nhflng sinh boat van hda truyen thd'ng cua ngfldi Dad Hp tdn tai den ngay nay p h i n ldn gan lien vdi cac le nghi tdn giae. Nhflng tap tuc truyen thdng mang tinh bao thu, deu cd yeu [r]
Trang 1Nghien ciru Ton giao Sd7 &8- 2009 57
vni TAO cun THAV CUNG TRONG DOI SONG VAN Hon
J
TINH THAN vn sir PHHT TAI€N cun NGUOI Dno HO O ino cm
1 Vai net tong quan van de nghien ciiu
Theo cac tac gia Be Viet Ding, Nguyen
Khae Tung, Ndng Trung, Nguyen Nam
Tien, ngfldi Dad Hp la met nhdm dja
phfldng cua nganh Dao Q u i n Tring
Nganh Dae nay tfl tinh Phuc Kien, Trung
Qud'c den Viet Nam vao khoang the ki
XIII, thee dfldng Quang Yen ngfldc len
Lang Sdn, Cad Bang, Thai Nguyen,
Tuyen Quang O Tuyen Quang cd mdt bd
phan nhd lai rdi xudi ve Doan Hflng (Phu
Tho) sau lai ngfldc sdng Hdng len Yen
Bai, Lad Cai va d day nhdm nay mang
ten la Dae Hp"'
Ve dan sd cua ngfldi Dad Hp, do kbi
xac minh thanh phan dan tdc hp dfldc gdp
chung vad dan tdc Dao nen treng ca nfldc
khdng ed sd lieu thdng ke rieng ve nhdm
nay Tuy nhien, thee sd'lieu thd'ng ke cua
cac xa cd ngfldi Dao Hp cfl tru d tinh Lao
Cai, tinh den eudi nam 2002, cd 6.154
ngfldi, phan bd trong 31 thdn b i n thude 8
xa la; Tan Thfldng, huyen Van Ban, Cam
Cpn, huyen Bid Yen; Sdn Ha, T h i i Nien,
Phfl Nhuan, Tri Quang va Sdn Hai huyen
Bid Thing Ngdai ra, d Viet Nam ngfldi
Dad Hp cdn cfl tru d i l thdn ban thude 5
xa la Lang Khay, Lam Giang, An Binh,
Ddng An va Chau Que Ha, huyen Van
Yen, tinh Yen Bai Cd the ndi, cd rat it
nhflng nghien cflu chuyen sau ve nhflng
ngfldi lam nghe thay cung trong dan tdc
Dao ndi chung va ngfldi Dad Hp ndi rieng
PHAM VAN DCONG'''
Diem lai nhflng nghien cflu ve tdn giae, tin ngfldng cua dan tdc Dae, tuy ddi chd
ed de cap den nhflng cdn rat sd sai, chfla chpn nhflng ngfldi lam nghe t b i y cung la ddi tfldng nghien cflu chfnh, ke c i nhflng luan an chuyen ve nghi le tin ngfldng Dao
nhfl: Tiic cdp sdc cua ngiidi Dao Qudn
chet d Bdc Thdi cua Dd Dfle Ldi'"'; Cdc nghi le chu yeu trong vong ddi cua nhdm Dao Tien d Ba Be, Bdc Kcin cua Ly Hanh
Sdn'", Tiic cdp sdc cua ngiidi Dao cua Nguyen Qude Ldc'", Tiic cdp sdc cua
ngiidi Dao Tuyen d huyen Bdo Yen tinh Lao Cai cua Nguyen Qude Viet"'' Day la
nhflng de tai de cap den cac nghi le cua ngfldi Dad, trdng dd cd lien quan trflc tiep den vi tri, vai trd cua nhflng ngfldi thay cung Tuy nbien, cac tac gii chfla dat bo lam del tfldng c i n di sau nghien cflu, vdi tfl each la ngfldi duy tri, thflc bien nghi le
* ThS Bao tang Dan tdc hpe Viet Nam
1 Be Viet Ding, Nguydn Khic Tung, Ndng Trung,
Nguydn Nam Tien (1971) Nguai Dao a Viet Nam
Nxb KH.XH Ha Ndi, tr 23
2 Do Due Loi (1997) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngirai Dao
Qudn Chet a Bdc Thdi Luan van thae sT Van hda
hpc, Dai hpe Van hda Ha Npi
3 Ly Hanh Son (2001) Cdc nghi li chii yeii nong
vdng ddi ciia nhdm Dao Tien a Ba Be, Bdc Kan
Luan an tien si Lieh sir, Vien Dan toe hpc Ha Ndi
4 Nguydn Qude Ldc (1966) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngirdi
Dao Luan van tdt nghiep Dai hoc, Khoa sir, Dai hoe
Tdng hop Ha Npi
5 Nguydn Qude Viet (2003) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngiri/i
Dao Tuyen a huyen Bdo Yen linh LMO Cai, Khoa
luan tdt nghiep, Khoa Sir, Dai hoe Khoa hpc xii hdi
vk Nhan van Ha Ndi
Trang 258 Nghien cihi Ton giao So 7 & 8 - 2009
tdn giad trong cdng ddng Hdn nfla trdng
cac tai lieu nay lai khdng he de cap den
vai trd eua t h i j ' cflng trcng cac sinh heat
tdn giae - tin ngfldng, treng khi t b i y cung
ngfldi Dad ddng mdt vai trd rat quan
trpng lam chu the cua cac nghi le dd Va
hau nhfl chfla ed met nghien cflu nae ve
nhflng ngfldi lam nghe t b i y cung trong
cdng ddng ngfldi Dad Hp Vi vay trdng
bai viet nay, chung tdi bfldc d i u tim hieu
vai trd cua t b i y cung trong ddi sd'ng van
hda tinh t h i n va sfl phat trien cua ngfldi
Dac Hp nhfl mot nghien cflu trfldng hdp
2 Vai t r d c u a t h a y c u n g t r o n g ddi
s d n g t a m l i n h
2.1 Niem tin cda cong ddng vdo
khd ndng cda thdy cung
Cudc sdng cua mci cen ngfldi ludn tdn
tai va n i y sinh nhieu nhu ciu, ngeai
nhflng nhu c i u mang tfnh chat tfl nhien
nhfl; an, mac, d, di lai cdn cd nhu cau ve
tam linh Dieu dd phd bien d ta't ea eac
cdng ddng ngfldi, thude nhieu nen van
hda - van minh d nhflng trinh dp khac
nhau Ngfldi ta quan niem rang, ngeai
the gidi t r i n gian ma cen ngfldi sinh
sd'ng, cdn cd the gidi khae eua t h i n lmh;
mpi hien tfldng treng tfl nhien tac ddng
den cudc sd'ng cen ngfldi (ke c i tai hpa,
thien tai, benh tat, chet chdc ), deu la do
mot Ifle Ifldng sieu nhien nae dd chi phdi
Vi the, trong nhieu hoan c i n h khd khan
cen ngfldi thfldng tim den sfl trd giup cua
t h i n linh
Ngfldi Dao ndi chung, ngfldi Dao Hp
ndi rieng, ed quan niem van vat hflu linh
Vi vay, de dat tdi cudc sd'ng td't dep thinh
vfldng, cen ngfldi can thiet lap mdi quan
he vdi cac vi t h i n va viec thiet lap mdi
quan he dd, thee hp ehi ed cac t h i y cung
hoac t h i y shaman thflc hien dfldc Tfl dd,
hp tm thee va thflc hien nhflng yeu c i u
cua t h i y cung Vi nhfl, mud'n thd cung
dfldc td tien thi phai dfldc thay lam le cap sac; mudn ed tam sang, tri sang p h i i dfldc
t h i y lam le dang sac xua tan di nhflng am mudi; mud'n tai qua nan khdi p h i i dfldc
t h i y lam le giai ban, v.v T h i y cung la gaeh ndi gifla the gidi thflc va the gidi ic,
la chd dfla ve mat tinh than che cdng ddng thdn b i n va cua mdi ca nhan Treng nhflng trfldng hpp dm dau, benh tat ma y hpe phai bd tay, ngfldi ta da tim den thay cung nhfl la chd dfla tinh than cudi cflng eua hp NTifl vay, ddi vdi ngfldi Dad Hp,
t h i y cung la ngfldi vfla "bae trd" che ddi sd'ng tam linh, vfla la thay "phip sfl" trj benh cflu ngfldi, giii trfl eae tai ach
Ddi vdi nghi le lap tich (cap sac), ngfldi dan dng Dao Hp nao cung p h i i thflc bien neu khdng se bi cdng ddng cei thfldng, bj gat ra ngdai cac sinh boat tap the, ma
dieu nay, theo Dang Nghiem Van; "Dd Id
hinh phat nghiem khdc nhdt vdi mot con ngiidi xd hoi thuoc xd hoi tien cdng nghiep"^*^' Thdng qua nhflng giao li,
nhflng nguyen tac dae dfle, each flng xfl
ma ngfldi thay cung truyen day, gifla ngfldi thay cung va ngfldi dfldc cap sac da thiet lap nen mdi quan he t h i y trd (sfl phu, cha con) va chinh vi the ma vai trd cung nhfl niem tin cua cdng ddng ddi vdi ngfldi t h i y cflng ngay cang tang
2 2 Thdy cdng vdi nhu cdu tdm linh
Cung nhfl cac tdc ngfldi khac cac hinh thflc tdn giao - tin ngfldng cua ngfldi Dao
Hp khdng ddn t h u a n chi la cdng viec cua met ea n h a n ma ludn gan vdi cdng ddng
va chinh dd la manh dat nudi dfldng lau dai truyen thd'ng h a n h nghe cung bai ciia cac thay cung d day
6 Dang Nghiem Van (1998) "Vai tro tdn giao tdc ngudi trong viee thd'ng nhit y thuc cong ddng ngudi
Dao", Su phdt trien vdn hda xd hdi ciui ngudi Dao:
Hien tai vd luang lai (Ky yeu Hdi thao Qude te
ngudi Dao, td ehiie d Thai Nguyen thang 12 nam 1995), Ha Ndi, tr 132
Trang 3Pham Van Duong Vai trd ciia thdy ciing 59
Vi du, che den n a y d eac thdn b a n
ngfldi Dao Hp v i n d u y tri tuc le chpn mdt
t h i y c u n g dai dien cho cdng ddng, de thflc
hien cac nghi le c u n g t h i n l a n g b i n g
n a m Nghi thflc Ifla chpn n a y do cac t b i y
cung thflc h i e n b a n g viec bdi c h a n ga va
t h i y c u n g n a o "dfldc t h i n Ifla chpn" se cd
bdn p h a n td chflc cac nghi le eho cdng
ddng t r e n g n a m dd, d a n b i n gdi n i e m t m
cung nhfl fldc n g u y e n vao dng t a b i n g
viec ddng gdp l i v a t de d a n g c u n g t h i n
Cac nghi le thd c u n g t a p the m a n g
tfnh c h a t hdi he m a t h i y c u n g ddng vai
trd t r u n g t a m t a p hdp cdng ddng nhfl vay,
cdn m a n g y n g h i a s a u xa la n g u d n gd'c
dinh hfldng ddi sd'ng, gdp p h i n q u a n
trpng duy tri b i n sac eua cdng ddng dd
Ngdai ra, t h i y c u n g ngfldi Dad Hp cdn
thflc hien nhflng nghi le n h a m dap flng
nhflng n h u c i u thfldng n h a t cua dan
c h u n g nhfl; cap sac, cung chay, t a n g ma,
xem h a u v a n , d e a n tfldng lai, xem duyen
sd vd chdng, cflng bdi chfla benh, giai
ban, v.v
Met viec q u a n t r p n g nfla c i n den cac
t h i y cung la k h i ngfldi ta hi d a u dm Dieu
dd c u n g de b i e u , vi ngfldi Dad Hp sd'ng
p h a n t a n d nhflng vflng nui hiem trd,
k h d n g t h u a n tien ve giao thdng, xa cac
t r u n g t a m y te, chd nen hp thfldng chfla
chay b i n g cac bai thud'c d a n gian ehu yeu
tfl t h i o mdc va chi chfla dfldc cac chflng
b e n h t h d n g thfldng Vi the, kbi gap
nhflng can b e n h h i e m n g h e e hp thfldng
b a t Iflc, h o a n g m a n g va t r o n g nhflng
h o a n c a n h nhfl vay hp thfldng mdi t h i y
cung de c i u vien den t h i n linh Cd t h e
phfldng p h a p chfla b e n h b i n g cung bai
cua t h i y c u n g k h d n g d e m lai hieu q u i
dich thflc, nhflng nd cd y n g h i a c u n g cd've
m a t t i n h t h i n chd ngfldi b e n h , m a n g den
chd hp niem tin va sflc m a n h , cd t h e chien
t h i n g dfldc b e n h t a t Vi vay t b i y cung
v i n r a t c i n chd ddi sdng cua hp
3 V a i t r o c i l a t h a y c u n g t r o n g ddi
s o n g v a n h o a
3.1 Thdy cung - nhiing tri thdc ddn gian
NgUdi Dao ndi c h u n g va Dae Hp ndi rieng, tfl k h i di cfl den Viet N a m , cfl t r u
p h a n t a n d n h u n g k h u vflc k h d n g m a y
t h u a n Idi Dfldi che dp thflc dan phong kien hp k h d n g cd trfldng ldp de hpc Tuy nhien, t r o n g xa hdi Dao v a n cd mdt sd ngfldi hpc Dao giae qua sach chfl H a n , do nhflng t h i y c u n g t r u y e n day Nhflng kien thflc m a t h i y cung t r a e t r u y e n che hpc trd qua nghi le cap sac k h d n g cbi dflng lai
d nhflng giad dieu cua tdn giae ma cdn la nhflng k i n h nghiem, dfldc cac t h i y cung due ket t r e n g cudc ddi cua hp, dd chfnh la nhflng p h e p del n h a n xfl the p h u hdp vdi
l u a n li dao dfle cua cdng ddng
T h a y cung la nhflng ngfldi hiem hei trong cdng ddng dpc va viet dfldc chfl H a n
va Ndm Dad T h e e dieu t r a cua c h u n g tdi vad n a m 2008, xa C a m Cpn, h u y e n B i d Yen cd 6 ngfldi gidi chfl H a n deu la t h i y cung; xa T a n Thfldng cd 6 thay, xa T a n
An (huyen Van Ban) cd 8 t h i y , xa Sdn Ha (huyen B i o T h a n g ) cd 3 t h a y gidi chfl
H a n va Ndm Dao Ddi vdi ngfldi Dao Hp, hoc chfl la de lam t h a y (ldi cac dng: Ban Van Sinh Ban Van Xiem xa Cam Cen,
h u y e n Bae Yen, Ly V a n Chien, Ly Van Cflng, B a n V a n S a m , Ly V a n Sdn, xa Sdn
Ha, h u y e n B i d Thang ) Tuy nbien, t h e e
c h u n g tdi, tfl ddng cd hpc lam t h i y dd he
da tiep c a n dfldc vdi cac tri thflc cua n h a n leai q u a khd t a n g kien thflc tdn giae, ma
d day c h u yeu la D a c giad, va If giai cac hien tfldng tfl n b i e n , xa hdi va Cdn ngfldi
t h e e tfl duy tdn giae dd Q u a dd, g i i i dap nhflng t h a e mac cua mdi ea n h a n bay cdng ddng ve nhflng bien ed ma hp gap
p h a i t r o n g cudc sdng nhfl; dm dau, benh tat, lu lut, m a t mfla, v.v va tfl do be
p h i i cau cung, lam le cap siic cho con
Trang 460 Nghien curu Ton giao So7 & 8 - 2009
trai, p h i i lam chay cho ngUdi da chet,
v.v Cd mudn van cau hdi nhU vay va
cbi cd cae t h i y cung mdi tra ldi dUdc
Kho tang tri thflc dan gian cua ngfldi
Dad ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng ehu
yeu tap trung trong cae loai sach ed lien
quan den tdn giae, tin ngfldng, van hpc, y
hpc n i m tan mat trong cdng ddng, nhat
la nhflng ngfldi lam t h i y cung Thee T r i n
Hflu Sdn; "Bao tang tinh Lao Cai mdi
khao sat 21 lang (huyen Bae Yen 12 lang,
huyen Sa Pa 5 lang, huyen Bao Thang 4
lang), tean bd cac lang dfldc khae sat van
cdn Iflu gifl sach ed Xa Long Khanh
huyen Bae Yen cd 7 lang Dao vdi 163 hd,
833 ngfldi, cd tdi 97 hd cdn sach ed, vdi
tdng sd' 451 eud'n"'^' Nhflng he gia dinh
eon gifl dfldc leai sach nay thfldng la hd ed
ngfldi lam nghe thay cung Dieu dd chd
thay, t h i y cung la ddi tfldng sd hflu va
bid Iflu mdt sd' Ifldng ldn cac van ban cd
gia tri van hda eua ngfldi Dac ma den nay
van chfla dflpc nghien cflu d i y du va ed
he tbdng
T h i y cung la ngfldi am hieu ve lich
phap, thien van va cd hieu biet it nhieu
ve quy luat van h a n h cua vu tru, thdi tiet
va mfla vu Vi the, khdng p h i i ngau
nhien ma t h i y cung thflc hien dfldc hang
Idat cae nghi le lien quan den s i n xua't,
cay trdng, san b i t , c h i n g ban nhfl; Thang
4 cung than lang, than ndng, than sam
ciu mfla de giee trdng va cung la c i u sflc
khoe eho ngfldi va gia sue t r a n h khdi dich
benh Thang 6 khi cay lua dang thi lam
ddng, cung c i u cd nfldc che lua trd bdng
Thang 10 ca lang cung ldn ta dn t h i n linh
da chd hp mdt nam no am, ket thuc mot
chu ki canh tac
32 Thdy ciing - nhiing nghe si ddn gian
Nghe thuat cd quan he mat thiet vdi
eac nghi le tdn giao - tin ngfldng, bieu
hien treng cac nghi thflc thflc hanh nghi
li Ddi vdi ngfldi Dae Hp, trong cac sinh
heat tdn giao, tin ngfldng t h i y cung khdng chi la ngfldi cd kha nang giac tiep vdi than linh, d i n d i t tam linh cdng ddng, ma cdn ddng vai trd nhfl nhflng nghe si, tfldng trflng che t h i n linh, bieu didn thflc thu C h i n g ban, trong eae nghi
Id cap sic, cung chay, c i u hdn, v.v cua eae t h i y cung Dao Hp, chung ta thfldng thay xuat hien mdt sd' nghe t h u a t ehu yeu nhfl n h i y mua dien xfldng, am nhac, trang tri, tac hinh Rieng t h i y shaman lai sd dung nhieu ddng tae quay cudng, nhay mua, dien t i ddng tac, tieng ndi cua
t h i n khi phan xet
Cung nhfl nhieu tdc ngfldi khae, mua trong nghi le cua thay cung Dao Hp la hinh thai nghe t h u a t chiem flu the, the hien cac ddng tac vfla mang tinh chat tam linh vfla mang tinh tham mi va dfldc bieu dien trdng bdi canh "san khau" linh thieng Nhflng h a n h ddng mua dd la tai hien sfl hien hflu cua eac than linh
Treng eae nghi le eua t h i y cung ngfldi Dao Hp thflpng dien ra cac vu dieu nhfl quay trdn, khom Iflng, ket hpp vdi cac ddng tac mua cd dae cu, nhfl gay, thanh dao, turn vai hoa; cd luc mua ddi, nhflng cung cd khi mfla t h a n h dpi hinh 4 ngfldi Cac ddng tae mua ngoai y nghia tdn giae cdn the hien cudc sd'ng lao ddng thfldng ngay cua ngfldi Dao Hp nhfl; mua md
dfldng {tiu ngodn pie jdng), mua di cay
{tiu xeu panh), mua ga (tiu chay), mua
lam cd chd lua {tiu ngodn), mfla gat lua
{tiu xi met nhap), ganh lua ve nha {tiu xiang pia), mua chat cay, mua ba ba,
v.v Vi vay, nhflng man trinh dien nhfl tren ludn thu hut ddng d i e cae thanh vien t r o n g cdng ddng t h a m gia va cac
7 Trin Hiiu Scm (1998) "Saeh cd ngudi Dao a Lao Cai - Di san van hda ed gia tri" Su phdt nien vdn
hda V(7 hoi ciia ngudi Dao: Hien lai vd tucrng lai (Ky
yeu Hdi thao Qude td ngudi Dao, td chue cr Thai Nguyen thang 12 nam 1995), Ha Ndi, tr 167
Trang 5Pham Van Duong Vai trd cua thdy cung 61
nghi le, nhat la le cap sac khdng chi diing lai
d nghi le mang tinh tdn giad gifla cac thiy
cung va nhflng tin dd cua hp, ma da trd
thanh met le hdi dan gian chie'm linh ddi
sdng van hda va tam hnh cua ca cdng ddng
Nghe thuat am nhac van dfldc h i u bet
cac tdn giac xem la met phfldng tien t h i n
dieu giao tiep vdi t h i n linh va phu hea cho
cac dieu mua Treng cae nghi le tin ngfldng
cua ngfldi Dad Hp, bad gid cung cd am
nhac, vdi cae nhac cu truyen thd'ng nhfl
trd'ng, chieng, thanh la, chum chee Nhflng
"nhac cdng" cung ehinh la cac thiy cung
heac nhflng hpc tre eua hp Hinh thflc dien
tau cua nhac eu Dae Hp mdi chi d trinh dp
ddn giin, chu yeu la cac tiet tau nhip 2 - 4
de phu hda che cac dieu mfla va bieu hien
trang thai, tinh chat cua nghi le Nhflng dfl
sad dd cung la di s i n am nhac hiem bdi cua
ngfldi Dad Hp va nd cbi cd trong cac le nghi
tdn giao ma thdi
Treng cic nghi le, gia trj nghe thuat
tae hinh the hien kha rd, nhat la qua
hinh thflc bai tri nha dan banh le, vdi
nhieu dang hea van trang tri khae nbau
Bing nghe thuat e i t giay truyen thd'ng,
hinh eac hnh vat va mudng thu nhfl rdng,
phfldng, dai bang, hd, bfldu, nai, thudng
ludng, ngfla, v.v cac hea van tren trang
phuc cua t b i y cung, tren de vang ma, va
cac loai md hinh thuyen, hinh nhan dfldc
tai hien mdt each sinh ddng
Mau sic dfldc cac t h i y cung sd dung
trong eac'nghi le vdi cac sic mau cbinh
nhfl dd, vang, t r i n g tren trang phuc t h i y
cung va ngfldi thu li, trdng tranh thd eae
vi t h i n d nha dan ndi hanh le, tren eae
dac cu vfla mang y nghia tdn giac, vfla
tac ddng manh den tam li cua nhflng
ngfldi tham dfl nhflng cung the hien tham
mi cua ngfldi Dao Hp
Dien xfldng cung la mdt trong nhflng
binh thflc the hien kha phd bien cua cac
t h i y cung treng khi hanh le Hp dien xfldng b i n g ngdn ngfl theo nhip dieu cua mua va am nhac ndi dung chu yeu la cac bai cung, nhflng dflpc dpc cd tiet tau, giai dieu khi t r i m , khi bdng, luc cae trao luc lai ling xud'ng, chu yeu dfldi dang ddc diln, vdi ndi dung la nhflng cau chuyen
ke, nhflng truyen thuyet cua ngudi Dad
Hp ve Ban Cd, Ban Vfldng
Du r i n g , nhflng hinh thflc dfldc trinh
b i y d tren ed nhan ldi la hanh vi tdn giao, tin ngfldng nhflng da tich hdp nhieu gia tri van hda nghe thuat, tae nen met hien tfldng van hda dan gian tdng the rat dac trflng cua ngfldi Dao
Cd the k h i n g djnh r i n g , khi nghien cflu van hda truyen thd'ng cua ngfldi Dad ndi chung, ngfldi Dad Hp ndi rieng, chung
ta khdng the tach rdi cac smh boat van hda vdi cac le nghi tdn giae, tin ngfldng
va cang khdng the bd qua vai trd cua cac t h i y cflng Dao trong cac sinh heat van hda dd Bdi gid'ng nhfl cac tdc ngfldi khac, nghe t h u a t dan gian eua ngfldi Dad Hp dang cdn n i m treng "tdng the nguyen hdp" (tfl dflng eua GS Dinh Gia Khanh) cua eae sinh heat van hda trdng
dd ed sinh heat tin ngfldng va nd chfla dat tdi sfl chia tach thanh nhflng bd mdn nghe t h u a t ddc lap
3.3 Thay cflng vdi viec bao lUu nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thdng
Nhfl tren da de cap, mdt p h i n khe tang tri thflc dan gian cua ngfldi Dae Hp (ve vfl tru, nhan smh, van hpc, nghe thuat, v.v ) dfldc the hien tap trung trdng cac cudn sach ed bang chfl Han, chfl Ndm Dad Vdi cac leai sach nay, trcng cdng ddng ngfldi Dad hien nay ed le chi ed cac thay cung mdi dpc dfldc, hieu dfldc va giai thich ndi dung cua nd Ngeai ra, chinh thay cung la nhflng ngfldi chu yeu Iflu gifl eac cudn sach dd
Trang 662 Nghien curu Ton giao So 7 & 8 - 2009
Hdn the nfla thflc te cdn che thay,
nhflng sinh boat van hda truyen thd'ng
cua ngfldi Dad Hp tdn tai den ngay nay
p h i n ldn gan lien vdi cac le nghi tdn giae
Nhflng tap tuc truyen thdng mang tinh
bao thu, deu cd yeu td' tin ngfldng Dieu
de nhan tha'y la, van hda tdc ngfldi dfldc
bid Iflu dd la y thflc cua cdng ddng va
cua mdi ca nhan ma it nhieu chiu anh
hfldng eua cac giac li tin ngfldng Nhflng
glad li dfldc cac t h i y cung luu truyen va
phat huy i n h hfldng eua nd, ddng nhat nd
vd: nhflng chuan mflc chung cua cac flng
xfl, budc mdi thanh vien trong cdng ddng
p h i i tuan thee, ne'u khdng ed the bi ed lap
treng cdng ddng dieu ma khdng ai mudn
chap nhan
Trong cac nghi le cap sac hay lam chay
ma cic t h i y cung thflc hien, nd khdng chi
ban che treng pham vi ca nhan hay gia
dinh ma ludn lan tda trong cdng ddng Vi
vay, d nhflng ndi dien ra nghi le cap sac,
cung chay, ddi tfldng den dfl khdng chi
dflng lai d quan he hp hang than thude
ma cdn thu hflt rdng rai nhflng thanh
vien khae trcng cdng ddng cflng tham gia
va dd cflng la nhflng sinh boat van hda
quan trpng trcng thdn b i n
Trdng le cap sac cd nghi le cung Ban
Vfldng {Phan Hung) Tai day eae thay
cflng thfldng dpc nhflng cud'n saeh ve sfl
ticb cua Ban Vfldng, trcng dd giai thich
ve ngudn gd'c cua ngfldi Dad ndi chung
Day la hinh thflc d i i n xfldng lich sd dan
tdc dfldc gan vdi tin ngfldng nen cd anh
hfldng sau sac tdi cdng ddng, bdi khdng
chi giup mpi ngfldi hieu biet ve ngudn
gd'c cua dan tdc minh ma cdn cung cd'
khdi dean ket cdng ddng ngay cang ben
chat hdn
Trong dam chay cflng vay Khi t h i y
cung giang giii ve dac h nhfl sfl hieu t h i o
cua cen chau vdi cha me, vdi dng ba td
tien, nhflng hinh phat ndi am phu danh
che nhflng ke lam nhflng viec trai vdi dao
li, v.v dieu dd cd y nghia giao due sau sac del vdi mdi ngfldi
Dd dac trflng cua tdn giac la tfnh bao thu va cham bien ddi, cd le vi the trong trfldng hdp ngfldi Dad Hp, tdn giao tin ngfldng da gdp phan khdng nhd vao viec bao tdn nhflng gia tri van hda truyen thd'ng eua nhdm tdc ngfldi nay
4 V a n de phat h u y nhiJng yeu to
t i c h ciJc c u a t h a y c u n g h i e n n a y
Nhflng tae ddng cua cudc sdng hien tai den vi tri eua t h i y cflng da i n h hfldng manh me den xu hfldng p h i t trien nghe
t h i y cung trong cdng ddng Dae Hp Xu hfldng dd bieu hien trflde het ve thanh phan xa hdi eua eac ea nhan tham gia nghe thay cung Dieu de tha'y hien nay la, nhieu ngfldi, nha't la the he tre, ke ca con
em nhflng gia dinh cd truyen thdng lam nghe thay cung cung khdng thich tiep tuc lam nghe nay Trai lai, nhflng ngfldi mdng mud'n trd t h a n h t h i y cung lai la nhflng ngfldi Dad da tflng tham gia cdng tac xa hdi, ddi tfldng nay cung la tang ldp tri thflc cua dia phfldng Nhfl trfldng hdp dng dng Hdang Van Thanh, nguyen Bi thfl Dang uy xa Tan An, nam 1994 dfldc nghi hflu, tfl dd den nay dng thee hpc nghe t h i y cung Hay dng Ban Van Minh nguyen Trfldng Cdng an xa Tan Thfldng nghi hflu cung quay ra lam thay cung,v.v Tinh hinh tren khdng chi cd d ngfldi Dad Hp ma cdn cd d cac nhdm Dac khac nhfl trfldng hdp dng Trieu Tai Thdng (Dao Thanh Phan), nguyen la Phd ban Dinh canh - Djnh cfl, tinh Quang Ninh, nay la Bi thfl D i n g bd xa Tan Dan huyen Hoanh Bd Hien nay ngoai cdng
t i e Dang, dng Thdng cdn tham gia vao cic nghi le cap sac vdi tfl each la thay cung va dng cho biet, dng van dang tiep tuc hpe eac phep cung, r a t ed the sau khi nghi hflu se lam thay cung thudng xuyen
Trang 7Pham Van Duong Vai trd cua thdy cung 63
bdn Vi vay, tinh hinh chung hien nay la
dpi ngu nhflng ngfldi lam nghe thay cung
treng ngfldi Dao cung nhfl ngfldi Dad Hp
ngay cang it va ed dp tudi trung binh cao
Trae ddi vdi chung tdi, nhflng ngfldi
hpc lam t h i y cho biet, hp hpc chu yeu de
thflc bien eac nghi le, cung chay trong
cdng ddng Dae, dae biet la li cap sic, mot
nghi le b i t bude, dfldc duy tri tfl lau ddi
va chd den nay van khdng cd dau hieu
mat di Nghi le cap sac, thee chung tdi cd
li do de tdn tai bdi ngoai y nghia mang
tinh tam linh, niem tin cua mpi ngfldi
cdn cd y nghia quan trpng treng viec giao
due dae li eua con ngfldi, trong dd cd dao
hieu, dao t h i y trd, bdn phan cua mdi
ngfldi dan dng vdi cdng ddng Ngoai ra
nghi le cap sac, cung chay cdn gan bd mat
thiet vdi cae hinh thflc thd cung dan gian
khac nhfl thd cung td tien, la mdt bd phan
hdp thanh rat quan trpng trdng van hda
dan tdc d i m b i o cho sfl gan bd cua cdng
ddng dan tdc Dae ndi chung va Dao Hp
ndi rieng
Cung nhfl nhieu tdc ngfldi khac, cac
hinh thflc bdi tcan, trfl ta ma d ngfldi Dad
Hd cd xu hfldng giim d i n cflng vdi sfl
phat trien cua khea hpc ki thuat va
nhflng tien be ve y te, giao due Tuy
nhien, viec cflng nay se khdng mat di ma
v i n dam nhan vai trd la chd dfla tinb
t h i n che mdi ea nhan, nhat la ddi vdi the
he ngfldi cae tudi
Nhfl tren chflng tdi da trinh biy, ddi
vdi cudc sd'ng tinh t h i n cua ngfldi Dad
Hp, t b i y cflng cd nhflng i n h hfldng quan
trpng va cd the khang dinh khdng cd sflc
dp nae cd the loai bd vj tri cua cac thay
cung ra khdi ddi sd'ng cua hp Tuy nhien,
treng thflc te nhflng hinh thflc heat ddng
cung bai cua t h i y cung ngfldi Dad Hp cdn
nbieu yeu td' me tin, trai vdi cae quy djnh
eua nha nUde Trcng thdng tU sd
04/1998/TT- BVHTT ngay 11/7/1998 ve
Hiidng ddn viec thiic hien nep sdng vdn minh trong viec ciidi, viec tang, le hoi da
ghi re; "Nha nUdc tdn trpng quyen tU de tin ngUdng va tU do khdng tin ngUdng cua cdng dan Viec thd cung td tien le nha thd, den, chfla la tin ngfldng dfldc nha nfldc tdn trpng Xem bdi, gpi hdn, ciu cd, sam truyen, yem bfla, trfl ta, chfla benh bang phu phep la me tin di doan, nha nfldc nghiem cam "'^'
Ne'u theo tinb t h i n cua thdng tfl nay thi nhflng beat ddng cung bai cua t h i y cung Dao ndi chung, Dae Hp ndi rieng la
vi pham phap luat Chi'nh vi vay ma d nhflng dja phfldng cd ngfldi Dad sinh sdng
da Cd nhieu cudc van ddng ddng bad tfl bd cac thu tuc cung bdi me tin Tuy nhien, treng thflc te xem ra nhflng cudc van ddng tren khdng may hieu q u i De cac Idai van ban mang tinh phap quy cua nha nfldc nhfl tren cd the thflc hien dfldc trong cdng ddng ngfldi Dae ndi chung va Dao
Hp ndi rieng, cac cd quan quan li nha nfldc cin tim hieu nhu cau va nguyen vpng cua ngfldi dan, trad chd hp quyen Ifla chpn tin hay khdng tin va de cho ngfldi dan tfl danh gia nhflng i n h hfldng tich ciic va ban che cua cac tbiy cung trong ddi sdng tin ngfldng cua hp Tfl dd
cd nhflng flng xfl phu hdp, tranh tinb trang quy chup, vdi va ap dat, thee tfl duy cua ngfldi khdng cflng bdi canh van hda vdi hp
Dei vdi ngfldi Dad ndi chung, t b i y cung khdng ehi la nhflng ngfldi t h u i n tuy hdat ddng cung bai nhfl trfl ta ma, trj benh, giai han, dang sao, v.v ma be cdn
la nhflng ngfldi duy tri mdt thfl tdn giad rieng cua ngfldi Dad, ma chung tdi cd the tam gpi la "Dao giae dan gian cua ngfldi Dad" dfldc bieu hien rd net treng nghi le lap tjeh cap sac hfldng dao cho nhflng
8 Chfnh saeh dan ldc: Nhung vdn de li ludn vd thuc
r/c/)(1990) NxbSuthat, Ha Noi, tr 121
Trang 864 Nghien cun Ton giao So 7 & 8 - 2009
ngfldi dan dng trdng cdng ddng Sd' lieu ve
hoat ddng tdn giao dan gian cua ngfldi Dao
Hp d Lae Cai ma chung tdi khao sat che
thay, cd 27 thay cung hien dang hanh
nghe, h i n g nam hp thflc hien nghi le cap
sac cho ca tram ngfldi dan dng Dad Hp,
khdng tinh cae le cflng bdi thdng thfldng
khac Cung can p h i i ndi them, del vdi
ngfldi Dad ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng,
le cap sac la ban sac van hda cua hp, ddng
hanh vdi ban sac dan tdc khdng the Idai bd
Vi the, can be dang vien la ngfldi Dad van
phii thflc hien nghi le nay, ne'u khdng dfldc
cap sac ngfldi d i n g vien dd chfla chac da
van ddng dflpc q u i n chflng thflc hien td't
dfldng ldi cua Dang, tham chi ban than anh
ta cdn hi cdng ddng cd lap
Vi the, chinh quyen cac dia phfldng ndi
cd ngfldi Dad smh sd'ng c i n p h i i tim hieu
ddi sd'ng va h a n h vi tdn giao eua ddng bao
(dfldc hieu bac gdm c i nhflng ngfldi hanh
nghe t h i y cung va nhflng ngfldi tin thee
bp), tim hieu giae li eua hp tfl nguyen gd'c
de ed nhflng flng xd cho phfl hdp, tflng
bfldc thuyet phuc hp leai bd d i n nhflng
nghi le khdng phfl hdp vdi cudc sd'ng hien
dai, ed the gay tdn kem heac nguy hai
den sflc khee, tinh mang cua con ngfldi
Mat khae van ddng eac t h i y cung duy tri
nhflng le nghi mang ban* sac van hda cua
dan tdc, b i e tdn va phat huy nhflng gia
trj nhan van, khia canh dae dfle, tinh
cam rieng va tinh cdng ddng gan bd,
thdng qua eac sinh boat van hda tin
ngfldng dd
Nhfl tren chflng tdi da de cap, cd ca
met kho tang van hda vat the va phi vat
the cua ngfldi Dao nhfl; tranh thd, sach
ed, truyen ed, am nhac, mua, v.v dang
dfldc cic thay cung dan tdc Dao Iflu gifl
Vi vay, chung tdi cho r i n g c i n cd nhflng
cdng trinh nghien cflu ki Ifldng de d i n h
gia va de phat huy vai trd cua eac t h i y cung trcng cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy nhflng di san van hda cua dan tdc Dao hien nay
5 Ket l u a n
- T h i y cung cflng vdi cac boat ddng tin ngfldng cua hp, la chd dfla ve mat tinh
t h i n cho dai bd phan ngfldi dan Dad Hp
p h i n nao t h o i man cac nhu c i u ve tam linh cdng ddng va mdi ca nhan, giup ho vflPt qua nhflng khd khan, bien ed' treng cudc sdng
- T h i y cung la ngUdi am hieu pheng tuc tap quan cua dan tdc, hp la dai dien cua cdng ddng duy tri eae nghi le truyen thd'ng, tae nen mdi lien ket than tdc, duy tri nhflng tap quan td't dep cua ngfldi Dao
Hp Dieu nay cang cd y nghia, trong xu hfldng ngay cang mat di nhflng di s i n
van hda truyen thd'ng hien nay •, ,
- Vai trd eua t h i y cung the hien trong ddi sd'ng van hda, trong dd ndi bat la nhflng nghi le gdp p h i n lam phong phu ddi sd'ng van hda eua cdng ddng thdn ban, nhflng nghi le nay gdp p h i n bid Iflu nhflng gia tri van hda truyen thdng nhfl; phdng tuc, le nghi, trang phuc, am nhac, dien xfldng, chfl viet,v.v
- Trcng cdng ddng Dae Hp hien nay, dpi ngu t h i y cflng cd xu hfldng giam di ve sd' Ifldng, nhflng t h i y cung cd kien thflc uyen tham dfldc cdng ddng tdn sung den nay khdng nhieu, met sd' it tudi da cao, the he tre Dao Hp ngay nay nhan thflc da
cd nhieu thay ddi, hp khdng hoan toan tin tfldng vad eae nghi le cflng bai
- T h i y cflng Dac Hp da cd nhflng thay ddi trdng nghi le che phu hpp vdi cudc sd'ng hien tai, the hien tinh thich flng cua tin ngfldng trflde nhflng ddi thay cua hoan canh xa hdi./