Hieu qua. Mdt trong nhffng yeu td' quan trpng de dat dffde dieu dd chlnh la chat Iffdng etia thie't bi thi cdng tham gia xay dffng cdng trinh. Chat Iffdng thie't bi thi cdng dffde da[r]
Trang 1T C / N G H E N CUU DEN TRl^N KHAI - 5AN XUAT
Nghien ciru irng dung cir dien tir
Che tao thiet b| thi cdng cong trinh GTVT ir Viet Nam
TS NGUYIN XUAN KHANG
Vien KH&CN GTVT, Bo GTVT
Nghien cuTu ultig dung ctf dien tuf (CDT) trong thiet ke, clie'tao cac thiet b| thi cong cong trinh giao thong van tai
(GTVT) la djnh hu'dng quan trong gop phan nang cao muTc do hien dai, tang ci/tfng kha nang giam sat qua trmh thi cong, dac biet la gop phan nang cao chat lUtfng xay dUhg cac cong trinh GTVT Bing viec ihig dung ky thuat
do lu'dng, dieu khien dien tuf hien dai ke% htfp vdi cong nghe thong tin va kinh nghiem trong thie't ke va ehe tao ctf khi, nhom cac nha khoa hoc thuoc Vien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe (KH&CN) GTVT da nghien cufU, thiet ke va ehe tao thanh cong mot so' thiet bj phue vu thi cong, sufa chu'a cac cong trinh GTVT dam bao yeu cau ky thuat, co kha nang thay the cac thiet bj cung loai nhap ngoai
Oatvan de
BQiai niem CDT da hinh thanh tff
nhffng nam 60 cua the' ky XX, CDT la
mpt ITnh vffc KH&CN dffde hinh thanh
tff sff cpng nang cua ba nganh khoa hpc
chu yeu la cd khi, dien tff va edng nghe
thong tin He thd'ng CDT la san pham
dac trffng cua nen kinh te' hau cdng
nghiep, ddng vai trd rat quan trpng va la
bp phan khdng the thieu trong hau bet
cac Hnh vffc ciia cupc sd'ng hien dai Nd
CO mat trong ta't ea cac ITnh vffc nhff cdng
nghiep, qudc phdng, y hpc, sinh hpc
He thdng CDT da dffde bat dau ffng
dung tren cac thie't bi thi cdng tff nhffng
nam dau thap ky 80 eua the ky XX
Vao thdi diem dd, mpt so'hang san xua't
may mde, thie't bi thi cong edng trinh
GTVT ldn tren the gidi nhff: KOMATSU,
CATERPILLAR, LIEBHERR, KOBELCO
da ffng dung he thdng CDT vao cac
thiet bi thi cdng cua minh Viec thuy life
hoa tren cac may thi cong da trd thanh
khuynh hffdng phd bie'n nen he thdng
CDT dffde ffng dung chu yeu phue vu
cho viec lifa chpn ehe dp lam viec phu
hdp giffa cdng sua't cua dpng cd nd va
cong sua't tieu thu cua bdm thuy life,
dam bao hieu sua't lam viec cao nha't
Cho tdi nhffng nam cud'i thap ky 80, he
thong CDT tren cac thie't bi thi cdng
da cho phep ngffdi van hanh Iffa chpn
cac ehe dp lam viee khac nhau, tff nang
nhpc den trung binh va nhe, thdng qua
viec dieu ehinh bd phan dieu khien, bao gdm eac cam bie'n vdng quay dpng cd,
he thd'ng xff ly dff lieu trung tam, eac num dieu khien ehe dp lam viec, cac van dien tff chap hanh va he thdng dieu khien bdm thuy life
Den thap nien 90, he thd'ng CDT tren cac thie't bi thi cdng da tien mdt bffdc dai vdi muc dich nang cao dp thuan tien khi sff dung, giam thieu sff met mdi cho ngffdi sff dung, cai thien cac kha nang thao tac mdi eho thie't bi, nang cao nang sua't, tie't kiem nhien heu Sff khac biet ldn nha't ed the nhan tha'y la sff xua't hien ciia man hinh giao dien dien tff Thdng qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh cd the biet dffde mpi thdng tin hoat dpng eiia thie't bi nhff so gid boat dpng, nhiet
dp dau, cac sff cd trffde do cua may
Cung qua man hinh nay, ngffdi van hanh
cd the dd dang dieu khien cac cbe dp, thao tac lam viec khac nhau eua thie't bi thi edng thdng qua cac nut bam Ngay
ke ca cac tay dieu khien cung dffde sff trd giup eua he thd'ng CDT Cac thao tac len tay dieu khien se gffi tin hieu den eae bd phan chap hanh thdng qua tin hieu dien tff da dffde xff ly tai bp vi xff
ly trung tam de dat dffde hieu qua cud'i cung cao nhat
Cung vdi thdi gian va sff phat trien eiia cdng nghe, vdi nhffng ffu viet ndi trdi cua minh, he thd'ng CDT tren cae thie't bi thi cdng ngay cang dffde cai tien
va hien nay da dffde ffng dung rdng rai
trong cac nha san xuat may thi cdng tren the gidi Nhd viec ffng dung he thdng CDT, da tao ra cac thie't bi thi edng cd kha nang canh tranh cao, vdi nhieu tinh nang vffdt trdi nhff thao tae linh hoat hdn, xff ly thdng minh hdn
Tren cac thie't bi thi cdng hien dai, he thd'ng CDT dffde ffng dung va phat trien kha nang tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy life, khi nen, cdng nghe thdng tin, dien tff Dac biet, phan mem dieu khien ehinh
la phan chu dao trong edng viec sang tao cua he thdng CDT Viec ffng dung
ky thuat so', tin hpc vao cac he thd'ng dieu khien hien dai, khdng chi dap ffng nhu cau hien thi, lifu trff va truyen tai thdng tin ma edn dap ffng dffde cac yeu cau khat khe ve dp chinh xac, tinh an toan va dam bao dieu kien lam viee cho ngffdi van hanh Hien nay, CDT dang phat trien manh cac phffdng phap tao ra phan mem nhung Theo cdng nghe nay,
cd the ke't nd'i ta't ca cac phan tff cd san trong mpt con chip chuyen dung Nhff vay, ehi can gdi gpn trong mpt con chip
la chung ta cd the thffc hien chffc nang mpt thie't bi dieu khien hoat dpng cho toan bp he thd'ng CDT
Cung vdi sff phat trien ciia KH&CN tren the gidi, he thd'ng CDT cung da dffde cac chuyen gia trong nffde nghien effu ffng dtang trong nhieu ITnh vffc Trong nhffng nam gan day, trong ITnh vffc thie't
bi thi cdng ndi chung va thiet bi thi cdng cdng tnnh GTVT ndi rieng, chung ta da
^ » Hoat ddng , «
So thang 4.2010 j ^ f | o A H O C
Trang 2T O N O H E N C O U D E N T R I E N KHAI - 5AN XUAT
cd nhieu khdi sac va da dat dffde nhffng
ke't qua nhaft dinh
Nhdng dac diem ciia cac may thi
cong duirc ap dung he thdng CDT
He thdng CDT dffde ffng dung trong
ke't ca'u may da mang lai nhffng ffu diem
ndi bat cho cac thie't bi ndi chung va cac
thiet bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT ndi
rieng:
XU ly thdng minh: Vdi cac cdng nghe
micro va nano hien nay, he thdng CDT
ed the dffa eae cam bie'n, vi xff ly va cd
ca'u chap hanh vao bat ky vi tri khdng
gian hep, cd dpng nao trong ca'u true cd
khi cua san pham Nhd dd, cae thie't bi
thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT cd dp
thdng minh cao, cd kha nang dieu khien
cac cd ca'u cdng tac lam viee d nhieu
ehe dp khac nhau, cho phep tff ddng liia
chpn ehe dp lam viec td'i ffu ciia thie't bi,
tuy theo dieu kien thi cdng trong tffng
dieu kien cu the
Tu dgng, bdn tU dgng qud trinh dieu
khien: Vdi sff tich hdp giffa cd khi, thuy
life, khi nen, cdng nghe thdng tin va
cdng nghe dieu khien thdng minh, he
thd'ng CDT cd kha nang dieu khien tff
ddng, ban tff dpng cac thao tac, hoat
ddng cua thie't bi thi cdng vdi mffc dp
ehinh xac eao
Thudn tien trong van hdnh: Cac cd
ca'u cdng tac chuyen ddng em diu, thdi
gian chap hanh nhanh va chinh xac, tao
cam giac boa hdp giffa ngffdi van hanh
va thiet bi De dang, thuan tien trong khi
dieu khien thie't bi, giam thieu met mdi
cho thd van hanh Hien thi cac thdng sd
hoat ddng cua cac cum bd phan trong
qua trinb hoat ddng
Tdng ndng sudt khai thdc: Nhd kha
nang xff ly thdng minh cua he thd'ng
CDT, cac thao tae dffde phd'i hdp mpt
each hdp ly, vdi dp chlnh xac cao, giam
thdi gian lam viec ciia thie't bi; ddng thdi
sff dung hdp ly cdng sua't ciia may, do
dd, nang sua't khai thae eua may thi cdng
trong mdt ddn vi thdi gian dffde tang len,
phat huy td'i da hieu qua sff dung may
Tiet kiem nhien lieu, ndng lugng: Nhd
viee tti ddng Iffa chpn cbe dp lam viec
td'i ffu, phd'i hdp cac thao tae mpt each
hdp ly, dieu khien ehe dp lam viec cua
30 Hoat dong ^ ,^
K H O A H O C S°*^^"9 4-2010
ddng cd dan ddng phu hdp vdi tai trpng tac dpng len cd ca'u edng tae nen cac thie't bi thi cdng ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tie't kiem dang ke chi phi ve nhien lieu, nang Iffdng cho mpt ddn vi san pham
Ndng cao tinh ndng ky thudt vd phgm
vi svC dung: He thd'ng CDT la mpt thie't
ke tdng hdp td'i ffu, cho phep thay ddi dffde ta't ca cac bp phan cd khi - thiiy lu'c
- khi nen, dau do, cam bie'n, ed ca'u chap hanh va bd vi xff ly dieu khien de dat dffde mpt thie't ke hoan hao, can bang
Dp tff do trong thie't ke, tich hdp eac he thd'ng tff dpng bd hep hdn nhieu so vdi
dp tff do cua thie't ke eac san pham CDT
Viec ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren eae thie't bi thi cdng da gdp phan nang cao dffde nhffng gidi han cua truyen dpng cd khi nhff dp chinh xac gia cdng, khe hd,
dp mai mdn, ehe' dp bdi trdn, dp tre eua
cd ca'u Phan cd khi van ludn la "ed't ldi", nhffng dffde "ddn gian boa" nhd ffng dung nhffng ky thuat mdi va kha
nang "bu dap hai hoa " do phan mem va
ky thuat dieu khien tff dpng mang lai; nhd dd nang cao dffde chat Iffdng cQng nhff tinh nang ky thuat eiia thie't bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT
Luu gid, canh bdo qud trinh kha thdc: Nhd cac cam bien va bp vi xff ly,
he tho'ng CDT cd kha nang Iffu trff, ghi nhd eae dff lieu lien quan den qua trinh hoat dpng, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cdng tac quan ly, van hanh, bao dffdng
va sffa chffa thie't bi thi cdng, ddng thdi canh bao nhffng vi tri, trang thai gidi han hoac nhffng nguy cd tiem an cd the xay
ra trong qua trinh hoat dpng eua thie't bi nham bao dam an toan cho con ngffdi thie't bi va cdng trinh
Nhung thiet bi co' han trong he thong
CDT
Ket ca'u cua he thd'ng CDT tren thiet
bi thi cdng cdng trinh GTVT dffde mo ta gdm nhffng bp phan chii yeu nhff (hinh 1): Cac tin
hieu dieu khien
Cac dai lucmg dieu khien
NGUON
dai luong
do
BO XlT LY TRUNG TAM Dieu khien, Dieu chinh
Cac dai lupng dieu khien
HE TRUYEN DONG
Ca khi, Thiiy lyc
T
CAC CO CAU CHAP HANH
Cac dai lupng dieu khien
Cac dai lupng
do
CAC CAM BIEN Lyc, Ap suat
Cac thdng tin phan hdi
CAC CO CAU CONG TAC
Cac dai luong
do
Cac canh bao
I
Hinh 1: Cdc bo phdn ca han cua he thdng CDT tren thiet bi thi cong
Trang 3TL/N GHE N CUU DEN TRIEN KHAI - 5AN XUAT
Jgudn ddng life: La ddng cd nd, ddng
cd dien hoae eae loai ddng cd khac; he
thdng truyen ddng: Vdi cac kieu truyen
dpng cd khi, dien, thuy life, khi nen, hdn
hdp; cd ca'u chap hanh: Cac bp phan
dieu khien cae chuyen ddng eua cd eau
cong tac; cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu:
Gdm cac cam bie'n, eac dau do, cae thie't
bi canh bao, cac thie't bi dau vao ; bd xff
ly trung tam: Gdm PLC, vi dieu khien,
may tinh, eae thie't bi ngoai vi ; phan
mem tin hpc: Cac chffdng trinh tinh toan,
dieu khien, dieu chinh ; cac cd ca'u edng
tac: La cd ca'u thffc hien muc dich cua
thie't bi thi cdng
Trong dd, cac bd phan tren lien he
mat thie't vdi nhau, tao ra sff thdng nha't
hffu cd trong toan bp thie't bi thi edng, tff
cd cau cdng tac tdi ngudn dpng life nhd
cac bd phan thu nhan tin hieu truyen tdi
bp xff ly trung tam va ngffdc lai theo cac
chffdng trinh tinh toan, dieu khien, dieu
chinh da dffde thie't lap trffde
Ihig dung he thong CDT hien dai
hda mdt so thiet hi thi cong chuyen
Trong qua trinh xay dffng eac cdng
trinh GTVT hien nay, muc tieu ludn
dffde quan tam la Chat Iffdng Tie'n dp
-Hieu qua Mdt trong nhffng yeu td' quan trpng de dat dffde dieu dd chlnh la chat Iffdng etia thie't bi thi cdng tham gia xay dffng cdng trinh Chat Iffdng thie't bi thi cdng dffde danh gia bang hang loat ehi tieu, trong dd chi tieu ve tinh nang ky thuat, dp tin cay va tinh kinh tela nhffng chi tieu dffde quan tam nha't Cac chi tieu nay the hien pham vi sff dung cua thiet
bi, an toan, tien ldi, xff ly thdng minh, tie't kiem nang Iffdng, mffc dp tff dpng cac thao tac, Iffu giff sd lieu va canh bao sff cd Nhffng thie't bi thi cdng cd nhffng tinh nang ffu viet tren day deu la nhffng thie't bi sff dung he thd'ng CDT trong ket ca'u may Cung vdi sff phat trien eiia KH&CN tren the gidi, theo nguyen ly
ed ban cua he thd'ng CDT, chung tdi da bffdc dau ap dung thanh cdng he thd'ng CDT vao ITnh vifc ehe tao cae thie't bi thi cdng chuyen dung, phue vu xay dffng cac cdng tnnh GTVT nhff thie't bi nang dam thay gdi eau; thie't bi thi cdng cpc xi mang gia ed' nen da't yeu; thie't bi cang keo cap effdng dp cao dieu khien tff ddng thi cdng dam be tdng ed't thep dff ffng life; bd ngudn thuy life tff ddng bu tai phue vu kiem tra sffc chiu tai cpc khoan nhdi Cac san pham tff ke't qua nghien effu da dffde ehe thff, thff nghiem va ffng
MAN HINH GIAO DIEN VA DIEU KHIEN
ENCODER
Do chieu sau cpc
LOAD CELL 1
Do trgng lu-ong xi mang
LOAD CELL 2
Do trpng lupTig xi mang
LOAD CELL 3
Do trpng lirpTig xi mang
SENSOR
Ap suat khi nen
i
Cac dai lirgng
do
^
k „ , , ,
Cac tin hieu dieu khien
'
BO
XULY TRUNG TAM
I f
i b
Cac
c anh b ao
Cac dai lugng dieu khien
Cac dai lutmg dieu khien
Cac t
NGUON DONG LUC ' r CACHE TRUYEN DONG
' r CAC CO CAU CHAPHANH
' ' CAC CO CAU CONG TAC
hong tin pT an not
dung vao thffc te san xua't Mdt so' thiet
bi da trd thanh thffdng pham, dffde cae ddn vi thi cdng cua nganh GTVT chap nhan dffa vao thi cdng thay the' nhap ngoai, dap ffng phan nao nhu cau cap bach ciia thffc te san xua't, gdp phan vao nhffng thanh cdng cua nganh HTnh 2 la mdt vi dia ffng dung he thd'ng CDT tren thie't bi tbi cdng cpc xi mang da't gia cd nen da't yeu do chung tdi thffc hien
Ket luan
CDT la xu the phat trien ta't yeu eua eac nganh KH&CN the ky XXI L^ng dung he thd'ng CDT tren cac thie't bi ndi chung, thie't bi thi edng cdng trinh GTVT ndi rieng la mdt bffdc di rat quan trpng trong sff nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nffde; tao dieu kien de cac thie't bi thi cdng cbe tao trong nffde dffde chap nhan sff dung tren cac cdng trinh xay dffng GTVT thay the nhap ngoai trong giai doan hdi nhap qud'c te hien nay De tffng bffdc nang eao chat Iffdng
va hien dai hda cac thie't bi thi cdng cbe tao trong nffde, ehung ta can phai tiep tuc quan tam hdn nffa tdi viec ffng dung
he thd'ng CDT, nham tao ra eac san pham cd tinh thffdng mai hda cao, mang lai hieu qua trong khai thae thffc te va phii hdp vdi kha nang tai chinh cdn rat ban ehe cua cac ddn vi thi cdng trong nffde •
Tai lieu tham khao
[1) Nguyen Thien Phiic: Tac dpng cua CDT den dinh hu'dng phat trien cua nganh ehe tao thiet bi -Hoi nghi Cd Idii ehe tao loan quoc lan thu' 2, Ha Noi
2009
[2] B Heimann, W Gerth, K Popp; CDT - Cac thanh phan, cac phu'dng phap, cac vi du - Nha xua't ban Khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha Npi 2008
[3) Nguyen Xuan Khang: Nghien cu'u giai phap dieu Ichien tir dpng thie't bi thi cong cpc xi mang da't theo cong nghe trpn kho phue vu gia co' nen da't yeu
d Viet Nam - Tap chi GTVT, So 7.2009
L Hinh 2: He thong CDT tren thiei bi thi cong eoc xi mdng ddt gia cd nen ddt yeu
^ , Hoat dong
So thang 4.2010 I < ; H O A H O C * '