Dieu nay, ddi hdi vide xac dinh va phan logi cac dac trung nguy hiem chay cua vat lidu phai ddng bd vdi hd thong tieu chuan an todn chdy dp dyng eho nhd vd edng trinh, bdi vi$c quy do[r]
Trang 1V A T L I E U M O I T R U ' a N G KY THUAT HA T A N G
CAC OAC TRITNG NGUY HI^M CHAY CUA VAT Uf U XAY Dl/NG - QUY OjNH TRONG
M O T SO HE THONG TIEU CHUAN VE AN TOAN CHAY CHO NhA VA CONG TRINH
ThS HOANG ANH GIANG
Vi#n KHCN Xay du'ng
Tdm tat; Ndi dung bii vidt gi&i thidu mdt sd
phugng phip phin lo?i ky thuit ddi v&i eic die trung
nguy hidm vd ehiy cua vit lidu xiy dt/ng quy djnh
trong hd thdng tidu ehuin an toan ehiy hidn hinh eiia
Vidt Nam vi eua mdt sd qude gia hode vung linh thd
khic Cic tidu ehuin ky thuit lidn quan eung nhirng
ndt chinh eiia quy trinh thir nghidm xie djnh cie die
trung nguy hidm ehiy tuang irng eua vit lidu eOng
duge dd cip mdt cich ngin gpn
I D g t v l n d i
Dh dam bao an toan chdy eho nha va edng trinh,
vat lidu xay dyng phai duac kiim tra, phan logi va s&
dyng phu hap i" t&ng vj tri tren cdng trinh theo cae chi
tieu ky thuat thu nghidm, duac quy djnh trong cac tai
lieu chuan cua mdi quoc gia Cd mdt thye t i la eae
quoc gia khac nhau cd the quy djnh ap dyng eae
phyong phdp thu nghiem vd phuang phap phan logi
khdng giong nhau ddi vdi cac ddc trung nguy hiem
chay eua vat lieu Dieu nay, ddi hdi vide xac dinh va
phan logi cac dac trung nguy hiem chay cua vat lidu
phai ddng bd vdi hd thong tieu chuan an todn chdy dp
dyng eho nhd vd edng trinh, bdi vi$c quy doi va xem
xet tinh tuong duong cua cac hd thong phan logi theo
eae tieu ehuin phuang phap thu khac nhau la r i t khd
khan, tham chi khdng t h i quy doi dudC
Nim rd eae phuang phap thu nghidm va phdn
loai vat lidu xay dyng theo cac ddc tryng nguy hiim
ve chdy dang duac dp dyng d Vidt Nam cQng nhu d
mdt so quic gia khde nhu: My, chdu Au, Nhdt Bdn,
Trung Quic se giup cd duac cdi nhin ting t h i hon v i
v i n d i ndy vd tgo dieu kidn thudn lai cho vide lyg
chpn dp dyng hd thing phdn logi phu hap vao thye t i
san xuit va xay dyng d Vidt Nam NOi dung cua bai
viit tap trung gidi thidu nh&ng ndt chfnh v i cac
phyong phap thy nghidm va phan logi v$t li$u xdy
dyng dang dypc quy djnh ap dyng trong QCVN
06:2010/BXD va trong cac tai li$u ehuin cua m i t s i
quoc gia khac, ding thdi cd mOt so so sanh nhit djnh
trong vide dp dyng cac h$ thong phan loai dd
Vide di sdu phan tfch cdc quy trinh thy nghiim va
tidu chi ddnh gia k i t qua thy nghi$m cd t h i tim hiiu
tryc tiip trong cac tidu ehuin thy nghidm dypc viin
d i n hode gidi thi$u trong [1,2]
2 Theo h§ thing tidu ehuin ciia Vi^t Nam vat lidu xay dyng dydc phan logi theo tfnh chit
va muc dO nguy hiim chay quy djnh trong QCVN 06:2010/BXD [3] Day cOng la each phan logi theo hd thing tidu ehuin hidn hanh cua Nga [4] Theo dd, vdt lidu xay dyng g i m hai logi chinh la vdt lidu khdng chdy vd vdt lidu chay duac Tiip dd, vdt lidu chdy lai duac phdn thdnh cae nhdm ed m&c dd nguy hiim chay khac nhau theo tung chf tieu ky thudt sau
Theo tinh chay, duac phan thanh 04 nhdm cd mi>c
do nguy hiim tdng d i n tu Chl (ehiy yiu) din Ch4 (chay mgnh);
Theo tinh b i t chay, duac phdn thdnh 03 nhdm co muc dO nguy hiem tdng d i n tu BCI (khd bit chdy) den BC3 (de bit chay);
Theo tinh lan tnjy^n lua tren be nndt dupe phan thanh 04 nhdm cd m&c dO nguy hiim tang din tu LT1 (khdng lan truyen) den LT4 (lan truydn mgnh);
Theo kha nang sinh khdi, dudc phan thanh 03 nhdm cd m&c dO nguy hiim tang d i n tu SKI (sinh khoi thip) d i n SK3 (sinh khdi mgnh);
Theo dOc tinh cua san phim khdi, dupe phan thanh 04 nhdm cd muc dO nguy hiim tSng din t& DT1 (dOc t i thip) d i n 0T4 (dOc t i r i t cao)
V$t lidu khdng chay dudc coi la vdt liOu an toan ^ chay vd khdng phai phdn nhdm tiip
2.1 Tinh kh6ng ehiy (Non-combustibility)
Thu nghiOm vd ddnh gia tinh khdng chdy eug vat ' lidu xdy dyng dup^c thye hidn theo quy trinh neu trong tieu ChuIn TCXDVN 331:2004 [5] (hidn nay tieu ehuin ndy dang dup'c chuyin thdnh tidu ehuin Vi$t Nam) Ydu c i u v i thiet bj cung nhu quy trinh tien hdnh thu nghidm trong tieu ehuin nay hodn to^n tuang duang vdi ISO 1182:2002 [6], cd bo sung th§m ' nOi dung v i cdeh ddnh gid vd phdn nhdm v$t liSu ; chdy hode khdng chdy
Trang 2VAT LIEU MOI TRU'QNG KY THUAT HA T A N G
Khi thu theo cdc tieu chuan nay, 05 m l u thu hinh
tru trdn dudng kinh 45 mm, chieu cao 50 mm lin luat
dupe dua vao mdt Id dot hinh ong dat thing d&ng,
chiiu dai 150 mm, dudng kinh trong 75 mm Nhidt dd
trong Id dupe kiem scat va giu on djnh d muc 750 ± 5
°C trong khoang thdi gian 10 phut trudc khi dua mlu
vao Yiu to ve nhidt dO cua Id dit, nhidt dO cua mlu
thu va sy xuit hidn ngpn lua tren b i mdt mlu thy
dupe theo ddi va ghi nhdn ehi tiit trong suit khoang
thdi gian kdo ddi cua thu nghidm Sau khi liy ra khdi
Id va d i nguOi ty nhidn trong binh hut i m , mlu thu
dupe cdn Igi d i xdc djnh khoi luang suy giam
Theo quy dinh trong QCVN 06:2010/BXD, vdt lidu
dupe thu ed the xep vdo nhdm vat lidu khdng chay
neu:
- Muc gia tang nhidt dO cua Id dot khdng qua 50°C;
- Khoi luang mlu bj giam khdng qua 50%;
Thdi gian kdo ddi cua ngpn lua khdng qua 10 giay
Ndu thdi gian kdo ddi eua ngpn lua Idn hon 10
gidy nhung khdng vupt qud 20 gidy thi vdt lieu dupe
thu ed t h i xip vdo nhdm chdy y i u (Chl) Ngoai ra,
de xdc djnh va phan nhdm tiep theo doi vdi cac nhdm
vdt lidu chdy (tu Ch2 d i n Ch4) c i n tiin hdnh thu
nghidm theo mdt quy trinh bo sung khde
2.2 Tinh chat chay (Ignitability)
Tfnh bit chay cua vat lidu xdy dyng dyac thy
nghidm theo quy trinh neu trong tidu ehuin ISO 5657
[7] Cdc mlu thy dgng t i m phdng hinh vudng kfeh
thude 165 mm x 165 mm duac dat nim ngang dudi
tae ddng cua nguon b&c xg nhidt cd cudng dd b&c xg
trong khoang t& 10 kW/m^ d i n 70 kW/m^ kit hpp
ngpn lua mii Vdi mdi c i p cudng dO b&c xg nhiOt ydu
cdu tii thiiu phai cd 05 m l u dugc thu nghiOm trong
khoang thdi gian tde ddng toi da Id 15 phut Trong
khoang thdi gian thu nghidm, c i n theo ddi vd ghi
nhdn cdc biiu hidn Idm vide eua mlu, ddc bidt Id thdi
diem phdt chdy thdnh ngpn l&a trdn b i mdt mlu
Trong khoang thdi gian theo ddi cua thu nghiOm
(15 phut) niu mlu thu bit chdy dudi cudng dO b&c
xg nhidt > 35 kW/m^ thi vat lidu dudc x i p vdo nhdm
khd bit chay (BCI), neu mlu thu b i t chdy trong
khoang cudng dd b&c xg nhiOt t& 20 kW/m^ d i n dudi
35 kW/m^ thi v$t lieu duac x i p vao nhdm b i t chay
vua phai (BC2) Vdt lidu duac x i p vao nhdm dd bit
chdy (BC3) niu mlu thu bit chdy d cudng dd b&c xg nhd hon 20 kW/m^
2.3 Tinh lan truyen li>a tren be mat (Spread of flame)
Cd hai hinh thuc thu nghidm d i ddnh gia tfnh lan truyin lua tren b i mdt vdt lidu hodn thiOn, ung vdi hai trudng hap lip ddt diin hinh trong thye t i : ldp ddt theo phuang d&ng (hodn thidn b i mdt tudng, vdch ngan) va lip ddt theo phuang ngang (vat lidu phu san) Doi vdi vdt lidu hoan thidn b i mat tudng, thu nghidm duac thye hidn theo ISO 5658-2 [8], doi vdi vat lidu hoan thidn san, thu nghidm duyc thye hidn theo ISO 9239-1 [9]
Vdi mii thu nghidm, it nhit 03 mlu thu dgng tim phdng duac thu nghidm trong mdi trudng nhidt dd b&c xg tieu ehuin vd ed ngpn lua mii gdy bit chdy Cdc mdu thu ndy ed chiiu ddy khdng Idn hon 50 mm (niu chiiu ddy thye t i Idn hon thi ed t h i cdt liy phin
be mdt cd chiiu day bdng 50 mm) vd kfeh thydc ddi
vd rdng tuy thuOc vao c i u hinh th& nghidm Nguon nhidt b&c xg dyac tgo thdnh nhd mOt t i m phdng ddt bing gas, dat nghieng mdt gdc 15°C so vdi be mat eua miu thu, dam bao tgo ra sy phan bo cua cudng
dd b&c xg nhidt theo tieu ehuin tren be mdt mlu (diem g i n tam bue xg nhat dgt cudng dd b&c xg nhidt khoang 50 kW/m^, cdn diim xa nhit dgt cudng dp b&c xg nhidt khoang 3 kW/m^) Trong thdi gian thu nghidm, cdc y i u to nhu: thdi diem phdt chdy tren bd mdt mlu thu, thdi diim ngpn lua tren b i mat mlu thu dgt d i n cac moc khoang each nhit djnh va khoang each ma ngpn lua lan ra xa nhit tren be mat mlu thu duoc ghi nhdn chi t i i t
Vide ddnh gid vd phdn nhdm duac cdn c& vao muc cudng dO b&c xg tgi diem ma ngpn lua lan ra xa nhit tren b i mdt mlu thu Vdt liOu dupe x i p vao nhdm lan truyin mgnh (LT4) niu cudng dd b&c xg tgi diim lan xa nhit nho hon 5 kW/m^, ngup-e Igi vdt liOu dupe x i p vdo nhdm khdng lan truyin lua (LT1) niu gid trj ndy > 11 kW/m^ [3]
2.4 Kha nang sinh khoi (Smoke generation)
M&c dO sinh khdi cua v$t lidu dugc ddnh gid tren
CO sd kit qua thu nghiOm theo quy trinh neu trong ISO 5660 [10] Cac m l u thu dgng t i m phIng hinh vudng vdi kfeh thude mii ehieu 75 mm x 75 mm vd chieu ddy khdng qud 25 mm dudc d$t ndm ngang dudi tde ddng cua nguon b&c xg nhidt cd 2 m&c
Trang 3V A T L I E U MOI T R t f O N G - KY THUAT HA T A N G
cudng dO 25 kW/m^ va 50 kW/m^ Toan bO h i thing
m l u thu va nguin bue xg dudc ddt trong buing th&
nghidm cd kfeh thude tidu ehuin d i xac djnh cac chi
tidu v i muc dO suy gidm cudng dO dnh sang do s i n
phim khdi dudc sinh ra khi mlu thu phat chay
vat lidu duac coi la ed khd nang sinh khdi thip
(SKI) niu trj s i hd s i sinh khdi <, 50 m^/kG N i u trj s i
nay > 500 m^/kO thi vat lidu duac coi la cd khd nang
sinh khdi cao (SK3) Vdi cac gia trj trung gian gi&a hai
gidi hgn trdn thi vat lidu duac x i p nhdm khd ndng
sinh khdi vua phdi (SK2)
2.5 Dgc tinh cua sin pham kh&i (Toxicity)
Vide xac djnh cac chl s6 de dpa sy sing lidn quan
din ham luang ddc t i trong sdn phim khdi ddi hdi
phai tiin hanh ede thu nghidm tuang d i i phuc tgp,
nhu su dyng ddng vdt (chuOt thf nghidm), mdy phdn
tich hdm luang khi theo phuong phdp FTIR [11, 12]
Cdc m&c dOc tinh cua sdn phim khdi sinh ra khi vdt
lidu bj d i t chdy ed t h i phy thude vdo liiu ludng hit
phai vd thdi gian bj phoi 10 trong diiu kidn liiu lup'ng
dd Ve mdt ddc tinh cua san phim khdi, quy djnh
trong QCVN 06:2010/BXD t h i hidn qua chi s i Haso,
chl so lidn quan d i n m&c dd tdeh oxide cacbon (CO)
khi thu nghidm dot vdt lidu d diiu kidn ehuin Tuy
theo gid trj cua chi so nay vdt lidu duac phdn thdnh 4
nhdm nhu da neu d tren
3 Theo h^ thdng tieu ehuin cua chau Au vd Trung Qu6c
H i thing phdn nhdm ky thudt v i chdy d i i vdi vdt
lidu, san phim xdy dyng cua chdu Au (gpi chung Id
Euroelasses) duac quy djnh trong EN 13501 [13] V i
tong t h i , tieu ehuin ndy phdn bidt 03 dgng co ban
eua vdt lidu, san phim g i m : hoan thidn mat san, bao
dn cho dudng ong va cac vat lidu, s i n phim xay
dyng ndi chung (khdng thude hai dgng tryde) Cac
nhdm vat lidu ndi chung duac ky hidu t& A d i n F,
nhdm vat lidu mdt san dude ky hidu t& An d i n Fn cdn
nhdm vat lidu each nhidt cho dudng ong thing dy<;yc
ky hidu ty AL d i n FL Tuong ty nhy QCVN
06:2010/BXD, eae ehi tieu ky thudt v i chay 6ugc sy
dyng 6e phan nhdm nhin chung cung bao g i m tinh
khdng chay, muc dO chay lan va m&c dO sinh khdi
Tuy nhidn, phuang phap thu nghidm tieu ehuin cung
nhu trj so gidi han de phan logi ed nh&ng khde bi^t
nhit djnh v i theo hd thong nay O i phan nhdm eae
dgng v$t lieu khde nhau c i n phai cdn e& vao it nhit la
2 chl tieu ky thuat v i chay Rieng nhdm F khdng ydu
c i u phai thu nghidm
46
Hd thing phan logi ky thu^t v i chdy d i i vdi v$t liOu va s i n phim xdy dyng hidn hanh cua Trung Quic tuan theo GB 8624-2006 [14] N i u so sdnh vi nOi dung ky thu$t cd t h i thiy rd sy tyang ding gi&a
hd thing phdn logi nay vdi Euroelasses, d$c bidt \i
cae chl tidu ky thudt v i chay va gia trj gidi hgn eua cac chf tidu dd hodn toan giing nhau Chi ed 2 diim khac bidt n i i bdt dd la: (i) HO thing phdn logi eua Trung Quie s& dyng cdc k i t q u i thu nghidm theo nh&ng tidu ehuin thu nghidm mang md s i cua Trung Quic va (ii) Hd thing phan logi cua Trung Quic khdng ed dgng vdt lidu each nhidt dudng i n g thing T& nh&ng ly do trdn, mOt s i ndt ting quat eua hgi h$ thing phdn logi nay sd dup'c gidi thidu ehung nhu dudi day
3.1 V$t lidu nhdm A, A„ vi AL
Dh dugc x i p vao nhdm A, m i u v$t lidu phai dupe
th& nghidm tfnh khdng chay theo EN ISO 1182 [15] v^ ting nhidt ludng s i n sinh khi chdy theo EN ISO 1716 [16] Tiiy thuOe vdo k i t qua thu nghidm thu dupe, nhdm A Igi dup'C phdn thdnh 2 nhdm nho Id Al vd A2, vdi vOt lidu mdt sdn vd vdt liOu cdeh nhidt eho ong thing cd hai nhdm tuang &ng la Aln A2|| va AIL, A2L Ridng cac vdt lidu nhdm A2 va A2L ngoai vide edn cu vdo k i t qua cua hai thu nghidm dd neu, cdn phai dyz vao k i t qua cua thu nghidm cdc ehi tieu v i phat triin ngpn lua (chay lan, sinh khdi, t i e dO giii phdng nhiOt, ) theo EN 13823 [17] Tuang ty v|y, vi$c phdn nhdm d i i vdl A2fl cdn phai cdn e& vdo kit qua thu nghiOm muc dO ehiy lan theo EN ISO 9239-1 [9]
So sanh cdc gia tri gidi hgn cua kit qua thir nghidm theo EN ISO 1182 d i i vdi nhdm A2 eho thiy, cac vdt liOu dude x i p v i o nhdm nay cd sy tuang ti/ vdi nhdm vOt liOu chdy y i u (Chl) theo QCVN 06:2010/BXD
3.2 V$t lidu nhdm B Bu C, Cu D va DL
K i t q u i thu nghiOm cdc chi tieu v i phit trien ngpn lua theo EN 13823 va tinh b i t chdy theo EN ISO 11925-2 [18] dudc su dyng de danh gid, phan vdt lidu vao cac nhdm B, BL, C , CL, D va DL
Trong thu nghiOm theo EN 13823, mlu vdt liiu dude l i p d|it vao b i m$t thing dung cua hai vdch tudng vudng gdc nhau thuOc buing thiit bj ed kfeh thude 3 x 3 x 3 (m) Kfeh thude mdi canh cua cum
m l u thu l i n \ugt la 1500 x 1000 (mm) vd 500 x 100C
(mm) Vdi cdeh l i p ddt nhu vdy, hO thong mlu thu
T9P chi KHCN Xiy dima - so 1/2012
Trang 4VAT LIEU MOI TRU'ONG - KY T H U A T HA T A N G
tgo thanh mdt gdc tudng bao quanh nguin nhidt gdy
bit chdy vdi cdng suit 30 kW ddt d gi&a Todn bO
qud trinh thu nghidm duac kdo ddi 20 phut Cdc
thdng so, biiu hidn ldm vide cua mlu thu c i n duac
theo ddi ghi nhdn g i m : Sy phat triin cua ngon l&a
tren be mdt mlu; Tong nhidt lup'ng san sinh ra trong
thdi gian thu nghidm; Ting lup'ng khdi san sinh; Cac
bieu hipn khac v i hidn tuang chay lan ngang va hidn
tupng phdt sinh byi lua,
Thu nghidm tinh b i t chay theo EN ISO 11925-2
dupe thye hidn tren m l u thy phing vdi kich thydc
dai 250 mm, rdng 90 mm, day t i i da 60 mm treo
thing dung trong gia kpp va chju tac ddng tryc tiip
cua ngpn l&a kich thich nhd d gde ngoai eua mdp
dudi eung Thdi gian ma m l u thu chju tac ddng kfeh
thfeh eua ngpn lua la 60 giay Trong khoang thdi gian
dd, ein theo ddi va ghi nhdn sy b i t chay cua mlu thu
vd khoang thdi gian ma mdt trdn eua ngpn lua dgt
den chiiu cao 150 mm tfnh tu diim ma m l u chju tac
ddng cua ngpn lua kich thich
Tu cdc gid trj gidi hgn cua chi tieu ky thudt v i
chdy duoc quy djnh thiy ring, nhdm vat lidu each
nhidt cho dudng ong thing cho phdp chi so phat then
ngpn lua FIGRA cao hon so vdi vdt lidu ndi chung
3.3 Vat lieu nhom E va EL
Phdn nhdm vdt lidu vao E hode EL can cu vao kit
qua thu nghipm tinh b i t chay theo EN ISO 11925-2
Ndi ehung cae gia trj gidi hgn v i chi tieu b i t chay theo
hai nhdm nay la giong nhau
3.4 Vat lidu mat sin
De danh gia va phan nhdm cac vdt liOu m$t sdn,
ben egnh kit qua thu nghidm tinh bit chdy theo EN
ISO 11925-2, doi vdi vdt lidu mdt sdn tieu ehuin thu
nghidm cdc chi tidu ve phdt trien ngpn lua theo EN
13823 dupe thay t h i bing thu nghiOm c i c chi tidu
chay lan theo EN ISO 9239-1
4 Theo he thdng tieu ehuin cua My
HO thong quy chuan va tieu ehuin ky thuat cua
My cd mOt diem khac biOt Idn nhit so vdi cac quoc
gia khde dd Id tinh ty nguyOn vd da dgng Trong ITnh
vyc xay dyng, khdng cd mOt hO thong quy ehuin
Chung ap dyng tren pham vi toan lien bang, cd nhiiu
t i chuc nghien cuu bien sogn quy ehuin, tidu chuan
theo cic mang ky thugt ehuyen nganh va nhung bO
quy ehuin, tieu ehuin ndy dude coi la cdc quy ehuin
mlu (Model Codes), chua cd tfnh bit budc ap dyng T&ng tiiu bang, dya vao diiu kidn thye t i cua minh
se chip nhOn mdt bd quy ehuin mlu nao dd va cdng
b i nd la tai liOu ehuin chfnh th&c cua Tiiu bang dd cae v i n d i lidn quan d i n an todn chay ed the tham khdo d nhiiu bO quy ehuin mlu khac nhau nhy International Building Code, International Fire Code hode bO tidu ehuin cua NFPA, Trong phgm vi bai viit nay, ehi xin xem xdt cdc nOi dung lidn quan dyac ndu trong tdi lidu cua NFPA
Xdt v i khfa cgnh an todn chdy, trong hO thing cdc tieu ehuin cua NFPA, vdt lidu dyyc xem xdt d 3 dgng chinh gim: (a) vdt lidu Idm ede c i u kidn kit ciu edng trinh; (b) vdt liOu hodn thiOn mdt tydng vd trin; vd (e) vdt lidu hodn thiOn mdt sdn Moi dgng vdt lidu nay xem xdt ede ehi tieu ky thudt v i chdy hode duac phdn vdo cdc nhdm theo ddc tfnh chdy khde nhau
4.1 Vit lidu lim cic cau ki$n kit cau
Vdt lidu Idm c i u kiOn kit ciu dudc phdn thdnh 2 nhdm co ban la vdt lidu khdng chdy (Noncombustible materials) vd vOt liOu chay han c h i (Limited-combustible materials) [19] ViOc danh gia tfnh khdng chay cua vdt liOu cung duac thye hiOn thdng qua kit qua cua thu nghidm trong Id dot hinh ong tuong ty nhy tidu ehuin ViOt Nam [5] hode hO thong tieu ehuin chau Au [6] D i i vdi vat liOu chay hgn c h i cin xem xet them ehi tieu v i nhiOt lyang san sinh khi chay theo NFPA 259 [20] va ehi so chay lan theo NFPA
255 [21] hode ASTM E 84 [22] Thu nghiOm theo NFPA 259 ed t h i xac djnh cac thdng s6 tuong ty nhu
d thy nghiOm theo EN ISO 1716
Thy nghiOm xac djnh chi s i chay lan dyac thye hiOn trdn t i m mlu phdng ddt up trdn miOng thiit bj Id dot cd dgng kenh, vdi chieu ddi hon 7 m vd chju tde ddng cua ngpn lua (edng suit khoang 5,3 MJ/phut) d
mdt diu, cd kit hgp vdi luing khdng khi dudc thoi
vio Trong suit thdi gian mlu thu chju tac dOng cua nguin nhiOt 20 phut c i n theo ddi vd ghi nhdn khoang chay lan cua ngpn l&a tren b i mdt mlu thep t&ng moc thdi gian, tfnh todn muc nhiOt ludng san sinh va m&c ddm dOc cua san pham khdi Cdc kit qua kiem tra tren m l u vOt liOu dude thu nghiOm se dup'c so sinh vdi kit qua tuang &ng thu dude tren m l u thu" tidu ehuin lam bing gd s i i do de dua ra ehi s i ve chdy lan va chi s6 sinh khdl K i t qua thu nghiOm theo
Trang 5VAT LIEU MOI TRU'QNG - KY THUAT HA T A N G
phuang phdp ndy cOng duac su dyng d i phdn nhdm
doi vdi vat liOu hoan thiOn tudng, trin
4.2 V$t lidu hcin thidn tir&^g, tran
Theo m&c dd an toan gidm d i n , vdt liOu hoan
thiOn tudng, trin duae phan thdnh cdc nhdm A, B va
C can c& vao chl s i v i chay lan vd chf s i sinh khdi
theo [23] each xac djnh chf s i v i chay lan va sinh
khdi duac thye hiOn theo cac tidu ehuin da dh cap (f
4.1
4.3 Vit lidu hgin thidn m$t sin
vat liOu hoan thiOn mdt san dyp-c phan thanh
nhdm I ho$c II tuy theo m&c dd chay lan b i mOt khi
thy nghiOm theo NFPA 253 [24] hode ASTM E 648
[25] Cdc tidu ehuin thu nghidm ndy tuong ty vdi EN
ISO 9239-1 Vdt liOu hodn thiOn mdt sdn thude nhdm I
phai cd thdng lyp'ng nhiOt tdi hgn khdng nhd hon 4,5
kW/m^ edn d i i vdi nhdm II phai khdng nho han 2,2
kW/m^ Theo Euroelasses [13], m&c thdng lyang
nhiOt tdi hgn cua vdt liOu mdt sdn nhdm Cn khdng nhd
hon 4,5 kW/m^ edn nhdm D^ thi khdng nhd hon 3,0
kW/m^ Theo QCVN 06:2010/BXD, muc dd chdy lan
eua vdt lidu dudc x i p vdo nhdm lan truyin mgnh
(LT4) niu gid trj thdng ludng b&c xg tdi hgn nho han
5 kW/m^
5 Theo h^ thdng tieu ehuin cua Nhdt Ban
Theo [26] phdn nhdm ky thudt chdy eua vdt liOu
xdy dyng d Nhdt Ban dydc quy dinh trong Building
Standard Law of Japan Theo dd, vdt liOu xdy dyng
dyac phdn thdnh 3 nhdm cdn c& vao tinh khdng
chay, gim: (a) Vat lidu khdng chay (Non-eobustible
materials); (b) vat liOu cOn khdng chay (Quasi
Non-combustible materials); va (c) Vdt liOu chdm chay
(Fire retardant materials) Tuy dydc phdn nhdm nhy
vdy song v i hinh th&c thi cdc vOt liOu d nhdm ed m&c
dd chdy cao hon cQng se bao g i m ea cdc vOt liOu
thude nhdm cd muc dd chdy kdm hon Cy t h i , vOt liOu
nhdm edn khdng chdy se bao g i m ca cdc vdt liOu
thude nhdm khdng chdy, cdn vdt liOu thude nhdm
chdm chdy se bao gom ca cdc vdt liOu thuOc hai nhdm
khdng chdy vd edn khdng chdy
Cd mOt diem khac biOt trong viOc danh gia tinh
khdng chdy eua vOt liOu gi&a tieu ehuin NhOt Ban so
vdi cdc tieu chuan da neu d phin trdn, dd la phuang
phap thu nghiOm Theo cae tieu ehuin cua ViOt Nam,
chdu Au, Trung Quoc v i My, thu nghiOm tfnh khdng
chay duac thye hiOn trong Id d i t hinh i n g vdi nhiOt
dd tac ddng Id 750 ± 5°C Cdn d Nhdt Ban tdi liOu [27] cho thiy viOc phdn nhdm vdt liOu lgi dya vao kit qui eua th& nghiOm theo ISO 5660-1 Khi thy nghiOm theo tidu ehuin nay, vdt liOu dydc x i p vao nhdm khdng chay n i u trong thdi gian 20 phut chju tac ding eua nguin nhiOt m l u thu khdng xuit hiOn cae bieu hiOn nhu: (a) chay thanh ngpn lua; (b) biin dgng, chdy ddo, n&t hode vd; va (c) m&c dd sinh khdi hode khf ndng Idn d i n m&c cd t h i dnh hudng din khi ndng thoat ngn cua ngudi MOt s i nhOn xdt va ddnh gia mang tfnh so sanh gi&a nh&ng logi vOt liOu dupe phan nhdm theo quy djnh eua Nhdt Ban vdi Euroelasses cOng duac ndu kha chi tiit trong [27]
6 Nhgn xdt Bdi viit da trinh bay khai quat eae hO thing phdn logi vdt liOu xdy dyng theo cac ddc tofng nguy hiim chay dang dyac ap dyng d ViOt Nam vd mdt s i quie gia hode vung Idnh t h i HO thing cdc tidu ehuin thu nghiOm tuong &ng phyc vy cho viOc phdn logi cOng dudc liOt l<d tuang d i i d i y du Mdt so nhOn xdt eo
b i n cd t h i rut ra nhu sau:
Cdc ddc trung nguy hiem chdy eua vOt ligu trong
he thing tidu ehuin cua ViOt Nam hiOn nay nhin ehung
da t h i hiOn diy du cdc tinh chit va muc dd ein thiit cho viOc quy djnh cdc ydu c i u an toin chdy cho nha va edng trinh khdng qua khde biOt so vdi nh&ng hO thing phdn logi cua ede quic gia va vung Idnh tho ed trinh dd phdt triin tidn tiin trdn t h i gidi Thdm chl, trong hO thong phdn logi cua ViOt Nam cdn xem xdt d i n chi tidu ddc tinh cua san phim khdi md trong mdt s6 hO thing phdn logi chua d i cOp din
- HO thing phdn logi eua chdu Au va Tmng Quic c6 nhiiu diim tuang ding vd nhin chung rit chi tiit, phuc tgp Moi logi khi xdc djnh thudng phai dya tren nhieu ddc tfnh ky thuOt v i chdy khae nhau HO thing phan loai
cua My cdn c& chu yeu vao chi s i chay lan va muc 66
sinh khdi dyp-c thu nghiOm theo [22] HO thong phan loai cua Nhdt Ban nhin chung la dan gian va cd nh&ng net khac biOt rd rOt so vdi cdc hO thing phan loai khac dupe trinh bdy trong bai viit
ViOc so sdnh de quy doi tuang duang gi&a cdc nhdm vOt liOu thuOc cdc hO thing phdn loai khae nhau
la h i t sue khd khdn v i phuc tap, thdm chf khdng thi thye hiOn dyac, vi phyang phap thy nghiOm ma mdi
hO thing dp dyng vd phuang phdp phdn loai cua edo
Trang 6VATLIEU MOITRU'aNG KY THUAT HA T A N G
hd thing ve tong the thudng id r i t khac nhau Mdc du
xdt theo tung chi tieu hoac phdp t h u cy t h i v i n t h i y
CO nh&ng diem tuong dong n h i t djnh Vi vdy, viOc
quy djnh s u dyng, dua vdo cdng trinh cae logi vat liOu
theo dgc tinh nguy hiem chay cua chiing c i n phai
dam bao tinh dong bO, thong n h i t vdi hO thong cac
quy ehuin, tieu e h u i n v i an toan chay dp dyng cho
cdng trinh dd
TAI Ligu THAM K H A O
1 H O A N G A N H GIANG, Cdc thu" nghidm dot doi vdi vdt
lieu va bp phgn cdng trinh vd vi^c cip dyng d Viet Nam,
Tpp chi Khoa hpc Cdng nghd Xiy dt/ng, 2/2007, trang
22 - 26
2 PATRICK VAN HEES and PER BLOMQVIST, A
summary of fire regulation, requirements and test
methods for technical textiles used in buildings SP
Report 2007:200 SP Technical Research Institute of
Sweden 55 Trang
3 QCVN 06 : 2010/BXD Quy chuan ky thudt quoc gia ve
An toan chay cho nhd va cdng trinh
4 Chun 21-01-97* nojKapHas BeaonacHOCTb 3AaHMM M
Coopy)KeHMM, 2002
5 TCXDVN 331:2004 (ISO 1182) Vat lieu xay dyng
Phuong phap thu tinh khdng chay
6 ISO 1182:2002 Reaction to fire tests for building
products - Non-combustibility test
7 ISO 5657 Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building
products using a radiant heat source
8 ISO 5658-2 Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame
Part 2: Lateral spread on building and transport
products in vertical configuration
9 ISO 9239-1 Reaction to fire tests for floorings Part 1:
Determination of the burning behaviour using a radiant
heat source
10 ISO 5660-2 Reaction to flre tests - Heat release, smoke
production and mass loss rate Part 2: Smoke
production rate (dynamic measurement)
11 ISO 19702:2006 Toxicity testing of fire effluents
Guidance for analysis of gases and vapours in fire
effluents using FTIR gas analysis
12 ISO 19706:2007 Guidelines for assessing threat to people
13 BS EN 13501-1 Fire classificafion of construction products and building elements Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests
14 GB 8624-2006 Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products
15 EN ISO 1182 Reaction to fire tests for products - Non-combusfibility test
16 EN ISO 1716 Reaction to fire tests for building products Determination of the heat of combustion
17 EN 13823 Reaction to fire tests for building products
Building products excluding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item
18 EN ISO 11925-2 Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of products subjected to direct impingement of flame - Part 2: Single-flame source test
19 NFPA 220 Standard on type of building construction
20 NFPA 259 Standard test method for potenfion heat of building materials
21 NFPA 255 Standard method of test of surface buming characteristic of building materials
22 ASTM E 84 Standard test method of surface buming characteristic of building materials
23 NFPA 5000 Buiding construction and safety code
24 NFPA 253 Standard method of test for critical radiant flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source
25 ASTM E 648 Standard test method for critical radiant flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source
26 HASEGAWA TOMOHIRO, Introduction to the Building Standard Law - Japanese Building codes and building control system (version November 2011) Tai v i theo dudng din: http://www.bci.or.ip/en/services/reference.html 49 trang
27 TUULA H A K K A R A I N E N va YOSHIHIKO HAYASHI
Comparision of Japanese and European fire classification systems for surface lining
Ngay nhin bai: 16/1/2012