A STUDY OF LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE

A STUDY OF LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE

Name is not a name, it’s a special linguistic features On this basis, thethesis investigates the names of coffee shops in English versus Vietnamese interms of structural and semantic features on descriptive, quantitative andcontrastive methods.The study uses 420 samples which were taken fromInternet for the sake of the structural and semantic analysis They areanalyzed under phrasal structures and sentence structures in terms of syntacticfeatures With regard to the semantic features, samples are analyzed anddescribed on the basis of semantic changes and semantic fields The thesisalso offers some implications for the teachers, learners and owners of thecoffee shops

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 RATIONALE 1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2

1.1.1 Aims of the Study 2

1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 2

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 2

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5

2.1 OVERVIEW 5

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 8

2.2.1 Definition of Terms 8

2.2.2 Morphological Features 10

2.2.3 Syntactic Features 11

2.2.4 Semantic Features 17

2.2.5 Culture and Language 24

2.2.6 Sino Vietnamese 26

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 27

3.1 OVERVIEW 27

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 27

3.3 RESEARCH METHOD 27

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLE 28

3.5 DATA COLLECTION 28

3.5.1 Instruments for Data Collection 28

3.5.2 Procedures for Data Collection 29

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS 29

3.7 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 30

3.8 SUMMARY 30

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 31

4.1 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE 31

4.1.1 Morphological Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English Versus Vietnamese 31

4.1.2 Morphological Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in Vietnamese 35

4.2 SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE 38

4.2.1 Syntactic Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English 39

4.2.2 Syntactic Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in Vietnamese 53

4.2 THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE 67

4.2.1 Transference of Meaning of the Name of Coffee Shop in English and in Vietnamese 67

4.2.2 Transference of Meaning of the Name of Coffee Shop in English and in Vietnamese 68

4.2.3 The Semantic Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English Versus Vietnamese Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.4 The Semantic Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in Vietnamese 83

4.3 UNDERLYING REASONS FOR SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF BRAND NAMES

OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION 103

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 103

5.2 IMPLICATIONS 105

5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 108

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 109

REFERENCES 110 APPENDIX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

V : Verb Adj : Adjective Adv : Adverb Prep : Prep

NP : Noun Phrase

VP : Verb Phrase Adj P : Adjective Phrase Adv P : Adverb Phrase Prep.P : Prepositional Phrase Pre M : Pre – modifier

P M : Post modifier

PA : Possessive Adjective Pa.P : Past Participle

Pres.P : Present Participle

LIST OF TABLES

Number of

Table 4.1 Frequency of Morphological features of the names

of coffee shop in English and Vietnamese

38

Table 4.2 Frequency of Syntactic Features of the names of

coffee shop in English Versus Vietnamese

61

Table 4.3 Summary of Syntactic Features of the names of

coffee shop in English Versus Vietnamese

Table 4.4 Frequency of Semantic Features of the Name of

Coffee Shops in English and in Vietnamese

82

LIST OF FIGURES

Number of

Figure 4.1 Frequency of Morphological Features of the names

of coffee shop in English Versus Vietnamese

38

Figure 4.2 Summary of structural features of the names of

coffee shop in English Versus Vietnamese

61

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1.1 RATIONALE

After a hard working day, a coffee shop is an ideal destination foreverybody for entertainment or chatting Each coffee shop has a differentname Name is one of the indispensable parts of a shop A shop’s name is notmerely a name but also a brand name associated with the business strategies

to compete with other shops and attract the attention of the customers.Indeed, far more than just a series of letters or words, a name own its successand attraction to the way it is named Nowadays, with the fierce competition

in the market, it is required that shops have impressive names to give thecustomers a good impression on them

Moreover, there are more and more coffee shops establishedeverywhere with various names We can see many names not only in dailylife but also on television, in newspapers, magazines, on the streets etc.Names do not only play an important role in the economic development ofshops but also is regarded as a special linguistic phenomenon It gives thetypical rules of morphological, syntactic and semantic features For example,

in the aspect of syntactic features, the coffee shops with name “Black Bird”,having a semantic field of animals It is a noun phrase with the combination

of the adjective “Black” and the noun “Bird” in the syntactic features Inaddition, names reflect the cultural features and thoughts of the owners of theshops when they name their shops like that There have been a lot ofVietnamese learners and customers who have a little knowledge of Englishnames of a shop which make them feel difficult to understand them They are

wondering why the owners named their shops like that and they don’t knowthe meaning of those name.

For above reasons, we have decided on the thesis: “A Study of Linguistic Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English Versus Vietnamese” as the topic of my MA thesis with the hope that language

learners can have deep insight and understand names of coffee shops

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Aims of the Study

The study is aimed:

- To help learners of English as a foreign language understand thestructural features of the names of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese

- To help learners of English as a foreign language understand thesemantic features of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese

- To give the cross cultural communicators and learners of English andVietnamese as a foreign language have a good insight into the cultural,historical features of English and Vietnamese

1.2.2 Objectives of the Study

The study is to:

- Describe the structural features of names of coffee shops in Englishand Vietnamese

- Describe the semantic features of names of coffee shops in Englishand Vietnamese

- Find out the similarities and differences in the linguistic features ofnames of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In the period of integration and development, a name of shop really plays

an essential role in business It’s the key to the success of your shop in

competing with the other shops Names of the coffee shops are regarded asone of the special linguistic features Not many people understand how thename structured, what they mean, and what stylistic devices used as well ascultural contained in those names of the coffee shops.

For this reason, it is hoped that my MA thesis entitled “A Study ofLinguistic Features of The Names of Coffee Shops In English Versus

Vietnamese” will help cross cultural communicators and learners of English

and Vietnamese as a foreign language understand and gain a good insight intothe cultural, historical features of the native places contained in the names ofcoffee shops On the other hand, the result of the study will give a chance forteachers to reply their students’ questions Moreover, a study will help theowner to choose the effective and useful names for their coffee shops

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is confined itself to the linguistic features of the names ofcoffee shops in English versus Vietnamese Regarding linguistic features, wedealt with analyzing structural features, i.e morphological and syntacticfeatures as well as semantic features; then, on the basis of analyzed semantic

features, cultural features of these names are considered in order that we canpoint out the similarities and differences between them.

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The study includes five chapters presented below:

Chapter 1 - Introduction

This chapter mentions the study’s rationale, aims and objective,significance, the research questions, and the scope of the study and theorganization of the study

Chapter 2 - Literature Review and Theoretical Background

This chapter consists of two parts The first part is a review of previousresearch related to my thesis The second part provides the theoreticalbackground for the research questions addressed of the study It also defineskey term of the study

Chapter 3 - Method and Procedure

This chapter presents the research methodology which comprises theinformation of the subjects, instruments of data collection, data collectionmethod and research methods and methods of data analysis

Chapter 4 - Findings and Discussion

This chapter analyses the findings of the study and discusses thefindings in the light of the research questions

Chapter 5 - Conclusions and Implications

This chapter summarizes and concludes what has done in the research,gives implications of the study, points out the limitations of the study andgive some recommendations for further research

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 OVERVIEW

The focus of this study is on the linguistic features of the names ofcoffee shops in English versus Vietnamese, particularly, the study dealts withstructural features and semantic features This chapter will first discussstudies that have done in this area to date and then move to theoreticalbackground with a view of supplying a framework for the study

The article “An Analysis on Lexical Features of English Brand Names” on another website http://mt.china-papers.com/2/?p=181988 analyzed the word

structures and semantic features of English brand names on the basis oflexicology, morphology, and semantics and elicits distinctive features ofEnglish brand names Besides that analyzing the differences between Englishand Chinese brand names was explored from four perspectives – source,syllable, word structure and meaning However, this paper have just studied

lexical features of English and Chinese, it haven’t paid attention to thesyntactic features and mentioned to the brand name in Vietnamese.

In addition, the thesis “A Study on English and Chinese Brand Names” [35]on

Websites http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40470030? studied approaching

English and Chinese brand names from a cognitive stance, the thesis aimed atexploring the cognitive psychology of English and Chinese people in brandnaming, to a great extent, i.e., the similarity between English and Chinesebrand name

Besides the above websites, there are some studies related to this studyavailable in the library and in some scientific magazines as follow:

In her thesis of “Brand names in English”[23] Vân studied

morphological features of brands, stylistic devices of brand as well as thecultural features of brand names The research has shown that blending is one

of the popular morphological features in brand names In term of stylisticdevices, alliteration is the most persuasive, effective and memorable way tocreate brand names

Another study worth mentioning is: “Linguistic Features of Names of Food And Drinks in Restaurant Menus in Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnamese And in English” by Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Duyên[7] The result of the

study has shown that the structural features found in the names of food anddrinks in Vietnamese are more various in those names given in English Interm of cultural features, the names of food and drinks in English and inVietnamese have the same point because the names of food and drinks inEnglish are translated from Vietnamese names While Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Duyên

studied about “Names of Food and Drinks in Restaurant Menus”, Ha Ngoc Hien investigated “Names of Restaurants in English and Vietnamese” Both

thesis have concentrated on the structural and semantic features By allmeans, we also make reference to this in our thesis.

Regarding rhetorically, in her thesis “An Investigation into Some

Commonly Used Stylistic Devices in Advertising Language in English and Vietnamese Newspapers”[22], Phan Thi Uyen Uyen found out the distinctive

stylistic devices features using in advertising of two languages in newspapers

Moreover, Hoang Kim Anh in “An Investigation into Stylistic Devices Using In Proverbs” The author analyses some stylistic features such as alliteration,

rhyme, metaphor, personification From that analysis, the author also drew outsome characteristics as well as some different features of proverbs in Englishand Vietnamese These two theses above is very useful for us to make reference

With regard to culture, Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2008), in “Đặc Trưng Văn Hóa Dân Tộc Của Ngôn Ngữ Và Tư Duy”[33] emphasized the relationship between

culture and language According to him, language is the most importantcultural element bearing national aspects besides habits, customs, traditions,and so on Also in the work, cultural and national aspects of languagenomination mentioned.Moreover, with reference to culture of major English-speaking countries, Hữu Ngọc (2000) discusses Western cultural identity ingeneral and American in particular[31] The author clarifies Americancultural value and facets of American society as well In addition,

Tomscha(1992)[21] mentions “American Custom and Tradition” Brown K.et

Oxford(2005) provides us with the value of Bristish and Americanculture.Conrad Phillip Kottak(2002) mentions some traditional Americanvalues Nguyen Ngoc Hung, Nguyen Hao(2003) provides us with theinteresting information about American ways of life

In general, the above research papers and writings only mention tonames generally at angles and on different scales However, there is no work

that can be studied deeply and comprehensively of linguistic features ofnames of coffee shop in English versus Vietnamese Therefore, this studyattempts to explore.

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.2.1 Definition of Terms

a Definition of Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis was defined by Fisiak(1981) as “a sub discipline

of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages orsubsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences andsimilarities between them”.[13]

b Definition of Names

A name is a word or term used for identification Names can identify a

class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a givencontext [77]

 Classification of Name

Personal Name

A personal name is a proper name identifying an individual person, andtoday usually comprises a given name bestowed at birth or at a young ageplus a surname [88]

Personal name not only name person but can also serve as a source ofmany other kind of name There’s a well of data on naming practice amongdifferent group of people at different time, the popularity of certain name [88]

Personal names can be the sources of most business establishments, and

in such cases and the genitive form of either the first or last name can be used.For instance: Ellen Jefferson can name her restaurant or boutique Ellen’s orRestaurant [9]

 Place Name

The names of continents, oceans, seas, currents, rivers, lakes, islands,mountains, deserts, swamps, natural landmarks, countries, cities, settlements,streets, farms, and all of the geographic objects on the surface of the earth

The sum of geographic names forms a system or configuration ofpeculiarities and symbols that repeat themselves regularly in the process ofthe formation of toponyms and of their current relatively stable condition.Such a system in different countries of the world is always diverse in age andlanguage, since it reflects the historical conditions of the country and thelanguage of the people who now populate it and who have settled it in thepast [4]

c Definitions of Coffee Shops

Coffee shop is a small restaurant in which coffee and light meals areserved [52]

d Definition of Brand Names

A brand name is a complex symbol representing a variety of ideas orattributes, not only by its sound and/or its meaning but also throughassociation it has built up and acquired as a public object over a period oftime (Gardner and Levy 1955)

A brand name is also the foundation of a brand image A carefullycreated and chosen name can bring inherent and immediate value to the brand(Kohli and LaBahn 1997)

e Brand Name Classification

Descriptive brands: the name describes a key benefit or aspect

associated with the product and services

Personal – based brands: with this approach the product and services

are identified by the names of owners, partners or key individuals Very

commonly used by attorneys and physicians, celebrity named perfumes etc.

Associative brands: this type of branding uses fabricated words, or

words that do not normally have meaning in this context, and then usespromotion to forge theminto an identity

Geographic brand names: this strategy can be used in several

different ways One approach uses local or regional folklore to create a “downhome” feel for the product and service Another variant of this strategy is touse words like “indian” or “us” to provide the patriotic appeal Finally, distantgeographic names can be used to create an exotic image For examplesinclude, American Airlines, Asian Paints, Air India etc

Alpha – numeric brand names: this approach uses the combination of

letters and numbers (either in numerical form or in script) to describe aproduct service brand

2.2.2 Morphological Features

a Acronym

According to Quirk, R [19, p.1031-1032] Acronyms are words formedfrom the initial letter of the words that make up a descriptive phrase orpropername For example, UNH, NLF Acronyms which are pronounced as aword, containing initial letter, for example: NATO, RADA, OPEC

b Blending

According to an Encyclopedic dictionary of language, “ blending is a process

in grammar or vocabulary which takes place when two elements do not normally

co-occurred are combined into a single linguistic unit, for example: Motel [46 ]

c Clipping

In reference to clipping, Quirk R et al [19, p.130] is a process in which

a new word is created by the subtraction of one or more syllable from a wordwhich is also available in its full form

Final clipping in the process in which an element or elements are takenfrom the end of a word.

2.2.3 Syntactic Features

a Word Classes

Word class is a group of words which are similar in function Wordsare grouped into word classes according to the meaning that they express, tohow they combine with other words, how they change their form (Richard, et

al, 1992, p 470)

b Word Level Categories

Word – class plays an important role in analyzing the semantic features ofword Dealing with this issue, linguists have given a variety of viewpoint InEastwood’s opinion [8, P.11], there are eight word classes in English, sometime

called “parts of speech” They are verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, pronouns, conjunctions, and prepositions A word can belong to

more than one word – class For examples, love is both noun and verb.

According to Quirk [19, p.6] Words classes are generally divided into twobroad groups: lexical categories and non – lexical categories

Words in English are classified into five types: simple words, derivedwords and compound words, complex words, reduplication words.

A simple word is the one that only consist of a root morpheme, for

example: girl, table, box, friend and so on.

A derived word is the one that consists of a root and one or more

derivational morpheme: teacher, amusing, unfriendly and so on.

A compound word is the one that has at least two roots, with or without

derivational morpheme: whitehouse, blackboard, lady – killer and so on In

comparison with words Vietnamese, there are some differences

A complex is the one that is obviously composed by putting together

smaller elements to form larger word with more complex meaning For

example, employee.

A reduplication word: some compounds have two or more elements

which are either identical or only slightly different For example, goody, tick – tock of clock, bow-wow of dog.

good-In the view of Diệp Quang Ban and Hoàng Văn Thung [1, p.44],Vietnamese words can be classified into two types: simple words andcompound words

A simple word is the one which consist of one syllable: yêu, nhà, ăn, ở

and so on.

A compound word is the one which contains two or more than two

syllables: nhà cửa, ăn uống, ngu dốt, xe đạp, lộn xộn A compound word

could be divided into two sub-classes: a complex word (từ ghép) andreduplication word (từ láy)

A complex word is a group of words combined with each other and has

semantic relationship For example, mồ hôi, bồ kết, ễnh ương.

A reduplication word is formed by repeating a part of a word to form a

new word, alternating the meaning of original word It consists of full andpartial reduplication Full reduplication involves a reduplication of entire

word For example, xinh xinh, đần đần, ngơ ngơ Whereas, partial

reduplication involves a reduplication of anly part of the word For example,

róc rách, ngào ngạt, thoang thoảng and so on

The Vietnamese word is a monomorphemic word Therefore, thederived word can not be found

b Phrase Structures

 Noun phrases

According to Delahunty G & Garvey J [2, p.181], noun phrase is aphrase in which there is a main noun named the “head” The noun phrasefunctions as follows:

Pre-modifier + Head + Post- modifierDelahunty G & Garvey J [2, p.181] states that a noun phrase mustcontain a head noun with or without modifiers

In Vietnamese, Diệp Quang Ban (2004) states that a noun phrase iscompound of a “Đầu tố” (Head), “Tiền điều biến tố” (pre – modifier) and

“Hậu điều biến tố” (post – modifier) which follows the head The structure of

a noun phrase can be summarized in the following formular:

Tiền điều biến tố + Đầu tố + Hậu điều biến tố

 Verb Phrases

Delahunty G & Garvey J [2, p.191] clarifies that verb phrase has oneprominent purpose in life to function as predicates along with subjects andthus to form clauses and they show the verb phrase functional formular asfollows:

(Auxiliary) + Head + (object (s)/ Complement) + (Modifier)

With reference to Diep Quang Ban‘s statement [11, p.12], aVietnamese verb phrase consists of three parts: “Phần đầu” (operator), “phầntrung tâm” (head) and “Phần cuối” (Object/ Complement) which are shown inthe following formula:

Phần đầu + Phần trung Tâm + Phần cuối

(Operator) (Head) (object/ complement)

 Prepositional Phrases

In accordance with Delahunty and Garvey’s statement, a prepositionalphrase consists of a proposition followed by a noun phrase [2, p171].Therefore, we can summarize the functional formula of the prepositionalphrase as follows:

Preposition + Noun phrase

The adverb phrases has as its head an adverb, which may be preceded

by pre-modifier and( less commonly) followed by postmodifier

Table: the structure of adverb phrase

(Premodifier) + Head (adv) + postmodifier

c English Sentence Structures

 Definition

Sentence is the largest unit of grammatical organization within whichpart of speech (for example, nouns, verbs, adverbs) and grammatical classes(for example, word, phrases, and clause) are said to function In English asentence normally contains one independent clause with a finite verb.

Frank [14 ,p220] stated thet sentence is a full predication containing asubject plus a predicate with a finite verb Its arrangement may be symbolized

by such as SVO (Subject + Verb + Object), NVN (Noun + Verb + noun), or

NP +VP (noun phrase + verb phrase)

E.g: the boy who opened the door walked into his room

 Compound- Complex Sentence

This sentence contain two or more independent clause and one or moredependent clauses [14, p.223]

E.g The boy who opened the door and took a rest

 English Sentence Structure

Simple Sentence is usefully distinguished as seven clause types They

are SV, SVA, SVC, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVOO.

- Intransitive clause types: SV

Ex: she is crying

S V

- Intransitive clause type: SVA

Ex: My room is upstair

S V A

- Intensive Clause Type: SVCs

Ex: Tom is a doctor

S V C

- Monotransitive Clause Type: SVOd

Ex: She enjoys apples

S V Od

- Mono – Transitive Clause Type: SVOA

Ex: The government sent the envoy to Africa

S V Od A

- Di – Transitive Clause Type: SVOiOd

Ex: He gives me a book

S V Oi Od

- Complex – Transitive Clause Type: SVOdCod

Ex: We prolaimed her our championship

S V O d C od

d Vietnamese Sentence Structures

Accoring to Nguyễn Hồng Cổn, Vietnamese Sentence is formed from

the following structures[81]:

a Component of Word Meaning

 Denotative Meaning( Denotation)

Fromkin (1990) stats that denotation is a type of meaning that can be

described in term of a set of semantic properties which serve to identify theconcept associated with the word in question To some other linguists,denotation is that part of meaning of a word or a phrase that relates it to thephenomena in the real world or in fictional or possible For example, the

denotation of English word blue is a color In a meaning system, denotative

meaning maybe regarded as the “central” meaning or “core” meaning oflexical item [15 ,p129]

The denotative meaning points out things, concepts in external world.Denotation associates expressions to classes of entities in the world( Lyons1997) For example: fish denotes animal that can swim, “storm, snow” denotethe natural phenomenon or “students” denotes people who go to school forstudying

 Connotative Meaning (Connotation)

In the comparison with denotation, connotative meaning shows us howthings, concepts are expressed It conveys the speaker’s attitudes, emotions

In other words, connotation refers to the “second order” of significationGerald The connotations are the additional meanings that a word or phrasehas beyond its central or denotative meanings, since it describes theinteraction that occurs when a sign expresses the feelings or emotions of theusers and reveals the value of their culture In facr, some connotations may beshared by a group of people of the same cultural or social background, sex orage…, others are restricted to one or several individuals and depends on theirpersonal experience

Connotation involves emotional overtones, subjective interpretationevaluation , socio-cultural values and ideological assumptions In otherwords, connotation is linked to emotions and our view of the wordsconcerned

b Semantic Changes (Transference of Meaning)

Semantic change (also semantic shift, semantic progression or semanticdrift) is the evolution of word usage — usually to the point that the modernmeaning is radically different from the original usage In diachronic (orhistorical) linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of

a word Every word has a variety of senses and connotations, which can beadded, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates acrossspace and time have very different meanings The study of semantic changecan be seen as part of etymology, onomasiology, semasiology, and semantics

 Rhetorical Devices

According to Wikipedia, a rhetorical device or resource of language is

a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader ameaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topicfrom a different perspective [90]

Metaphor

This is a case of word or phrase which is used for special effect, andwhich does not have its usual or literal meaning This is transference of namesbased on the association of similarity By the use of metaphor, something isdescribed by stating another thing with which it can be compared

Example: In Her words stabbed at his heart, the words did not actually

stab, but their effect is compared to the stabbing of a knife

- The case of similarity

The formal similarity may be in shape:

Bulb (of electric lamp) hand (of clock)

- It may be in spatial relationship, for example:

Bottom (of road)

Face (of building)

Or the metaphor may combine shape and spatial relationship:

Arm( of chair) leg (of table)

Cap (of bottle) vein (in marble)

The tranference of space relations on mental is sometimes a goodsource of metaphors:

E.g - to catch an idea

- to throw light upon

- to get the hang of

A remoter spatial relationship is conveyed by rainbow (‘an arch ofcontiguous colours’) in rainbow coalition, and by shoot (dischargesomething’) in shoot oneself with a drug, or shoot a question at somebody

The similarity may be functional:

Bump (from job) (menu 9 on computer screen – also similar in layout)Cannibalize ( a vehicle) mule ( drug courier)

Ceiling (for prices) program (computer)

Demolish (an argument) sow (dissent)

Grash (an idea) (computer) virus

The similarity may be evaluative, as in these expressions when they areapplied to people:

Angel honey

Arse-hole mouse

Baby pig

- The similarity of position

E.g The foot of mountain; the leg of a table

- The similarity of movement

E.g to worm

- The similarity of color

E.g orange, rose

- The similarity of size

E.g elephantine

- The similarity of behavior or character

E.g a fox, a snake

- Names of the part of human body, names of animals are great source

of metaphor

E.g - The back of the book

- She is a fox

- Set expressions are based on names of animals as well

E.g – He is Don Juan

- She is a new Madonna

meaning as an entity or attribute that is substituted for something to which it

is associated This is the transference of name based on association of

contiguity (expressing something in terms of one of its attributes or somethingclosely related to it)[ 1 ]

Example: He drank twenty glasses.( name of containers are used for

things contained)

 The case of metonymy

Here are common kinds of metonymic relationship that have result innew meanings:

Names of containers are used for the things contained

E.g he drank twenty glasses

Names of parts of the body are used as symbols

E.g she has a good ear of music

Names of materials are used instead of the things made

China (ware), Holland (linen), Morocco (leather)

- Proper names are used as common names

E.g Champagne, burgundy, Madeira

- Part for whole: a separate part is used instead of a whole thing andvice versa

E.g I used to live without a roof over my head

(new) blood (‘ people’), (new) face (‘ person’), (another) hand (‘person’)

- Concrete things for abstract: Concrete things are used in stead ofabstract things

E.g falsehood (‘lie’), performance (event), terror (‘referring to aperson’), trust (‘organization’)

 Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which Animals, inanimate

objects or abstractions are represented as having human characteristics(behaviour, feelings, character etc.) Personification can make a narrationmore interesting and lively.

Example: I closed the door, and my stubborn car refused to open it again

d Semantic Fields

In “ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language” [ ,p.104], D Chrystalstated that a semantic field is a named area of meaning in which lexemesinterrelate and define each other in specific ways

For instance, the field of ‘flower” comprises the lexemes: rose, apricot,, orchid , daisy… ; or “ music” field is composed of lexemes like song, singer, musician, lyric, rock, pop, …….

Geoffrey Finch [43, P177] defined that semantic field is an area ofmeaning containing words with related sense Meaning of words clustertogether to form field of meaning, which in turn cluster into even larger fieldsuntil the entire language is encompassed

From that above view, we can define a semantic field of health

containing words like fitness, good condition, haleness, healthiness, robustness, salubrity, soundness, strength This field belongs in turn within a larger one of physical states.

According to J.C Richards, J Platt and H Platt [20, P211] semantic

field is “the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another” For instance, kinship term such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunts belong to a lexical field whose relevant features include generation, sex, membership of father’s or mother’s side of the family, etc.

The assumption of lexical field analysis or semantic field analysis isthat lexemes can be grouped together into semantic fields on the basis of

shared meaning and that most, if not all the vocabulary of a language, can beaccounted for in this way The description of meaning, the definition oflexemes is then undertaken within each semantic field and involves definingeach lexeme in relation to the other lexemes in the field.

Semantic fields play an important role in semantic analysis Firstly,since most words are ambiguous, it is often simpler to deal with each of theirsense in it own semantic domain Secondly, fields provide an intermediateunit between the atomicity of single words and the whole of a vocabulary[P36,palmer ebook grammartical and meaning]

2.2.5 Culture and Language

a Concepts of Culture

According to Wikipedia, Culture is the cumulative deposit ofknowledge , experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies,religion, notion of time, rales , spatial relation, concepts of the universe andmaterial objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course

of generation through individual and group striving Culture covers almost allaspect of human life including beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, socialhabits, daily activities

b Basic Characteristic and Functions of Culture

Culturally, Trần Ngọc Thêm (2001)[34] clarifies four basiccharacteristics of culture which lead to four important functions of culture asfollows:

Firstly, Culture is systematically Thank to this, culture as a subjectcovering all of society’s activities carries out the function of society-Organizing

Secondly, Culture is value-base In accordance with Trần Ngọc Thêm’sstatement, culture only contains beauty and value Basing on the purpose of

usage, cultural values are devided nto material ones and spiritual ones Thischaracteristic helps culture carries out the function of society adjusting.

Thirdly, culture is humanness Culture is a social phenomenon as well

as the product from human being’s practical activities Culture is the onewhich originates from nature and changed by human being’s influence Thischaracteristic allows us to distinguish creative men from instinctive animals,and culture from natural values which have not been attached to humanbeing’s creative traits Culture clasely attaches to human being and theiractivities, so it becomes an important communicative tool Andcommunicative function is also the third one of culture

Finally, culture is historical spreading In fact, culture is formed,accumulated and transferred from one generation to another Thecharacteristic is maintained by the cultural traditions which exist byeducation Therefore, education function is the last one of culture

In summary, culture is identified through four typical characteristics:systematically, value-base, humanness, and historical spreading which lead tofour equivalent functions: society-organizing, society-adjusting,communicating and educating

c The Relationship between Language and Culture

Edward Sapir in his studies with Benjamin Lee Whorf recognized therelationship between language and culture, concluding that it is not possible

to understand or appreciate one without knowledge of the other [94]

The structure of a language determines the way in which speaker ofthat language view the word or, as a weaker view, the structure does notdetermine the world view but but is still extremely fluential in predisposingspeaker of a language toward adopting their world view

The culture of the people finds reflection in the language they employbecause they value certain thing and do them in certain way, they come touse their language in way that reflect what they value and what they do.

2.2.6 Sino-Vietnamese

Sino-Vietnamese are the elements in the Vietnamese language derived

from Chinese They account for between 30% and 60% of the Vietnamesevocabulary, not including calques from China This vocabulary was originallywritten with Chinese characters that were used in the Vietnamese writingsystem, but like all written Vietnamese, is now written with Vietnamesealphabet, the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet that was adopted in the early20th century for writing the Vietnamese language [98]

The term “Sino-Vietnamese” was used by Samuel Martin in one of the

three main strands of his "Sino-Xenic" (1953) nomenclature for Chinese asspoken and written in Vietnam (Sino-Vietnamese), Korea (Sino-Korean), andJapan (Sino-Japanese)

Let us have a look at the following example:

in this chapter

CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter will present the method and procedure employed to carryout the study To gain the underlying purpose of this study, we adopted thedescriptive and comparative method in combination with qualitative andquantitative approaches to linguistic features on the basis of the theoreticalknowledge mentioned in the previous chapter In this chapter, we will alsodescribe population and samples selected for the study, instruments togetherwith data collection and data analysis These parts will be followed by theconsideration of reliability and validity

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

This is a descriptive, comparative, qualitative and quantitative studywhich seeks for information about the linguistic features of names of coffeeshops in English versus Vietnamese This study also looks for the similaritiesand differences in the linguistic features of the names of coffee shops inEnglish versus Vietnamese and the underlying reasons leading to thesimilarities and differences

3.3 RESEARCH METHOD

As the objective of the research is to study the linguistic features ofnames of coffee shops in English versus Vietnamese, We applied descriptiveand comparative methods in combination with the qualitative and quantitativeapproaches

The descriptive method is to describe and interpret the morphological,

syntactic and semantic features of the names of coffee shops in English versusVietnamese

The comparative method is used to find out the similarities and

differences of linguistic features of the names of coffee shops in Englishversus Vietnamese with the help of the variety of sources such as books,dictionaries, newspaper, magazine and Internet websites

The qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in the above

methods to find out linguistic features of the names of coffee shops in the twolanguages and analyze these features in the table

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLES

In order to have the data for the research, we collected a thousand ofnames of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese, and then I randomly pick out

420 samples which are suitable for the study These samples are the names ofcoffee shops in 3 major cities in England (London, New York and SydneyNSW) and 3 major cities in Vietnam (Hanoi, Danang, Ho Chi Minh City)

3.5 DATA COLLECTION

3.5.1 Instruments for Data Collection

In the study, I have used some Internet websites below for searchingsamples of the names of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese

In English

(1) http://www.192.com/atoz/business/london/coffee shops/10/#

(2) http://london.localtiger.co.uk/london-yellow-pages-address-telephone (3) http://www.yell.com/s/cafes+and+coffee+shops-england.html (4) http://www.yellowpages.com/new-york/coffee-

(2) http://sotaydulich.com/42-6369-nhung-quan-ca-phe-ten-rat-ngo(3) http://www.webdanang.com/da-nang/cafe

(4)

quan-cafe- lang-man-tai-tphcm

(5) http://quancafe.vn/cac-quan-cafe-o-ha-noi

3.5.2 Procedures for Data Collection

The study looks for the samples of the names of coffee shops on theInternet

The study randomly collects 420 samples (210 in English and 210 inVietnamese)

The samples will be sorted and analyzed in term of structural andsemantic features

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS

After completing the data collection, analyzing and classifying data arethe next steps The researcher will employ to analyze and classify the data interms of structural and semantic perspectives They will be qualitatively andquantitatively processed to study some linguistic features of the names ofcoffee shops in English and Vietnamese The data are categorized into mainaspects: morphology, syntax, and semantics

Morphologically, relying on some basic concepts related tomorphology, we classify the names of coffee shops into morphologicalfeatures such as acronym, clipping, blending and etymology, reduplicationand number according to the found names of coffee shops in English andVietnamese

Syntactically, all names of coffee shops in English and Vietnamese will

be analyzed and classified with different structural categories noun phrases,verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases and preposition phrases Theexamples will be enclosed to clarify the matter And then, we find out the

similarities and differences in the structures of the names of coffee shops inEnglish and Vietnamese.

Semantically, we find out and study the semantic changes( transference ofmeaning) in the names of the coffee shops through rhetorical devices such asmetaphor, metonymy and personification Besides, the data will be also analyzedinto semantic fields such as: personal name, place name, history, flowers, animals,good messages… etc.Through analyzing the semantic features, some culturalfeatures are also presented The names of coffee shops in English and Vietnamesewill be treated and interpreted to find out their underlying cultural features

After completing the above steps, we will make some suggestions forfurther study and offer some appropriate and effective learning and teachingways Simultaneously, we point out the limitation of the study

3.7 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

In this study, all the quoted data are completely the same as the originmaterial with clear and exact information of authors, the names of publishers,the time, and place of publication as well as the page number of the extracted

In addition, the results and findings of this study are certainly reliablebecause they are elicited from careful data analysis with accurate statistics.Both data and background for this research are quite reliable to learners andresearchers of English and Vietnamese

For validity, this study is worked out under all required criteria in notonly its forms but also its contents Within the scope of the study, all names ofcoffee shops collected More importantly, the collected names of coffee shopsare always compared with the theory in theoretical background to make surethe quality and validity of the study

3.8 SUMMARY

This chapter has presented the methodology used in the study The study

of this issue was based on the names of coffee shops taken from the Internet.These sources of data will be analyzed and discussed in the next chapter

CHAPTER 4FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 OVERVIEW

In this chapter, we study the names of coffee shops in English versusVietnamese in terms of structural; i.e morphological, syntactic features,semantic ones Simultaneously, the similarities and differences of the names

of coffee shops in English versus Vietnamese are also pointed out andclarified

4.2 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NAMES OF COFFEE SHOPS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE

4.2.1 Morphological Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English Versus Vietnamese

a Morphological Features of the Names of Coffee Shops in English

 Clipping in the Names of Coffee Shops

According to Wikipedia, clipping is the word formation process whichconsists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts [51 ] It is employed todesign the names of coffee shops in English Let us consider the followingexample:

(4.1) The Rocks deli [ ]

The noun phrase “The Rocks” is followed by “Deli” which is final

clipping form of the adjective “delicious’ playing a role as a post modifier forthe noun ‘The rocks’

 Blending in the Names of Coffee Shops

In blending, two words are brought together to form a new word It is aprocess that involves collapsing one form into the other In our collected data,there are some names of coffee shops created by blending , for example:

(4.2) Brunch Menu [ ] (4.3) Spork [ ]

As can be seen from example (4.2) and (4.3) “Brunch” is a blend of

breakfast and lunch and “Spork” is a blend of spoon and fork.

 Acronym in the Names of Coffee Shops

Acronym is a name for a word from the first letters of each word in aseries of word Acronym can be found in the names of coffee shop in English.The effect of this is usually to avoid a long name or to make the new nameunique and memorable to customers In acronym, names of coffee shops areformed by pronounced only as the names of the initial letters, for instance:

(4.4) AMT Coffee Shop [ ]

The acronym “AMT” stands for “Alistair McCallum Toppin” which is

the name of the owner’s coffee shop AMT Coffee is a UK chain of

coffeehouses that are mainly located in railway stations It was founded in

1992 by Alistair McCallum Toppin and his two brothers Angus and Alan.Their first shop opened in Oxford City Centre AMT was the first coffeecompany in the UK to use 100% fairtrade coffee and 100% organic milk

 Mixed Forms of the Names of Coffee Shops in English

Different from the types of structures, the names of coffee shops inEnglish are occasionally formed by mixed form of Accronym Let us have alook at the following example:

(4.5) Sustainable Nyc [ ]

In term of syntax, the noun phrase in this name consists of twoelements An acronym Nyc”, the shortened form of the phrase “New YorkCity”, functions as the head noun and the adjective “Sustainable” as postmodifier of the head

Some examples for this case is:( 4.6 ) MLC Grind ,(4.7) BB’s,( 4.8 ) AFKA Coffee shop,(4.9) JB Coffee Shop.

 Etymology in the Names of Coffee Shops

Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and howtheir form and meaning have changed over time By an extension, the term

"the etymology of [a word]" means the origin of the particular word

Let’s have a look at the following example:

(4.10) Angela’s Coffee Shop [ ]

Angela is a female given name It is derived from the Greek wordángelos (αγγελος), meaning "messenger of God" In the ), meaning "messenger of God" In the United States, thename "Angela" was at its most popular between 1965 and 1979, when it wasranked among the top 10 names for girls

 Reduplication

- Partial reduplication

According to Wikipedia, Partial reduplication involves a reduplication

of only part of the word.With regard to the English coffee shop names, partialreduplicated words are also employed to form the names Take consider thefollowing examples:

(4.11) Walt Wyat [ ]

- Total reduplication

Total reduplication involves a reduplication of the entire word Differentfrom the types of words mention above, full reduplicated word occasionally

seen in English names of coffee shops as in the following one:

(4.13) Meya Meya Coffee Shop [ ]

In example (4.12) and (4.13) the word “Tico” and “Meya” is repeated.

Total reduplication would be used to provide emphasis