Figure 2.1 Chart source of waste generated

2.1.2.2 Classification of domestic waste

The classification of garbage is a quite complex because of the variety of types, components and their properties However by the recognized practices of economic activity and its implications for the management of garbage can be divided into the following classifications:

+ Classification by origin arises:

- Waste from households, also known as waste or domestic waste is generated from households

- Waste from production, business and commercial activities are the origin arises from the economic sectors such as industry, agriculture and services

+ Classification by the level of hazardous:

- Hazardous waste: waste is easy to cause reactions, explosive, corrosive, radioactive substance and containing heavy metals The implicit of this waste is more likely to cause the issue of risk, intoxication could be harmful to human health and the development of flora and fauna, and simultaneous is a source of spread of cause environment pollution of soil, water and air

- Non-hazardous waste: the waste does not contain the chemicals and compounds that have hazardous properties Usually these substances arise in household, urban, etc

+ The component of domestic waste

Each different waste sources have different waste components such as: residential and commercial waste composition is characterized by food waste, paper, cardboard, plastic, fabric, rubber, yard waste, wood, aluminum, etc; Waste from services like street washing and street alley contain the dust, garbage, dead animals, etc Food waste, such as milk cans, mixed plastics, etc

Table 2.1 The definition components of domestic solid waste (DSW)

1 The inflammable substances

pulp and paper

The paper bags, cover piece, toilet - paper

b Textiles The origin source from the

fibers

Fabrics, wool, plastic, etc

peel, stems, corn cobs

d Grass, wood,

firewood, straw

The products and materials made from bamboo, wood, straw, etc

Tables, chairs, toys, etc

from plastics

Roll film, plastic bags, bottles, vase, and electric wire

packaging paper, utensils

2.1.3 Effect of domestic waste on the environment and human

2.1.3.1 The effect of domestic waste on the environment

a Effect of solid waste on the land environment

Domestic waste scattered everywhere not collected are retained in the soil some kind

of waste is not biodegradable such as plastic bags, cans, lies in the ground affects the soil environment: changing the structure of the soil, the land becomes barren + Due to the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture has not yet processed, pathogens parasite infections cause diseases from the soil to the plant and then to humans and animals

+ Solid waste littered on the ground or buried in soil containing organic hardly decomposition alter the pH of the soil

+ Hazardous waste arising from industrial activities, agriculture given soil environment will alter the particle component level, reducing permeability of water, reduce the amount of humus, do nutritional imbalance make to the soil being hard bottles are no longer capable of producing Conclusion domestics waste that cause’s land pollution

b Effect of domestic waste on the water environment

The amount of waste scattered, stagnant again, while rain will follow the water flow and mixing in the water, through the sewer, into the lakes, the rivers, polluting surface water When water environment is contaminated at risk affect aquatic organisms, due to oxygen content in water decreases, the ability to recognize the light of low water levels, leading to affect the photosynthetic capacity of aquatic plants

In solid waste landfills contaminate groundwater in the area and the waters of ponds, rivers and streams in the vicinity At the landfill, if not create the coating ensures rain water seeping through the can also pollute surface water sources

c Effect of domestic waste on the air environment

- Organic waste decomposes generated bad smell and harmful gases such as CH4, CO2, NH3, the cause of air pollution

- Gas escaping from the pit or recycle bins, waste landfill containing CH4, CO2, H2S, NH3, organic toxic gases, etc

- The dust generated in the process of collection, transportation and burying garbage contains bacteria, and toxins in garbage

2.1.3.2 The effect of domestic waste on public health

The effect of domestic waste to the human health through their effect on the environment component Environmental pollution inevitable to human health through the food chains

At the landfill, if not applied in accordance with the technical regulations on landfills and disposal, landfill became to arisen flies place, mosquitoes is to spread disease germs Not to mention the toxic waste at the landfill may cause dangerous diseases to the human body when exposed, threatens to the health of people

2.1.3.3 Domestic waste reduces the urban landscape

Domestic waste if not collected, transported to the processing site or collectors not off, shipping scattered along the road causing unsanitary environment and affect the beauty of street landscape, village

Another reason to reduce the urban landscape is because human awareness is not high The status of people poured indiscriminately garbage out roadside, ditches are still very popular, especially in rural areas where the management and the collection has yet to be closely managed

2.2 The legal basis

In recent years, in our country the problem of urban waste management in general and domestic waste management activities in particular, has been the National Assembly, the Government of Vietnam and agency the specific functions by the legal text A series of documents specify provisions about the powers, responsibilities and methods of management of urban domestic waste Law on Environmental Protection Vietnam in 2005, enacted the effective date 29 November 2005 have stipulates July 1, 2006: "Organizations and individuals arising waste typically has responsibility for implementing sorting at the source

in order to improve the effectiveness of waste management" "Solid wastes are classified into two main groups can be used for recycling, reuse

+ A strategy for the National Environmental Protection until 2010 and orientation

to 2020 with the specific objective is rate the solid waste collection activities reached 90%, destroying and disposal of 60% hazardous waste and 100% of medical waste, governing body and implemented are the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

+ Decree No 80/2006/ ND-CP dated August 9, 2006 of the Government shall detail and guide the implementation of several Law on Environmental Protection in 2005 + Decree No 21/2008/ ND-CP dated February 28, 2008 of the Government modifying and supplementing a number of articles Decree 80/2006

+ Decree No 117/2009/ ND-CP dated December 31, 2009 of the Government on the handling of administrative violations in the field of environmental protection + Decree No 59/ ND-CP dated April 9, 2007 of the Government solid waste management

+ Circular No 13/2007/ TT-BXD dated December 31, 2007 of the Ministry of Construction guiding a number of articles of Decree No.59/ 2007/ ND-CP on management of solid waste

+ Decree No 65/2006/ ND-CP of June 23, 2006 of the Government on the organization and operation of the Inspectorate of Natural Resources and Environment

+ Decree No 174/2007/ ND-CP dated November 29, 2007 of the Government on environmental protection charges for solid wastes

+ Decision No 23/2006/ Decision - MONRE dated December 25, 2006 of the Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment issued the list of hazardous waste

+ Decision No 34/ QD-TTg dated February 22, 2005 by the Prime Minister on the promulgation of the plan of implementation of Resolution No 41-NQ/ TW of the Politburo on environmental protection during the period of industrialization - modernization country

2.3 Factual basis of the topics

2.3.1 Status of domestic waste in the world

The amount of domestic waste generated depends on many factors economic - social and living conditions, habits and perceptions of communities of different countries According to Nguyen Thi Anh Hoa (2006), the higher urbanization level, the increasing amount of waste per capita, some specific examples are now following countries: Canada is 1.7 kg/ person/ day; Australia is 1.6 kg/ person/ day; Switzerland is 1.3 kg/ person/ day; China is 1.3 kg/ person/ day With the increase of garbage, then the collecting, sorting and garbage disposal is something that all countries need to attention Nowadays, in the world there are many ways to handle domestic waste such as biotechnology; technology uses heat, Seraphin technology Urbanization and economic development is often associated with the consumption of resources and the rate of solid waste generation increases per capita The population in the developed country incurred

more waste in developing countries fold 6 times, in particular in the developed countries was 2.8 kg/person/day; In the developing countries is 0.5 kg/person/day Management costs for waste disposal in developing countries can be up to 50% of the annual budget Infrastructure, secure destruction of garbage is often deficiency Approximately 30-60%

of municipal waste not provides collection services

The proportion of solid waste activities in the municipal solid waste (MSW) follow varies between countries According to estimates, the rate of up to 60-70% in China; accounting for 78% in Hong Kong, 48% in the Philippines and 37% in Japan, accounting for 80% in our country According to the World Bank, high - income countries only about 25-35% of the waste in the entire follow of urban solid waste

Table 2.2 The amount of solid waste generated in some countries

Country name The current urban

population (% of total )

The amount arises present urban solid waste (kg/person/day)

Around the world, the developed countries had the classification model and garbage collection is very effective:

+ England: statistics total amount of waste in the UK shows that British Commonwealth annual creation of 307 million tons of waste, including estimated 46.6 million tons of bio-waste and waste similar to arise in Britain, of which 60% landfill, 34% are recycled and 6% are scorching Only food waste under the project implemented from October, 2006 - March, 2008, food waste from households is more than packaging waste than accounted for 19% of urban waste Every year in the UK households generated 6.7 million tons of food waste, in England to be 5.5 million tons, of which 4.1 million tons of food that can be used On average each household emission 276 kg of food waste per year

or 5.3 kg per week, of which 3.2 kg can still is used

+ US: Every year, the garbage of the American cities amounted to 210 million tons On average, Every American people garbage discharged 2kg/ day Most components of the waste on American soil without the gap too large, the highest is not organic ingredients as other countries that are components of inorganic waste (paper types accounted for 38%), this is easy to explain the development and habits of Americans is the frequent use of canned food, food materials available along the material of inorganic origin In the composition

of domestic waste food only accounted for 10.4% and the rate is quite high metal is 7.7% Thus, type of domestic waste in the United States can be classified and handled fairly high proportion (types is difficult or impossible

to classification, such as metal, glass, ceramic, porcelain accounted for approximately 20%) ( Dang, 2010)

+ Singapore: This is the 100% urbanized countries and was the cleanest city in the world To obtain such results, Singapore invested in the work of collecting, transporting and disposal At the same time, construction of a strict legal system as a prerequisite for waste treatment processes better Garbage is collected in Singapore and classification by nylon bags The waste can be recycled, are taken to recycling plants and other types of waste are taken to other plants to burn In Singapore there are two main components involved in collecting and processing of domestic waste from residential areas and company, more than 300 private companies specializing in industrial waste collection and trade All these companies are licensed to operate and be subject to direct supervision of the Department of Science Technology and Environment In addition, households and companies of Singapore are encouraged to self collect and transport the waste for households in companies ( Mai, 2009)

2.3.2 The management and treatment of garbage in the world

Currently problem management, waste treatment in countries around the world are increasingly been concerned Especially in developed countries, this work was carried out closely, from the sense of disposing of garbage of the people, the process of sorting

at source, collection, to gather garbage to the equipment picked up, transported by each type Regulations for the collected, transport, treatment of garbage is regulated tightly, clear full of modern equipment A difference in the management, the waste disposal developed countries have the participation of the community

+ In Japan, moving from the traditional waste management with the materials disposal flow by a social process of the model 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) Solid waste recycle rate in Japan for high productivity Currently, in the cities of Japan mainly use combustion technology to handle the garbage difficult to decompose

About garbage collection activities, all households were required to sorting garbage into three categories:

+ Inorganic Garbage including empty bottles, boxes taken to factories to sorting, recycling

+ Type of garbage difficult to recycle, the efficiency is not high, but the burning garbage plant will take to recover energy The type of this garbage is required to hold in the bag has a different color and the household brought out of the garbage collecting points of residential areas in the hours specified under the supervision of the representative residential clusters (DANIDA project, 2007)

+ In South East Asia, Singapore has been successful in managing solid waste to protect the environment The Singapore Government is requesting to increase the recycling rates through waste separation at source from households, markets, business establishments to reduce costs to the State budget Especially the Singapore government attaches great importance to environmental protection, in particular the law on the environment was carried out in a comprehensive manner, is the most effective tool to ensure clean environment of Singapore Garbage collection mechanism is very efficient, recycled garbage was collected and processed under the nation's recycling program ( Quan, 2007)

+ In Bangkok, the classification of garbage at the source only be done at some schools and some of the center to split certain types of packaging for easy recycling, the amount

of garbage remains still to be landfill, but is squeezed to reduce the volume and the roll nylon very carefully around each garbage block to reduce pollution, some recycling waste technology as a fertilizer of some countries as follows: (Quan, 2007)

+ Technology of domestic waste handling of the US - Canada:

In the region of the US and Canada has temperate climates often apply methods disposal static compost have the mix as follows: garbage is to receive and classify Organic waste is crushed and the addition of micro-organisms, mixed

with mud and piled outdoors The waste is fermented from 8-10 weeks to after screening and packing (Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.2 Diagram of waste treatment technology of U.S -Canada

+ Waste treatment technologies as fertilizer in China

In the big cities often apply technology in sealed equipment Garbage was received into the device enclosed compost after 10-12 days, gas content of H2S,

Garbage receiving

Remove impurities not organic

Organic crushed

Addition of microorganisms

Make beds Mud

Fermented from 8-10 weeks

Screening and treatment of organic matter Packing of fertilizers

Buried

CH4, SO2 reduced to be brought out Then proceed classify, processing into organic fertilizers (Figure 2.3)

Figure 2.3 Technology of domestic waste disposal in China

2.3.3 Status of domestic waste in Vietnam

Over the years, the rate of urbanization takes place very quickly has become a positive factor for socio-economic development of the country However, in

Garbage reception

Equipment containing (cellar) supplemented with microorganisms,

sewage collection over a period of 10-12 days

Burn of matures, humidity 40%, period 15-20

days

Screening, classified by size

addition to the benefits of social-economic, rapid urbanization has created pressures

on many fronts, resulting in deterioration of environmental quality and sustainable development, the amount of solid waste generated in urban and industrial zones more and more with many complex components Therefore, the garbage is the pressing issues in our country today Without the timely remedial measures, the environmental pollution caused by waste is increasing, environmental destruction that cannot be overcome Every year there are more than 15 million tons of solid waste generated all over the country and according to the forecast, the total volume

of solid waste generated continues to rise rapidly in the coming decades, especially

in the large urban areas, tourist resorts Solid wastes are generated from different sources Out of more than 15 million tons of SW are:

+ 12.8 million tons (accounting for 80% of total waste) generated from households, restaurants, markets, business areas;

+ 2.6 million tons (accounting for 17% of total waste) arising from industrial facilities, factories and enterprises;

+ About 160,000 tons (accounting to 1% of the total amount of waste) is hazardous waste, including hazardous medical wastes, inflammable substances, toxic substances from industry, the insecticide (drug containers, packaging etc.) (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2006)

Currently, all the cities and towns were established the urban environmental company has the function of collection and waste management activities But the effectiveness of the collecting and waste management is also poorly, only reaching from 30-70% due to the volume of garbage generated daily as huge Except the amount of garbage has managed, the amount of garbage remaining indiscriminately pour down the River, Lake, pond, the bare soil pollute the water

and the air environment The indicators BOD5, coliform, H2S, NH3, the air exceeds many times the permissible standards

The amount of domestic solid wastes (DSW) in urban areas living in our country arises on the rise, on average each year increased by 10-15% The high rate of growth concentrated in urban areas are expanding, thrive in both size and population and the industrial areas such as urban: Phu Tho Province (19.9 %), Hung yen (12.3%), Phu Ly city (17.3%), the Cao Lanh (12.5 %), etc The Highlands urban area has incurred increasing domestic solid waste annual evenly with the rate of increase is less than (5.0 %) Late 2008 early 2009, this rate in large urban has increased respectively from 0.9 to 1.3 kg/person/day

The proportion of domestic solid waste generated per activity is concentrated in the largest urban development in tourism as Ha Long City is 1.38 kg/ person/ day, Hoi An city is 1.05 kg/ person/ day, Da Lat city 1.06 kg/ person/ day Urban has amount of domestic solid waste generated is the biggest are Ho Chi Minh City (5,500 tons/ day), Hanoi (2,500 tons/ day), urban has a amount of domestic solid waste generated at least are Bac Kan 12.3 tons/ day, Cao Bang 20 tons/ day, Yen Bai city of 33.4 tons/ day and Ha Giang town are 37.1 tons/ day Thus, the amount of domestic solid waste generated in urban centers mainly concentrated

in two large urban of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Although, only two municipalities, but the total amount of domestic solid waste generated to 8,000 tons/ day (2.92 million tons/ year) accounted for 45.24% of total amount of domestic solid waste generated from urban (table 2.3)

Table 2.3 The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas in Vietnam

The amount of solid waste

(Source: Survey results and reports of local, 2009)

According to the National Environmental Report 2010 shows that the total amount

of DSW activities in urban centers across the country in 2008 was about 35,100 tons/ day, DSW in the countryside around 24,900 tons/ day (Source: Centre for Research and Environmental planning urban - Rural, Ministry of Construction, 2010) Almost in urban, domestic solid waste volume accounted for 60-70% of total solid waste generation showed total amount of domestic waste arising in urban areas tend to have increased on average from 10-16% each year

The proportion of solid waste generated per capita in urban especially and urban type I is relatively high (0.84 - 0.96 kg/ person/ day); urban type II and urban type III ratio of solid waste generated per capita was equivalent (0.72 to 0.73 kg/ person/ day); urban type IV have percentage of domestic solid waste generated

on an average urban reach about 0.65 kg/ person/ day

The proportion of domestic solid waste (DSW) generated per activity is concentrated in the largest urban development in tourism as Ha Long City is 1.38 kg/ person/ day, Hoi

An city was 1.05 kg/ person/ day, Da Lat city 1.06 kg/ person/ day, Ninh Binh city is 1.30 kg/person/day The proportion of urban solid waste generated per capita is the lowest Dong Hoi city (Quang Binh) only 0.31 kg/ person/ day; Gia Nghia town 0.35 kg/ person/ day; Kontum town 0.35 kg/ person/ day, Cao Bang city 0.38 kg/person/day Meanwhile the proportion arising average per capital for urban areas in the country is 0.73 kg/ person/ day

Table 2.4 The situation of solid waste generated in our country (by geographic

region)

The amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) generated

No Administrative units

The amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) average/ people (Kg/person/day)

With the statistical survey results are incomplete like above the show, the total amount of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas in our country is increasing with a relatively high rate (10% per year) compared with the developed countries in the world The total amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) generated in urban type III and type IV municipalities to around 6.5 million tons per year (2004: total amount of domestic waste of all the urban of Vietnam is 6.4 million tons/year) Forecasting the total amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) in urban to 2010 to more than 12 million tons/ year and by 2020 nearly 22 million tons/ year To manage this waste source well, requires the authorities need special attention to the stages to minimize at the source, to intensify recycling, reuse, technology investment, appropriate destruction contributes to minimize environmental pollution caused by domestic solid waste caused

2.3.4 The situation of management and treatment in Vietnam

So far, in the world there are many methods of domestic waste treatment as reduced mechanical properties, reduces volume by chemistry (burned), reduces the size of the mechanics, etc But the most common are now have 3 methods which is the most used are: method of burying, burning methods and biological methods In there, biological composting method is said to be the most optimal now

Garbage disposal is to use technical measures to handle the waste and do not affect the environment; re-create products that benefit society in order to promote economic efficiency

The goal of treatment is to reduce solid waste or remove unwanted components

in the waste as hazardous, unsanitary, make use of raw materials and materials in the waste

For example some of domestic waste treatment area in HCM city:

+ The garbage treatment in Go Cat areas (Binh Tan District): The area of 25 hectares with a capacity of 2,000 tons/ day; the volume of garbage has received processing from 2005-2007 is 2.61 million tons; is the solid waste landfill sanitary (Department of Environment Protection, 2008)

2.3.4.1 Some of the methods and the garbage treatment technology in Vietnam

a Burying of methods

This method is low cost and commonly applied in the developing countries The burying is done using special vehicles transporting garbage to the dump was built before After the garbage was dumped down, use bulldozer to raze, compression compacted on the surface and pour onto a layer of soil Every day, spraying kill mosquito and powdered lime Over time, the decomposition microorganisms make garbage overporous and the volume of the landfill is reduced The dumping garbage continued until the dump is full, and then move on to a new landfill

Currently, the landfill of domestic waste and organic waste are still used in the developing countries but must comply with strict regulations about the Environmental protection The buried tends to decreases; eventually terminate in the developing countries The landfill waste should be located away from residential areas, not near surface water source and groundwater

This method has the advantages such as: simple technology; low cost

But it also has some disadvantages such as: occupied for a relatively large land area; not be agreement by the surrounding population; finding and building new landfills difficult and the risk of environmental pollution of land, water, and air and cause fire (Phuoc, 2009)

b Biological composting method

Garbage is collected on the plant, they are taken to classification mechanical line remove inorganic substances such as nylon, plastic, iron, steel, brick, stone after sorting brick, stones were brought buried Nylon, plastic burned, iron and steel, glass are recovered, the final product is organic garbage Using microorganisms to analyze the organic matter in the garbage associated with additives to create humus, can mix additional supplement of N, P, K and micro into humus created microbiological fertilizer to fertilize for rice and farm produce

The advantage of this method is limited pollutes the environment, saving land, create fertilizer The disadvantage of this approach is brewed polluting the environment surrounding air and workers who operators If classified are not thoroughly in humus is confused many other impurities, fertilizer and humus from waste processing plants are not people accept, investment restrictions caused delays for the production process, the initial investment relative large, have a sufficient number of garbage, is inconsistent with the town and countryside (Thanh, 2003)

c Burning methods

Waste treatment by burning method can reduce to a minimum the waste for final disposal stage If the apply of advanced technology will bring more sense for the environment, but this is the most expensive method of handling compared to the sanitary landfill method, costs of burn 1 ton garbage more above about 10 times higher Garbage - burning technology is commonly used in developing countries because of the economy must be strong enough to subsidize the collection of domestic waste incineration as a social welfare service of the people However, the collection and burning of domestic waste includes many different waste will

create toxic fumes dioxins, if not handled this type of gases are very dangerous to the health of humans and animals and plants

Currently, European countries tend to reduce solid waste burn and a range of economic issues as well as the environment need to be addressed The collection and burning of garbage generally only apply to the disposal of hazardous waste such as hospital waste or industrial waste because other treatment methods cannot process thoroughly (Nguyen and Huy, 2004 Technology garbage disposal and solid waste)

d Method of recovery and reuse

In the waste remains still existing of substances can reuse even many of the waste longer bring economic benefits At present our country this problem has not been a focus because the current digging forces garbage and recovered scrap

is very crowded However, the management of their health is a major concern Next time, the technology for solid waste treatment in Vietnam will be developed

in the direction of minimized the amount of garbage buried and increase rate of recycling and reuse Recently, there are many private investors to Vietnam to bring the diversity of modern technology However, there are some unsatisfactory technologies The Ministry of construction has issued licenses to a number of domestic technologies in the field of solid waste processing to promote appropriate technologies

2.3.4.2 Waste management situation in some provinces in the country

In Hanoi: 3R project-HN by the international cooperation agency of the

Government of Japan JICA sponsored the Ha Noi city had officially entered the stage of application Actual 3R in the city since July 2007, with the first areas as Phan Chu Chinh Ward - Hoan Kiem District- Hanoi has been the most successful

evaluated the garbage sorting pilot scheme at the source, then Thanh Cong Ward and Lang Ha Ward, (2008) There are 18,000 households were involved in the 3R project in the ward pilot above In the pilot areas, the amount of domestic waste from households fell by an average from 31-45% depending on each ward, achieving the target to minimize 30% the amount of waste going to landfill bring that project was set out The project has collected approximately 25,000 tons of organic waste and processed approximately 10,000 tons of compost from garbage collected Currently every day Hanoi emit more than 200 tons of garbage, the volume of garbage this giant is taken to landfills Nam Son landfill to buried for many years it has been operating at full capacity and at risk overloaded Garbage have not been classified and treated thoroughly, the disposal is still mostly buried naturally Hanoi People's Committee (PC) has issued the program of action on environmental protection mission the capital during the period of industrialization - modernization (Huy, 2008 3R project of solid waste urban management and JICA (2011), Research Report of solid waste management in Viet Nam)

In Ho Chi Minh City: As a large urban, so level of municipal waste generated in the city every year in Ho Chi Minh very high According to the data of Natural Resources and Environmental Department each day in the Ho Chi Minh City area poured out about 5800-6200 tons of domestic waste, 500 - 700 tons of industrial garbage, 150-200 tons of hazardous waste, 8-12 tons of medical waste Domestic waste sources occupied highest proportion arises primarily from the following sources: households, schools, markets, restaurants, and hotels (Chi, 2009)

In Dong Nai: currently province has a 4/7 the disposal of domestic waste area is

in process of implementation put to use and 03 treatment centers focusing district and inter-urban areas are in the prepare projects stage investments According to the Natural Resources and Environment Department of Dong Nai, the proportion of collected in Dong Nai only reached 71%, remaining 29% of

inter-domestic waste is discharged environment not yet processing Among them, the total volume of domestic waste generated in the area of the whole province of about 1,167 tons per day, including 1,080 tons of waste substances in addition to industrial parks and 87 tons of rubbish in the industrial parks The situations of garbage disposal were difficult by no more garbage to landfill, no garbage transfer stations (Trang, 2010)

In Vietnam, due to the economic conditions have not developed so most places have not invested appropriately for solid waste disposal problem Major cities such as Hanoi city, Ho Chi Minh City and Lai Vung town - Đong Thap province, Ninh Thuan Province have invested in building the processing plant garbage as

an organic fertilizer Most other places have been prepared project landfills sanitary and processing garbage as an organic fertilizer The situation of waste treatment technologies in Vietnam now has:

+ Factory solid waste treatment in Hoc - Mon, Ho Chi Minh City

Waste Treatment Plant Hoc - Mon are plant aerobic organic fertilizer by Denmark funded This technology is highly mechanized, using two compost ovens in complementary environment, maintain continuous air and moisture However, after

a period of operation of this technology not longer relevant because:

- Do not respond to the amount of garbage increasing (overload);

-The nature and composition of garbage is increasingly complex, no longer suitable the original design technology

+ Technology of domestic waste processing, Plant of organic fertilizer Cau Dien - Hanoi

This technology is brewed compost; fermentation is controlled by the automatic control system for temperature, with a designed capacity of 210 tons/ day Organic fertilizer products registered quality standards and are sold nationwide The recalled products recycling are: iron, nylon, plastic, paper, glass,

Advantage: simple, easy to operate, machinery easy to manufacturing, favorable alternative, less energy consumption, guaranteed hygiene

Disadvantage: garbage includes many impurities, has not been mechanized in the stage of classification, the quality of fertilizer not yet higher because contains many impurities

Garbage is collected and transported to the factory Determine the weight

Preliminary treatment (microorganism)

landfill by 50%

Microorganisms supplement, additives, fermentation

improvement

Figure 2.4 Diagram of technology of domestic waste processing, Plant of

organic fertilizer Cau Dien - Hanoi

2.3.5 Status of domestic waste in Hoa An District - Cao Bang Province

Currently in the Nuoc Hai district areas the amount of garbage increased day by day; the standard of living and living conditions of the people rising, awareness

of environmental protection of the majority of the population is low; infrastructure

Humus type

II 8,5 % Packing, finishing

products

Consume of products

such as roads, bridges, and public works weak is that the problems are making the town more environmentally contaminated Domestic waste have not yet been classified, disposal but has been collecting part but volume collected is not high, so need to actively manage and collected minimize the amount of waste dumped directly into the environment However, the amount of garbage has not been collected is still large requires better management to create a clean environment, maintain a healthy environment for future generations

Based on reports of branch Urban Environment - Hoa An district we can see the amount of waste to be collected over the years is not high, specific as table 2.4:

The amount of household waste has not yet been collected by many factors such as:

- The garbage of scattered in the transport process, the amount of garbage remaining by mixed the soil with rock

- Awareness of the people is not high, many households do not pay fees sanitary, garbage poured in the garden or pour out pond make difficult cause for the collect

- The number of trash and handcarts missing so the amount of garbage to be scattered out much

- The number of workers in service of collecting remain the lack person should have not yet all collected of the amount of garbage in area districts

Table 2.5 The situation of waste collection in Nuoc Hai district in the recent

From Table 2.5 we can see the amount of waste tends to increase year by year and the disparity of quarter in the year The amount of garbage in the IV quarter and I quarter is higher than the II quarter and III quarter This is explained as:

- IV quarter near “Tet” holiday months, the amount of goods are buying more and peoples of cleaning up the house preparation for welcome the New Year make the amount of waste increase The work of cleaning up the landscape hello New Year and advertising to attract shoppers also generated a large amount of waste

- First quarter is the months after “Tet”; a large number of decorations of the family household, office was eliminated waste also increase the amount of garbage in the town

The assignments of garbage collection in the district are shown in the following diagram: