Can thudng xuyen td chiic cac lap tap huan, bdi dudng ve cdng tac ly luan, phe binh van hgc, nghe thuat trudc het cho dgi ngii van nghe sT va nhirng ngudi dang tham gia quan ly, chi [r]
Trang 1NQT SO Y KIEN CUfl CNflC Vfl PH.flNGGHEN
VE VAN HQC NGHE THU6T
ThS TRAN KIM CUC<"'
Vdn hgc nghe thuat la ITnh vuc tinh tl,
nhung rat nhay cam vi nd gin chat
vdi mgi phuang dien ciia ddi sdng hien
thuc cua xa hgi Do dd, khi nghien ciiu ly
luan each mang dk cai tao thi gidi, cai biin
ddi sdng xa hdi cua con ngudi, C.Mac va
Ph.Angghen ciing rit quan tam din linh
vyc van hgc nghe thuat
Tren co sd quan diem chu nghTa duy vat
bien chiing, Mac va Angghen da chi rd
ngudn gdc cua vdn hgc nghe thuat gin vdi
ngudn gdc va su phat trien ciia con ngudi
Sy ra ddi va phat trien ciia van hgc nghe
thuat la mdt hien tugng khach quan, gdn
vdi trinh dg phat trien ciia xa hdi, vdi
nhirng tien de can thiet ciia nd Van hgc
nghe thuat chi thuc su ra ddi khi con ngudi
da phat trien day dii ve nang luc tu duy va
cam xiic tham my Day la mgt hoat ddng
tinh than phong phii, mdt su sang tao ma
con ngudi cd the dem lai cho minh Chinh
qua trinh lao ddng xa hdi la qua trinh phat
trien va hodn thien con ngudi tren cac mat
tu duy, ngdn ngir va cam xiic tham my
Khdng dinh vdn hgc ngh? thuat la mdt
hinh thai y thiic xa hgi nam trong kien tnic
thugng tang cua xa hgi, Mac cho rdng, van
'*' Vi$n van h6a va phat trien, H(?c vi?n Chfnh trj
-Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chf Minh
hgc nghe thuat chiu su tac ddng tryc tiip cua nhiing dieu kien xa hgi, ciia co sd kinh
te va cac hinh thai y thiic xa hdi khac, song
nd Cling cd vai trd tac dgng trd lai ddi vdi tdn tai xa hdi Van hgc nghe thuat cd chirc nang nhan thiic, dd la ngudn tri thirc cho nhan loai, sang tac ciia nha van "la ngudn
ma hau het cac dan tdc ITnh hdi dugc hgc
thiic tir dd" (C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen: Todn
tap, t.40, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ngi,
1995, tr.I004) So vdi cac hinh thai y thirc
xa hgi khac, tac dgng ciia van hgc nghe thuat ddi vdi con ngudi, ddi vdi xa hgi la rat ldn Dieu dd dugc Mac vd Angghen neu
rd khi cac dng nghien ciiu vai trd ciia van hgc Anh Cac dng viet: "Ca mdt Idp nha van tieu thuyet hien dai xuat sac ciia nudc Anh trong cac tac pham chdi lgi va hiing hdn da vach ra cho toan the gidi nhieu chan
ly chinh tri va xa hgi, han la tat ca cac chinh khach chuyen nghiep, cdc nha chinh luan va cac nha dao dire hgc chuyen nghiep gdp lai" (Sdd, t.lO, tr.710-711) Van hgc nghe thuat dua tri thirc va chan ly den vdi con ngudi mdt each nhe nhang va de tham thau vao ddi sdng xa hdi han la cac hinh thai y thiic xa hgi khac
Mdt chiic nang nira ciia van hgc nghe thuat la churc ndng tham my, Angghen viet:
"Sach nhan dan cd sii menh phai lam cho
Trang 2ndng dan vui khi hg met mdi sau khi lam
viec nang ne trd ve budi chiiu tdi, giiip hg
giai tri, lam cho hg tuoi tinh, bit hg quen lao
ddng nang nhgc cua hg, bien canh ddng sdi
da cua hg thanh vudn cay qua tham tho; nd
cd sii menh bien xudng ciia ngudi thg thii
cdng va can budng sat mai tham hai cua anh
thg hgc viec kiet siic thanh the gidi tho ca,
thanh cung dien vdng " (Sdd, t.41, tr.23)
Van hgc nghe thuat giiip con ngudi y thiic
dugc cai dep ciia cugc sdng, lam cho cudc
sdng tinh than ciia hg them phong phii
Cimg vdi nhung chiic nang ndi tren, van
hgc nghe thuat cd chiic ndng quan trgng la
giao due con ngudi Angghen cho rdng, sii
menh ciia vdn hgc nghe thuat la phai lam
sang rd tinh cam dao diic cua con ngudi,
lam cho hg nhan thiic dugc siic manh va
quyen han cua chinh minh, sy tu do cua ban
than va khoi day ldng diing cam cua hg, tinh
yeu ciia hg ddi vdi Td qudc Thdng qua cac
hinh thiic van hgc nghe thuat, nhiing tinh
cam tdt dep de dang di vao ldng ngudi, giiip
hg cd niem tin d tuang lai, theo Angghen:
"Chi cd nen van hgc cua td qudc mdi cho
thiy tuang lai tuoi dep" (Sdd, t.2, tr.754)
Tir nhiing chiic ndng ndi tren, Angghen
da chi ra nhiem vu cua van hgc nghe thuat,
dng cho rang, nha van khdng cd nhiem vu
phai cung cap cho ngudi dgc dudi hinh
thiic cd sdn su giai quyet cd tinh chat lieh
sir nhiing xung dot xa hgi ma nha van mieu
ta Angghen ciing ndi them rdng: "tieu
thuylt cd khuynh hudng xa hdi chu nghla,
theo quan diem cua tdi, hoan toan thuc hien
sii menh ciia nd khi nd mieu ta diing cac
quan he thuc tl, pha huy nhirng do tudng
tugng trung thdng tri ve ban chat cua
nhiing quan he dd, lam lay chuyen su lac
quan ciia thi gidi tu san, tao nen su hoai
nghi vl tinh bit di bit dich cua cac ca sd cua cai hien tdn" (Sdd, t.36, tr.526) Nhu vay, nhiem vu cua van hgc nghe thuat la phan anh thuc te khach quan, qua dd tac dgng din nhan thiic, y thiic cua con ngudi, hudng con ngudi vao cai tao the gidi
Nghien ciiu quan diem ciia Mac va Angghen ve van hgc nghe thuat, can luu y din nhiing y kien ciia cac dng ve hoat dgng sang tac van hgc nghe thuat Cac dng phe phan viec mdt sd ngudi tuyen bd tinh biet lap cua lao ddng khoa hgc va lao ddng nghe thuat Angghen viet: "Su tap trung hoan toan tai ndng nghe thuat d nhirng ca nhan rieng biet va tinh trang tai nang nghe thuat trong quan chiing rgng rai vi the ma bi ehen ep deu
la hau qua ciia su phan cdng lao ddng Tham chi neu nhu trong nhiing quan he xa hdi nhat dinh mdi mgt ca nhan deu la mdt hga si xuat sac thi dieu dd hoan toan khdng loai trir kha nang mdi mgt ca nhan ciing trd thanh mgt hga sT ddc dao, nhu vay thi d day su phan biet giira lao ddng "cua con ngudi" va lao dgng "cua Ke duy nhat" chung quy la mdt diiu vd nghia thd thiln" (Sdd, t.3, tr.575-576) Angghen ciing cho rang, chinh su phu thudc vao phan cdng lao ddng ay lam cho hoat ddng cua nlia nghe thuat bi han chl, va dng du bao rang, trong xa hdi CSCN dnh trang dd se dugc khac phuc Mac va Angghen dua ra mdt sd yeu cau trong sang tac van hgc nghe thuat nhu sau:
Mgt Id, yeu cau chung ddi vdi mgt tac
pham nghe thuat la phai cd su dung hgp giiia dg sau cua tu tudng vdi ngi dung Iich sir va su sinh dgng, phong phii vl hinh thiic bieu dat
Hai Id, doi vdi chii nghia hi?n thuc trong
sang tdc vdn hgc nghe thuat, Mac va Angghen yeu cau ngoai tinh trung thuc cua
Trang 3nhimg chi tiet, phai tai tao mgt each tnmg
thuc nhirng tinh each tieu bilu trong nhirng
tinh hudng tieu bieu Cac dng cho rdng, cac
quan diem ciia tac gia ngay cdng dugc che
kin nhieu chirng nao thi cang tdt cho tac
pham nghe thuat Chii nghia hien thyc cd
the the hien ngay ca mdt each ddc lap vdi
cac quan diem ciia tac gia
Ba la, hoat ddng sang tac vdn hgc nghe
thuat can phai mang tinh thdi dai Tinh thdi
dai d day dugc hieu la ngoai nhiing phim
chat ma tit ca mgi thdi dai deu cd trong
mdi tac pham thi yeu cau ddt ra la tac phim
phai phii hgp vdi thdi dai minh
Bon la, yeu cau ve phong each hien dai
trong hoat ddng sang tac, Angghen viit:
"Nen vdn hgc Xrk, tudi cd mgt thii vii khi lam
cho nd khdng the bi chien bai va tap hgp
dudi cd ciia nd tat ca nhiing tai ndng tre
Tinh chat cu the sdng dgng ciia nd, ldi dien
dat sdc sao, su da dang ve sic thai dem lai
cho mdi nha vdn tre dia ban de phat trien ty
do thien tai cua minh" (Sdd, t.41, tr.93-94)
Ndm Id, trong sang tac van hgc nghf
thuat, vdn nghe sT phai cd the gidi quan rd
rang The gidi quan rd rang se giiip hg nhin
nhan va phan anh diing cdc hi^n tugng, su
ki^n mgt each khach quan, trong cac mdi
lien he phd bien
Mdt y kien nira cua Angghen ma chiing
ta can luu tam dd la ve quyen tu do ngdn
luan vd chl do kiem duy^t ddi vdi vdn hgc
trong chl dg tu ban Cdc nudc tu ban chii
nghTa van cho rdng d hg ty^ do ngdn luan va
ty do sang tao la quyen tu do tuy?t ddi,
nhung thyc te lai dien ra ngugc lai Tinh
trang mit ty do ma cac dng de cap khdng
phai la hi?n tugng rieng re d mgt noi nao
ma pho biin va trd thanh ban chat cua che
do tu ban, mdt chl do xa hdi han chl va ddi lap vdi siic sang tao nghe thuat Trong cac tac pham chinh luan ciia minh, cac dng neu
rd rang, dudi che do tu ban, cac thii van nghe dugc tu do phat triln la loai van nghe
da ban minh va tu nguyen lam bdi biit cho giai cap tu san DT nhien, trong diiu kien hien nay, giai cap tu san da cd nhieu cai bien, cd nhimg hinh thiic nguy trang kheo leo cho cai ggi la "ty do ngdn luan", nhung
ve ban chit, tfnh giai cap trong van hgc nghe thuat van khdng thay ddi
Theo y kien cua Mac va Angghen, ty do ngdn luan, ty do sang tdc se phat huy dugc vai trd ciia van hgc ddi vdi xa hgi De cap den van de nay, cac dng ciing ndi tdi su tat yeu cua giao luu vdn hgc, den y nghla va hinh thiic, ngi dung cua giao luu van hgc Trong dieu kien che do chinh tri khdng dai dif n cho lgi ich ciia nhan dan lao ddng, thi
sy phan bien xa hdi la can thiet Giao luu vdn hgc se gdp phan vao thiic day sy phan bien xa hgi dd
Giao luu vdn hgc cd the dugc thyc hien qua hinh thirc trao ddi, tiep nhan sach bao nudc ngoai, lua chgn nhiing tac pham cd gid tri, td chiic dich vd xuat ban trong nudc, ciing nhu gidi thieu cac tdc pham trong nudc ra nudc ngodi Angghen viet: "De lam cho nhimg tdc pham ma ndi dung cd gia tri
va cdn hodn toan mdi me ddi vdi ngudi Diic trd thanh de hieu thi can phai chgn lgc
va chinh ly nhu ngudi Phap da lam ddi vdi tit ca nhirng tdi lieu nhan dugc ciia nudc ngoai Nhirng tac pham quan trgng nhat trong sach bao xa hdi chii nghTa nudc ngoai
da qua chinh ly nhu vay se dugc xuat ban trong thdi gian sip tdi" (Sdd, t.2, tr.787) Nhiing y kien ciia Mac va Angghen vl vdn hgc nghe thuat cho den nay van cdn
Trang 4nguyen y nghia, nhat la trong thdi ky giao
luu hdi nhap qudc tl dugc md rdng Vai trd
ciia van hgc nghe thuat dugc Dang ta danh
gia rit cao, vi thi dd la ITnh vuc dugc Dang
ta quan tam xay dung va phat triln Dang
ludn tdn trgng tu do sang tao ciia van nghe
sT, nhung ddng thdi ciing hudng hg gdp
phan vao phuc vu su nghiep xay dung va
bao ve dat nudc, phuc vu lgi ich cua dan tgc
Nghi quyit 23-NQ/TW ngay 16-6-2008
cua Bd Chinh tri khoa X vl Tiip tue xdy
dung vd phdt triin vdn hge nghi thuat
trong thdi ky mdi da neu rd: "Van hgc,
nghe thuat la ITnh vuc rat quan trgng, ddc
biet tinh te cua van hoa; la nhu ciu thiit
yeu the hien khat vgng chan, thien, my cua
con ngudi; la mdt trong nhung ddng lyc to
ldn true tiep gdp phan xay dung nen tang
tinh than cua xa hdi va su phat trien toan
dien con ngudi Viet Nam" (Bao Nhdn Ddn,
ngay 24-6-2008) Vdn hgc nghe thuat la
mdt bd phan tinh te cua van hod, cd cac
chirc ndng nhan thiic, giao due, tham my,
giai tri, giao tiep, td chiic va dieu chinh xa
hgi Van hgc, nghe thuat tac ddng tryc tiep
den con ngudi vao the gidi tinh cam, tam
hdn, cam xiic cua hg thdng qua cac hinh
tugng nhan vat, cac hinh tugng nghe thuat
trong cac tac pham van hgc vdi yeu td tu
tudng la sgi chi dd xuyen sudt trong dd
Vai trd ciia vdn hgc, nghe thuat trong viec
giao due chu nghTa yeu nudc va chu nghTa
xa hdi d ehd xay dyng va khdng dinh
nhiing gia tri chuan muc cho con ngudi
vuon tdi, tir dd hinh thanh cac pham chat,
nhan each cua con ngudi, trong dd, tu
tudng nhan van, ldng yeu que huang, dat
nudc, dire hy sinh vi Td qudc, anh hiing
trong chiin diu, can cii, sang tao trong lao
dgng dugc coi la nhiing gia tri tdt dep
Quan triet tinh than Nghi quyet 23 cua
Bd Chinh tri ve Tiip tue xdy dung vd phdt
triin vdn hgc nghi thuat trong thdi ky mdi,
cac CO quan chiic ndng d trung uong va dia phuang, nhu Ban Tuyen giao, Sd Van hda -The thao va Du lieh, Hdi van hgc, nghe thuat va cac van nghe sT, cac tap chi, cac bao van nghe da va se phai tiep tuc khac phuc nhirng yeu kem, bat cap trong quan ly
va sang tac vdn hgc, nghe thuat nham lam cho nen van hgc, nghe thuat nudc nha phat trien lanh manh, vira bao dam tinh tien den, vira giii dugc ban sac dan tdc Can thudng xuyen td chiic cac lap tap huan, bdi dudng
ve cdng tac ly luan, phe binh van hgc, nghe thuat trudc het cho dgi ngii van nghe sT va nhirng ngudi dang tham gia quan ly, chi dao van hgc, nghe thuat d trung uong va dja phuang, nang cao nhan thiic cua hg ve tinh dac thii ciia vdn hgc, nghe thuat va vai trd ciia nd trong su phat trien ben viing xa hdi; ve dudng ldi, quan diem ve van hda, vdn nghe ciia Dang, nhat la vai trd ciia cdng tac ly luan, phe binh trong giai doan dit nudc ddi mdi, hdi nhap; ve nhirng vin dl ndi bat trong thuc tien kinh tl - xa hdi ciia dat nudc Trach nhiem cua van nghe sT va cac nha ly luan, phe binh van nghe la phai phdt hien, de cao nhimg nhan td tich eye trong cudc sdng de loai bd nhimg tu tudng
di ngugc lai nguyen vgng va lgi ich ciia nhan dan Phai phan biet dau la khat vgng ddi mdi thuc su, dau la y dd nhan danh ddi mdi de phu nhan truyen thong tot dep cua dan tdc, phii nhan nhiing thanh qua each mang ma cha dng ta da gianh dugc bing xuong mau Chinh vi vay, ciing vdi viec tdn trgng tu do sang tac, cin dl cao y thirc trach nhiem cdng dan cua ngudi cim but, trach nhiem cua nhirng ngudi lam cdng tac quan ly van hgc, nghe thuat