ndi ngoai nhdt iudt trang nghiam" (Td hdu hdnh lang, tam quan, cdc (gac) chudng vdy quanh, trong ngodi ddu rd't muc trang nghidm) [Chuydn d i n Pham v a n Tudn. The Handbook ol Ti[r]
Trang 1VAN HOA - LICH SIT
^ Tt/THE GICllQUAN PHAT GIAO
KHAO VE KIEN TRUC MANDALA CHtiA DIEN H U U THCil LY
T r ^ n Trpng Difcftig'
"Chua M6t Cot" trong quang hcfn nSm mi/cfi nSm trd lai diiy da trd th^nh
bilu tUcfng cua Thing Long-Dong D6-Hk Noi, manh da't ng^n nSm vSn vkt Ng'u nhiT Khu^ Van Cdc - bieu t\igng cho truyen thong vk tinh th4n hi§'u hoc cua ngU^i Viet la mSt don nguyen ki§'n true mdi chi di/tfc xay dimg vko nam 1805, neu nha Thap Rua von Ik m6t ngfii mo thap t\S nhan cua BA h6 Kim (c6n goi thap Ba Ho) dimg nam 1886 nhiJng vi dia Im ma da h6a nhap v6i truyen thuyet
"Hoan kiem" roi trd th^nh bieu trUng cho khdt vong hoa binh va doc lap dan t6c, thi "chua M6t C6t" lai c6 be day ca ngin nSm lich SLf, kien true d6c dao n^y
da trd thanh mot hinh anh lap lanh, huyen dieu trong nhieu the he ngUdi Viet Bai vi§'t xuat phat tijf nhiJng su" li§u hflXi quan, se tien hanh thao luan vl cac tSn
goi va lich su: cua kien true doc dao nay Trong tam cua bai vi§'t se hudng Mn
thao luan va phuc ditog kien true th&i Ly cua kien true "mot cot" cung nhif y nghia bieu tUtfng ma n6 hkm chda tir th§' gidi quan Phat giao
1 Ve k h a i ni$m "Chua M^t COt"
1.1 Lii^c svC tinh hinh nghien ctiu ve kien true va bieu ti/^g "Chua Mot C^t"
"Nhat Try Tu" (hay chua M6t Cot) la khai nigm difoc dat ra d the ky XVII
danh cho kien true mot egt tai chua Di§n Hifu th&i Ly (the ky XI-XII), khai niem nay hien nay eon diTgre dich ra ti§'ng Anh la "One Pillar Pagoda" Viee dung d ^ g giiJa cac giai thuyet khien cho eac nha nghifen ciiU trU6c nay cung da c6 nhOfng each ly giai khac nhau, tham ehi trai chi4u nhau Chu Quang Tnjf coi do la hai chua, the hien qua hinh "Tong the va mat bang - mat eat doc chua Dien Huu va chua Mot Cot"."' Nguyin Ba Lang coi "chua Mot Cot" c6 ten ehu: la Nhait Tru Tu hay Lien Hoa Dai.''" GS Ha Van Tan trong mue "CHUA M O T C O T " dinh nghia
nhu sau: "Chua Mot Cot d pho cung ten thuoc quan Ba Dinh, Ha Noi Day la bo
phan thap (Phat dai, Lien hoa dai), doe dao cua ng6i chua c6, ten la Dien HiJu."'^' Nhif vay, xet ve mat ngon ngCi: tiep nhan, c6 the bieu dien nhCfng phifcfng trinh
sau [Chiia Mot Cot ^ Chua Dien HUu] (thuyg't cua Chu Quang Truf) [Chua Mot Cot - Nhdt Tru Tu = Li&n hoa dai] (thuy^'t cua Nguyin Ba Lang) [(C/tiio Mot Cot
= Phat dai = Lien Hoa Bai = thap) e chua Dien HUu] yk theo each lay ten bo phan
goi chung cho toan t h I ki&'n tnic, theo logic hinh thdc, chung ta se c6 sU d6ng nha't
tdn goi [Chiia Mot Cot = Chiia Diin HiCu] Tuy nhi§n, se ly giai ra sao khi cung
trong mot cau dinh nghia ve chua, chOng ta thay sir chong laii, md nhbe trong vi&c sLf dung cac khai ni&m khac nhau ve kien true eo: chua (tiT), dai, thap (stupa)?
Ngoai eong h6 eua eac nha chuyen m6n k^ tren, cae nghien eufu khac vl
"chua M6t Cot" hau het ehi tap trung nghien ciiu v4 kien true "m6t c6t", va
Vi$n Nghien ciJu Han Ndm Vi6t Nam
Trang 2khong m4'y khi dl cftp d6'n tSng thI kiS'n triic ngbi chUa NhOtig gi^i mS khdc
nhau vl f nghia bilu Wong cua ki6'n true nky cling tiT d(5 mk n4y nd theo nhitag chieu hiliSng kh4c nhau Cd tie gH theo hUcJng folklore, cho chua MOt COt Ik
bieu tuong linga (sinh thitc khO cua tin ngUSng phfin thiJo thW cd."' NSm 1978,
Ngo van Doanh vk NguySn Duy Hinh phUn dB'i thuy«ft tr§n vk coi d6 14 m6t dang stupa (thdp) cua Ph|lt gido, t h t o h qui nghiln ciJu nky c6 thi ndi Ik hOU lj>' nh4't vko thM dilm d6, khi cAc tdc gik da dftt ki6'n triic m$t c6t vko btfi c4nh
van h6a Phat giAo thirt ky L^-Trln Hli Van Tfo sau d6 (1993-2010) da tig'p thu nghiSn cilu tren khi 5ng cha'p nhftn dung khdi ni§m "thip" cho kiS'n trilc niy
Tuy nhi6n, tif nam 1992 dS'n nay, giao trinh Ca sd vdn hda ViU Nam cua Trin
Ngoc Th6m sau tAm l^n tAi b^n vSn bdo luu each hilu da bi phil dinh trUcJc d6
hai, ba miioi nam, giao trinh nky vi§'t nhJ sau; "Chua MOt COt nhU mOt II vSt dang len Phat Bk vdi hinh b6ng sen thanh thoat d trSn vk try da (rdn trong
ho vudiig i dudi bilu hi?n Mdc vong ph3n thirc (no du va d6ng due)".''' O mOt
doan khac trong ph4n "Tin nguSng ph6n thuc" sau khi trinh bay cac kieu th&
CO quan sinh due nam nO" va cac tuc th6 hanh vi giao ph6'i, tac gid sAch nay da m5 ta nhu sau: "Ngay ca nhilng hi6n tiTOng tudng chCmg nhil ra't xa xoi nhix chua Mot Cot vuong (am) dat tren mat cot trbn (dJOng), cpt trOn lai dat trong cai
ho vuong (am), ho vuong nay xua nkm tr§n dao trong h6 Linh Chidu hinh tr6n (dilong)" Nam 2000, Tran Lam Bien da dUa ra each ly giai ket hop giOa van h6a Phat giao vdi van hoa dan gian nhU sau: "Tufong minh vang la bieu tUOng sir eao quy eua dtlfe Phat da viigt qua cuOc ddi 6 trpe, nhap ve coi giai thoat thi/dng hang Toa nha do sam nhU tirgng cho ngu6n sinh lire vu tru v6 bi6n Bong sen nghin canh la hinh tirgng cua tri tuO vi§n man Cpt da diYOc eoi nhU vat chuyen tai sinh lue eua cac dang thieng lieng xud'ng cho dat va ni^dc, suy eho cung d6 la Udc vong c^u sinh soi no dii".®' "Tat ca cde hon da, cot da ay deu e6 mot y nghia linh thieng, gan voi thu" linh hon 'bang bae', 'troi noi' dau d6, la vat chuyen chd
sinh lUe vu tru theo quan niem ciia eac ai dan nong nghiep"."' NSm 2012, T r ^
Thi Kim Anh cho rang kien true mot eOt la mOt dang kinh trang cua Mat Tdng Day cung la mot gia thuyet dang luu y bdi tac gia da dat n6 trong b6'i canh van hoa Mat Tong eua th^i dai nha Ly Theo chung toi tat ca cac gia thuyet can
duoe dat tren CO sd tU duy vl khai niem Doi v&i n g h i d n cvtu vftn h o a co,
t h i c h u n g ta c^n p h a i xac dinh diiofc k h a i niem do c h i n h c h u t h ^ vAn hoa giy d a t ten, d i e u do se t r a n h di nhu!ng p h i e n d i ^ n do nhfing each
n h i n ciia ngi^di b e n ngoai (tuf m$t k h d n g gian v&n h o a VhAc h o a c tv(
mpt thc^i d a i v a n hoa k h a c t h e o h a i t r u e k h o n g gian v a th6i gian) NhU truftng hop "ehiia Mot Cot" d day, chung toi se khao ve lich suT cua khai nifim nay d^ tif do eo the tien hanh nhiJng nghien eufu tiep theo
1.2 Lich su: vd ban chat khai ni$m "Chua Mgt C^t"
Mot dilu trudc h i t ma chung toi c6 the nhan dinh rjing, ten goi "Chiia Mot Cot" ding d l dinh danh eho kiS'n true mOt c6t kia la mOt san phim do
ngirdi dM sau dat ra vko t h i ky XVII, roi sau do cAc nha nghiSn cilu (the ky XX
den nay) sil dung theo th6i quen ma khong tien hanh dinh hildng xa hoi "Chia Mot cat" la mOt cai ten dan gian, theo kieu mo ta eu the "thSy gi goi the" Vi^c
dan gian hoa t§n goi ay da duoc thuc hien tif kha sdm vko cu8'i th6' ky XVII Cil
Trang 3ciiru Han N6m), c6 nien dai Cdnh Tri nftm thiif 3 (1665, caeh 616 nam k^ tiT nSm khdi dimg chua Di§n HiiU), do Ty khiAi LS Ta't Dat soan Bia c6 doan nhir sau:
"Khi vua Ly Thanh T6ng chifa e6 hoAng tijf, thifdng hiTofng kh6i clu tif d day Mat h6m ngai m6ng tha'y Phat Quan Am d^t Idn trgn l^u, bg' m$t dijfa tr^ dat vao Ibng ngai Thang d6 Hoang thai hfiu liln c6 mang hoiing tijf Vua b6n lam them ngoi chua Di&n Hifu 6 bfin hOu chCia M6t Cot, de md mang vi^c th£r phung,
de to ro sif ton sCing."'*' Tit tfen van bia, cho dg'n doan gaeh chfin d trSn, chung
ta thay nguM soan kh6ng n^m ro lieh sijf, chuTc nang va y nghia cua kien true
nay 6 n g goi d6 la "Nhfi't Tru To" (so sanh v6i chua cung tSn d Hoa Lif),'^* coi
chua Di&n HiJu la eong trinh xfiy diftig sau, di kfem vdi "ehua Mpt C6t"
Ve nguon goe ten goi n^y, Pham Dinh H6 (1768-1839) trong Vu trung tity but (th&i di^m bi§n soan each khoAng bdy tram nam ke tiJf nam khdi dimg chua Dien Hifu) cho big't; "C'hCia Di§n HiTu d thiJi Ly tuc goi la chua M6t Cpt".'!"' Thifc
ra, d day, Pham Dinh Ho cung da nhdm khi ong da tin vao "tuc danh" cua dan gian ma goi la "Chua M6t C6t", hem nQ"a lai coi cai t§n tuc kia da c6 tif thcfi Ly Nhimg, cau van cua ong cho chung ta biet ba thong tin kha thii: 1) Kien true nay v6n c6 ten chC la "Dien HJU TO"; 2) Chua Dien HiTu dimg tCr dcri Ly; 3) Cai t§n "Mot Cot" kia ehi la eai ten tue cua dan gian ma thoi Sd di n6i la kha thu bdi ehung ta se thay n6 trung khit vdi mot so sii lieu duong thdi ve ngoi ehua nay nhi/ trinh bay difdi day
Khao cac suT li6u HAn van, nha nghi§n cCfu Tran Thi Kim Anh'^^' da eong
b6' m6t so tii lieu nhil Bai Viet siC ky todn thiC (bi§n soan tiJT the ky XII-XVII) va cac tu lieu bi ky (tieu bieu nhiT van bia Dai Viet qud'c Ly gia de tii de SUng Thien
Di§n Linh Thap bi
(soan khac nam 1121) dcfi vua Ly Nhan Tong, bai thcf
Di^n Huu Tu eua
True Lam de tam
to Huy4n Quang
Ly Dao Tai vao dcfi Tran Chung toi
thay rkng tat ca cac suT li^u thcfi Ly-Tran deu ghi chua CO ten chii!
la "Dien Hrfu", khdng hS c6 ten
"Nhfi't Tr^ TV" hay "Chua Mpt
cot"
Theo cac m6 ta mat b^ing canh quan di tich nhu tren thi
cai m a du!cfc dcfi
Hhb 1: Binh do chOa Di6n Hi/u, bin ve I cCia Louis BezacJer."^' s a u gpi la "chua
Trang 4Mpt C$t" kia chi la m ^ t dOn nguy£n kiS'n t r u e n&m t r o n g t6ag thi kiS'n
t r u e cua c h u a Di£n Htfu mk th6i KiS'n true sif Nguyin Ba Chi kh^o sat
chua Dien Hiru vao nam 1949, cho rling chua gim 8 thanh ph4n sau: 1) Tam quan; 2) Di?n thd mSu; 3) Tang phbng; 4) Ngoai cung; 6) Hfiu cung thd Ph|[t; 6) Nha hau, bep; 7) Chua MOt COt (sic); 8) Thap."" Nhimg da'u tich thitc tl'hi?n
e6n nhir m6 ta cua Nguyen Ba Chi phu hop vdi eac each mifiu t& cua cac suf li^u
thai c8', r&ng kiln true mpt cOt la mOt philn cua ehiia Difin Hitu
1.3 Giai ma kiS'n trdc mgt cgt
vay "mat cOt" la kiS'n trdc gi? Theo chung t8i, muB'n gi4i ma duoc chung
ta ph4i di tim khai niOm ma nguirt xUa dat t§n cho n6, d6 14 "chia khda" d l di vao canh ciJa cua qua khd" Chung ta sfi thd'y ro tdn cua kiln true nay qua suf
li6u sau day trong Bai Vi^t sii k^ todn thu ghi; Nam 1049, "miia d6ng t h i n g 10, dang chua DiSn Huu TrUdc day vua (Ly Thai Tdng) nkm mo tha'y Phat Quan
Am ngli tr6n dai sen dSn vua I§n dai Din khi tinh day ndi lai vdi qu^n thin,
cd ke eho la dilm ba't tudn'g C6 vi thiln BMlk b^c m i n tuO"*' khuyen vua lam chiia, dung cOt da giOa mat dat, lam Quan Am liSn hoa dai d dinh cqt nhil da tha'y trong mong, cho eac st/ di v6ng quanh tung kinh cau cho vua duoc tntbng
tho Cho n§n dat ten nhu vay" (dBAip , 4 + f l i S J I « ; # a » # E f f f t S i S f f i «
van bia Bai Viit qud'c Ly gia dS tU di SUng TliiSn Diln Linh Thap bi
(khac nam 1121) ghi each diTng dai nlia't tru nay ra't chi tilt T r o n g do ghi v}
t h a n dilate t h d p h u n g la NSng Nhan, tiic dvtc Thich Ca MSu Ni Nguy6n
van "kim tirdng chi Nang Nhan" nen dich la "Phat Thich- Ca Mau Ni tUdng
vang" Sach Pham vong kinh thudt ky ghi: "Thieh Ca Mau Ni, Dai Dirdng phiSn
la Nang Tich, truOc kia phien la Nang Man, cung goi la Nang Nhan Thich Ca
CO nghia la nang: tai nang, nang lire, b$c anh hung Mau Ni c6 nghia la nhan, nhan til Cho nen diJc Phat Thieh Ca Mau Ni e6n goi la Nang Nhan"."" (Xem nguySn van ban dich d phin 2 eiia bai nay)
Nhil vay, c6 the nhan dinh ring "ehua Mgt C0t" la e a c h ggi ciia d&n
d o n g nhft't "ki^'n t n i c mOt c$t thcl Q u a n Am" thc(i Lg vcTi c h u a DiSn H i ^ c6 thd
P h $ t Thich Ca Mfiu Ni v4o thcrt vua Ly N h a n Tong lai
la m$t vSn dS nfia Nh6m Hiiu Ngoc, trong muc CHtJA
M O T C O T da vilt: "Thitc ra,
Htnh 2: HoSnh phi "Lien hoa dSI",
Trang 5chua Dign Hifu va Lidn Hoa Dai (lau nay thu^fng goi l^m la ehiia M6t COt)".'^""
Vi the, chiing t6i dl nghi rkng n§n phfin tach eac t^ng lich suf cua ki^'n true nay eung nhir tin ngU6ng trong d6
v a c th^i Ly Thai T5ng, kien true la Quan Am li&n hoa ddi"^' dimg tr§n nen da't,"»» den thM Ly Nhan Tong da doi thanh Thich Ca liSn hoa dai dimg
giffa hai v6ng ao, tin ngUQng la thd Phat Thich Ca TiJf ddi Le ve sau lai chuyen
thanh Quan Ani li§n hoa ddi, tin ngUSng this Phat Quan Am Tuy nhiSn, can nhfin dinh lai r&ng, dii liin hoa dai A6 dat ton tuong nao di chang niJa thi d6
khong phai la chua, ma kien true m^t e6t d6 chi la mpt phin thu^c khu6n vien ehiia Dien HUu ma thSi
1.4 Ngu6n gd'c vd y nghia bieu fU0ig c^a "lien hoa dhV*
Lien hoa dai la mdt dang thuTe kien true Phat giao, chi:i:c nang la d l sung phung, thd Cling diJe Phat hoac chU vi B6 Tat Vl mat tif nguy§n, "dai" ehi loai c6ng trinh duac xfiy eao, de e6 t h i nhin ra bo'n phia (tiJ vong) "Dai sen" la dang kien true truyin thQ'ng trong cac tin ngUSng thu6c Phat giao c6 mat trong nhieu nen van h6a Dong A Phat Thich Ca toa tren t6a sen bau la hinh tUffng bieu tnmg da nghia, v6'n c6 nguon goe sau xa trong van h6a An D6 c6 dai eu the la trong van h6a Hindu giao nhu se trinh bay difdi day
Trirdc tien la ve bieu tifcfng hoa sen trong Hindu giao Hoa sen thUcfng dUcfe ton vinh cung vdi than Vishnu, than Brama va m6t s6' vi than khae No la bilu tifdng cua cai dep thuan khiet, kh6ng chut bui tuc, n6 sieu viet khoi the gidi
6 troc Than Vishnu di/cfe mieu ta vdi "doi mat, hoa sen" la vi the Cae kinh dien An Do thudng khac hoa hinh anh hoa sen sinh ra tif bun lay tam to'i va biing nd ngoai dnh sdng, no difcfc coi nhif la bilu tifcfng cho sif thang hoa cua tinh thdn Tranh tifcmg Hindu cung thifcfng
to dilm hinh anh th^n Vishnu ngu mcf mang tren lifng r^n Naga dang
Hinh 3 T h 3 n Vishnu n i m tren rdn thSn Ananta,
lanh-t6 thap My Sdn E1 (tinh QuSng Nam),
the V.y thijf VII, da, dai 240cm
Ngu6n: Bko tang Cham, o a NSng
bong binh tren mat dai difcmg sinh-h6a, tCf cu6'ng ron eua thdn moc I6n mot doa sen va tCf d6 nd ra than Brahma Th^n Brahma difcfc menh danh la than
sang tao, \k vi chi huy, quyin nang v6 ciing, chinh vi than nay da dilu h6a cac
nghiep kiep cho chijng sinh, va la ngi/di sinh tao ra the gidi muon loai
Du nh4p vao van h6a Phat gi^o, hinh anh hoa sen eung luon di liln vdi B 6 Tat hay diJc Phfit Hoa sen la loai hoa mang bilu tifgng eao quy nha't cua Phat giao Hoa sen bieu trOng cho Phat tinh v6n s5n cd trong m6i chung sinh Khi Diic Phat dan sinh d vifdn Lam Ty Ni, dudi tan hoa V6 tfu, ngai da ung dung bifde di b^y budc tr§n bay hoa sen m^u nhi#m "Theo quan dilm eua Ph|lt giao, hoa sen - ncfi Thieh Ca Mau Ni ngif trgn dd - la ban the eua Ddc Ph$t, kh6ng
Trang 6bi bin l4y ciia samsara tac dOng V|it chau bau trong hoa sen (mani padme) la
vii tru chila dung dharma (phap), la do &nh hinh thiJc, hay la May4, ma tir dd
nh6 16n Nig't ban".''"'
Hinh 4:Dac Thich Ca sinh ra tir hoa sen
Hl^n vat BJo tang Lich sCl, th^ kjr XIV-XV
Anh Tr^n Trpng Duong
Hinh S: Chu PhJI hSI hOI, tranh Tay Phuong tjnh dO d6" Ngu6n: Phip gidi an lip OS.'"'
(Xem thdm muc 2.6 d bai nay)
Den day eo the nhan dinh rang hen hoa dai la mot bieu tuong tich hop cac quan niem khac nhau ve the gidi trong van hda tam linh co A Ddng TO Hindu giao, hoa sen la phuong tien tao tac ra than Brahma, va sinh thanh the gidi Den Phat giao, hoa sen la loai hoa thieng sinh ra Ddc Phat va eao hon no
la bieu tuong eda Phat tinh Trong d4i song tam hnh Viet Nam qua nhieu the
ky, thd Thieh Ca c6 the ndi la tin ngudng timg tSn tai vdi nhitag tam mdfc d&n
nhat khac nhau Vdi Thtch Ca liSn hoa dii d chua DiSn Huu qua ghi chSp trong
van bia chua Doi, chung ta biet ring d thdi Ly, tin ngudng nay da 16n den dia
vi to'i eao, trd thanh mgt tin nguSng cua hoang gia, eao hon niia Ph^t Thich Ca
da trd thanh mot vi than bao ho qudc gia, noi dai maeh ni/dc Ngoi chiia cd don
nguyen kien true Thtch Ca liSn hoa dai diroc dat ten "Dign Huu" chinh la vi vay Liin hoa dai d chCia Dien HiTu theo ehdng t6i khong chi dcm thuan la mot cai dai dClng d^ sung phung dilc Thich Ca Mud'n hieu dS'n t$n eCing f nghia bilu
tuong cua nd c6 le chung ta phai dat minh vao bd'i canh vaii hda Phat gido thdi
ky nay.™ Dieu nay se ducfc chung toi trien khai nhu sau day
2 Lidn hoa d a i chiia Di§n HiAi t r o n g thS' gidti q u a n P h | l t giao TrUdc khi tim each giai ma va phuc ditag ki§'n triic liSn hoa dai mdt cot S
Trang 7bia Bai Vi^t qud'c Ly gia d^ tiX di Siing Thi$n Di§n Linh Thdp bi (tif day goi
t^t la bia Sung Thien Di6n Linh) cua Nguyin Cong Bat soan khac nam 1121 ddi vua Ly Nhan Tong cho biet: nam 1105 nign higu Long'Phu Nguyen H6a, ehua difcfc trung tu Idn Van bia m5 ta ra't ky kig'n true chua trong Ian trung tu nay, xin dich lai nhif sau:
"Ton^sung dao Ph^t, ham mp ming lanh.'^^' Noi Tay Ca'm'^^' danh litog thUdng uyen; md Di6n Hifu goi dd danh lam Theo quy che von cd tnfdc kia; ra mifU tinh y vua nay to Dao ao thorn mang ten Linh Chieu; giffa ao kia eot da vot du:ng Dinh eot nd ngan ednh hoa sen; hoa dat vOng m6t t6a di$n tia Trong di§n dat Thich Ca kim tifdng;""' b§n ngoai ao la hanh lang ve boc quanh Ngoai hanh lang c6 Bieh Tri"^^' khcfi vdng; diu bac c^u vong di thdng vao San ncfi
cau tri/dc, td hull diAig thap bau iifu ly " m^A^Br^mm^mmz^^m^'m^
z^^m^mz^Ui^mi^^zmm^.m^z^mMm'pm-^im±in=^mM^iz±m m^mmm.'p^±mzmizmz9y^i&'^''^mmmz^\-xmmmn^^mm\iimztii^z
m£:&^««'fltt^Si§).'30)
Difdi day, chung toi muon chu thich them ve nhOng dilm cai chinh trong ban dich nay so vdi cac ban dich tnfdc day dong thdi la nhiJng phe phan van ban hoc cung vdi phan tich phuc ditog eua ehung toi vl eong trinh nay
Ao CO difng lien hoa dai, t§n la Linh ChiSu, chuT k h o n g phai Linh Chieu Todn thU ghi la S?G, van bia Siing Thien Dien Linh va cAc di ban khac
deu ghi S£DS."" Dd la ly do thd nhSit vl mat van ban hoc va van tif hoc Ly do
thu" hai, linh chiSu (ao thieng) la mot each goi da bi Nho hda, theo each ndi tif sach Kinh ThiP^^ Linh chiiu cua Nho gia thifdng la ao dao trong khuon vien cam
thanh, hay vifdn thifcfng lam, la ch6 de hoang de vui ehtfi NhiJ vay, ve ehdc nang
sd dung thi ehd Link Chiiu khong thuoc noi ham cua Phat giao.'^^' Thd ba, vl caeh goi t^n, nguyen van van bia ghi la Linh Chi&u chi phicang tri (ao thcfm Linh Chieu), neu la chiiu thi se bat In ca vl ca'u true ngu" phap 1 ^ y nghia, Yi chiiu dong nghia vdi tri, deu tro "eai ao" Cuo'i eung, ve mat tiJf nguyen, Linh Chieu
nghia la "eai linh thi§ng hiln hien sang rd" hoac "sif nfc rS cua cai linh thieng", rat tron nghia trong mot quan the kien true dung de sung phung ddc Phat, nd
tifcfng dug vdi cac hinh anh rihxiPhdt quang, tue nhdt, hue quangph6chieu vay 2.1 De xuat thfjC nhat: dai sen nghin canh Id cau triic chiu lUc Tnfdc nay, kiS'n true Zi^n Aoa (fdt "" '" = = i •
thifdng hi goi bang ten "chua Mot Cot",
han con vi mot nguyen nhan nda: ay
la hinh anh trifc quan c6n sot lai eua
no C6 le, h$ thong k i t ca'u dam dd
ki§'n true di§n d trgn khong phai la
san pham nguyen b^n eua thdi Ly ma
chi la cua ddi sau (nam 1955, cd tham
khao ke't cau chiu life cua kiln true
phifffng Tay) Khao sat tren thife dia
(Hinh 6), chung toi th^y t6a dien thd
difgc dd bdi tam bo xich dong (moi b6 Hinh 6: CSu triic chju \\fc (x(ch d6ng) cCia
ba thanh), tifcfng dug la 24 16 dam (16 lien hoa (K/hi#n nay Anh: TrSn Trpng Di/dng
Trang 8ngam) trfin than tru Vdi k6't ca'u nhi/ vSiy, chung ta chi cd th^ thify than tru (ngd sen), ki6'n true di^n (bflng/ bdp sen) va ho4n toan khdng c5n chdt d&i vft nao eua t6a sen nghin canh.'^'"
Di^u nay khac h4n so vdi mi§u ta trong van bia chCia Dpi thdi LJr; "Dinh
c?t nd ngan canh hoa sen; hoa dat vitag m^t tda di§n tia." Qua md ti tr6n day,
ehung tdi thSy, dai hoa sen nghin canh chinh la cSiu trdc chiu lire cua "tda di$n" thd Ph$t Thich Ca Tir tda sen (cd IS la bing dd) dd, cdc cdnh xich ddng mdi duoc tda ra nSi vdi phin t h i n try (ngd sen), nhitag nhitag thanh dim dd h4n
cung diicrc tao tdc mdt each mim mai vk tinh vi ddng theo phong cdeh my thuat
thdi k^ nay Ph^n phia tr6n cua dai sen s6 gia c6ng ode 15 ngam vudng gdc vdi
mat dai, de tCr dd cd th^ ehdng cdc chan c$t chiu lire chinh Dii sao, nhin tSng quan tCr phia ngoai, kS't ca'u li§n hoa dai thdi L^ cd IS s§ du c& ba ph^n: ngd, ddi
va hoa Ba phSn nay cd hinh ddng eu th^ ra sao, chdng tdi xin diTdc thdo ludn dd'n trong mdt dip khdc
2.2 Be xud't thu! hai: Thich Ca liin hoa dai chi la m^t phdn cua mandala chiia Dien Hifu
2.2.1 Binh dS da tdng, ddng t&m - hay dan trang c6 dd dn mandala
Dua tren mieu ta trSn vdn bia ndm 1121, chung tdi ve lai binh dd kien true mot eot'"' nhu sau: vdng trdn thd nhd't la tuong Thieh Ca TUBng ndy dat tren mot tba sen bdu Vdng trdn thd hai bao ngoai tda sen la cdt da (ngd sen), kd't ca'u chiu lire cua kiS'n true Cot da cd t h i c^m sdu dirdi ddy ao, nhitag cung cd
t h i dat tren mot ddo da't d trung tam gid'ng nhir Thap Rua.'^^' Nhitag khk ndng
Idn nha't la chdn cdt dd ndy dirge
gia cd' bdi chin tang dd cham trd
cihi san bat hai gid'ng nhu cot da "* "*" ™'^'' ™<*'°
chua Dam Tren cot da se cd ket
Hinh 7: Binh dd Il6n hoa oai
theo phgc dirng ci!ia Ngd Vdn Doanh,
Hinh 8: Binh dd ddy dd cOa mandala
chOa Dldn Hvu thdi L> Nhan Tdng
Trang 9cau chiu life la hoa sen cd Idn lam b^ng da Hinh vuong bao quanh la k i t ca'u cua tda di$n tia Trung tam cua kiln trdc la dai hoa sen thd Phat Thich Ca Dai
sen mdt c6t nay difgc dat gida m^t ao sen t&n la Linh Chi&u Theo \X6c doan cua
chung tdi, ao sen nay ed khA nang la tr6n (hoac vudng nhif hi?n nay) Ria ao d6ng tam vdi than tru Hgn hoa, dong tam vdi tda di|n bau hinh vuong, vdi bg hoa sen chiu life, ngoai ra c6n phiii k l den b§ hoa sen dat kim tifdng Thieh Ca Day chinh la khong gian difgc dung dl cho eac sif tang tiing ni^m nhilu Phat.'"' Ngoai hanh lang khdp kin chung quanh ao Linh Chieu se la Bieh Tri Bieh Tri cd kha ndng se la m^t ao vu6ng nhu Idi tho ma True LSm tam to
Huyin Quang da mi§u ta "Xi vdn ddo miin ohumw kinh Idnh" (hinh xi vSn
ngu ngifac tren mSt gUcfng vuong lanh leo),'^^' ao nay se dong tam vdi ta't c^ do hinh vifa n^u tren Dung nhif Ng6 Van Doanh va Nguyen Duy Hinh da nhan xdt kien true dang xdt vao thdi Ly la "mot qu^n the kiln tnic cd binh dl hifdng tam, tif ngoai vao trong"."^' Kig'n triic mdt bSng dong tam - da t ^ n g nhtf
v$y k h i e n chiing tdi d o a n d i n h rllng, Aky chinh la mpt d a n g d a n t r a n g
CO d6 h i n h m a n d a l a vao th6i Ly Dl hilu ro hon vl nhan dinh tren day,
chung toi xin gidi thieu qua vl dan trang [mandala) yk dl hinh mandala trong
van hda Dong A va Viet Nam
2.2.2 Gidi thuyet ve mandala ud dS hinh mandala
Mandala la tieng Phan, Han ngd phien am la Man do la (M^M), Man da
la i^^m, mtmX Man tra la i^^iB), Man noa la (kmB), Man do la (v^^iS), Man noa la iM^^) va dich nghia la dan, Phdt ddn, dan trang, dan thanh, dao trang, tu tap, ludn vi&n cu tuc.^*°^ Titdiin Phdt hoc Hu& Quang ghi: "dan trang:
noi de td Phat giang phap hoac ncfi hanh gia Mat giao tac phap tu hanh".'*^'
"Dan: dai b ^ g da^t hoac go de ton tri tifcfng Phat, Bo Tat, hinh Tam mu5i da
va vat cung trong phep tu cua Mat giao".'^^' Tren thUe t l , mandala la mot dang kien tnic ba ehieu ket hop hinh tron-hinh vuong*^^' dung d l thtfc hi§n cae phep
tu tap hay nghi II eua Mat giao Nguyen thuy trong van hda An Bo, mandala von difcfe dap b ^ g dat, tren dd ton tri tifdng Phat va Bo Tat, tu phap lam 11 xong tM pha bd Mandala thifdng difcfc k i t hop rat da dang gida hai hinh ccf ban la trdn va vuong, bdi theo quan niem "thi§n vien dia phiftmg" (trdi trdn da't vudng) cua Mat giao (xem eac hinh minh hoa 9a, b, e, d) Hilu mdt each don gian nha't, mandala la cai dan te ma thdi Cung can nhan manh lai mdt dilm
la dan trang ed tinh tiftfng trOng cho sif hinh tifgng hda, than thanh hda, nd dai bilu eho mdt tieu vu tru; nd la mdt "cdng cu vu thuat".***'
O y nghia thd hai, mandala la dl hinh my thuat theo dang dan trang (ddi xdlig, da tang va bao gid eung cd trung tam vu tru, md phdng the gidi quan Ph^t giao, cd the ap dung trdn nghg thuat mat phing hay khdng gian ba chiiu) Do
hinh nay ditac coi la huyen dieu, uydn ao,^*^' va difOc ap dung eho mdt sd' ngh@
thuat cl Phat giao, vi du nhif kiln true (chua, thap,"^' din, dan trang, kinh thaiih, va cd t h i ap dung nhfltig md hinh kien trdc Idn hon theo dang phong thuy Phat giao), hoi hoa (do hoa, bieh hoa, Tangka mandala eua Tay Tang,"" Taima mandala Nhat Ban '*^*), ngh^ thufit dug dung (gaeh, chan tang, bat an, chay kim cifong ) Dl hinh mandala cd anh hifdng ra't Idn d in tu duy kien true
va my thuat eua ngddi phUcfng Ddng cl dai
Trang 10Hinh 9a B^n do dan trang
(mo phong theo bieh hgachuaDgiChJeu)
Hinh
Se-dan
Mat bang (binh do) ba tang
thanh tai chua Pho Lac,
H/n/igfj.Di Da Mandala ngu luancOu t y d o
(Khau Lang, Mat tdng nhap man in thOc do)
"rS^i*i>
Hinh 9d: Ban 66 dan trang
(Tran Kiet, Thien kieu Mat tong nghia ly dQ La
Ma giao kien true dich tUOng trung y nghia)"*' 2.2.3 Do hin/i inancldla trong ktcu tnic Dong A thai co
Dae diem quan - -,,
trong nha't trong do
hinh mandala la sii ket
hap vuong iron va tinh
doi xdng bon phuang
(co khi la tam hudng)
cua no Trung tam ciia
mandala thifdng la
tifcfng thong vdi bo'n
Hinh 10 Kien
true chiia Tang Da'^"' theo do hinh mandala cd bon CLfa bon loi thong vao trung !am kien true, the ky VIII-IX (Nguon
Tra! Nang huyen van vat chi).'^''^
Trang 11trinh kien true thdi co d Ddng A Chung tdi xin trinh bay qua mot s i vi du minh hoa sau day
Nhutig ngdi d i n noi tilng d Nam A va Ddng A c6 the ndi dIu chiu anh hifdng manh me cua tif duy do hinh theo t h i gidi quan Phat giao, thifdng difoc bd' tri theo d l hinh mandala O Magelang, dao Java eua Indonesia, Borobudur*^^'
la mdt di tich lich sd cua Phat giao Borobudur gom c6 6 t^ng hinh vudng
[xiiUv^ (ru'df^ elm G roi fLi'i'fi, n^Uai, aLula, nga
quy, Lhii vaL, dia nguc), viVi nioi canh day
la 123m, t r e n dd co 504 tUcfng PhaL- Ben tron con co thorn 3 t a n g hinh tron, lifcrng trirng cho t a m gidi (due gidi, sSc gidi, v6 sac S'di), t r o n g do co 73 tirgng P h a t Idn, moi tifcfng difoc d a t t r o n g m o t t h a p h i n h chuong I ^ e n true n^y la mot m a n d a l a ba chiou mo phong m o t do h i n h vu tru nhif mot t h e gidi hoan h a o t d truyen t h o n g Kim CUcfng Thifa,''''" gom n h d n g Idp da tSng ciia cac do h i n h vudng-tron
Hinh 11 Mat bang Borobudur
Nguon: Chuc Trung Tho.'^°' Hinh 12: Mat bang den Bayon (Campuchia)
r"^
Hinh 13:
Binh do Angkor Wat
I Nguon; Internet
Trang 126 Campuchia, d^n Bayon duffc xfiy dung dudi tri^u Jayavarman VII (tri
vi 1181-1219) theo m6 hinh nui vu'tru vl dai Tr6n 49 thAp d Bayon 111 gin 196 khuon mSt cua Qudn Th6'Am B6 Tkt dang nhin ra b6'n phia vu tni.'"' Thip Idn nhfi't vk d trung tfim tuong trOng cho nui Tu Di (Meru), nd dOfng d trung tfim vu trii vk duoc xfiy trSn m^t cdi b$ hinh mandala, dd Ik sU hi^n thUc hda, vfit ch£^
hda do hinh vu tru theo thg^ gidi quan Phfit gido Kifi'n true nfiy duOc m^t hio nude Idn vfiy quanh - bi& thj dai ducmg vu tru
2.2.4 BS hinh mandala trong lich sO: ki^n triic ViSt Nam
Trong vSn hda Vi$t Nam, cSc nhk nghien cdu dSu thd'ng nhfi't rSng, dfi
tifng t6n tai quan ni^m my hoc mandala trong cfic c6ng trinh Ici^n trdc c^ Champa."" Tuy nhiSn, Icie'n true d4n thdp Champa vfio the' ley VII-XV lai 14 s4n phSm cua mot n i n vfin minh khdc, cua nhiftig chu t h i vfin hda khfic Dai Vi^t Song dilm cd ^ nghia d ch6 dfiy Ifi qud'c gia sdt bign gidi vfi cd dnh hUdng trac
tilp din vfin hda Dai Vi^t vko thdi ky nfiy Hon nQ:a, di^m lai b&n dd thdi
do, g^n ohvC tfi't c& cdc ni^dc Ddng A d^'u C|^ c h u n g m ^ t p h o ni$m vAn hoa do la m a n d a l a vk d6 h i n h m a n d a l a , tiif An D$, Thdi L a n , Indonesia,
Thd P h d n , Dai L^, Dai Td'ng, Nh|it B&n, C a m p u c h i a , C h a m p a Dfiy dIu Ifi edc qud'c gia Phfit gifio hofic chiu anh hUdng sfiu sfic Phat gido Khdng le gi mot nha nudc coi dao Phfit Ifim qudc gifio nhU trieu Ly lai khdng cd y ni$m gi hofic khong hay biet gi t h i gidi quan nhfi Phfit cung nhir cfie quan ni^m my hoc kiln true Phfit gifio?
f'hiSng tdi eho ring su m£t mdt, thilu thdn iLf lieu (suT lieu thfinh vdn cung nhu sijr lieu hi$n vfit) chinh Id mdt nguyen nhfin cjuan trong khien tr-udc nay chung ta
^^ ^_,^,^i„ hlu nhu khdng chu y M.AHi II MM I (jii'n tij (juy lug'n tnic Phfit gido d Dai Vi$t
t i-ong lich sd cl-trung d;jii Cdc nhd nghien cuTu dIu nhfift tri r ^ g
Hinh 14: Binh dd thdp Champa theo 66 hinh mandaia g^Q diem quan trong
(Ngu6n:B4ot»ngBi6ukhdcCh4m,DdNlng).»" ^ j j ^ t cua k i l n true Phat gido thdi Ly dd la: 1) Bd cue quy tu; 2) Dung d l chay ddn.™ Nhfin dinh
ay nhu sau: "Bd' cue mdt bdng cua cdc kiin tnic thdi ndy lay sit cfin xdng, ddng ddi 14m phifong thutc chu dao Bat ky mpt kiln true ndo hay mot quan t h i kiln true ndo, ehung ta eung thfi'y deu daoc bd' tri cfin bdng, tuong xdtog Ian nhau Dilu dang ehu y 14 s^ ddng doi d dfiy thudng quy tu vl mot tam dilm d giOa, khdc h i n Id'i dSng ddi theo mot true ddi cua cdc kiln true vl sau Trong mdt quin t h i kiln trde, ngudi ta xay dung thudng dUa vdo kiln tnic trong tfim, Ifi'y
dd 14m nhfin td' td hop d l quy chiiu tfi't cd cdc kiln true khdc lai thfinh mdt khd'i ehung tuong xdng Nh4 kiln trde cung dUa vdo mdt kiln tnic chinh 14
Trang 13di^n this Ph^t hoac thap bau r6i sau dd mdfi tid'p tuc dimg cdc cung, cdc kham, nha trai, nha chay khae vay bd'n ehung quanh.""^^' Chung ta cd thi thSy rd hcfn nhan dinh nay qua m§t so' suf li|u bia ky nhu sau Van bia Ngudng San Linh XiZng Tu bi minh (1089) ghi: "(3 giOa la di^n Phat thenh thang; hai bdn
la nha trai dai rpng rai Phia sau xay ngdi b^o thdp goi la thap Chidu An, chin t^ng chdt vdt Trong chua, nga d ehinh giO"a tren eao la tuong Ngu Tri NhU Lai
ma vang rUc rd, ng6i tr§n tda sen troi l^n tren mat nUdc Quanh t\iisng td ve
dung nghi dep de cua Thap lue Bo Tat cCing cAc thCf bac bid'n ttfdng mudn hinh
van tucmg, khdng th^ k l xid't."'^"' Chiia BAo Ninh Siing Phiic trong van bia Bao Ninh Sdng Phuc Tu bi vdn (1107) ghi chua nay "Nha lien tiep bao quanh" *^"
Nhom Nguyen DiJc Nung da dua ra nh$n dinh r^ng: "Loi bo cue quy tu vl mot diem trung tam nay cd tac dung , lam nli bat ki&'n true trong tam, tap trung chu y eua ngUcfi ta vAo dd B6' cue chiia M0t Cdt la mdt vi du Nha kien true da
lam ao ngoai, ao trong, xay cdu dUng thap de r6i hUdng ta't ck wko ngdi chDa &
giaa la noi cd th& vi Nhu Lai b^ng vang ngoi trong di$n mau slint,."'^'^' Chiing
tdi cho r ^ n g , kS't c&'u m$t bllng t h e o md tk t r d n Aky la k i e u doi xufng
t h e o do h i n h m a n d a l a d e dp d u n g cho ngh# t h u $ t kid'n triic thcfi ky
n h a Ly ddng nhu nhan dinh gdn dky cua PGS Nguyen ThCfa Hy.'^^' B^ng sau mdt dang thUc kien true la mot quan nidm my hoc Khi xay mdt kien true thcf
tu thi eac kien true sU Phat giao (cdc eao tang) hkrs mud'n hidn thuc hoa, vat
cha't hoa cai t h i gidi tam linh
Duung nhien, ben canh kien true tam linh hAn se co nhiSng hoat dong tam hnh Hoat dong a'y khdng gi khae la nhOng nghi le Phat giao NhU GS Ha
v a n Tlin da vie^: "Trong cae nghi le tdn giao, nhUng nha sU Mat tdng chii y den viee difng cac dan hay dao trang (cd khi goi la man-da-la hoac man-tra-la dich
am tiJf tieng Phan mandala".'^^' Nhan xet tren day eua GS Ha Van Tan la mot gcfi y sau sac cho sU hinh dung ve mandala trUde thcfi Ly, bieu hien qua eic kinh trang vao ddi Dinh va Tiln Le Dieu dang tiee nha't la den nay, chung ta khdng con giil lai ba't ky mot kien true Phat giao nao eua d&i Dinh-Tien Le -Ly Nhung qua nhi3lig kd't qua eua khao eo hoc tai ehua Lang, ehCia Bach Mdn, chung ta budc d^u ed nhihig hinh dung r^ng, ehiia ddi Ly vl ccf ban c6 mat bkng vudng "Loai ehiia c6 mat bling vuong hay gan vudng nay
cd t h i la mdt hinh thiJc ket hcfp chua vdi thap".'^^' Ma thap W/nh'"y5;"B]nh do chQa Bach Mon ddi Lf (Viet Doan, tbUdng la thanh phan trung
Tieu Sdn, Ha Bac) Nguon: /wy thu^t thdi Lp^'^ tam ngdi chiia/*'^'
Trang 14Nguyin Qufin v4 Phan CSm ThU^ng nhfin dinh rdng: "Bdch Mdn mang
tinh chfi't kiln true L^".'""' Phfin tich binh dd chCia Bdch Mdn, chdng tdi thify,
di^n chua theo hinh chO' thfip""" ndm d trung tfim, eao hon cdc kiln true edn lai
vd duoc ngdn qudng vdi cdc kiln true dd bdi cdc chidu dudng - khodng khdng
gian lid dl Ifi'y dnh sdng vd lidn thdng cdc Id'i qua lai Bd'n gdc Id bd'n hdi lang
hinh vudng dung d l tdn tri tuong ehu Ph$t, chu Bd Tdt vd dugc ddng d l "nhilu
Phfit theo truyin thing Mftt tdng".'"" Bin gdc ngodi eua cdc hdi lang 14 bdn don
nguy6n kiln true hinh vudng, cd c4u thang di ISn tdng hai, cd t h i trdn dd tree
chudng hodc bdi tri tuong Til Thidn Vuong Bao ngodi cung 14 h? thing tudng
vfiy Budc dSu ed t h i nhfin djnh rSng, ehCia Bdch Mdn duoe xfiy dung theo ^
tudng mandala thdi cl Chdng ta cd t h i thfi'y rdng ^ ni^m mandala ludn d dang
trUu tuong, edn hi^n thuc hda nd thi tiiy thudc vdo khd ndng sdng tao eua eon
ngudi Mandala Id mdt loai dd hinh cue ky biln do, dd phong phd cua nd ve kilu
thdc, chdc ndng vd loai hinh edn phdi tilp tue nghidn cdxi trong thdi gian tdi
Din dfiy cd t h i nhfin dinh lai mdt Idn nda ring, ddt trong bli ednh kiln
tnic vd vdn hda Phfit gido tlil ky VIII-XII, d cd Dai Vi^t 15n khu vUc vdo thdi
dilm dd, ki€'n t r u e c6 Thich Ca liin hoa ddi lam t r u n g tfim c h i n h 14 mdt
d a n trfing t h e o dd h i n h m a n d a l a vdo thdi L^ Nhfin T d n g vdi ^ ti^dng
"trdi t r o n dfi't v u d n g " c d a Mfit gido Md hinh eu the eua mandala n4y ra sao
chung tdi xin tilp tuc phuc dung v4 thdo ludn eu t h i nhu dudi dfiy
2.3 De xuat thti ba: tdm cdu^ hai cdu hay Id m^t cduf
TrUde nay, ehdng ta vdn quen thude vdi hinh dnh mdt cdu cua Liin hoa dai
chua Dien Huu Trd lai vdi md td ddn trdng mdt cdt ddi Ly trong vdn bia Simg
Thien Dien Linh ehua Doi, ban dich pho biln trudc ddy cua Do Vdn Hy dich cdu
"mSi gid phi kiiu di thdng chi" Id "bde edu eong d l di lai","" ban dich ndy vi ehu
trpng den tinh vdn hoe, nen da bo sdt mfi't mdt td rfi't quan trpng 14 "mSi" (Khao
di: Todn thu ghi tinh nghia 14 "deu") "Moi" 14 mdt trang tU dung d l tu sdc cho
ddng tu "gid" (bde edu), day Id mot trang til sd' luong trd so nhieu hay trd tdn sudt
Nhu vay, "phi edu" dupe dung vdo thdi Ly Nhfin Tdng trong kiln true dang k l
khdng phai chi cd mdt cdi Chung tdi xin ly giai eu the nhu sau
O day, ta thfiy cd den hai vdng ao bao quanh Thich Ca liin hoa ddi Ao
thd nhfi't la Linh ChiSu, ao thd hai Id Bieh Tri Hai ao ndy dugc ngdn edch bdi
mdt hdnh lang trdn khdp kin (ho4n lang) H4nh lang ve cd mdi dd"" hdn 14
phai dupe dimg tren mdt nIn mdt ddt kd ngdn giOa hai ao, d l "eho ede sU di
vdng quanh tung kinh cdu cho vua dugc trudng thp" (Doi Viit sii ky todn thu)
Hai ao ndy ddng tfim, vd diem ddng tam ndy chinh Id ddi hoa sen - trung tam
cua tdng t h i kiln true Vay cdu d a n tit ngoai vdo dg'n lign h o a d a i dvtife
b£c q u a h a i a o (Linh Chieu + Bieh Tri), vl thS' s6' l i ^ ^ g toi t h i e u d dfty
p h a i la h a i chiee cdu (chung tdi goi dfiy 14 gid thuyet tdi thieu, xem hinh
binh dd 8) Mot chile bde tir bd Bieh Tri vdo din phia ngodi hdnh lang, vd mdt
chile td phia trong hdnh lang bde qua ao Linh Chieu vdo din liin hoa ddi Ban
dich gdn day eua nhdm Nguyin Vdn Thinh "bde cdc cdu 1dm dUdng thdng"'']ri
Id cd CO sd ^ Khdng chi cd vfiy, theo chung tdi, mandala 14 mdt edng trinh kiln tnic bao