Quy dinh tren la han che, khdng dap iing dupe nhu cau ngay cing lang ve nha d ddi vdi cac td chiic. ca nhan trong va ngoii nude dang sinh sdng. hpc tap, lim viec tai Viet Nam. Theo t[r]
Trang 1MOT SOBATCiV TRONG QUYD!NHC|)A PHM'LUATVEHOPDONG MUA BAN NHAd
1 Thu-c traing quy dinh cua phdp lu^it
ve hop dong mua ban nha o*
Qua trinh hdi nhSp khu vuc va quoc te
cung vdi viec lirng budc djnh hinh, phit
trien nen kinh t^ thi trudng da tao ra nhiJng
ti6n di, thuan Igi quan trpng trong phit tri^n
kinh te, chinh trj xa hgi d nude ta Thuc ti
nay da dem din su chuyin biln nhkx dinh
tren t^t ca cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi sdng xi hdi
ndi chung va "ddi song dan su" ndi rieng
Song, ben canh nhiing "khoing sdng" chu
dao thi thuc te sdng dpng cua qua trinh ddi
mdi cung dem lai cho nude ta nhilu vin dl
lien quan den ddi sdng dan sy, trong dd ed
van de ve cae hgp ddng ma ddi tupng li
nha va quyen su dung ddl De dap ijrng nhu
cau dieu ehinh cic quan he dan sy ddng
thdi tao can cu day dii va vGng ehac ve mat
phap h' cho co quan nha nude cd tham
quyen khi giai quyet tranh chip vi hpp
dong mua ban nha d, Nhi nude da chu
trpng xay dung he thdng cac van ban quy
pham phap luat ve ITnh vyc nay, vi du nhu:
Phip lenh vl nhi d Bd luit dan sy, Luat
nha d, Luat kinh doanh bat dpng sin va
cac van ban hudng dan thi hinh Nhung
van ban quy pham phap luat nay da tao ra
khudn mau va co sd phip li cho cic chii the
ki ket va thye hi6n hgp ddng mua ban nha
d Tuy nhien, cac van bin quy pham phap
TS TRAN THI HU$* ThS NGUYiN VAN H0I **
luat vl nhi d ed tinh dn dinh khdng cao cdn cd sy chdng ch^o, trimg ISp, mau thuan
d nhilu ngi dung Thyc trang niy do nhilu nguyen nhan cd the ke den nhiing nguyen nhan chu yeu sau diy:
- Quy dinh ciia phap luat hien hinh chua bim sat cic quan he mua bin phit sinh trong thyc tl;
- Chinh sach kinh te cua Nha nude ludn
ed sy thay ddi, trong dd cd chinh sich vl dat dai, nha d, chung khoan, san giao dich v.v ;
- Nhu cau xac lap quyen sd huu ddi vdi lai san mua ban co gia tri Idn ngay cing trd nSn sdi ddng va phiic lap;
- Gia ea thi Irudng ciia cic loai tai san cd gii tri ldn ludn ludn cd sy bien dpng;
- Cic chu the khi giao ket vi thyc hien hgp ddng mua ban tii sin nhan ihuc chira day dii gii iri phap li ve hinh thuc hgp dong mua ban theo quy dinh cua phap luat Chinh vi nhung quy dinh cua phap luat edn chua cu the, chi tiet lam cho eac chii the khi tham gia va thyc hien loai hgp ddng nay khdng hieu, khdng xic dinh dugc quyen, nghia vu phap li hpp phip cua minh Vi the, thudng xay ra tranh chap ve quyen va nghia
vu Dac biet, vi sy bat cap vi thieu vang cua
* Giang vidn chinh Khoa phap luit dan sir
** Giang vidn Khoa phap luat dan sy Trudng Dgi hoc Luit H i NOi
Trang 2phap luat hi?n hinh vc thdi dilm chuyin
quyln sd hilu thdi diem xic l§p quyln sd
hOu nhi d ning lyc chii thi khi tham gia
giao kL'i vi thyc hi^n hgp d6ng nSn khi
tranh chap vl hgp d6ng mua ban nhi d xiy
ra nhilu trudng hgp toi in thilu eg sd phip
ti dl giii quyci vy vi0c dan den tinh trang vy
an bi k^o dii ho^c phin quylt ciia toi khdng
bio dam thoa dang quyln vi lgi ieh hgp
phap cho cic duong sy
2 Kien nghj hoin thi^n phdp lu^t vc hgp
dong mua bdn nhd o
Thtf nhdi, vc chu the hgp dong
Hi?n phip lual khdng cd quy djnh cy
the vc dp tudi cua nhihig ngudi tryc tiep
tham gia hgp ddng mua bin vdi tu cich li
ben mua va ben ban Nghj quyet ciia Hpi
ddng tham phan Toa in nhan dan tdi cao sd
01 :n03/NQ-HDTP ngay 16/4/2003 hudng
dan ip dung phap luat trong viec giai quyet
mdt sd loai tranh chap dan sy, hdn nhan vi
gia dinh (Nghj quylt sd 01/2003/NQ-HDTP}
hudng din mpt trong bdn dieu kien de cdng
nhan hgp ddng mua ban nha d cd hi?u lyc
phip luat la "ngudi tham gia giao kil hpp
dong mua bdn nhd a phdi co ndng luc hdnh
vi ddn i(f" Trong khi dd, theo quy djnh ciia
Bd lual dan sy thi "ngudi lir du 6 luoi din
chua du N luoi dd xdc dfnh Id ngudi eo
ndng luc hdnh vi mot phdn; ngudi lit dit 18
ludi trd len dd xdc dinh Id c6 ndng lice hdnh
vi ddy f?u".*" Nhu vay, ngudi cd nSng lyc
hanh vi dan sy mgt phin cd dugc tham gia
giao ket hgp ddng mua ban nha d hay khdng
va van de hieu lyc phip luat cua hgp ddng
niy nhu the nao?
M$l khic, cic vin bin quy phgm phaj lu§t hi^n hinh deu khdng quy djnh vl niiij lyc hinh vi cda ci nhan giao kit hgp donj mua bin nhi d mi chi quy djnh ngudi than gia giao djch, ngudi yeu cau cdng chmi( giao djch ndi chung "phii cd ning lyc hini
vi din sy" Nhu v$y, cd thi ket luin rang ngudi cd nang lyc hinh vi dan sy mot phan
ho$c dky dii diu cd the tham gia giao kli
hgp d6ng mua bin nhi d Tuy nhien, kll lu^n niy bi han chi bdi quy djnh sau d3>
ciia Bp lu$t dan sy: "/ Ngudi lit dit sdu luoi din chua du mudi ldm luoi khi xdc l^p lh{fc hi$n giao djch ddn su phdi dupe ngudi dpi di^n theo phdp ludt dong y, Irii giao dfch nhdm phue vu nhu cdu sinh hogl hdng ngdy phii hpp vdi lira luoi hoac phdp lugl CO quy dinh khdc".^^^ Ben canh do,
khoan 2 Dieu 20 Bp luat dan sy quy dinh;
"Trong irudng hpp ngudi lit dii mudi lam luoi den chua da mudi ldm luoi co tdi sdn rieng bdo ddm ihuc hi^n nghia vu ihi co the l{t minh xdc Ipp ihuc hi?n giao djch ddn su md khong cdn phdi cd s^t dong j ciia ngudi dpi di^n iheo phdp lual, irit irudng hpp phdp lual co quy dinh khdc"
Nhu vay, phii chang chi ngudi cd nang lire hanh vi day dii mdi dugc xic lap va thirc hi?n hgp ddng mua bin nhi d? Qua linh thin vi ngi dung cua cac dilu luat nay, tac gii cho ring can thiet phai cd quy dinh cy thi, rd ring vl dg tudi ciia ngudi tham gia giao kit vi thyc hien hgp ddng mua ban nhi d Theo do, nen quy djnh cu the dg tudi ciia chu the tham gia hgp ddng mua bin nha d la 18 tudi dl tao dilu kien,giao
Trang 3kel dugc minh bach, thuan lgi, tranh duge
nhiJng rkc rdi vl ehu thi vi h^n ehl duge
hgp ddng vi pham do ehii thi giao kit khdng
du dieu kien ve nang lyc chii thi
Nhihig quy dinh lien quan din chii thi cd
quyen mua vi sd huu nhi d tai Vi6t Nam
dugc quy dinh trong Luat nhi d nhu sau:
•' / Chii sd huu nhd a Id id chdc, cd nhdn lao
Idp hap phdp nhd d; irudng hap cliu sd hiru
nhd a co yeu cdu thi ca quan nha nude co
ihdm quyen cdp gidy chung nhdn quyin sa
hiru doi vdi nhd a cho hp
2 Doi luang duac sa hiru nhd a Viet
Nam hao gom:
u To chuc cd nhdn Irong nude khong
phu ihupc vdo nai ddng ki kinh doanh nai
ddng ki hp khdu thudng Iru;
b Ngudi Viet Nam dinh cu a nude ngodi
quy dinh tai Dieu 126 ciia Ludt ndy;
e To chirc, cd nhdn nude ngodi quy dinh
lai khodn I Dieu 125 cua Ludt ndy" '^'
Quy dinh tren la han che, khdng dap iing
dupe nhu cau ngay cing lang ve nha d ddi
vdi cac td chiic ca nhan trong va ngoii nude
dang sinh sdng hpc tap, lim viec tai Viet
Nam Theo tic gia, nen chang quy dinh pham
vi ddi tugng dugc phep mua vi sd hiiu nha
mdt each rdng rai hon theo hudng giim cic
dilu kien bat budc ddng thdi quy dinh chat
che ve viec sd h&u nha la vTnh vien hoac ed
thdi han phii hgp vdi timg loai ddi tugng vi
khi hll ihdi han sd hiru thi phai chuyin giao
cho chii the khac
Thu hai vl ihdi dilm ehuyin quyln sd
hiiu ddi vdi nhi mua ban
Ve v^n dl niy cdn cd sy mau thuan giiia cic quy dinh trong BO luat dan sy, Luit nhi d vi Nghj dinh cua Chinh phii sd 71/2010/ND-CP ngiy 23/6/2010 quy dinh chi lilt vi hudng din Ihi hinh Luat nhi d (>Ighi dinh sd 71/2010/ND-CP), Theo Bp luat dan sy,'*** ddi vdi tai san mua ban ma phip luat quy dinh phai dang ki quyln sd hOii thi quyln sd hiiu dugc chuyin cho ben mua ke tir thdi diem hoan ihanh ihii luc dang ki quyen sd hu'u vdi lai san dd Luat dat dai ciing quy dinh gidng Bp luat dan sy
ve thdi diem chuyen quyen sii dung dat la khi ngudi nhin chuyen nhupng hoan lat ihu tuc quyen sii dung dat Tuy nhien, iheo quy dinh tai khoan 5 Dieu 93 Luat nhi d thi quyen sd hiiu nhi d dugc chuyen cho ben mua ke tir thdi diem dugc edng chimg ddi vdi giao dich ve nha d giiia ci nhan vdi nhau hoac da giao nhan nha theo thoa thuan trong hgp ddng ddi vdi giao djch ve nha ma mgt ben li td chiic kinh doanh nha d
Sy khac nhau giiia Luat nhi d va Bg lual dan sy ve thdi diem chuyen quyen sd hiiu da gay ra nhieu khd khan trong viec giii quyet tranh chip vl hpp ddng mua bin nha d, Neu ben mua mdi chi thanh toan dugc 50% gia tn hgp ddng, viec mua bin chua hoin tat, ben ban chua nhan dii tien, chua giao nha cho ben mua ma quyln sd hiiu di dupe chuyen giao cho ben mua la dilu bat hpp li Hon niia, mac dii hai ben da ki hpp ddng nhung neu mudn ban nhi cho ngudi khic thi ngudi mua ciing phai hoan lat Ihu tue dang bp ngdi nha rdi mdi ihuc hien duoc
Trang 4Ngoii ra, khi xem x<;t quy djnh vc hgp
dong mua bin nhi d lgi Nghj djnh s6
71/2010/ND-CP, tic gii nh&n th^y cd sy
mau thuan giiia cic khoin 1 khodn 4, khoin
6 Dilu 64 Nghj djnh niy Vl thdi dilm
chuyin quyln so hiJu nhi, khoin I quy djnh
li sau khi cdng chung ho$c chimg thyc khoin
4 quy djnh sau khi dugc cap giay chimg
nhan quyln sd hiiu ve nhi d, cdn khoin 6
quy dinh kc lu khi Iri het tiln mua Chiing
tdi cho rang, can thiet phii sua doi cic quy
dinh vc thdi diem chuyin quyen sd hiiu nhi
tai Dieu 93 Lual nhi d vi Dilu 64 Nghj
djnh sd 7I/2010/Ni)-CP la thdi dilm dugc co
quan nhi nude cd Ihim quyen cdp giay
chimg nhan sd hChj Quy djnh vl thdi diem
xac lap quyen sd huu ddi vdi nha d nhu vay
mdi thdng nhat vdi Dieu 439 Bg lual dan sy
ddng thdi phii hgp vdi li luan cung nhu thyc
lien da kiem chiing
Thu ba, ve thdi ban bao hinh nha
Luat nha d vi Luat xay dung cung
mau thuan nhau trong vi?c quy djnh van
de bao hanh nhi Theo Dieu 29 Nghj djnh
cua Chinh phii sd 209/2004/ND-CP ngay
16/12/2004 ve quin li chat lugng cdng trinh
xay dyng thi Ihdi han bao hanh khdng it
hon 24 thing ddi vdi loai edng trinh cip d$c
biet, cip 1; khdng il hon 12 thing doi vdi
cac loai cdng trinh khac Tuy nhien, theo
Dieu 74 Luit nha d thi chii dau tu cd nghTa
vu thuc hien thdi han bao hinh cho chii sd
hiru nhi vdi thdi gian khdng it han 60
thing Dieu nay gay ra khdng it khd khin
trong viec lua chgn ap dung phap lual vi cac
,1
ben diu muAn ip dyng cic quy djnh cd \qi^
cho minh, tir dd niy sinh mdu thuan giiia khich hing vi chii dau tu Vi thi, cic quy djnh niy phii dugc chinh sira khan truong
dl dim bio tfnh dong bg gi&a cic van bin lu^t, tao CO sd cho vi^c ip dyng va thyc thi phip lu^t dugc thong nh^t
Thit lu vl ten ggi cua Nghj quyet ciia
Qu6chOis6l9/2008/QH12 Nghj quylt ciia Quoc hpi so 19/2008/QH12 ban hinh ngiy 03/6/2008, cd hieu lyc tir ngiy 01/01/2009 cd ten gpi; "Vl vi?c ihi dilm cho to chiic ci nhan nude ngoii mua
vi sd hiiu nhi d tai Viet Nam" Ten gpi niy khien ci nhan, td chirc Vi?t Nam hay
ci nhan, td chiic nude ngoai khdng muon ban than trd thanh "thi diem" Theo uac tinh, cd khoing 10.000 ngudi nude ngoii
cd kha ning, dieu ki^n de mua va sd hihi nhi d tai Vi?t Nam nhung cho den nay, so lugng ngudi da dugc sd hiiu nhi d tai Vi?t Nam cdn rat ft
Mpt sd cdng ti dja dc cho biet tir khi ban hinh Nghj quyet cua Qude hpi so i9/2008/QH12 din nay, sd lugng ngudi nude ngoii din Urn hieu thdng tin, xem nha
d de mua tang len nhieu nhung cd rat it ngudi nude ngoai tryc liep diing ra mua nhi, phin ldn hg van mua thdng qua viec nhd ngudi trong nude diing ten Nghi quyet ciia Qudc hgi sd 19/2008/QH12 dugc ban hinh nham giai quylt nhiing vin dl niy sinh trong thyc tien, dac biet la giai quyet vin dl ngudi nude ngoii nhd ngudi khac
diing ten khi mua nhi d nhung thyc te dl
Trang 5phan anh vin cdn nhilu ngudi nude ngoii
mua nhi d Ihong qua phuang thirc nay Nhu
vay phip luat ban hinh dl nham giii quylt
nhUng van dl nay sinh trong thuc tl nhung
lieu tren thyc tl nd cd thyc sy giii quyet
dugc van de dd hay khdng? Day la cau hdi
dang khien nhilu ngudi nude ngoai va ci
nhiing ngudi Iryc tilp giai quylt vin dl nhi
dit cho ngudi nude ngoii rit quan tam
Nghi quylt ciia Qudc hgi sd 19/2008/QH12
quy djnh: "I Cd nhdn nude ngodi quy dinh
tgi cdc khodn I, 2 3 vd 4 Diiu 2 ciia Nghi
quyil ndy duac sd hiiu nhd a trong thai han
loi da Id 50 ndm ke tit ngdy duac cdp Gidy
chung nhgn quyen sd hiiu nhd a Thdi hgn
nay duac ghi irong Gidy chung nhdn quyin
sd hau nha a Trong thdi hgn mudi hai
thdng, ke tit khi hit thdi hgn sd hiiu nhd a
lai Viel Nam, doi luang quy dinh lgi khodn
ndy phdi bdn hoac ldng cho nhd a do".^^^
Quy dinh na> theo tac gia la chua hgp li bdi
le khi da trao cho hp quyen dugc mua va sd
hiiu nha d tiic la cho hg quyen sd huu va tat
nhien se kem theo quyen chiem hiru, sit
dung, dinh doal Viec hp mudn ban, lang
cho nha d thupc ve quyen dinh doal ciia hp,
phap luat khdng nen cd quy djnh han che
quyen nay Mdi ihuc te sg xay ra gay nen
tam li lo ngai khi ngudi nude ngoai mudn
mua nha d tai Viel Nam la: Neu nhu thdi
gian hp d tai Viet Nam la lau hem 50 nam,
can hd chung eu ma hg sd hiru van hoin
toin, CO the sii dung dupe nhung phap luat
khdng cho phep hp tiep tuc d va hp phii ban
nhi theo quy dinh cua phip lual thi sd tien
thu dugc tir vi?c bin nhi lieu cd dii dl hg mua can h0 chung eu mdi? Day ii quy djnh khdng hgp li, tao ra sy e ngai cho ci nhan ngudi nude ngoai khi hg mudn ki kit hgp ddng mua ban nha d tai Viet Nam
Thir ndm vl hinh thirc ciia hgp ddng
mua bin nhi d Khoin 2 Dilu 122 Bg luat dan sy quy
djnh: "2, Hinh thirc giao djch ddn su la diiu ki^n cd hi^u l\re cua giao dieh Irong trudng hap phdp ludt co quy dinh" Nhu viy, ddi
vdi cic giao djch Ihdng thudng thi hinh thirc ciia giao djch khdng dugc xem li dilu ki?n de hgp ddng cd hieu lyc phip luat, trir trudng hgp phap luat ed quy djnh, Trong khi dd, lai khoin 2 Dilu 124 Bd luit dan sy
lai quy djnh: ""Trong trudng hap phdp luat quy dinh giao dich ddn su phdi dupe ihi hiin bdng vdn bdn, phai co eong chicng hode ehitng ihuc, phdi ddng ki hode xin phep thi phdi tudn theo cdc quy dfnh do"
Ddi tugng ciia hpp ddng mua bin nhi d cd gia trj ldn nen phap luat cd nhiing quy dinh chat che the hien d Dieu 450 Bp luat dan
sy: "'Hap dong mua bdn nhd a phai duac ldp thdnh vdn bdn, co cong ehitng hoge ehitng ihycc irit irudng hap phdp lugl co quy djnh khdc" Nghj quylt sd 01/2003/NQ-llDTP
cung the hien nhiing yeu cau nhu 2 dieu lual ke tren Dieu nay mudn giii thich ihem
la ngudi yeu eau co quan cdng chiing chimg thyc phii la ngudi cd kha nang nhan thirc day dii cic van de, ngi dung ma hg cam ket trong hgp ddng Thiet nghT cic nha lap phap nen quy dinh cu the ve do tudi va
Trang 6ning lyc hinh vi dhy dii ciia chit thi trong
loai hgp dong niy
Thir sdu vl mua bin nhi d thu^c sd
hiiu chung
Dilu 96 Lu§t nha a quy djnh vc mua
ban nha d thugc sir hiiu chung nhu sau; "7
I lec bdn nhd a ihupc \<r huu chung hpp
nhdi phai cd s\t dong y cua tdt cd cdc chii
sa huu In'ing viin bdn
Truang hi/p c6 chii sa huu nhd a thupc
sa huu chung khong dong y ban thi cdc chu
sa hiru nhd a ihupe sa Inru chung khdc eo
quyen ldm dan yhi cdu iod dn gidi quyel
iheo quy dinh cua phdp lugl Cdc ehu sd
huu nhd a thupe sa Inru ehung dupe quyin
uu lien mua, niu cde ehu sd hiru nhd d
ihupe sd huu chung khdng mua ihi nhd d
do duac bdn cho ngudi khdc Trudng hpp
CO ehu sa hiru nhd d thupc sa hiiu chung
vdng mgi md dd duae iod dn luyin bo mdt
lieh ihi ede ehu sa hiiu nhd d thupc sd hiiu
chung eon lgi duae quyen bdn nha a dd;
phdn gid Iri quyin sd hiiu nhd a ciia ngudi
mdt lich duae xir li theo quy dinh cua phdp
ludt dan su
2 Trong Irudng hap cd ehu sd hiiu nhd
a Ihupc sa hiru ehung bdn phdn quyin sd
huu nhd a eiui minh thi cdc chu sd hiiu nhd
a thuoc sa hiiu chung khdc dupe quyen uu
lien mua: Irong thai hgn ba thdng, ki lit
ngdy nhdn duac ihong bdo vi viic bdn phdn
quyen sa hiiu nhd a va diiu ki^n bdn md
khong CO chii sd hieu nhd a ihupc sd hau
chung ndo mua ihi phdn quyin do dupe bdn
eho ngudi khde Trong tnrdng hpp vi phgm
quyen uu lien mua ihi xir li iheo quy dfn, cua phdp lu^t ddn sy"
Tic gii eho ring quy djnh niy, d§c bi^ ii doan 1 khoin 2 Dilu 96 thilu rd rang, thili
cy thi trong vi?c xic djnh nhi dem ban thugi loai sd hOxi chung nio, hgp nhit, theo phli hay hSn hgp? Vi vay, rat khd trong vice xat djnh chu thi bin phan quyen cua minh bdi n^ liSn quan din vin de dinh doat va xic djnt ngudi uu tiSn mua trudc Cho nen day li n^i dung can chinh siia de cd sy thong nhat trong cich hilu vi ip dyng phip luat
Hgp dong mua bin nhi d li mpt trong nhOng can eii chii yeu lim phit sinh quyln sd hiiu nhi ciia ca nhan ciing nhu ciia hg gia dinh Myc dich hgp phip cua cac chii the khi tham gia va thyc hien hgp ddng nay ta nham chuyen quy^n sd hiiu ciia ben bin sang cho ben mua De ben mua xac lap dugc sd hiiu ctia minh ddi vdi cin hp hoic ngdi nhi tuong img vdi khoin tien ma hp tra cho ben bin thi quy djnh ctia phip luat can thiet phii chSI ch6, rd ring, de hieu Tir dd, mdt mat dam bao quyen vi Igi ieh hgp phip cho hg, m$t khic dim bio dugc sy dn dinh ciia cic giao djch vc nhi d trong dd cd giao dich ve mua bin nha./
(1) Xem: Dilu 14 B$ lugt din sy
(2),Xem: Khoin 1 Dilu 20 BO lu$t din sy i j ^
(3),Xem: Dilu 9 Lu$t nhi a
(4) Xem: Khoan 2 Didu 439 8$ lu^t dan sy
(5),Xem: Dilu 4 Nghj quylt ciia Qu6c h^i so I9/2008/QH12 ngiy 03/6/2008 vl vi^c thi didm clio t6 chCrc, ci nhin nu6c ngoii mua vi scr hihi nhiatfi Vi§t Nam