Waste analysis and characteristics of solid waste in pila laguna

AMARA WASTE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE IN PILA, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty :

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

JUAN MIGUEL D AMARA

WASTE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE IN

PILA, LAGUNA PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Programs Center

Batch : 2013 - 2017

Thai Nguyen, 2017

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name Juan Miguel D Amara

Student ID DTN1454290050

Thesis Title WASTE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID

WASTE IN PILA, LAGUNA Supervisor(s) Dr Rico C Ancog of University of the Philippines Los Baños

Dr Do Luan of Thai Nguyen University

Abstract:

The study indicates the aspect of assessing land use and solid waste disposal in the development of strategies to improve the economy of a small but growing local government unit like Pila, Laguna This method was derived from the systems analysis method employed by environmental scientist in the assessment of policies projects and any undertaking that are nature and environment based This approach is a digression from the traditional method of commodity-based approaches that looks only into a particular area in assessment For example, providing discounts in tax and permits to an investor that considers only monetary incentive aspects in the design maybe profitably stable but may not guarantee success particularly if it failed to obtain social and environmental acceptability

Taking into consideration the physical and socio-economic aspects of the environment, the study was able to identify specific concerns and develop the corresponding strategies that were relevant to the improvement of the LGU’s economy through sound solid waste management program The methods as well as the information generated from this study can be important inputs not only for the land use plan and design

of the solid waste management program but more importantly in enhancing the technical capability of the personnel and staff of the agency involved in the economic improvement

Lastly, this study showed the concerned agencies the importance of integrating social considerations in the comprehensive land use plan and the design and management

of sanitary landfill facility as the final disposal The study can serve as a reference document to stakeholders for economic assessment on waste analysis and characteristics of solid waste management in Pila, Laguna

Keywords waste analysis/characteristics of solid waste

Number of Pages Forty-three (43) pages

Date of submission November 2017

Signature of the

Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“With God, nothing is impossible”

This humble piece of work of a simple but striving hard student like me wouldn’t be possible without the assistance of these extra ordinary beings that pushed me to the

limits of my ability to complete this research study:

Our dearest Lord God

Who, in His appointed time and circumstances, made this research study possible;

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

For implementing this academic requirement and for showing us its great interest in

improving our capabilities

Our Teachers, Critics and Advisers

For linking us to different venues which could possibly help us and for assisting us in all our needs and concerns Thank you for making us feel that we are very capable and for

letting us feel that you are just around should anything arise;

Thank you for the good vibes everyday;

And for all others whose names and contributions slipped from my memory at this

moment - Thank you.

TABLE OF CONTENT

List of Figures ……… 1

List of Tables ……… 2

List of Abbreviations ……… 3

PART I INTRODUCTION……… 4

Research rationale ……… 4

Research objectives ……… 7

Research questions and hypothesis ……… 8

Limitations ……… 8

Definitions ……… 9

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW ……… 10

PART III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ……… 19

PART IV RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ……… 32

4.1 Results ……… 32

4.2 Discussion ……… 35

4.3 Conclusion ……… 41

REFERENCES ……… 43

APPENDICES ……… 44

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Weighing scale

Figure 2 Calibrated pail

Figure 3 Sources and Final Disposal of Wastes according to classification

Figure 4 Characterizing of Municipal Solid Waste

Figure 5 Waste Source Categories

Figure 6 Data Sampling

Figure 7 Largest waste producers in the municipality

Figure 8 Contributor of Mixed Wastes in the municipality

Figure 9 Waste composition percentage

Figure 10 Percentage of residual waste

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Summary Showing the Quantity and Composition of Waste Disposed, Residential

Table 2 Projected Waste Generation

Table 3 Recommended program options for Waste collected in Pila

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EcoGov – Environmental Governance Project of the Philippines

CLUP – Comprehensive Land Use Plan

LGU – Local Government Unit

MRF – Materials Recovery Facility

SWM – Solid Waste Management (SWM)

SWMB – Solid Waste Management Board

SWMP – Solid Waste Management Plan

WACS – Waste Analysis and Characterization Study

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research rationale

Lands in the Municipality of Pila have been declared as alienable and disposable Based on current use and purpose, these lands are classified into agricultural (83.80%), residential (7.33%), parks/playgrounds/recreational space/special use area (2.23%), institutional (1.94%), infrastructures/utilities (1.34%), agro-industrial (.80%), commercial (.38%) and other uses (2.18%) The total land area of Pila under its territorial jurisdiction is 3.120 hectares

From being a fourth class municipality in terms of economic classification, the Municipality of Pila was recently alleviated to third class This means that during the past three years, the municipality has shown remarkable growth and improvement in its economic activity Concentrations of commercial development in Pila are found in the poblacion Business establishments being mostly market-oriented have the tendency to get located in areas accessible to residential concentrations Hence, ribbon-type growth has been the dominant trait

of commercial development in the locality They are mainly along the national road where most of Pila's 554 registered business establishments are located

Land uses for industrial purposes are not too distinct compared to commercial development There are few industries mostly small or cottage level

of operation which is household-based hence locations and sites are mixed along commercial and residential area The agricultural industries however, such as the commercial poultry producers and piggeries, have their places utilizing existing agricultural lands in their operation in various barangays both rural and urban

Commercial poultry operators have indicated some pressure related to land use problem Although the need for designated areas for the agro-industry sector has yet to be resolved, the potential of agro-industrial growth in Pila remain strong as

it enjoys the continued confidence of existing investors There are also clear potential for more integration of these types of industries with the existing primary production activities in Pila that can result to synergy in employment creation and faster economic development in Pila Despite concern for an environment-friendly direction for the economy, the agro-development sector can

be expected to meet standards and regulations with the continuing advancement

of production technologies and pollution abatement measures and other management procedures

waste-But Pila is foremost agricultural in nature More than 50% of its population is somehow dependent on agriculture, particularly farming and fishing Pila as an agricultural municipality has attracted quite a number of seasonal farm workers over the past years Palay (Rice) production in Pila is still practiced in a highly labor intensive manner Shortage of labor during planting and harvesting season allowed the migration of workers from other regions These seasonal workers became permanent members of Pila community Regrettably, economic opportunities are not at all abundant to enable them to earn a living and meet basic need especially housing This caused the start of the growth of informal settlers in Pila Some programs have been started by Pila in the past to address the informal settler’s problems like allocating relocation sites

To date, the population of Pila is 50,289 Direct evidences of residential development trend are reflected in the establishments of residential subdivisions

that occurred in early 2002 to present A total of 21 subdivisions have been developed in Pila in 2002 In 2007, there were already 26 subdivisions The development of subdivisions tends to deviate from ribbon-like and clustering type of residential development They were undertaken in leap-frogging fashion thru converting the use of existing agricultural lands for the residential purposes With the rapid increase of the Pila's population resulting to the growth of residential communities, the Local Government Unit (LGU) is able to come up with the provision for institutional buildings such as municipal hall, schools and health centers It has recently provided for its new public market and built a separate building for the Philippine National Police The construction of several covered-courts was provided to the barangays Adding to the inventory of institutional areas are those occupied by public and private schools offering different levels of education (preparatory, elementary, & secondary level), 1 museum, several health centers, churches and chapels There are urgent requirements to be able to provide space requirements needed by Pila as it addressed its improvement of solid waste, improvement of municipal slaughter house, bus/jeepney terminal and planned potable water supply system

Unfortunately, the aforementioned economic growth and development as well as the increase in population lead to the accumulation of waste which the municipality generates approximately 15 tons per day, computed as 5kg/capita per day The accumulation of waste has tremendous impact to the booming economy of Pila That is why comprehensive study on the proper regulating solid waste management is important

1.2 Research objectives

The objective of this study is to assess the status of Solid Waste Management (SWM) on households in Pila Laguna Philippines

The specific objectives are:

1.2.1 To characterize the waste generated in household in terms of volume and

types

1.2.2 To identify the facts that influences the amount and types of waste

generated

1.2.3 To identify the waste management practice of the household and asses the

costs and benefits of its implement

1.2.4 To provide recommendations to enhance solid waste management

programs at the LGU-level in Pila

One of the main problem in every developing towns, the increasing volume of solid waste that is being generated due to high rate of rural-urban migration, the uncontrolled growth of industries and businesses as well as changes in the consumption patterns of residents Combined with lack of awareness on the environmental effect of improper disposal of solid wastes and considering the inadequacies in the implementation of policies and program on solid waste management, finding the appropriate solution remains to be a challenge to the Municipal Government of Pila

In this research, the researcher will analyze and characterize the solid waste materials in the local household This is essential to have a better understanding of the average solid waste that usually collected by the waste

picker, the solid waste that are collected in every household and characterize all the recyclable, non-recyclable, and organic solid waste and determine the average volume of each types of solid waste

1.3.1 The study was guided by the following research questions:

1.3.1.1 What are the types and volume of solid waste generated in household? 1.3.1.2 What are the factors that affect the amount and types of waste

generated?

1.3.1.3 What waste management practice in household and its cost and

benefit in the implement?

1.3.1.4 What are the recommendations that can be provide to enhance the

existing solid waste plan?

1.3.2 The hypotheses of the study are the following:

1.3.2.1 The volume of recyclable solid waste is different to each level of

1.5 Definitions

1.5.1 The Municipal Government of Pila is a Local Government Unit

equivalent to a town managed by elected government officials headed by a Mayor for the executive functions and for the legislative functions – the Vice Mayor and Councilors

guide the future actions of a community It presents a vision for the future, with long-range goals and objectives for all activities that affect the local government

of waste material from generation at the source through the recovery processes to disposal

1.5.4 Barangay formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative

division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward

1.5.5 EcoGov refers to the Philippines Environmental Governance Phase 2

Project (EcoGov) which is an initiative of the Government of the Philippines, implemented in partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of the Interior and Local Government, local government and other stakeholders

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash As long as people have been living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue Waste management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every household including the business owners across the world Industrialization has brought a lot of good things and bad things as well One of the negative effects of industrialization is the creation of solid waste

2.1.1 Various Sources of Solid Waste

Tons of solid waste is disposed of at various landfill sites each day This waste comes from homes, offices, industries and various other agricultural related activities These landfill sites produce foul smell if waste is not stored and treated properly It can pollute the surrounding air and can seriously affect the health of humans, wildlife and our environment The following are major sources

of solid waste:

Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid waste Garbage from these places include food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky household items like electronics, tires, batteries, old

mattresses and used oil Most homes have garbage bins where they can throw away their solid wastes in and later the bin is emptied by a garbage collecting firm or person for treatment

Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors of solid waste They include light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning plants, power and chemical plants These industries produce solid waste in form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical wastes as well as other hazardous wastes

Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today Commercial buildings and facilities in this case refer to hotels, markets, restaurants, go downs, stores and office buildings Some of the solid wastes generated from these places include plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other hazardous wastes

The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other government centers also produce solid waste Some of the common solid wastes obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes

Construction sites and demolition sites also contribute to the solid waste problem Construction sites include new construction sites for buildings and roads, road repair sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites Some of the solid wastes produced in these places include steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass

The urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries today Some of the solid waste brought about by the municipal services include, street cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping wastes and wastes from recreational areas including sludge

Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste They include refineries, power plants, processing plants, mineral extraction plants and chemicals plants Among the wastes produced by these plants include, industrial process wastes, unwanted specification products, plastics, metal parts just to mention but a few

Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of solid wastes Among the wastes they produce include agricultural wastes, spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials

This refers to hospitals and biomedical equipment and chemical manufacturing firms In hospitals there are different types of solid wastes produced Some of these solid wastes include syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper, plastics, food and chemicals All these require proper disposal or else they will cause a huge problem to the environment and the people in these facilities

Due to improper waste disposal systems particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a problem People clean their homes and places of work and litter their surroundings which affects the environment and the community

This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions After a few days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced and it becomes a breeding ground for different types of disease causing insects as well as infectious organisms On top of that, it also spoils the aesthetic value of the area

Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals When released to the environment, the solid wastes can cause biological and physicochemical problems to the environment and may affect or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area

Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the ground water During the process of collecting solid waste, the hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and other flammable wastes making the disposal process even harder and risky

When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury

or zinc, cleaning solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics are mixed

up with paper and other scraps are burned they produce dioxins and gasses These toxic gases have a potential of causing various diseases including cancer

There are different methods of solid waste management The following are some of the recognized methods:

This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today Garbage

is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam Modern landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom

of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner which is usually made

of several layers of thick plastic and sand This liner protects the ground water from being contaminated because of leaching or percolation When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water

This method involves burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into ashes Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning solid wastes This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities and even institutions The good thing about this method is the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume

2.3.1.3 Recovery and Recycling

Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but discarded items for next use Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material and reduction of landfills

Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the purpose Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost and can be used for agricultural purposes

This is method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without presence of oxygen This usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid residue and small quantities of liquid

In summary, proper solid waste management is an integral part of environmental conservation that should be observed by individuals and companies globally This will keep the environment clean and reduce health and settlement problems

In 2000, Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act was enacted to provide a framework for managing the growing problem of solid waste in the country Furthermore, Republic Act 9003 gives prime importance to the roles of LGUs in managing their respective solid wastes

2.4.1 Creation of Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB)

under RA 9003

private sector and NGOs

2.4.1.3 Adopts revenue generating measures to promote the viability of

SWMP

safeguards against pollution

(BOT) agreements, for the collection, transfer, storage, processing, recycling, or disposal of solid wastes

In 2004, a total of 103 cities representing 94% of the total 109 had organized their SWMBs in accordance with the provisions of RA their SWMBs

in accordance with the provisions of RA 9003 Of this number, however, only 49 cities or 44% had effective SWMBs

2.4.2 Creation of Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP)

2.4.2.2 Proper waste collection and transfer

2.5 Source for final waste disposal

In 2004, a total of 91 cities or about 85% of the 107 urban centers had formulated their respective 10-year SWMPs Of this number, only 67 cities had formulated quality SWMPs in accordance with the minimum requirements of

RA 9003 Another 25 cities had demonstrated high performance levels for formulating quality SWMPs Furthermore, the remaining 15 cities had within and below benchmark capacity levels in preparing their respective SWMPs

2.5.1 Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility(MRF) in Barangay and City

level

2.5.2 Composting of Biodegradable Waste to be used as organic fertilizer

2.5.3 Innovative way of Recycling of Non-biodegradable was t e

2.5.4 Segregation at source Household level

2.5.5 Innovative way of collecting segregated waste using dump trucks,

tricycles and pedicabs

2.5.6 Construction of Sanitary Landfill

2.6.1 Cannot be effectively addressed by most LGU alone

2.6.2 Most do not have enough technical and engineering expertise

2.6.3 Regulatory and enforcement powers with public education, awareness,

and involvement campaigns are not properly implemented

2.6.4 It is not fully implemented, accepted, and institutionalized by the people

and institutions

2.6.5 Doesn’t have strong political will in implementing what is good for the

environment and the people

2.6.6 Only 2% of the Cities of the entire country had established a Sanitary

Landfills due to lack of funds

The biggest challenge to growing LGUs is to come up with solid waste and pollution control strategies that would effectively reduce the rubbish released

to the environment Unfortunately, this challenge cannot be effectively addressed

by each LGU alone LGUs need to combine their technical and engineering expertise and their regulatory and enforcement powers with public education, awareness and involvement campaigns to be able to properly implement solid waste and pollution control programs Finally, a good solid waste and pollution control strategy will not be an effective one until it is fully implemented, accepted, and institutionalized by the people and institutions As noted by several local chief executives with exemplary solid waste programs, their strategies were not about good engineering and slogans but rather strong political will in implementing what is good for the environment and the people

PART III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Republic Act (RA) 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act requires Local Government Units (LGUs) to prepare 10-year SWM plans Part of their task is to conduct an activity called the Waste Analysis and Characterization Study or WACS Section 17 of the Act defines waste characterization as “the identification of constituent materials which comprise solid waste generated and disposed of within an area It identifies constituent materials by volume, percentage in weight or its volumetric equivalent, material type and source of generation which includes residential, commercial, industrial and institutional.”

The Act further provides the basic method for doing the WACS, the final result of which is a set of data that shows the per capita and total waste generation and composition of such waste in a particular LGU ISWM plans submitted to the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) for review and approval are expected to include a discussion of the WACS results The WACS approach described and illustrated in this manual is the result of more than five years of work by the Philippine Environmental Governance Project (EcoGov) and its LGU partners to develop a waste assessment and characterization process that meets the intent of RA 9003 and is also practical, replicable and affordable for relatively small LGUs

3.1.1 The key features of the recommended WACS approach are:

3.1.1.1 It has an implementation period of at least three days The shift from

seven days to a shorter period is supported by a statistical analysis which showed no significant differences between the seven-day and three-day WACS data of 49 EcoGov-assisted LGUs (10 cities and 39 municipalities)

3.1.1.2 It looks at both ends of the waste stream – waste generation at source,

and waste at the “end of the pipe” (i.e., the waste that are collected and brought to the disposal area) The study intends to provide an estimate

of the waste that “leaks out” of the stream or the “unaccounted waste.” This refers to generated wastes that are uncollected and therefore disposed in backyards, open spaces, rivers and creeks

3.1.1.3 LGUs with no waste collection services will focus its WACS on waste

generation at source

3.1.2 WACS generates these basic data for planning:

3.1.2.1 Waste generation at source (e.g., per unit and total per source)

3.1.2.2 Total waste generation within collection area and in the whole LGU 3.1.2.3 Composition of waste generated at source

3.1.2.4 Volume and composition of waste brought to the disposal site

3.1.2.5 Potential percentage of waste for diversion at source and at disposal site 3.1.2.6 Percentage of generated waste within collection area that is not

accounted for (i.e., wastes not reaching the disposal facility)

3.1.2.7 Waste generation at source is estimated with samples from two types of

waste generators: households and non-households Non-household