Ngân hàng nhà nước Việt Nam - 60 năm một chặng đường

De dn dinh tien te, mdt trong nhttng bien phap dttttc Dang de ra la phai thanh lap ngan hang va giao eho ngan hang phat hanh tien, thu hdi tien tai chinh, tien hanh dieu hda va mtt r[r]

I l l ' "Hl/dfNG TGfl KY NIEM 60 NAM NGAY THANH LAP NGANH NGAN HANG VIET NAM'

y

PGS., TS Le Thi Man

DH Binh Difrfng

T ^ ^^hdn dip ky niem 60 ndm thdnh lap ngdnh, chdng ta cdng nhau on lai lich sd

# ^ ^ / ngdnh ngdn hdng de thay rdng: Ddng vd Chinh phu Viet Nam noi ehung vd

I ^ ^ # ngdnh ngdn hdng noi rieng dd trdi qua chdng dddng vo cung gian nan, ddu

^ L w tranh xdy ddng mgt nen tien te dgc lap vd td chu cho nddc nhd Ngdy 6f5fl951, Chu tick Ho Chi Minh dd ky Sac lenh sd 151SL thdnh lap Ngdn hdng Quoc gia Viet Nam, ddnh ddu mdc quan trgng eho sd ra ddi cua ngdnh ngdn hdng Viet Nam Qua 60 ndm xdy ddng vd phdt trien - he thdng ngdn hdng Viet Nam dd vd dang khdng dinh vai tro het sdc quan trgng trong sd phdt trien di len cua nen kinh te Vi^t Nam

congnght ngan hang

So 62«Th^ng 05/2011

"Hl/OfNG Tdd KY Nl|M 60 NAM NGAY THANH U P NGANH NGAN HANG VIET NAM" „ 1 1 1

Giai d o a n tii n a m 1945-1988

Cath day 66 n a m dtttti stt l a n h dao cua D a n g

Cong san Ddng Dttdng, n h a n d a n t a da vung

len gianh dttdt t h i n h quyen t r o n g tay P h a t

xit Nhat C a t h m a n g T h a n g 8 t h a n h cdng,

nha nttdc Viet N a m D a n chii Cdng hoa dttdc

thanh lap dtttti stt l a n h dao cua Chu tich Hd

Chi Minh vi dai C h i n h quyen each m a n g

thanh lap t r o n g h o a n c a n h khd k h a n ve

nhieu mat: chinh t r i , ngoai giao, k i n h t e , t a i

chinh, van boa

Ve tai chinh, t i e n t e : ddng bac D6ng Dttdng

da lam p h a t t r a m t r p n g , t i e n luu h a n h ttt

216 trieu - n a m 1939 da t a n g len 2.333 trieu

- thang 8/1945, n h a t la trong k h o a n g thtti

gian N h a t thudc Khi N h a t dau h a n g Ddng

minh, quan dpi Tuttng gitti T h a c h vtti d a n h

nghia quan dpi Ddng m i n h d e n tttttc khi gitti

quan dpi N h a t ttt vi tuye'n 16 trtt ra, da t u n g

ra tien "Quan k i m " va t i e n "Qude t e " de chi

tieu d Viet N a m vtti ty gia 1 Quan kim a n 1,5

ddng D6ng Dttdng va 13,30 Qude te a n 1 ddng

Dong Dttdng

Do chtta cd dieu kien p h a t h a n h tien te, trong

thcJi gian dau Chinh phii phai t a m thtti stt dung

tien D6ng Dttdng, n e n da gap nhieu khd k h a n

vl tki chinh De khttc phuc khd k h a n Chinh

phu da p h a t ddng cac phong t r a o ddng gdp cho

"Quy doc lap, "Tuan Id vang" Cac phong trao

dttdc n h a n dan n h i e t liet httdng ttng va "Tuan

le vang" da dem lai ke't qua va giai quyet dttdc

mpt phan kho k h a n ve tai chinh cua C h i n h

phu ta liic bay gid

Vi khong chie'm dttttc Ngan h a n g D6ng Dttdng

trong tay N h a t , P h a p n e n t r o n g thdi ky dau

ta cdn phai t a m thtti stt dung ddng b a t D6ng

Dttttng, nhttng ve sau D a n g va C h i n h phu ta

da dat van de tich cttc chuan bi de p h a t h a n h

tien te cua nttttc n h a

Theo Sac lenh sd 18/B, ngay 31/01/1946 Tien

T^i chinh (do Bp Tai chinh p h a t h a n h n e n cdn

gpi la giay bac Tai t h i n h ) diJac p h a t h a n h d

t a t t i n h mien N a m Trung bp, nhttng vi hoan canh luc bay gitt k h 6 n g du dieu kien in bac nen t a chtta the p h a t h a n h tien tai chinh va thu hdi Giay bac D6ng Dttttng trong ca nttttc ngay mpt luc dttdc

Ngay 31/11/1946, Qud'c hdi nttttc Viet N a m Dan chu Cdng hoa ky hpp thtt II quyet dinh cho p h a t h a n h tien tai chinh trong p h a m vi

ca nttttc, nhttng luc dau p h a m vi p h a t h a n h cdn hep, mai den sau k h a n g chien toan quoc, viec thu hdi Giay bac D6ng Dttdng va p h a t

h a n h tien tai chinh mtti dttdc tien h a n h rpng rai Sac lenh sd 48/SL, ngay 15/05/1947 da cho p h a t h a n h cac loai bac Id, 5d, lOd, 20d, 50d, lOOd va sau dd p h a t h a n h loai bac 200d

va 500d

Cd the noi r a n g lan dau tien trong lich stt, giay bac n g a n h a n g Viet N a m cua nUttc Viet

N a m ddt lap ra ddi la mot thttng ldi v6 cung

to Ittn trong cupc dau t r a n h giai phong dan tpc cua n h a n dan ta dtttti stt lanh dao cua Dang, Chinh phu va Chu tich Hd Chi Minh k i n h yeu

Vi hoan canh chien stt, giao thong van tai khd

k h a n va dieu kien k i n h te khac nhau nen da

h i n h t h a n h cac khu vttc tien te rieng biet, theo

s a c lenh sd 231/SL, ngay 18/07/1947, vung ttt

do Bac bd va BSc Trung bd lUu h a n h bac tien tai chinh Trung ttdng O cac tinh Lien khu V luc dau Ittu h a n h tien tai chinh Trung ttdng, sau Ittu

h a n h tin phieu Theo Sac lenh sd 102/SL, ngay 1/11/1947, d N a m bp Chinh phu cho phep Ittu

h a n h giay bac rieng

Ttt n a m 1946-1951 tien Viet Nam da dong vai tro trpng yeu trong viec ddng vien n h a n Ittc, vat Ittt, tai Ittc cua n h a n dan vao tdng cupc

k h a n g chien, bao ve tai san ciia n h a n dan ta Nhttng vao khoang tudi n a m 1950 va dau n a m

1951, do d i t h d a n h lan rdng ra t a t vung ddng bttng Bttt bd va d a n h m a n h vao t a t khu can ctt

du kich a hau phttdng ta va mpt phan do viec

quan ly cua ta tdn yeu nen tien tai t h i n h m a t gia, vat gia leo t h a n g , gay hau qua xau cho

I l l "Hl/GfNG TGfl KY N | | M 60 NAM NGAY THANH LAP NGANH NGAN HANG V I | T NAM"

tudt sdng nhan dan va khd khan mudn van

ve tai chinh cho Dang va Chinh phu Pham vi

Ittu hanh tien ta dan bi thu hep, nhieu ntti tien

dich da lan thi trttttng tien ta

De dn dinh tien te, mdt trong nhttng bien

phap dttttc Dang de ra la phai thanh lap ngan

hang va giao eho ngan hang phat hanh tien,

thu hdi tien tai chinh, tien hanh dieu hda va

mtt rdng pham vi Ittu thdng tien te, eung ed'

gia tri bac Viet Nam, cung ed nen tien te dde

lap ttt chu, phuc vu cho viec phat trien va bao

ve san xuat, day manh Ittu thdng hang hoa,

gdp phan giai quyet nhu cau cua khang thien

va cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan

Ngay 6/5/1951, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ky Sttc

lenh so 15/SL cho phep thanh lap Ngan hang

Quoc gia Viet Nam vtti cac nhiem vu chu yeu

sau day:

- Quan ly viec phat hanh giay bac va td chttc

dieu hoa Ittu th6ng tien te

- Huy dpng vdn cua nhan dan, dieu hoa va md

rdng tin dung de nang cao san xua't cua nhan

dan va phat trien kinh te nha nttttc

- Quan ly ngan khd nha nude

- Quan ly quy tien lUdng

- Quan ly boat ddng tin dung bttng cac the le

hanh chinh

- Quan ly ngoai hdi va thanh toan cat khoan

giao dith bang ngoai te

- Dau tranh tien te vtti dich

Ngan hang Quoc gia Viet Nam cd he thdng

td chttc xudng cac khu, cac tinh, ngoai ra cdn

cd cac chi nhanh ngan hang xua't nhap khau

d cac ctta khau, d nhttng ndi cd td chttc trao

ddi hang hda vtti vung tam hi chie'm Rieng d

Nam bd do dieu kien dac biet tua tinh hinh

Ittc bay gid, nen Chinh phu da chu trttdng

thanh lap Ngan hang Nhan dan Nam bd,

ve phttdng cham dttttng ldi ehung thi chiu stt

chi dao cua Ngan hang Qud'c gia Viet Nam,

cdn ve cdng tac thi dttdc rpng quyen trong viec

tien hanh cac nghiep vu cu the cho sat vtti

tinh hinh dia phttttng

—^ nganhang

Nhtt vay, ngay 6/5/1951 la stt kien lich stt trpng dai danh dau mde quan trpng eho stt ra dtti va phat trien ctta he thd'ng Ngan hang Viet Nam De'n ngay 21/1/1960, Ngan hang Qud'c gia Viet Nam ddi ten thanh Ngan hang Nha nttttc (NHNN) Viet Nam - de' phu hdp vdi Hie'n phap nam 1959 va t r a n h stt trung ten vtti ngan hang cua chinh quyen Sai Gdn

Ngay 30/4/1975, mien Nam Viet Nam hoan toan giai phdng, dat nttttc Viet Nam thdng nhat ve lanh thd, Chinh phu lam thtti Cdng hda mien Nam Viet Nam da thttc hien viet tiep quan he thd'ng ngan hang mien Nam Viet Nam Ttt thang 7/1976, toan bd he thd'ng ngan

hang d mien Nam Viet Nam hdp nhat vdi

NHNN Viet Nam trd thanh Ngan hang Trung ttttng cua nttttc Viet Nam thd'ng nhat NHNN Viet Nam dttdc td ehtte thanh he thd'ng thd'ng nhat ttt Trung ttdng de^n dia phttdng, do nha nttttc dde quyen stt httu va quan ly

Nam 1978, dat nttttc Viet Nam mtti thd'ng nhat

ve phuong dien nha nttttc va ngay 2/5/1978

da tien hanh cudc thu ddi tien de thd'ng nhat Ittu hanh tien te trong pham vi ea nttttt theo quy dinh mien Bat ddi 0,8 ddng tien tu bang

1 ddng tien mtti, mien Nam ddi ty le 1 ddng tien cu bttng 1 ddng tien mdi Ttt day tren lanh thd Viet Nam thd'ng nhat IttU hanh mdt loai tien te

Giai doan tii n a m 1988 d e n nay

Thtti ky nam 1988-1990, la giai doan danh dau bttttc chuyen bie'n quan trpng cua nen kinh te Viet Nam, ca dat nttttc bat dau bttdt vao tdng cudc ddi mtti nen kinh te, theo Nghi quyet Dai hdi lan thtt VI va cat Nghi quyet tua Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang khda

VI De hpi nhap vtti tie'n trinh doi mdi cua dat nttttt, nhttng hoat ddng cua he thd'ng ngan hang cung can phai dttdc cai each cho phu hdp vtti nhttng bttttc ddi mtti cua nen kinh te Viet Nam, ttt mdt nen kinh te ke hoaeh hda tap trung sang nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh

"HI/6NG Tdi KY Nl|M 60 NAM NGAY THANH U P NGANH NGAN HANG VIET NAM" H i

phan vdi cd che h a c h t o a n k i n h te' va k i n h

doanh xa hdi chu nghia

Ngay 26/3/1988, Hpi ddng Bd trttttng b a n

hanh Nghi d i n h sd 53-HDBT ve td chttc bd

may N H N N Viet N a m Theo t i n h t h a n Nghi

dinh nay, he thd'ng n g a n h a n g Viet N a m bao

gom hai cap:

- NHNN Viet N a m td tru stt t h i n h tai 49 Ly

Thai Td, thu dd H a Ndi; V a n p h o n g II tai 17

Ben Chttttng Dttdng, Tp Hd Chi Minh va cd

cat thi n h a n h d t i n h , t h a n h ph6' trttc thupc

Trung ttdng N H N N Viet N a m h o a t ddng theo

che dp bach toan k i n h te va k i n h doanh xa

hdi chu nghla

- Cac n g a n h a n g chuyen doanh trttt t h u d t

NHNN Viet N a m bao gdm: N g a n h a n g C6ng

thttdng Viet N a m , N g a n h a n g Dau ttt va Xay

dttng Viet Nam, N g a n h a n g P h a t t r i e n Nong

nghiep Viet N a m , N g a n h a n g Ngoai thttdng

Viet Nam

Nhttng ddi mdi t u a he thd'ng n g a n h a n g trong

giai doan 1988-1990 dttdc xem la bttttc dot pha

quan trpng, song van cdn m a n g t i n h t h a t chttp

va, chtta thttc stt ddi mtti t r i e t de ve mpi mat,

ttt cong tac td chttc den e6ng tac dieu h a n h

va cdc h i n h thttc h o a t ddng nghiep vu k i n h

doanh ngan h a n g No thtta thttc stt la dpng Ittt

thut day nen k i n h te p h a t trien, do dd n a m

1990 ngan h a n g da td nhttng bttdc cai td quan

trong - dtta he thd'ng n g a n h a n g Viet N a m

tien dan de'n mpt h e thd'ng n g a n h a n g h i e n

dai cua the gitti Qua t r i n h cai td h e thd'ng

ngan h a n g Viet N a m cd t h e chia l a m cac bttttc:

- Thtt nhat: tach chttc n a n g , n h i e m vu boat

dpng cua Kho bac N h a nttttt r a khdi thttt n a n g

nhiem vu b o a t ddng ciia n g a n h a n g

- Thtt hai: ngay 24/5/1990, Chu tich Hpi ddng

Nha nttttc ky Sac l e n h cdng bd hai P h a p l e n h

la Phap lenh N H N N Viet N a m sd 37/LCT/

HDNN8 va P h a p l e n h N g a n h a n g , Http tac

xa Tin dung, Cdng ty Tai chinh sd 38/LCT/

HDNN8 Hai p h a p l e n h n a y trtt t h a n h ctt stt

phap ly de cung cd' va p h a t t r i e n he thd'ng

ngan h a n g hai t a p d Viet Nam

- Thttba: ngay 26/12/1997, Chu tich nttttc Cdng

hda Xa hpi Chu n g h i a Viet N a m da ky l e n h

edng bd' hai Luat N g a n h a n g la Luat N H N N Viet N a m sd 01/1997/QHlO va Luat cac Td chttc Tin dung sd 01/1997/QHlO Theo quy dinh ciia hai Luat nay, he t h o n g n g a n h a n g Viet N a m dttdc td chttc nhtt he t h d n g ngan

h a n g h i e n dai d eae nttdc, bao gdm N H N N Viet N a m la Ngan h a n g Trung ttdng ctta nttttc Cdng hda Xa hpi Chu nghia Viet Nam, chttc

n a n g chu yeu la p h a t h a n h t i e n va quan ly

n h a nttttc ve tien te va cac boat ddng n g a n

h a n g va cac td chttc tin dung cd chttc n a n g chu yeu la k i n h doanh tien te va cac dich vu

n g a n hang

Ngay 16/6/2010, tai ky hpp thtt VII cua Qude hdi khda XII th6ng qua hai Luat: Luat N H N N Viet N a m sd 46/2010/QH12 va Luat cac Td chttc Tin dung sd47/2010/QH12 Hai Luat nay

cd hieu Ittc thi h a n h ttt ngay 1/1/2011, d a n h dau mpt bttdc tien mtti trong hoat ddng ciia he thd'ng n g a n h a n g Viet Nam

N h i n lai 60 n a m (6/5/1951 - 6/5/2011) mpt chang dttttng day kho k h a n nhttng hao h u n g

va oanh liet, ttt tay khong ehung t a da cd n g a n hang, cho den ngay h6m nay, he tho'ng n g a n

h a n g Viet N a m da tttng bttdc vttdn len thttc stt trd t h a n h cong cu phuc vu dac Ittc tho stt nghiep p h a t trien k i n h te nttttt n h a "

Tai lieu tham khao

1 Ngdn hdng Nhd niidc (1997, 2010), Lugt Ngdn hdng Nhd nudc Viet Nam sd 01 /97/QHIO vd Lugt siia ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu cua Lugt Ngdn hdng Nhd nudc Viet Nam so 10/03/QHll; Lugt cdc Td chUc Tin dung so 02/97/QHIO

vd Lugt siia ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu cua Lugt cdc Td chUc Tin dung sd 20/03/QHll Lugt Ngdn hdng Nhd nUdc Viet Nam sd 46/2010/QH12 vd Lugt cdc Td chUc Tin dung sd 47/2010/QH12

2 Trdn Duang - Phgm Thg (1960), Luu thdng lien te d nudc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa, Nhd xudt bdn Sii that

3 Uy ban Khoa hgc Xd hgi Viet Nam (1971), Lich sU ViH Nam, Tap 1, Nhd xudt bdn Khoa hgc Xd hgi

4 Trang web http:I /www.thuvienphapluat.com

Cong nghe ngan hang