Tin dd dUdc dan dat tu luyen mau thanh tien dng, tien ba "trUdng sinh bat tfl" vdi ci tram phep thuat luyen khi cdng, nhin an lfldng thtic (tinh cd'c), luyen dan (trgn la quy[r]
Trang 1TON GIAO 0 Nirorc NGOAI
VE "TAM CIAO DONG NGUYEN" 6 TRUNG QUOC
C d nhieu cich hieu sai lac ve "Tam
gido dong nguyen" d Trung Qud'c va
cang sai lech ve "Tam gido ddng nguyen"
b nfldc ta Vi du: tfl dien Cao Dai - xuat
hien "mien p h f tren Internet tfl dam
nam nay, giai thich (trich yeu) nhfl sau:
"Tam gido dong nguyen la ba nen ton
gido: Nho gido, Phdt gido, Ldu gido
ciing mgt goc, gdc do Id Diic Chiia Trdi
Ngoc Hodng Thiidng De, md ngdy nay ggi
Id Ddng Cao Ddi Tii tiidng Tam gido
dong nguyin co tii thdi nhd Tiing ben
Tdu, cdch nay khodng LUX) ndm Lao
gido thi cho van vdt deu c6 nguon gdc la
Dqo, cuoc ddi Id phii vdn, hdi ddu ma lo
nghi Phdt gido thi cho van vdt do Chdn
nhii md ra, sdc vdi khong Id mot, sii sinh
sinh hoa hoa Id do vgng niem chd khong
CO thiic Nho gido thi cho sii hien hoa
trong Vd tru Id do nhdt dgng nfidt tinh
cua Thdi ciic md ra Thdnh thii cdi goc
cua Tam gido von Id mot, md cdi nggn thi
chia ra khdc nhau Tom lai, d Trung Hoa,
Tam gido von dong nguyen, nhiing ve
cdch lap gido vd thuyet minh cua moi
gido CO khdc, ldm cho ngiidi ta ldm tiirjng
Tam gido khdc hdn nhau"
1 De ro hdn ve giai thich neu tren,
chung ta cd the tim trong lich sfl tfl tfldng
- tdn giio Trung Hoa, do hoan canh nao
va vi sao gidi hgc gii neu ra thuyet "Tam
gido ddng nguyen" Ngfldi dau tien neu
hgc t h u y e t hda ddng nay chinh la Dao
MAI THANH HAI'*'
Hoing C i n h (456-536) Ong de xfldng
thuyet "Tam gido dong nguyen" vdi li le
ddn giin la: ba tdn giad Nhd, Phat, Dao deu cung tfl mdt ngudn gd'c cflng dfla con ngfldi den dinh cao cfla nhfl y toai nguyen Thuyet ay dfldc dfla ra dflng lflc vua chua thich cd nhflng bay tdi trung thanh do Nho giio cung cap, lai thich sdng mai lau dai de hUdng thfl vui efla Dao giao, lai cung mudn sau cung dfldc giii thoat de dat dfldc Niet Ban cfla Phat
giao Thuyet Tam gido dong nguyen
thinh vfldng dfldc may tram nam, nhat la trong thdi Dfldng - Td'ng (650-1257) cho den lflc ma xa hdi thay chi neu ddng nguyen la chfla that sau sic Vfldng
Trflng DUdng lap ra phdi Todn Chdn
nang cad len thanh chu trUdng "Nho, Thich, Dao hdp nhat" xay dUng li thuyet
ve Thien dinh b i y cap, va viet cic giing
bflt gia ldi t h i n tien dgc cho cic dng ddng
ba cd't truyen di k h i p ndi; dng ta hd had cac hgc gii deu cin p h i i tham n h u i n Dao Dfle kmh va Thanh Tinh kmh cfla Dao giio Ban Nhflgc Tam kinh efla Phat giio
va Hieu kinh cfla Nho giio, de that sfl l i mdt eon ngfldi cfla "Nhd, Thich, Dao hdp nhat" Xet rieng cii ggi la "Dao giio" xuat hien khoang ba tram nam trflde Cdng nguyen d Trung Qudc, tfl trong ban sd, nd khdng he ciu xin d mdt Dang Tdi cao linh thieng, huyen bi nao ca; no khong hinh dung Nha nghien cuu Ha Ndi
Trang 2ra mot Thucmg De nao ca; no cung khong
dimg ra mot Thien Chiia diing tren cao,
sang tao ra the gidi Nen tang tfl tfldng
cua nd l i di tim han phflc d chinh minh
khdng chay theo ngoai vat Cho den khi
d i n d i n mang nhflng yeu td' thd cflng Dad
giio xuat phat tfl tinh thd'ng nhat ba mat
gifla t h i n linh, con ngfldi va vfl tru tfl
nhien; quy t h i n cd the chi phdi sd' phan
con ngfldi, va ngfldc lai, con ngUdi cd the
tiep xflc vdi quy than qua mdi gidi la dao
si, la cic thay p h i p sfl, phfl thfly, ta ggi
ndm na la dng ddng ba cd't,
Theo truyen thuyet, ngfldi xfldng xuat
Dao giao (cflng cd ndi ggi la Lao giio) l i
Lao Tfl (tieng Anh ghi ten dng l i Laotzu)
Nhflng that ra, c h i n g cd ai ten l i Lao Tfl,
ching he ed hgc gii nio, dao si nio, mdt
con ngfldi nao mang hg Lao d day ci
Cung cd the cd mdt ngfldi cad tudi sau
n i y dfldc tdn len nhfl mgt nha triet hgc
Trung Hoa cd dai; Lai ddn r i n g , dng gia
nay ngfldi nfldc Sd khdng ai biet dng sinh
nam nad, mat nam nao (sau niy ed sach
ghi ang chflng la dng sinh khoing nam
604 TCN, mat khoang nam 523 TCN);
Lai ddn rang, me dng mang thai den may
tram nam mdi sinh ra dng, eho nen chfl
be vfla chao ddi r a u da d i i ba thudc Ten
that l i gi khdng ai biet, nhflng chac c h i n
khdng p h i i la hg Lao Sau nay, cd ndi cho
r i n g dng ten l i Ly Nhi hoac Ly Dam, tfl
la Ba Dfldng "Ong" khdng cd mdt cii ten
dich xic, mgt tieu sii chinh xac, cung nhfl
bat ki mgt tac pham cu the n i o ca Sau
niy, ngfldi ta g i n cho "dng" cd mdt t i c
pham chinh ggi l i Dao Dfle kinh (Dao De
Jing), nhflng t h a t ra cud'n sich nay do
mdt ngfldi ten la Hoan Uyen tfl coi minh
nhfl hgc trd ciia "thiy" Lae Tfl tap hdp ldi
ddn truyen va bien soan vao thdi Chien
Qudc Vi Dao Dfle kinh dfldc bien soan
b i n g ngdn tfl tfl bien nen r a t xa la so vdi each d i l n dat quen thudc sau nay Chfl cd ghi ldi xfla, nhieu cau ghi fl d, ddi sau tha sflc ddin Cho nen ngay khi dd va nha't la
ve sau nay, cd nhieu each hieu khac nhau nhieu each giai thich khac nhau, mdi each ed mdi trfldng anh hfldng to ldn
k h i c nhau nhfl cau; "Dqo ui nhdt, nhdt
sinh nhi, nhi sinh tam, tam sinh van vdt", thi cd the d i l n ra la "Dqo von la mgt, mgt sinh ra hai, hai sinh ra ba, ba sinh
ra vqn vdt"; Lai ed cau: "Dqo khd dqo, phi thiirMg dqo, danh khd danh, phi thiidng danh" (cd the hieu la; "Dqo md ta che ggi diidc, khong con phdi Id dqo thiidng Danh md co the goi diidc thi khong phdi
Id danh thiidng" Nhflng ngfldi bao ve ndi
tieng efla Dao giio la Dfldng Chu
(340-266 TCN), Td'ng Hinh, Doan Van va nhat
la Trang Tfl (369-286 TCN) Trang Tii de
ra phep bien ehflng cfla it va nhieu, tuyet ddi va tfldng ddi, dn dinh va bien ddi, nhflng Trang Tfl cung cd sflc tuyet ddi hda cii it trong c i i nhieu, dflng yen trong van ddng, cd' sflc t i c h biet "dao" vdi sfl vat, nham tao ra cd sd tfl tfldng cho Thuyet Vd vi cfla dng Thuyet nay trd
t h i n h mgt trong nhflng ngudn tfl tfldng hinh t h i n h tin ngfldng Dad giao luc gin bfldc sang Cdng nguyen
2 Xa hdi thiia ay day ray me tin, cflng
te quy than, phfl phep ddng bdng va bdi
t o i n tfldng so' tfl vi, dac biet la me tin chay theo than tien Cac "Dao" bien the thdi n i y thfldng fla dung ma thuat (magic); ma t h u a t thfldng g i n bd vdi niem tin rang, eon ngfldi ed the dflng nhflng sflc manh sieu nhien de t i c ddng vao tfl nhien v i con ngfldi, nhfl b i n g khan nguyen, lam phep, yem bfla, an quyet, md phep la, chay dan, dd't hdn via, niem t h i n chfl, la "quy than"
Trang 3Cac bieu tfldng ma thuat cung dfldc gin
lien vdi thuat yem bfla, chfla benh bing
phfl phep, rdi d i n d i n "tien len" cac phip
thuat efla t h i y phfl thfly, ke tfl viec deo
bfla hg menh, ngam rUdu trong mdm phun
ra de tao mUa, ggi ma quy len danh ddn
xua dudi de giai han, xoa d i u cac hdn da de
dUdc chfla de, eho den viec "day" am binh
di dep cac nan dich benh hoac cac tai hga
ldn cfla ca mdt vflng dat, viec "xflc diu" len
ngfldi Cdn benh, dflng "thanh cd't" hoac "ki
vat" cfla cic bac t h i n tien de chfla benh,
viec t i m trong ddng sdng thieng lieng hoac
lay nfldc sudi thieng, gieng t h i n ve de tim
khdi benh (nhfl truyen thuyet Ly Thin
Tdng dfldc t i m bing vac diu thin cua
phap sfl Khdng Ld, de rung het ldng cgp
mgc diy ngfldi)'"
Ke cd quyen the, cflng nhfl ke lim bac
nhieu gao, mong Udc dUdc sung sUdng ben
lau va mai mai dua nhau ddng be mang,
tau thuyen ra bien khdi de tim den ba
nggn nfli Bdng Lai, Phfldng Trfldng va
Doanh Chau mong dUdc gap tien dng
tien cd, de xin dUdc cic "linh dan", cac
thfl thud'c "trfldng sinh bat tfl" Den thdi
Ddng Han (25-220), nhflng hinh thflc me
tin ay ket hdp vdi hgc thuyet Dao Gia,
dan den sfl xuat hien cua Dao giao, Khi
nd thu hflt tat c i cac tin ngUdng dan
gian, p h i t trien manh te le va phap luat,
tfl bien dang thanh Dqo Thdn tien, Dqo
Phil thuy, luyen dan lam thud'c trudng
sinh bat tfl, lam phep la de tan hfldng
khoii lac Vi dao tfldng ndi tieng nhat la
Vu Cat, sd'ng gifla the ki thfl II, t i c gii
sich Thdi Binh Kinh, dflng phep am
dfldng, ngfl hanh de phfl phep, len ddng
bdng ggi hdn ngfldi chet, sai khien ma
quy,v.v (cac "phep" nay sau ggi tdm
chung la Vu thuqt co dqi)
Den thdl Tam qudc (220-280), ngfldi
theo cac Dao ay, quan tren d i u mdt m i n h
vii vang, (nen sau ggi la dao Hoang Cin; Hoang can nghia la khan vang, nen cung cdn ggi la Dao Khan vang), d i n d i n mang theo mau sac Thien Nien luan va dao Cflu the'^' Dao Khan vang dflng thd cflng td tien cd't de tap hdp q u i n chung chd'ng lai
vua quan h i khac; lay Thdi Binh kinh lim
"Kinh dien"; sau dd, bien thanh dao T h i i Binh, di dau cung tuyen truyen phep trfldng sinh bat tfl, dflng tan hfldng nfldc
la phfl phep de chfla khdi benh va sd'ng mai khdng chet De gay uy the chd minh, lam cho Dao tang them ve huyen io, ki bi, dao trfldng bia ra r i n g chinh dng ndi cfla dng ta da tflng dfldc dich than Lao Tfl trao cho sfl menh dflng Thai Binh kinh de xay dflng thanh dao Thai Binh cho toan the loai ngUdi mai mai thoat khdi cinh khd sd ddi khat Tfl mdt he tfl tfldng triet hgc, pha trdn them nhieu hinh thflc ll bai, tin ngUdng, rdi bien d i n thanh mgt hinh thflc tdn giao, bao gdm ci sfl dung nhieu cdng
cu trang tri (nhfl tranh, tfldng, b i t bflu, ) hoac phdng ve (nhfl n h i n , bfla, ngii, ) dung ddng thdi vdi nhieu dang thflc ma thuat (xien linh hfl hdn, ciu hdn, len ddng, dudi ma quy, v,v ) khic Tudng trUng cho hinh thflc tin ngfldng - tdn giao nay la bieu tUdng Am Dudng dUdc bao quanh b i n g Bat Quai Li luan chfl toan cfla nd la nen tang cua Dich hgc, Tfl vi, Phong thfly, Sieu Hinh hgc Trung Hoa,
3 Sau khi hai "dao" tren bi dan i p , bg phan cdn lai bien thanh mdt loai hinh tdn giio chinh thdng, mang tam trang bat man vdi trieu dinh, trien mien chd'ng ddi, chd thdi Cd ndi len Nhflng ba bdn tram nam cfl lien tiep that bai, nhieu tri thflc chin n i n di tim t h i n tien tren nfli de dfldc an fli; Mdt sd ngfldi di vao hgc thuat,
trd thanh hgc gii cd tieng tam nhfl Cdt
Hong, Ddo Hodng Cdnh, Luc Tu Tinh, Khdu Khiem Chi, Vudng Hy Chi (nhfl thfl
Trang 4phip), VUdng Hien Chi, v.v C i t Hdng
(238-363) (dfldc ddi sau ggi la Cat Tien dng)
chfl trUdng ket hdp Dao giao vdi Phat giao
va NTio giio thanh dao Kim Dan cfla quy
tgc, nhflng tap trung vao tinh bat tfl thieng
lieng l i dac trflng cfla Dao giio Chinh lflc
dd, Dao Hoang C i n h (456-536) dUa chfl
trfldng ciia C i t Hdng thanh li luan, t h i n h
hgc thuyet Tam gido dong nguyen vdi li le
rang, ci ba dao NTio, Phat, Dao cung mdt
ngudn gd'c Ong ta xiy dflng hoan chinh li
thuyet ve Thien dinh Dqo gido; eho rang,
Thien dinh cd bay cap, v i giang bflt mfldn
ldi t h i n tien dgc cho cic dng ddng ba cdt
truyen di khap ndi'" Vua chfla sau nay
thich cd nhflng bay tdi trung thanh ma
Nhe giid cung cap, thich sd'ng mai de
hfldng thfl vui cua Dao giio lai cung thich
dat Niet Ban cua Phat giio cho nen thuyet
Tam gido dong nguyen may tram nam
thinh vfldng (tU thdi Nam - Bac trieu
(420-581) cho den thdi Tuy - DUdng (581-907))
Dudi nggn cd tU tUdng dung hdp ve Tam
gido dong nguyen Dao Hoang Cinh, nha li
luan ndi tieng nhat dau the ki thfl VI, da
viet sich Chdn linh vi nghiep do de de phd
cap hgc thuyet Tam giio ddng nguyen
Sich Chdn linh vi nghiep do neu chu t h i n
dUdc xep thanh 7 cap do ngay ngan rd
rang; Cap do thii nhdt, dflng d i u la
Nguyen Thfly Thien Tdn cd danh hieu l i
Hfl Hoang Dao Quin; ben t i xep t h i n h
h i n g chfl nhat cd Ngu Linh That Minh
Thin Sinh Cao Thfldng Dao Quan Ddng
Minh Cao Thfldng Hfl Hding Dao Quin;
ben hflu la Tfl Hfl Cao Thfldng Nguyen
Hoing Dao Quan, Dgng Hu Tam Nguyen
Thii Minh Phfldng Hoang Dao Quan; Cap
do thd hai l i Dao Dao Quan cd ten hieu
day du la Thii Thanh Cao Thanh Thii
Thfldng Nggc T h u i n Huyen Hoang Dai
Dao Quan, vdi hang loat chfl t h i n da giing
xudng t r i n the t h i n h nhan vat lich sfl nhfl
Doan Hi, An Ky Sinh, Cat Huyen, Khdng Tfl, Nhan Hdi, Hoang De, Nghieu, Thuan,
Vu, Tfl Ma Quy Chfl, Trang Tii, Lao Dam,
v.v ; Cap do thii tii dflng d i u la Thii
Thanh T h i i Thfldng Lao Quan chinh la Lao Tii (thud ban d i u Dao giao xep Lao Tfl
l i t h i n cfla mudn t h i n , den khi "trfldng thanh" Dad giao cd b i y he t h i n nen Lao Quan khdng cdn la chfla te vu tria, sinh trUdc Trdi Dat nfla, cflng khdng cdn li
"thin cfla mudn t h i n " nfla, ma la Thai Thanh giio ehu, tfle l i giio chfl ciia Dao
giao thdi); Cap do thii ndm dflng d i u la TrUdng Phung; Cap do thii sdu dUng diu
la TrUdng Mao Quan; Cap do thd bdy,
dflng d i u la Phong Dd Bac Am Dai De Tren day mdi chi la p h i he than tien ciia dao si phai Mao Sdn Ngdai ra cdn cd khdng it t h i n p h i cua nhieu p h i i khic nhau, chflng td day khdng cdn l i ao giic cua thdi nguyen thuy nfla ma da l i ket
q u i cau tao cd y thflc mang chieu bai ddng nguyen cfla tam giio Xuyen qua may mu bao quanh, " t h i n p h i " cho ta thay quan niem ve sd dd vfl tru cd dai Trung Qud'c va thay rd he quy chieu thfl hai cfla td chflc t h i n p h i nay l i quan niem ddi lap nhi nguyen "sinh tdn" va "tii vong", k h i n g dinh tam linh con ngfldi da xic lap tinh c i m ed ban nha't, dd la hfldng
ve sfl sd'ng v i sd hai cii chet, nhat la sfl
sd hai eii chet cflng la ngudn gd'c tam li cfla truyen thd'ng quy t h i n
4 Ve sau, trong qua trinh truyen tdi cic vung mien k h i c nhau Dao giao lai thay c i n thau nap them cic dang b i c bat tfl de viec thd cflng dfldc them uy nghi, phdn thinh B i n thd qua tflng thdi gian lai l i n Ifldt cd bay them " b i t tien" vdi nhieu tai la phep quy, vi nhfl La Ddng
T i n thfldng m a n g mdt cai chdi dudi rudi, ndi tieng la vi tien bao trd sflc
Trang 5khde cd tai chfla dfldc mgi benh tat
hiem ngheo; Ly Thiet Quai ludn ludn
mang theo qua b i u va cai nang, x u i t
hien nhu mgt ngUdi an xm que cut
benh viic ke cd ddn; TrUdng Qua Lao cd
k h i nang tang hinh, thUdng cUdi mdt
chiee xe td trang, mang mdt cai dan d'ng
true va hai cai gay, b i o trd cho cac cu
cao nien; H i Tien Cd tien nfl cam cai
mudi tre, mdt bdng sen va ddi khi them
mdt t r i i d i o tien ndi tieng ve khd hanh
va ldng nhan i i ; H i n Tfldng Tfl - vi tien
bid trd cac nhac si ludn cim mdt d'ng
tieu, ndi tieng ve an tieu hoang phi, fla
cinh sd'ng tich mich; Chfldng Ly Quyen
la mdt chien binh bi bai tran, sau trd
thanh n h i luyen dan ndi tieng, tay ludn
ludn cim mdt cai quat; Lam Thai Hda,
mdt chan di giay mdt chan khdng, tay
mang gid hoa, bao trd ngUdi trdng hoa
va b i n hoa; Tao Qud'c (]flu, la vi bao trd
cac dien vien nghe thuiit, i o quan ludn
ludn long lay, giiu nang lUc ma thuat
Sang den thdi DUdng - Td'ng, Dad
giio dUdc giai cap thd'ng tri nang dd nen
the liic lan bflng kha manh, phat trien
nhieu n h i n h , ket hdp rat nhieu hinh
t h i i cflng bai phfl thfly, pha trgn cac
loai me tin di doan, thd dfl mgi thfl t h i n
thanh, ke tfl Nggc hoang ThUdng de
Thai ThUdng Lao quan - tflc Liio Tfl, rdi
den sao Bac D i u (ggi la Huyen Vu) rdi
den sao Van Xudng sau dd la Quan
Thanh, tflc Quan Vu (tflc Quan Van
Trfldng ddi Tam Qud'c) v.v Cic dao
nay trflde sau deu tap trung thd cung
Lao Tfl cflng cac vi tien Liio Tfl dUdc coi
la hda than cfla "dao" da nhieu l i n
giang sinh xud'ng lam ngUdi; hg cho
r i n g "dao" da sinh ra cic dang Trdi nhfl
"Nggc Thanh, ThUdng Thanh, T h i i
Thanh, dUdc ggi chung la "Tam Thanh
Thien" Cac vi tien khdng nhung chi d
tren cac t i n g trdi ma cdn d treng 36 hang ddng va phflc dia d tren mat dat Den ddi Thanh (1644-1911) lai thd them Ma td Nfl t h i n phu hg ngUdi di bien va Chan Vu d i n g rua va r i n Cac bien the cua Dao giao dua nhau md ra that nhieu phfldng t h u a t phfl chfl c i u sdng lau dUa ke quyen quy va giau sang t h i sflc hfldng khoai lac, venh vang dm het phflc lgc thg trong thien trang c i u an cua ke ngheo khd b i n g cich vun quen tU tudng mong c i u hda binh am i trong dan gian
Tin dd dUdc dan dat tu luyen mau thanh tien dng, tien ba "trUdng sinh bat tfl" vdi ci tram phep thuat luyen khi cdng, nhin an lfldng thtic (tinh cd'c), luyen dan (trgn la quy thanh thud'c vien) Cac phUdng si chuyen di thUc hanh thuat luyen dan bay dat cho vua chua va gidi quyen quy cd thud'c la biet cich sd'ng sao cho trUdng sinh bat lao, tham chi la trUdng smh bat tfl; va cd loai cac an sT ludn lan trd'n vio nui cao, sd'ng xa lanh cugc ddi de khdi In danh ldi trdi huge, de chinh minh mau chdng trd thanh tien Ve mat xa hgi nd trd thanh ddng lflc tinh
t h i n cho cac "dao si" di tim t h i n tien va thud'c trfldng sinh bat tfl, cung nhu cic dao thd cung quy t h i n , dung khdi hUdng, chieng trd'ng, tranh tUdng, dd b i t bflu va nhieu dang thflc ina thuat (nhu bfla ngii, xien linh, hu hdn, cau hdn, len ddng, dudi ma ) quyen ru de tfl giau hen cflng vao the gidi hnh thieng'^'; mat khac, hoat ddng trong ndng dan ngheo khd, cic dao nay sfl dung nhieu ma thuat*'"'', t i c ddng manh vao tap quan binh d i n g cua ldi sd'ng cdng xa nguyen thfly, kich ddng ndng nd va ndng dan ndi day khdi nghia pha bd sfl i p bflc t i n bao cfla giai cap thdng tri, nhd dd cd anh hfldng to ldn va sau rdng trong quan chung lao khd
Trang 65 Dfldc dfla vao Trung Qud'c khoang
cudi ddi T i y H i n (diu Cdng nguyen) lflc
d i u Phat giao dfldc coi la mgt loai phUdng
thuat t h i n tien, chi mgt bg phan nhd
thudc t i n g Idp tren cfla giai cap thd'ng tri
phung thd; Phat giao lao vio vach ra con
dUdng chiu khd ddi niy, luc chet dUdc ban
thudng hda kiep sung sUdng cUc lac Thdi
Nguy - Tan, Nam Bic trieu (420-589),
Phat giao trd thanh tdn giio cfla q u i n
chflng, giao li n h i Phat cung dfldc mdt bd
phan xa hdi tiep nhan li tUdng binh dang
(ai cung cd the tdi Niet Ban cung cd the
thanh Phat) Cflng nflp dudi chieu bai
"Tam giao ddng nguyen" cic tdn giio dep
bd nhflng chuyen t r i i tai gai mat Mat
khic, cic t i n g Idp thd'ng tri cung sdm biet
ldi diang Phat giao lam cdng cu me hoac
q u i n chflng, ru ngfl con ngfldi di vio sieu
thoit Dien hinh nhu Ludng Vu De
(502-550) tuyen bd' lay Phat giio lam Qud'c
giao, lien dd, Pham Chan dUa ra Thdn
diet ludn, dflng tfl tfldng duy vat thd sd
dap manh Phat giid: "Nhuc the l i ban
the cfla tinh t h i n ; tinh t h i n p h i hfly xac
thit; rdi khdi xac thit thi tinh t h i n cung
bi diet bd"
Hdn mdt nam sau, Phat giio bi ldi
dung xau xa nhat nhfl mdt man dien bi
h i i kich, khi cung phi Vd Tac Thien vao
chfla tu lflc 27 tudi, nhflng that ra la de
de lam nhan tinh eua t h i i tfl, sau len
ngdi la Dfldng Cad Tdng cho tdi khi sfl nfl
cd thai lien dfldc Cad Tdng dfla ve trieu
l i m chinh cung hoang hau; sgu nay, khi
quyen binh n i m trgn trong tay, Vd Tic
Thien cho dflng bd kinh Phat Dqi Vdn
kinh, gdm 4 tap, ngi dung ghi rd; "Vd
hoing hau nguyen l i Dfle Phat Di Lac
xudng tran de lam Vua cai tri thien ha"
Den 70 tudi, ba bat q u i n t h i n tdn len
lim Hoing De, ddi qud'c hieu nha Dfldng
thanh nha Chu; mfldi nam lam Hoing
De, "Dfle Phat Ba" bio: "Cic nam h o i n g
de cd biet bao nhieu cung tan mi nfl, ta la nfl hoang de sao lai khdng cd nhflng phi
t i n trai trang cho minh?
Ndi chung thdi Tfly - Dfldng (581-907), Phat giid trd thanh mdt the lflc kinh te
-xa hgi to ldn, lap dfldc hang chuc nghin dien trang nflp danh tu vien de p h i t trien the lflc chinh tri - tfl tfldng, nay nd hang loat tdng phai mang dac trflng dan tdc Trung Hoa Den thdi Td'ng - Minh (960-1644), cic phai Phat giao d i n d i n cd xu hudng dung hda, thiic hien "Tam giao ddng nguyen", mud'n nhda d i n trong "Nho
- Thich - Dao hdp nha't" de de tdn tai
6 Den day, nen ban them ddi dieu ve Nho giio Nho giao khdng he ddng nhat vdi hgc thuyet ciia Khdng Khau (551-479 TCN), vi rat lau trUdc lue Khdng Khau ra ddi, d Trung Hoa da ed mgt t i n g Idp ngUdi, ggi la cic nha nho (Nho gia), tflc la nhflng ngfldi "hgc theo dao t h i n h hien", tfl cho rang minh hieu biet dfldc le Trdi,
Dat va le ngfldi, di day bao ngfldi ta an b
"cho phai dao" Hdn ba t r a m nam sau khi Khdng Khau chet (479 TCN), hgc thuyet cfla Khdng da bi ngfldi ddi lang quen, mai den the ki II TCN, di san tfl tfldng ciia Khdng K h i u mdi dfldc Ddng Trgng Thfl (179-104 TCN) tan trang t h i n h thuyet
Thien Nhdn cdm dng, tad t h i n h cd sd li
luan va tfl tfldng ciia che do phong kien Trung Hoa sudt hai nghin nam, Tham chi, den nam 136 TCN, vi vua thfl siu nha Tay H i n l i Han Vu De (149-86 TCN)
ra lenh "bai t r u a t bach gia, dgc tdn Nho thuat"; H i n Vu De, ten t h a t la Lflu Triet, trong ddi lam vua, 11 l i n thay ddi nien hieu cho dep, nhflng tinh tinh hung bao, net mat danh ac, giet ngUdi khdng ghe tay; khap xfl tre con khde, nhac den ten
Trang 7H a n Vu De la sd h a i n i n t h i t ngay; sudt
sau chuc n a m lam v u a thi h a n h h a n g loat
chinh s i c h bdc lot t h a m te, vet het vet
sach cfla c i i t r o n g d a n Vu De van d u n g
triet de hoe t h u y e t Nho gia vao viec cai
tri Nho g i i o b i t d i u trd t h a n h he tfl
tfldng c h i n h thd'ng cfla xa hdi T r u n g
Qud'c Tfl ddi H a n trd ve sau k h u d n thudc
c h u a n miic N h o giao bien t h a n h tin dieu
thieng lieng sach vd Nho g i i o trd t h a n h
"bau v a t cfla T h a n h hien" Den khi ay
tflc la g i n 500 n a m s a u khi qua ddi,
Khdng K h a u lai dUdc bien t h a n h mdt
"Dfle T h i n h " de thd cflng de le b i i va c i u
xin, va tfl dd, N h e g i i o k h o a c i o choang
m a n g m a u sac tdn giao N h i e u ngfldi t h a y
hinh thflc le nghi cflng te K h d n g K h a u da
tfldng l i m day la mdt tdn g i i o , va k h o i c
cho nd cai ten la "dao Khdng", ndi chfl la
"Khdng giio" K h d n g it ngfldi neu cdng
lao cfla K h d n g Tfl v i cfla Nho g i i o ndi
chung la da khdi xfldng va nudi dfldng cai
"truyen thd'ng Q u a n T h i n T r u n g Hoa"
(chienese i m p e r i a l t r a d i t i o n ) , tfl dd sinh
ra bao nghi thflc, le nghi vai lay thd
p h u n g vua chfla cflng Trdi Dat Neu hieu
nhfl vay thi "Khdng giao" dflng la mdt tdn
giao va nhfl vay d i n g dfldc ggi la Khdng
giao hay dao Khdng, va le dfldng nhien se
dan tdi t u d n g tUdng de ve t r a n h , treo
anh, diing tUdng DUc T h i n h K h d n g P h u
Tfl, xay v a n mieu, lap ban thd, nghi ngflt
cflng te Dfle T h a n h Khdng, v i i lay xi xup,
xin Dfle T h a n h phfl hd cho hgc gidi, thi
dd, ra lam q u a n
Dao Nho dfldc md d a u b a n g cac t h u y e t
ve Am Dfldng, ve B i t q u i i ve Ngu h a n h ,
trflde h e t n h i m g i i i thich ngudn gdc van
vat Am dfldng cdn ggi la lfldng nghi t i c
ddng vao n h a u ma tao t h a n h t a t ca mgi
vat t r o n g trdi d a t nay T r o n g Bat quai
Can va Khdn la q u a n t r g n g n h a t Vdi
q u a n niem t a m yeu t d v a t c h a t tao nen vu
tru cd chu j ^ d e n sfl p h i t t r i e n cfla sfl vat
t h u y e t B i t Q u i i la mdt tU t u d n g triet hgc
m a n g t i n h duy v a t bien chflng nhUng yeu to' tich cflc cdn h a n che: t h u y e t Bat
Q u i i s a u nay la cd sd cho viec bdi toan
Ngfl h a n h la n a m t i c n h a n tao nen sfl vat gdm: Mdc (gd), Hda (Ifla), Thd (dat), Kim (khi) va Thfly (nfldc)
Tfl c i c thuyet tren, cac nha Nho "Am Dudng gia" md ra trUdng p h i i tU tUdng thdi Chien Qud'c"*', diia vao Am Dudng va Ngu
h a n h de giai thich sfl bien hda trong gidi tfl nhien, sfl chuyen bien trong bd'n mua, bdn phUdng, ngu sac, ngu vi, ngfl tang, ngu am,
t h a p can, cac cdn sd va sU p h a t trien cfla xa hdi N h a n vat tieu bieu cfla p h i i Am Dfldng gia la T r a u Dien Den thdi Tay H i n , thuyet Am DUdng Ngfl Hanh dfldc bd s u n g
va cd i n h hudng lau dai trong tU tudng triet hgc T r u n g Qudc
Dau la t r u y e n t h u y e t , lich sfl cd dai
T r u n g Qud'c dfldc tinh tfl ddi P h u c Hy, tiep dd la H o a n g De, rdi ddng ddi H o a n g
De la D u d n g Nghieu, Ngu T h u a n , Ha Vu;
Vu chet, con cfla Vu la K h i i len lam vua,
md dau che do cha t r u y e n con ndi, va cflng d a n h d a u T r u n g Qudc budc vao xa hgi cd n h a nUdc Ba vUdng trieu ndi tiep
n h a u : n h a H a tfl t h e ki XXI den the ki XVI TCN; n h a ThUdng, cdn ggi la n h a An,
t u t h e ki XVI den t h e ki XII TCN; n h a Chu, t u t h e ki XI den t h e ki thfl I E TCN
T r i i dai t i m t h e ki tdn tai n h a Chu chia lam hai thdi ki la Tay Chu, tfl d i u trieu
C h u den n a m 771 T C N (ggi la Tay, vi ddng dd d Cao K m h phia Tay) va Ddng
C h u tU 770 den 221 T C N (ggi la Ddng vi ddi dd s a n g Lap Ap d phia Ddng Thdi Ddng Chu tUdng dUdng vdi hai thdi doan
la thdl Xuan T h u (722-481 TCN) va thdi Chien Qudc (403-221 TCN); dd la 500
n a m n h a C h u suy yeu, cac c h u b i u ndi len Hen m i e n c h i e n t r a n h can xe n h a u
Trang 8va tieu diet n h a u quyet liet ddi kem
kinh ngUdi Cic n h i tU tUdng dUa ra vd
sd' quan diem de giii thich Trdi Dat va
thdl cugc hinh thanh nhieu trUdng phai
va hgc thuyet k h i c nhau, chang ban
nhu P h i p gia: bat ngudn tfl cac n h i cii
each phfldng p h i p cai tri thdi Xuan
Thu, ndi tieng n h a t Q u i n Trgng: thdi
Chien Qud'c lai cd ThUdng Udng, Than
Bat Hai, Than Did, NgUdi ddng gdp
nhieu n h a t la Han Phi ( k h d i n g 280-230
TCN), cho r a n g vat chat v i tinh t h a n
deu do Dao sinh ra, su vat ludn ludn
thay ddi, khi cdn, khi mat, bdng sd'ng
bdng chet, luc thinh lflc suy Ong cho
rang, "dan vd'n nhdn vdi long thfldng
ma chi vang theo uy liic", cho nen c i n
dflng p h i p luat, menh lenh, hinh phat
de cai tri Nhflng mud'n phap luat cd the
dfldc thi h i n h thi vua p h i i cd the, tflc la
p h i i d i y dfl uy quyen Ngoai ra cai tri
p h i i cd thuat, tflc la phudng p h i p bd
nhiem, k h i o hach va thudng phat, tflc
la cd du ba yeu t o ' p h i p , the, thuat Tdm
lai, hgc thuyet chinh tri cua P h i p gia
khdng gi k h i c la chu nghia dgc tai
chuyen che thflc dflng cd dai Nhflng b i i
viet v i bai ndi ciia Han Phi, ve sau dfldc
tap hdp t h a n h sach, lai ggi l i s i c h Han
Phi Tfl, cung cd khi ngUdi ta t i c h Han
Phi ra khdi P h i p gia, de hinh t h a n h
them mdt phai mdi ggi la Han gia Ong
chfl trUdng p h i i quan tam den s i n xuat
la ndng nghiep v i chien dau: " dan
trong nudc, mgi ldi ndi hdp vdi p h i p
luat, mgi viec dd'c vao viec ciy cay, ke
dung cam dd'c het sflc vao viec quan, do
dd khi vd sfl thi nfldc giau, khi hflu sfl
thi bmh manh Dd l i cai vdn cua nghiep
vfldng, lai biet ldi dung thdi cd ciia nfldc
thi vfldt Ngu De, ngang Tam Vfldng ti't
la do phep ay, " Bao nhiem nam Xuan
Thu, Chien Qud'c, chien t r a n h lien
mien, P h i p gia (va Han gia) chfl trfldng dflng p h i p tri la dung, nhd dd ma nha
T i n mau thd'ng n h a t dfldc dat nfldc Nhflng mat khac lai q u i n h a n manh bien p h i p trflng p h a t n a n g ne phfl
n h a n dao dfle tinh cam, thfl tieu van hda, giio due, Vi the, sau khi thd'ng nha't dat nfldc, nha Tan tiep tiac " p h i p tri", nen chi dUdc 15 nam thi sup dd VUdng Bat (226-249) va ngUdi bid trd l i
Ha An dUdc cdi la nhflng ngfldi xfldng xuat li t h u y e t Huyen hgc b i n g cich nghien cflu Kinh dich, t h a m k h i o Dao Dfle kinh, tfl tfldng T r a n g Tfl va triet li cua P h a t giio Dai thfla Tuy van thfla
n h a n minh la Nho gia nhUng cac n h i Huyen hgc p h a n b i c cac d a n h hieu nhU ngUdi theo Khdng giio, ngUdi theo Dao giio va cd' k h a m p h i chan li td) hieu cao tiem an trong Nho giio, trong Trang Tfl, cung n h u trong P h a t giao Dai thfla
Hg ca ngdi Vfldng Chung (27-100) trflde
dd da dam vfldt bd Sieu hinh hgc ciia Khdng giio de tim den cic he thd'ng phflc tap ve nhflng tfldng flng gifla Trdi, Dat va Con ngfldi, cac ehu ki cua eii ggi
la Ngu h a n h , dfla vao dd de cd cic cd'
g i n g dfl d o i n tfldng lai K h i t vgng hieu biet cic nguyen t i c cd ban cua vfl tru khdng bi mat di, nhflng k h i i niem cd ban khdng bi h o i n toan bai bd Trong the ki thfl III, Huyen hgc ndi bat len de lam day khoang trd'ng Sieu hinh hgc Huyen hgc cho r i n g , cac hien tfldng vd han cfla vu t r u la n g i u nhien, n g i n ngui va khdng cd bat ki md hinh y nghia nao; tfl dd luan ra la t a t ca chflng phai dfldc p h i t s m h bdi mdt chan li ddn gian, vinh cflu Dd la hfl khdng nguyen thuy, hay vd the, ngudn gd'c cfla mgi hflu the
(Ki sau ddng tiep)
Trang 9Chii thich;
1 v i sau, ma thuat bien thanh mot uong nhung thanh td quan trpng nhat, the hien qua hanh dpng mang dau
tich ma thuat trong nhieu nghi le cac ton giao ke ca trong cac tdn giao da duoc "canh tan" va "hien dai" nhu
Cdng giao sau Cong ddng Vatican II trong Mat tong cua Phat giao Do dd ma thuat tdn tai bang each gan bd
vdi ton giao, nhieu khi trd thanh mot bp phan cua ton giao Dac biet d nhieu vung mien nui heo lanh, dan tri
cdn thap d Yiet.N^jn, cung nhu d nhiSu nudc Nam My va Chau Phi ma thuat cdn dang dien ra kha phd bien
dU(&i ohi^tijjtaih thllc: ma thuat tinh yeu (bib biia tha chai yem ngai ), ma thuat mang benh (ma lai, ma ca
rdng ) ma thuat chua benh ,^di nhi^u cap dp khac nhau: thin bi, vat hda, true tiep, gian tiep (nhu cung
sao giai haii chyi'b.enh khong thudc tii xa v.v ) Ma thuat khac ton giao thuSn tiiy
2 Thien Ni^n luan ttiSngPhap; MiUe: tieng Anh; Chiliasm, Milenarianism) la luSn thuyet ve nghin nam tdi day
Dflhg Cuu the se ra "ngay tan the" dot chay het triin gian nay de' toan the linh hdn duoc rua ray tii dd ma Ipe ra linh
hdn trong sach duac len Thien dudng linh hdn tpi ldi ddi ddi chiu phat dudi Hda nguc Dao Ciru the (tieng Phap:
Mesianisme; tieng Anh: Mesianism) la ten goi ehung nhieu nhdm tin ngirong tdn giao khac nhau thdi tnrdc Cdng
nguyen; cac nhdm nay cung chd dpi va can xin mot Dftng Qiu the xudng triin gian de' giai thoat cho loai ngudi khdi
mudn van su khd ai Cho den dau the ki XXI chua phai het cac toan tinh dua tren cac "thuyet" nay
3 It lau sau, Kham Khiem Chi (365-448) suu tam cac dao tang bi're kinh die'n Dao giao, liic dd da len den 1.215
quye'n, ehii truong bd cac phii phep lap dao mdi nghieng ve tung niem dd la dao Bac Thien su; cdn Luc Tu Tinh
lien ket dao Kim Dan vdi Bac Thien Su dua vao Phat giao de dat ra nghi thiic mdi cho Dao giao, goi ten la dao
Nam Thien Su Nhan thay viec ap dung nhao nhao va Ion alu ca ba giao thuyet ciia Phat giao Nho giao va Dao
giao dua den nhieu phuc tap va nhat la gay ra nhieu trai khoay den the ki XII Vuong Triet tue Vuong Trung
Duong, cai td eae phai eu thanh phai Toan Chan, dua ra mot cham ngon hanh dpng goi la "Nho Thich Dan hgp
nhdt" hoac eon di:ing mot hinh anh khac la "tao ra nhdng do de nhdi qudn ciia Khong- Phdt- Lao"
4 Cung nen thira nhan nhieu anh hudng khac cua Dao giao ddi vdi van hoa Trung Qudc nhu thuyet tu luyen
la CO sd ciia y hpc dupe hpc chain cuu vd thuat ciing each nau an len thanh nghe thuilt iim thuc; thai dp tim
su hoa minh vao the gidi la eo sd ciia kieii triic thi phap hdi hoa thi ca each lam vudn: each tu than dudng
due la nen tang cua quan niem tim hanh phiic d chinh minh khong chay theo ngoai vat; nhd cac phuong sT
ciia Dao giao ma Trung Qudc trd thiinh que huong phat minh ra thudc simg ra phep duang sinh va cd them
nhieu tha, van gdp trong kho tang van hpe nghe thuat
5 Ma thuat (magic) la gpi ehung eae phuong thire nghi Id kem theo mdt tin ngudng, nham dua anh hudng
ciia the gidi sieu nhien tac dpng mdt each tu dong vao eae sir kien; ma thuilt thudng gdn bd vdi niem tin rang
eon ngudi cd the dung nhung sue maiih sieu nhien de tac dpng \'ao tu nhien va con ngirdi, nhu bang khan
nguyen, lam phep, yem biia, aii huyet md phep la, chay dan hdn \'ia niem thiin ehii, lam "bi tich",v.v Ma
thuat giir vi tri trpng yeu trong viec dieu tiet himh vi xa hdi ciia con ngudi va ca trong viec td ehii;c xa hoi Ma
thuat vdi tinh each la mdt tac ddng gan lien vdi quan niem ve mot lue luong sieu tu nhien xuat hien ve sau
nay, khi ma "tu duy ma thuat" da ton tai ben canh tu duy logic Quan niem thudng ngay ve ma thuat gan lien
vdi niem tin vao chd cd the thirc hien ngay nhung mong mudn ma khong ciin ed nhtrng hanh ddng cd muc
di'eh (nhu chua khdi benh, mua het han han ) Cac bieu tuong ma thuat cung dupe gan lien vdi thuat yem
bua chCra benh bang phii phep rdi dan dan "tieii len" eae phap thuat eiia thay phii thuy, ke tir viec deo biia hd
menh, ngam rirau trong mdm phun ra de tao mua, goi ma quy len danh ddn xua dudi de giai han, xoa dau cac
hdn da de cd eon cho den viec day am binh di dep cac nan dich hoac ciic tai hoa Idn eua ca mdt viing dat, viec
"xdc dau thanh" len ngudi eon benh, md eae euoe hanh huang diing "thanh edi" hoac "xa h" eua cac thanh va
cac dang Phat, vice tam trong ddng song Hang (thieng lieng, truyen lai sau nay la cac phep la xoa nudc trong
md hoac udng thudc thanh eiia Dire Ba hien hinh Lp due (Lourdes-tay nam nude Phap) Ve sau ma thuat bien
thanh mdt trong nhfmg thanh td quan trpng nhat, the hien qua hanh dpng mang dau tich ma thuat trong nhieu
nghi le cac ton giao, ke ca trong cac tdn giao da dupe "canh tan" va •"hien dai", do dd, ma thuat tdn tai bang
each gan bd vdi ton giao, ddi khi trd thanh mp bp phan eua ton giao Dac biet d nhieu viing mien niii heo
lanh, dan tri cdn thap d nudc ta eiing nhu d nhieu nudc khac, ma thuat cdn dang dien ra kha phd bie'n, dudi
nhieu hinh thire: ma thuat tinh yeu (bd biia, chai, yem ngai ) ma thuat mang benh (ma lai, ma ca rdng), ma
thuat chua benh vdi nhieu cap dp khac nhau; than bi, vat hoa, true tiep, gian tiep (nhu cung giai han, ehua
benh khdng thudc tii xa, v.v ) Ma thuat khac "tdn giao thuan tuy" d chd tin rang d mot con ngudi nao dd
cd sue manh huyCn of sieu nhien cd tac dong xau tdt deii ngudi khac va ca nhdm ngudi khac Cd nhung nghi
le, tin ngudng ma thuat da va ,se mat di, trong khi tu duy ma thui;u van cdn tdn tai trong mdt sd ngudi nao dd
6 Theo Udc le thdi Xuan Thu va thdi Chien Qudc deu kliudn viio nha Ddng Chu (770 -256 TCN), trong dd
thdi Xuan Thu (770-475 TCN), ndi bat nhat trong "Bach gia chu tu" lii Khdng Khau (551-479 TCN) va Mac
Dinh (khoang 475-390 TCN); thdi Chien Qudc (cd ngudi chi tinh lir nam 403 den nam 221 TCN), ndi bat
nhat la Manh Tu va Han Phi Tu (280-230 TCN)