Phai ndi, day la nhflng net mdi khdng nhflng cfla lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam ndi rieng, ma cdn cfla dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, Chinh nhflng net mdi n i y da the hien cho ta thay t[r]
Trang 154 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 9 - 2009
T R A O D O I \ KIEIV
BAIVTHEM VE Sl/PHAN Kl LICH SI/PHAT CIAO
• • •
TIJ'KH6| T H U Y D E N C I A I D O A N LY ^ TRAN
T rong khoang 1.000 nam tdn tai v i
phat trien Phat giao dung hdp van
hda ban dia, gdp p h i n vao sU phat trien
chung cua dan tdc Tfl nen tang nay da tao
ra mgt budc chuyen hinh thanh trieu dai Ly
- Trin thinh vUdng phfl cfldng keo dai
khoang 400 nam Dd cung la thdi hoang kim
cfla Phat giao Viet Nam
Trflde het, chung tdi kh4i q u i t ve p h i n
ki Phat giao Phan ki lich su' cd y nghia
rat quan trgng trong phUdng p h i p luan
sfl quan Bdi vi, nd mang tinh logich ndi
tai cin thiet cflng nhfl y nghia cfla hinh
t h i i y thflc xa hdi trong mdi giai doan lich
sii nhat dinh Bang phfldng phap luan va
the gidi quan cfla chu nghia duy vat bien
chflng v i diia theo each phan ki cua cic
t i c gii di trUdc, chflng tdi nhin lich sii
Phat giao Viet Nam khdng dflng tren gdc
do trieu dai hay theo cac ddng thien
Theo chflng tdi, chinh hinh t h i i kinh te
-xa hdi la cd sd cfla phan ki Phat giao xet
den cflng thi Phat giio vdi tU cich la kien
trfle thfldng ting, ludn p h i n anh v i chiu
sU chi phdi cfla cd sd ha t i n g trong mdt
hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi cu the TU trUdc
den nay, phan ki lich sfl Phat giio Viet
Nam cd may xu hfldng nhu sau:
Mot la, cich phan ki hch sfl Phat giio
Viet Nam sap xep theo t n e u dai, xem
Phat giao nhfl mdt bd phan ciia trieu dai
Cich phan ki nay dfldc t i e gia Mat The
DO NGAY'*'
viet trong Viet Nam Phdt gido sii liidc,
vao nam 1943, gdm 10 chfldng:
1 Thdi dai Phat giid du nhap: Phat giio ddi Bac thudc
2 Phat giao Hau Ly Nam De v i Bac thudc thfl ba
3 Phat giio ddi nha Dinh va ddi Tien Le
4 Phat giio ddi nha Ly
5 Phat giio ddi nha T r i n
6 Phat giao ddi nha Hd den ddi thudc Mmh
7 Phat giio ddi Hau Le
8 Phat giao thdi dai Nam Bic phan tranh
9 Phat giao trong thdi ki can dai (Trieu Nguyen)
10 Phat giao hieri-aai'^' Theo quan diem tren t i c gii trinh bay Phat giio nhfl mdt bd phan cfla trieu dai, lay trieu dai lam chinh, nghia l i t i c gii
da gan Phat giio theo sfl thinh suy ciia mdi trieu dai Xet ve mat lich sfl, cich phan ki nay neu ro dfldc vai trd Phat giao trong tflng trieu dai cia the Trong khi dd,
P h a t giao Viet Nam ludn the hien rd net
* ThS Thich Ihdng Thutc Hpc vien Phat giao Tlianli phd Hd Qii Minh
1 Mai Tlie \ iet Nam Phdt gido sdlugc 1993 tr 48
Trang 2D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sUphdn ki 55
vi tri cfla m i n h t r o n g sudt chieu dai hch
sfl hdn h a i n g h i n n a m tfl khi du n h a p vad
Viet N a m , P h a t g i i o van tdn tai va khdng
ngflng p h a t t r i e n t r o n g long dan tdc chfl
khdng p h i i t h e o sti t h i n h suy cua trieu
dai Bdi vi, mdi t r i e u dai chi cd vai trd va
sfl m e n h t r o n g mdt giai doan hch sfl n h a t
dinh Ndi each k h i c mdt t r i e u dai chi cd
the tdn tai k h i nd d a p flng dUdc n h i e m vu
lich sfl ma d a n tdc d a t ra; neu ngUdc lai
t a t se cd mdt t h e che mdi len t h a y the de
thUc thi n h i e m vu dd
Theo each n h i n n h a n nay P h a t giao
chi la mdt bg p h a n cfla mdi trieu dai,
khdng n e u rd dUdc sU ddng gdp cfla P h a t
giao cho d a n tdc, ma chi la sU ddng gdp
cho chinh t r i e u dai dd Sti t h i n h suy cua
P h a t giao theo sU hUng vong cua tUng
trieu dai cu t h e la cd t h a t nhUng nd chi
m a n g t i n h n h a t thdi C h u n g ta biet rang,
lich sfl la q u i t r i n h sfl van diing, la ket
q u i b o a t ddng thflc tien cfla con ngfldi thi
y thflc la sti p h i n i n h b o a t dgng thiic tien
dd NhUng ddi vdi t r a o lUu tU tfldng van
hda nhfl P h a t giao thi hch sfl nhfl mgt
qua t r i n h v a n h a n h cd y thflc the hien ro
net hdn T r o n g mdi hinh thai k i n h te - xa
hgi cd sfl tac ddng q u a lai cfla kien true
thfldng t i n g , cd sd h a t i n g , tdn tai xa hdi
va y thflc xa hdi Tfl each tiep can dd
q u a n diem cua chflng tdi la nhin lich sfl
P h a t giao nhfl la bg p h a n t r o n g q u i t r i n h
van ddng c h u n g cfla d a n tdc Nhin n h a n
mgt each tdng t h e Phiit giao k h d n g p h a t
trien theo trieu dai, ma gan lien vdi sfl
van dgng c h u n g cfla d a n tgc Su minh
chflng h u n g hdn cho l u a n cfl' t i e n chinh la
hinh i n h c i c vi T h i e n sU Van H a n h
P h i p T h u a n , trUdng lao La Qui An, v.v
vdi nhflng ddng gdp to ldn cho d a n tdc
nhflng hg k h d n g le thudc vao mdt trieu
n h a t dinh, ma q u a t r a i c i c t r i e u dai Dinh
- Le - Ly nhfl iich sfl ghi nluin cho den
ngay nay T r e n n e n t i n g "tU bi vd nga
-vi tha", P h a t g i i o tuy thudc vao nhflng
bien cd' lich sfl ma uyen c h u y e n thich nghi p h u c vu d a n tdc Cho nen P h a t giao
p h u c vu d a n tdc chfl k h d n g p h u c vu trieu dai dfl r a n g cd n h i e u giai doan sti lien h e gifla trieu dai va P h a t giao la r a t k h a n g khit Trieu dai n a o thtic sfl dem lai ldi ich cho n h a n d a n va phtac vu sfl m e n h d a n tdc thi P h a t g i i o phd t a de gdp p h i n cflng
c h u n g xay dUng d a n tdc; neu mdt trieu dai nao dd k h d n g d a t ldi ich va quyen ldi cfla dan tdc, cfla qud'c gia len t r e n , thi
P h a t giao k h d n g phtac vu m a cdn d a u
t r a n h vi quyen ldi d a n tdc va P h a t giao
Cd t h e t h a y dieu n a y q u a sfl s u p dd cfla trieu dai tien Le dfldi thdi vua Le Ldng
D i n h h a y g i n day hdn la sfl diet veng cfla che do ddc tai gia dinh tri Ngd D i n h Diem vao n a m 1963 NhU the, viec lay trieu dai lam c h u a n de p h a n ki va n g h i e n cflu P h a t giao la k h d n g hdp li C h u n g ta t h a y phUdng p h a p t r i n h bay P h a t giao g i n k e t vdi trieu dai k h d n g the lam s i n g td dUdc chUc n a n g cua P h a t giao
H a i l a , each p h a n ki P h a t giao theo ddng thien, n h u tac g i i T r i n Van Giap
vdi cdng t r i n h Phdt gido Viet Nam, tii
khdi nguyen den the ki XHL Theo q u a n
diem nay, P h a t g i i o dUdc t r i n h bay theo
t r i n h tu cfla cac ddng thien: Ty Ni Da LUu Chi 'Vd Ngdn T h d n g T h i o Dudng va Trfle Lam Yen Tfl v.v '-' C i c h t r i n h bay nay da neu rd hch sfl P h a t giao qua qua
t r i n h du n h a p h i n h th,iinh va p h a t t r i e n Tuy n h i e n nd k h d n g cho t h a y dao P h a t
da the n h a p vao sU van ddng c h u n g cua dan tdc n h u the nao T r o n g khi dd, dao
P h a t ddng gdp k h d n g chi cho nen van hda
d a n tdc ma cdn cho nhflng cugc van ddng each m a n g gianh ddc lap t r o n g sud't chieu dai lich sfl, tieu bieu la cac trieu dai D i n h
- Le - Ly - T r i n Vi vay theo chflng tdi
p h f l d n g p h i p n a y k h d n g c h o t h a y sii
2 Triin Van Giap Phdt gido \'iei Nam id khiii
nguyen den the ki XIIf Ban dieh cua Tue Sy Tu thu
Van Hanh aii hanh 1968
Trang 356 Nghien cu"u Ton giao So 9 - 2009
tUdng quan gifla Phat giio vdi d i n tdc
Giio sU T r i n Van Giau trong t i c
pham He y thdc phong kien vd sii thdt hqi
cda no triidc nhiem uu lich sd dil chia
Phat giio Viet Nam thanh 5 giai doan:
1 Thdi ki Bic thudc • ''
2 Trong thdi d i u cua nen ddc lap
3 Phat giio Viet Nam dUdi thdi Ly - Trin
4 Trong thdi Le '
5 Den thdl Nguygn'-*' ''• '
Cach phan ki n i y cfla dng chi gidi
thieu va neu ra y nghia Phat giio ddng
hanh vdi dan tgc nhflng do tU lieu dan
chflng cdn han che nen luan cfl chfla thflc
sfl thuyet phuc
Trong t i c pham Viet Nam Phdt gido
sd ludn, Nguyen Lang da nhin ra nhflng
khiem khuyet tren'^' Do vay trong t i c
pham nay, dng da ket hdp vfla trinh b i y
theo ddng thien, vfla trinh b i y theo trieu
dai bang phfldng phap sfl quan tdng hgp
nham lam ndi bat tmh t h i n diio P h i t hoa
nhap vao sfl van ddng chung cua dan toe
Tuy nhien, cich tiep can dd van chfla cho
thay Phat giao phuc vu dan tgc mgt each
cu the nhu the nao
Tfl cich phan ki tren sau nay Le Manh
T h i t da viet Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam
vdi nhieu ngudn tai heu gdc phong phu va
rd rang Qua dd t i c gia trinh bay Phat giio
l i mdt bd phan trong sfl van dgng chung
cfla dan tdc trong sud't chieu dii lich sfl
Theo tac gia, Phat giao Viet Nam tfl khdi
nguyen den thdi hien dai dfldc chia lam
nam giai dean Trong tflng giai doan Phat
giio v i dan tgc deu cd sU tUdng quan mat
thiet vdi nhau*'" Chung tdi ke thUa each
phin ki lich sfl nay nhung khdng hoan
toin theo ket cau cua cdng trinh ndi tren
cfla tic gia Le Manh Thit Ddng thdi, p h i n
nao chflng tdi cung dfla tren cd sd jihan ki
Phat giio cua giao sU Tran Van (}iiu nhU
da neu tren Tfl do, chflng tdi tim hieu, nghien cflu khai q u i t nhflng tien de tfl tudng triet hgc Phat giao thdi Ly - T r i n
1 Giai doan thil nhat, Phat giao tii
nhufng n a m dau Cong nguyen den
k h o a n g the ki VI
Phat giio budc d i u du nhap va p h i t trien tai trung tam Luy Liu, mdt trung tam kinh te chinh tri ldn nhat nUdc ta Vao khoang the ki II mdt nhan vat Phat giio ndi tieng xuat hien tai trung t i m Luy
Lau la Mau Tfl vdi t i c pham Ly Hoac
Ludn mdt t i c p h i m rat cd gii tri ve mat
lich sfl va tfl tfldng de cap tdi sfl thich nghi cfla Phat giio vdi van hda b i n dia Tic pham nay, khdng nhflng mang tinh t h i n doin ket dan tgc ma cdn p h i t huy dfldc triet li nha Phat
Khoing the ki III, ngfldi dai dien truyen ba tfl tfldng Phat giio l i KhUdng Tang Hdi (Dng la ngUdi gd'c Trung A, gia dinh nhieu the' he d An Do cha dng lam nghe budn b i n trao ddi hang hda qua lai nhieu l i n d dat Giao Chi Ve nam smh cua dng chfla cd t i i lieu sfl nao de cap den nhflng dng mat nam 280 Theo T r i n Van Giip: "Sau khi song than mat, lflc vfla 10 tudi dng da xuat gia tai Giao Chi,
tu hgc tai day va lau thdng Tam tang thanh dien""'', Sau khi xuat gia, Khfldng Tang Hdi da tiep thu nen giio due rat phong phu va trd thanh ngfldi hien tii;
"Ngii giang nghia Tam tang kinh dien
t h a t rd r a n g , k h i o s a t luc thfl vdi t i n h
3 Tran Van Giau f-le y thirc phong kien vd sir thdt
hgi ciia ni) tnrdc nhiem vii lich sd tap 1, Nxb Tp
Hd Chi Minh, 1993, tr 506 - 530
4 Nguydn Lang \'iet Nam Phdt gido sd ludn Nxb
Van hoc tiip 1-2 I992.tr 15
5 Le Manh That Lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam, gdm
3 tap, Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh T 1 1999 T.2, 2001 T.3, 2002
6 Trim Van Giap Phdt gido Viet Nam td khdi
nguyen deii the' ki Kill I'u thu Van Hanh (Tue Sy
dich) 1968
Trang 4D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki 57
t h i n vd cflng k h o i n g dat dgc nhieu sach
thien van va c i nhflng sach khdng thudc
ndi dien (Dd vy la thdng hieu ve bdi toan),
cd tai ve h a n h c h i n h (cd tai ve bien U xu cd
chi cho q u a n chflc trgng yeu T r u n g fldng)
v i la mdt thien tai van chfldng"'"' Theo Le
Manh T h i t : "Ngi d u n g g i i o due P h a t giao
Viet N a m vao thdi KhUdng T a n g Hdi, nhU
the khdng phai la nen giao due t h u i n tuy
Phat giio hay tdn giao, ma la mdt nen giio
due tdng hdp toan dien, cd the ndi dai dien
cho nen giao due Viet N a m the ki thfl III""*'
Chinh nen giao due nay tao ra mdt bfldc
phat trien, xay dUng y chi tU cUdng cua dan
tdc, chd'ng lai sU ddng hda van hda T r u n g
Qudc "Nen giao due nay khdng chi gidi b a n
trong chflc n a n g truyen giao dao tao ra
nhflng con ngfldi P h a t giio ma tren bet la
dao tao ra nhflng tri thflc dan tdc t o i n
dien rdi trd lai ddng gdp bang nhflng
t h a n h qua cua m i n h chd kho tang hieu biet
ctaa loai ngfldi"'^'
Ngoai ra, c h i n h ngUdi Viet chu dgng
tiep thu tin ngUdng P h a t giao vi P h a t
giao thdi ki d i u du n h a p m a n g tinh tin
ngUdng b i n h d a n mdc mac phfl hdp vdi
tin ngUdng da t h i n cfla ngUdi Viet Tfl dd,
P h a t giao d u n g hdp vdi tin ngUdng b i n
dia tao r a sac t h i i rieng, dd la Phiit giiio
quyen n a n g Tai sao k h d n g ggi P h a t g i i o
thdi ki mdi du n h a p la P h a t giao n h a n
thflc m a lai ggi la P h a t giao quyen nang?
Lflc bay gid, Giad C h a u la mgt vung dat
mang tin ngfldng da t h i n , nghia la t h i n
hnh phd bien k h a p ndi nhU: T h a n Sam,
than Set, t h i n M u a , t h i n Nui, v.v NgUdi
dan ban dia q u a n niem la linh hdn khdng
nhflng tdn tai mai mai s a u khi t h a n xac
mat di ma cdn se p h u hd ngfldi d a n g sd'ng
dfldc an lanh va h a n h phuc Theo Linh
Nam chich qudi: "Con ngu'di la mot thiic
the bat diet nen se trd ve ndi trUdng sinh,
xac thit cd the tan ta nhUng linh hdn thi
bat diet"""' Tin ngUdng ban dia hinh thiinh
triet li sieu linh trong dan gian nhflng
chfla t h d a m a n n h u cau t a m linh cfla cdng ddng P h a t g i i o tfl An Do dem lai mgt s m h k h i mdi d i p flng n h u c i u t i m linh va dUdc q u a n c h u n g ddn n h a n Sii
d u n g hdp P h a t giao vdi tin ngUdng b i n dia dUdc t h e hien t h d n g q u a t h u y e t n h a n
q u i - n g h i e p bao phfl hdp vdi q u a n niem dng Trdi trflng t r i ke l a m dieu i c , b a n
t h u d n g , cUu giflp ngUdi hien Dieu n i y dUdc chflng m i n h q u a kho t a n g t r u y e n Cd tich Viet N a m cd chfla c h a t lieu v a n hda
An Do Cho nen, P h a t g i i o thdi ki n a y ggi
la P h a t giao quyen n a n g "de d i p flng n h u cau tin ngUdng T h i n Linh b i n dia cua mdt xa hdi n d n g n g h i e p va dieu q u a n
t r g n g hdn la de bao ve td qud'c, dac biet la
b i o ve b i n sac v a n hda d a n tdc d a n g
t r o n g thdi ki bi cai t r i " " " Q u a n diem nay
x u a t hien t r o n g Ly Hoac Ludn b dieu 14
cfla M a u Tfl vdi cau: "Kinh P h a t giang day, t r e n dudi trflm k h a p , loai vat h a m
h u y e t deu thudc ve Phat""'-^' Dfle P h a t dfldc q u a n niem n h u mdt d a n g toan n a n g ,
h u y e n bi sieu n h i e n
Q u a n niem ve P h a t thdi bay gid la mgt
d a n g s i n g tao cd mgi quyen n a n g chi phdi toan vu t r u , cd t h e lam c h a n ddng t h i e n dia CO t h a n t h d n g bien hda k h i p ndi va lam quy t h i n k h i e p sd C h i n h dfle tin nay
la cd sd cua niem tin vao k h i n a n g chd'ng giac D a n tdc ta k h d n g nhflng dia t h i m
t h a u sflc m a n h q u y e n niing sieu viet ay
m a cdn b i e n nd t h a n h chd dfla t i n h t h i n
7 Triin Van Giap Phdt gido Viet Nam td khcri
nguyen Sdd
8 Le Manh That Lich sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td
khdi iignyen den thcfi Ly Nam De tap 1, Nxb Tliuan
Hda-Hue 1999
9 Le Manh That Licii sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td
khdi nguyen den llu'ri Ly Nam De tap 1 Sdd
10 Tran The Phap LTnh nam chich qudi (ban dich
ciia Le HiJu Muc) Nxb Khai tri, 62 Dai 16 Le Loi Sai Gdn 1960, tr 27
11 Giac DCing Phdt \'iei Nam ddn ldc \'iei Nam
Nxb Ton guio Ha Ndi 2003 tr 77
12 Le Manh Ihat Lich sd Phdi gido \'iet Nam - td
khoi nguyen deii tlidi Ly Nam De tiip I Sdd tr 189
Trang 558 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 9 - 2009
cho minh Ddng thdi, day cflng l i mdt
bfldc chuyen trong nhan thflc Nd khdng
chi tao ra niem tin vio gia tri truyen
thd'ng vd'n cd cfla d i n tgc ma cdn cd c i sfl
chuyen hda trong qua trinh tfl y thflc cfla
mdi ngfldi Nd da bien sflc manh tiem
nang thanh sflc manh b i n thiin "Day la
ndi dung cd't tuy cfla y thflc mdi lam cd sd
cho van dgng va xflng de cfla Ly Bdn sau
nay"""" Chinh sflc manh cfla Phat giao
quyen nang da i n h hfldng den ddi sdng
tinh t h i n cfla ca dan tdc trong giai doan
nay "Nen Phat giio do Mau Tfl v i
Khfldng Tang Hdi truyen dat van mang
tinh Viet Nam vi nd do ngfldi Viet Nam
nhan thflc, tiep thu va truyen thtj vi the
mang sac t h i i van hda Viet Nam"'"'
Khfldng Tang Hgi da dich va chu giii cac
kinh dien cua Phat giio tieu bieu nhat la
Luc do tap kinh
Xet ve gdc do hch sfl "KhUdng Tang
Hdi thdng qua Luc do tap kinh la ngUdi
bio lUu dau tien hieu biet cUa truyen
thuyet tram trUng cua dan tdc ta truyen
thuyet chac han da luu hanh rdng rai vao
thdi luc dd tap kinh trdng nhan dan ngUdi
Viet de giai thich cho ngudn gd'c Bich
Viet cfla hg Rdi trong qua trinh Viet hda
Phat giio, nhflng tri thflc Phat giio da
dfla vao de cii bien""'^' Do dd sfl tfldng
quan gifla Phat giio va van hda ban dia
da tim ra mdt li thuyet lam nen tang cho
q u i trinh chd'ng lai sii nd dich cfla
phfldng Bac
Xet ve mat tfl tfldng "nhflng pham tru
va quan he xa hgi cd ban da dudc thiet
dinh theo nhan quan ngUdi Viet va Phat
giio mdt each minh nhien trong Luc do
tap kinh, ddng thdi tien h i n h phe p h i n
he tu tudng ngUdi H i n , ma dai bieu cu
the d nUdc ta bay gid la cic tay Nho cd
nhu Luu Hy, HUa Tmh Tiet Tdn, Ngu
Phien, v.v cac pham trfl nhan nghia,
trung hieu, thanh tin, v.v nhflng quan
he vua tdi, cha con, vd chdng, thay trd
dfldc thdl vao mdt ndi dung mdi, dfla tren
ed sd nhflng thanh tflu cfla nen van hda Viet Nam v i tiep thu nhflng ddng gdp ciia
he tfl tfldng P h a t giio Chinh xuat p h i t tfl nhflng li luan mdi dfldc thiet dinh nay,
d i n tdc ta p h i n cdng lai cic luan dieu vu
vd do cic tay ay tung ra vdi y dd nd dich lau dai, neu khdng la ddng hda vinh vien dan tdc""*^' Nham chd'ng lai sfl ddng hda mdt cich trang trdn cfla nha H i n ngfldi Viet da ehu ddng gfli gam mdt sd' yeu td Viet vao k m h sich Phat giio "Nen Phat giio nhflng the ki dau tai nfldc ta, dfl co mdt dfle P h a t mang tinh quyen nang van khdng de vugt mat sdi chi dd xuyen sud't lich sfl Phat giao, dd la tri tue va viec nhan manh den vai trd cfla tri tue Cho nen ben canh cdng trinh tdn thd "Tfl
P h i p " cfla Linh Nam chich qudi, ta van
cd nhflng t i c pham mang day tinh tri tue
nhu Ly Hoac Ludn cfla Mau Tfl, trinh
bay het sflc khue ehiet minh bach quan diem cfla ngfldi Phat giio Viet Nam trflde nhflng van nan dfla tdi cho hg"""
Ddng thdl, de k h a n g dinh tU tudng chu
dao trong Luc Do tap kinh l i : "Mat nUdc
chfl khdng mat h a n h hay mat than chfl khdng mat hanh""^' Theo nhan xet cua
T r i n Van Giau: "Phat giio quyen nang cd nhflng cii manh cfla nd va cflng cd the xem dd nhfl la mgt nhu c i u xa hdi trong thdl ki Hch sfl xa hgi nao dd""^' Nhfl vay,
13 Le Manh Tliat L/c7i sd Phcit gido Viet Nam - td
khdi nguyen , Sdd tr 568-569
14 Le Manh That 7V///^' tdp van hoc Phdi gido Viet
Nam tap II, Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh 2001 tr 254
15 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam - td
khdi nguyen Sdd tr 361
16 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phat gido \'iet Nam - td
khdi nguyen Sdd, tr 362
17 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido Met Nam - tir
khdi nguyen Sdd, tr, 122
18 Le Manh I h a t Tong tap vein hoc Phdt gido Met
Nam tap I Nxb Tp Hd Chi Mmh 2001, tr.521
19 Triin Van Giau Dong chd luu cda van hoc Viet
Nam-tir tirdng yen nirdc Nxb Van nghe Tp Ho Chi
Mmh 1983.tr 52
Trang 6D6 Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki 59
dan tdc t a da k h a n g d i n h dfldc t r i tue va
sfl chfl ddng viec tiep t h u b i o tdn nhflng
gia tri van hda t r u y e n thdng
Cudi t h e ki V P h a t giao ddi dien vdi
mdt t h a c h thflc mdi vi P h a t giao quyen
n a n g k h d n g cdn d a p flng dfldc yeu c i u sfl
van dgng c h u n g cfla lich sfl d a n tdc De
tdn tai va p h i t trien, P h a t gi4o p h i i
m a n g mgt h i n h t h a i mdi, dd la sfl x u a t
hien ddng t h i e n Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi P h a t
giao quyen n a n g va ddng thidn nay la sfl
hdi tu cfla hai y thflc he tU do: P h a t giao
quyen n a n g la gia dd cho niem tin vao sflc
m a n h t h i e n g lieng; h e tU t u d n g Ty Ni Da
LUu Chi d mdt cap tU duy cao hdn la giup
con ngUdi lam c h u chinh m i n h cung nhU
lam chfl v a n m e n h d a n tdc
2 G i a i d o a n thfl h a i , P h a t g i a o tii
Ly N a m D e (Ly B o n ) d e n Ly T h a n h
T o n g (544 -1054)
Ly Bdn (Ly Bi) l a n h d;io q u i n c h u n g
n h a n dan khdi b i n h t a n cdng diinh q u a n
Lfldng gianh t h a n g ldi vao t h a n g 1 n a m
542, den t h i n g 2 n a m 544, Ly Bdn xUng
Nam Viet De VUdng hieu la Thien DUc,
dat ten nUdc la Van Xuan, ddng dd d Long
Bien (nay la T h u a n T h a n h , B i c Ninh)
Tfl dd, d a n tdc ta bfldc s a n g thdi ki mdi
Viec Ly Bdn xflng N a m De t h a n h cdng
khdng nhflng n h a m ddi k h a n g vdt Bac De
ma cdn p h u n h a n sU le thudc vao phUdng
Bac Tfl khi Ly Bdn x u n g de cho den thdi
Ly T h a n h Tdng ve cd b a n dii h o a n chinh
qua t r i n h diing nUdc vii k h a n g dinh chfl
quyen dan tdc
S a u khi xflng de Ly N a m De k h a n g
dinh nen van hda d a n tgc, ddng thdi cho
xay dflng chfla K h a i Quoc (nay la c h u a
Tran Qud'c) vdi h a m n g h i a la md niidc,
diing niidc, khai sdng mot dd't niidc da cd
chu quyen Dieu dd cho c h u n g ta t h a y
P h a t giao da gdp p h i n chdng lat sfl ddng
hda cua phfldng Bac n h a m dn dinh chinh
tri, cflng cd chfl quyen qudc gia, dgc lap
d a n tdc T h e o Le M a n h T h a t " P h a t g i i o tfl thdl Hai Ba TrUng den Ly N a m De net ndi b a t la t a p t r u n g chd'ng lai nen van hda nd dich cua phUdng Bac va k h a n g
d i n h b i n linh v;an hda Viet Nam"'^'" viec
Ly T h i i Tdng cho xay diing c h u a Dien Hflu (nay la chfla Mdt Cdt) (1049) cd y
n g h i a la ddc l a p d a n tdc va tdn tai lau dai Nhfl vay, t r o n g k h o a n g 500 n a m ay,
P h a t giiio da ddng h a n h vdi d a n tdc t r o n g
q u a t r i n h xay dflng d a t nfldc
Khi Ly P h a t Tfl len ngoi n a m 5 7 1 ,
k h o i n g 9 n a m s a u tflc la vao k h o i n g
n a m 580, T h i e n sU Ty Ni Da L u u Chi (Vinitaruci), ngUdi mien N a m T h i e n T r u e (An Do), dac p h i p vdi t a m td T a n g Xan d
T r u n g Hoa - q u a Viet N a m t r u y e n dao Ngai d chfla P h a p Van thudc lang Cd
C h a u Long Bien, t h a n h lap ra Thien phai d a u tien d nUdc ta, dd la ddng t h i e n
Ty Ni Da LUu Chi Ddng t h i e n nay tdn tai
va p h a t t r i e n tU n a m 580 den n a m 1216 dUdc t r u y e n thUa qua 19 t h e he "Day la mgt thien p h i i r a t cd t i n h each d a n tdc Viet N a m vUa bieu Id dUdc sinh h d a t t a m linh sieu viet cfla P h a t g i i o vfla bieu Id dfldc ddi sd'ng thiic te va ddn g i i n cfla
q u i n chflng ngheo khd""^'' Nhflng vi
T h i e n sfl n h a p the giflp ddi tich cflc nhU: Dinh K h d n g (730 - 808), TrUdng Lao La Quy An (852 - 936), P h i p T h u a n (914-991), P h a p B i o , S u n g P h a m , Van H a n h , Sflng N g h i e m , H u e Sinh, Minh Khdng,
B i o T i n h , K h a n h Hy, Vien Thdng, v.v Ddng t h i e n n a y k h d n g chi trfle tiep t h a m gia vao viec dau t r a n h xay dflng va bao
ve nen ddc lap ma cdn s i n sinh ra n h i e u
"nhfin tai - trfl x u a t " ddng gdp tich cflc vao sfl n g h i e p c h u n g cho c i d a n tdc Ve
m a t tfl tfldng cd h a i each tiep can:
20 Le Manh That Luh sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tap
111 tir Ly llianh Tdng (1054) den Tran Thanh Tong (1278) Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh 2002 ir 260-261
21 Nguyen Lang Viet Nam Phat gido sd liidn (lap mdt & hai) Nxb Van Hoc Ha Ndi, 1992 tr 164
Trang 760 Nghien cuu Ton giao S(i9 - 2009_
Cich tiep can thfl nhat theo quan
diem cua Phat giio Mat tdng, nhflng vi
Thien sfl nhfl: Dinh Khdng La Quy An,
P h i p Thuan, v.v vdi phfldng p h i p cd
ban la chuyen ve tri chu, sam vy, v.v
muc dich la nfldng nhd tha lflc hd trd de
di den giac ngd va dflng cdng nang cfla
minh de giflp ddi gdp p h i n xay dflng
nen ddc lap Nhfl cic Thien sfl cua ddng
thien Ty Ni Da Luu Chi da thd hien: "
g i n vdi tin ngUdng phong thfly sam ki
c i u dio, dieu phuc ta ma bdc thud'c chfla
benh rat thinh h i n h d Trung Qud'c va
Viet Nam"'"' Trong dd, Trfldng lao Dinh
Khdng van dung Mat tdng hoa quyen vao
tin ngfldng dan tdc, hinh thanh thuyet
dia linh " '
Dinh Khdng da dii doan dUdc sU viec
xay ra trong tUdng lai thdng qua hieu
biet ve Kinh dich cung nhU the nghiem
vid ddi sd'ng Mat tong Vi vay Dinh
Khdng dUdc ngUdi ddi tdn kinh tdn xUng
l i TrUdng lad Dinh Khdng Ong da tien
doan dUdc Ly Cdng U i n len lam vua thi
dat nUdc thinh vUdng Dinh Khdng l i
ngUdi dat nen tang xay diing nen thuyet
dia linh, vdi muc dich la "md rdng lang
xdm" va de phdng giac PhUdng Bic den
xam lUdc nUdc ta Dieu nay cho chung ta
thay Phat giio thien tdng Viet Nam da
gdp p h i n xay dUng va bio ve dat nUdc,
ddng thdi, b i o tdn mdt vung dat ggi la
"dia linh n h i n kiet" d Viet Nam •
o-Cich tiep can thfl hai, sau khi Ly Nam
De mat, Ly Phat Tfl va T n e u Quang
Phuc tranh nhau ngdi vi De Vfldng Cudi
cung, Ly Phat Tfl thanh cdng trong viec
xflng de v i duy tri nen doc lap trong mdt
thdl gian Trong giai doan nay tinh hinh
xa hdi cd nhflng bien ddng s i u sic, cflng
lflc dd, Thien sfl Ty Ni Da Lflu Chi sang
truyen dao v i dich nhieu bd kinh, trong
dd cd kmh Dqi phiidng qudng tong tri He
tfl tfldng mdi nay da lam thay ddi quan
niem Dfle Phat quyen nang trflde dd Tfl
"Diic Phdt Cho Ta" den "Ddc Phdt Tii Ta"
- Nhat thiet chflng sanh giai hflu Phat
t i n h - nghia la trong mdi con ngfldi deu
cd mdt Dfle Phat Ngoai ra bd kinh n i y cdn gdp phan cung cd' II luan, xay dflng doan ket ndi bd de gifl gin v i bio ve qud'c gia Den thdi T h a n h Bien (khoing the ki
VII) kinh Kim Ciidng xuat hien d nfldc ta
vdi hai quan diem nhap the:
Mdt l i tfl tfldng chfl dao "Het thay cac
p h i p deu la P h a t phap" Nhflng ngfldi ke thfla Thien sfl Thanh Bien thflc hien tfl
tfldng cua kinh Kim Ciidng la Thien sfl
Dinh Khdng (730-808), La Quy An, P h i p Thuan va ndi bat l i Thien sfl Van Hanh, ngfldi da t h a n h cdng trong viec van dung tfl tudng n i y theo yeu c i u lich sfl dat ra Cic vi Thien sfl tren la nhflng ngfldi "da tich cflc tham gia vao phong t r i o van ddng cho chfl quyen va ddc lap ciia dat nUdc qua nhflng phfldng thflc sam vi, phong thfly Phai ndi, day la nhflng net mdi khdng nhflng cfla lich sfl Phat giio Viet Nam ndi rieng, ma cdn cfla dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, Chinh nhflng net mdi n i y da the hien cho ta thay the nao
la nhflng ddng gdp cua Thanh Bien ddi
vdi ddng thien P h a p Van qua kinh Kim
Ciidng vdi chfl trfldng het thay cic phip
deu la Phat phap"'^"
Hai la, quan diem ve tfl tfldng vo tru
dfldc b i t ngudn tfl "flng vd sd tru nhi sinh
ki tam" Vo tru la trang t h i i khdng bam
viu vio cic sfl vat hien tfldng, dfl dd la vd hinh hay hflu hinh Khi ngfldi tu tap dat den trinh do n i y , h a n h dgng v i suy nghi
da dat den giii thoit, tfl tai trong cugc
sd'ng, khdng cdn chap ngd-phdp Bdi vi, gia tri t r i e t li vo tru k h d n g cd chd cho
22 Nguyen thing Hau (Minh Khong) Dgi cuaiig
tnei hoc Phdt gido \ 'iet Nam, Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi
2002 tr 63
23 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tSp
2 tu Ly Nam De (544) den Ly Thai Tdng (1054) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2002, tr 134-135
Trang 8D 6 Ngay Bdn them ve sii phdn ki 61
ngfldi c h a p ngd-phdp cflng c h i n g co
cflng c h a n g khong va c u n g c h i n g p h i i
khong CO Dd la tinh t h i n u6 tru u6 tru
nghia la t h a t t u d n g t h a t t u d n g la tdnh
khong chi k h a c t e n ggi de t r u y e n t i i triet
II ma cac vi t h i e n sU the nghiem t h a n h
cdng, Tren tinh t h i n ay cac vi thien sU
tich ciic n h a p t h e p h u c vu cho ldi ich
q u i n chflng m a k h d n g cd sfl vu ldi cho
b i n t h a n
Nhfl vay, t r i e t li cua k i n h Kim Ciidng
dfldc cac vi t h i e n sfl ap d u n g vao ddi sd'ng
tam linh va van dtang linh b o a t vao thflc
te xa hgi de p h u c vu cho d a n tdc
K h o i n g 300 n a m sau vao the ki IX,
Viet Nam lai x u a t hien ddng thien theo
hudng T r u n g Qud'c t r u y e n qua - ddng
thien Vd Ngdn Thdng Thien sfl Vd Ngdn
Thdng d i e p h i p vdi ngai Bach Trfldng
Hoai Hai (d T r u n g Hoa) Niim 820 Ngiii
qua Viet Nam d chfla Kien Sd (nay thudc
Gia Lam, Ha Ngi) va t r u y e n p h i p cho
ngUdi Viet Nam d i u tien la Thien sU Cam
Thanh (? - 860) Thien sU Cam T h a n h xay
dflng den thd P h u Ddng Thien Vudng ben
canh chfla Kien Sd vao k h o a n g the ki IX
Le Manh T h a t nhiin xet ve P h a t giao giai
doan nay nhfl sau: "Sfl x u a t hien cua Phfl
Ddng Thien Vfldng tfl chfla Kien Sd mdt
lan nfla lam chflng cho sfl trfldng t h i n h
cua mdt tfl duy v i n h a n thflc mdi ve vai
trd P h a t giao t r o n g cugc sd'ng cgng ddng
cua dan tdc Viet N a m Nd bao hieu cho sU
CO m a t cua P h a t g i i o tren vu dai chinh tri
sap tdi theo mdt c u n g each mdi tU mdt nen
Phat giao quyen n a n g qua mdt nen P h a t
giao chinh tri xa hdi"'"" Ddng thien nay
dfldc truyen thfla q u a 15 t h e he, gdm t a t
ca 40 vi ke thfla, T h i e n sfl Cam T h a n h
lam sd Td, day la ddng thien thfl hai
truyen v i o Viet N a m
Ddng thien Vd Ngdn T h d n g cd n h u n g
vj tieu bieu nhfl: D i n h Hfldng K h u d n g
Viet, Vien C h i e u , Cflu Chi, T h d n g Bien,
M a n Giac, Ngg An, K h d n g Ld, Q u i n g Nhien, ThUdng C h i e u v.v D i y la nhflng ngUdi da hien t r g n cugc ddi p h u c vu cho dao p h i p v i d a n tdc
T r e n cd sd ke thUa va p h i t huy tinh
t h i n n h a p t h e cfla P h a t giao trflde do, ddng t h i e n Vd Ngdn T h d n g da k h i n g
d i n h m i n h t r o n g bdi c i n h xa hdi bay gid
C h u de "biet de lam gi?"'^'" cfla T h i e n sfl
Ty Nl Da L u u Chi da dUdc T h i e n sU Vd Ngdn T h d n g cu t h e hda Bdi vi, ngUdi hgc dao tiep t h u tri thflc la de p h u c vu cho ddi
tUdng cu t h e Tfl biet de ldm gi den phdi
phuc vu cho ai, n g h i a la t a t ca viec ddi la
viec dao, t h e o k i n h Kim Ciidng, " n h a t
t h i e t p h a p giai thi P h a t phap" Tfl cd sd nay h i n h t h a n h c i c q u a n diem:
Mdt la, P h a t giao mud'n tdn tai p h i i dflng t r e n cd sd mdt qud'c gia ddc lap, p h i i
t h a m gia vao mgi b o a t ddng gdp p h i n xay dUng va b i o ve nen ddc lap d a n tdc Cho
n e n cac vi t h i e n sU giai doan n a y da the
n h a p vao ddi mdt each tich cUc
Hai la, k h a n g dinh sU k h a c biet rd n e t gifla P h a t g i i o Viet N a m va P h a t giao
T r u n g Qud'c C a u hdi d a t r a la: Tai sao
P h a t g i i o Viet N a m k h d n g t h e o P h a t giao
T r u n g Qud'c? De t r i ldi, T h i e n sU Vd Ngdn Thdng, vd'n ngUdi T r u n g Qud'c, da t^hUa n h a n ve y thflc tfl chfl t h d n g q u a cdiig i n T h i e n vdi ngfldi hgc trd la C i m
T h a n h n h u s a u :
Ta n h d d Bach TrUdng ma dUdc t a m
p h a p dd n e n t a xudi N a m de tim t h i e n tri thUc M a y gap dUdc ngUdi, ay la d u y e n xUa H a y l a n g n g h e ta ndi ke:
Cdc ndi don ddi Ddi tii rao truyen
24 Le Manh That Luh sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tap
2 tu Ly Nam Dc (544) den Ly Thai Tong (1054), Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2001, tr 347
25 Le Manh That Nghien cim ve Thien uyen tdp
anh Nxb Tp Hd Chi Minh 1999 tr 253
Trang 962 Nghien curu Ton giao 5^ 9 - 2009
Rdng thuy td ta
Goc tii Tdy thien
Truyen phdp nhdn tqng
Goi ddy Id Thien
Mot hoa ndm Id
Hqt giong lien mien
Ngdm hdp mat ngd
Muon ngdn co duyen
Tdm tong deu ggi
Thanh tinh bdn nguyen
Tdy thien coi ndy
Coi ndy Tdy thien
Xiia nay nhdt nguyet
Xiia nay sdn xuyen
Dung ddu cung viidng
Phdt to thdnh oan
Sai mot mdy may
Di mat trdm ngdn
Ngiidi kheo qudn sdt
Chd Ilia chdu con
Ddu CO hoi ta '•• •' > _ ; *
Ta vd'n Vo Ngon
N g h e xong ldi dd S u lien t i n h ngd*^"'
Day c h i n h la sU thfla n h a n m a n g t i n h sfl
q u a n P h a t giao Viet N a m T h e o Le M a n h
T h i t : "Vd Ngdn T h d n g n e u len cho C i m
T h a n h , nhflng thflc te da d a p flng lai y e u
cau, m i h c h sfl cfla d i n tdc ta lflc bay gid
ddi hdi Ve p h i a P h a t g i i o , vdi sfl r a ddi
chfl n g h i a dia l i n h cfla D i n h K h d n g va
chfl trfldng h e t t h a y c i c p h i p deu la P h a t
p h i p , t a t n h i e n c a n cd sfl x i c n h i n ve
m e t c h u n g h i a va c h u trfldng nhfl the^"^^'
Vd Ngdn T h d n g d a k h i n g d i n h nude Viet
N a m la "Tay t h i e n cdi n a y , cdi n a y T a y
thien", ve s a u C a m T h i n h h i n h t h a n h
q u a n n i e m mdi dd la" P h a t d k h a p mgi
ndi " P h a t t h i d mgi ndi n h U n g hch sfl
d a n tdc ludn dien t i e n t h e o nhflng sfl k i e n
eta t h e k h d n g m a n g t i n h n g a u n h i e n
Chflng t a k h d n g n e n cho r a n g y thflc tfl
chu cfla P h a t g i i o V i e t N a m t r o n g giai doian n a y m a n g t i n h " n g a u n h i e n " Bdi vi
To t i e n ehflng t a k h d n g n g a y ngd den do
k h d n g y thflc dfldc tfl chfl d a n tgc la gi Vd
N g d n T h d n g d a x o i bd sfl q u a n P h a t g i i o
T r u n g Qud'c cfla m i n h , de c h a p n h a n
q u a n d i e m , t a p q u a n sfl q u a n P h a t giao
t r e n l a n h t h d Viet N a m Chii trfldng cua
Vd N g d n T h d n g k h a n g d i n h ve n g u d n gd'c efla T h i e n la ve d a t P h a t Li t h u y e t nay,
k h a n g d i n h d a n tdc Viet N a m la mdt dat nfldc P h a t , "Viet N a m trd t h i n h mdt d a t
t h i e n g , cd k h a n a n g tfl l i m e h u lay nd"'^*' Xet ve m a t d a n tdc, d a y la cd sd li l u a n cfla y thflc tti chfl, d a n tdc Viet N a m
k h a n g d i n h ve k h a n a n g l a m chfl van
m e n h cfla m i n h
N a m 970, D i n h T i e n H o a n g xflng De Vfldng, lay n i e n h i e u la T h i i Binh
n g u y e n n i e n N h a v u a p h a n d i n h lai trieu
c h i n h t r i e u n h f l n g b a c h i e n t a i giflp trieu
d i n h D d n g thdi, v u a c u n g t r i e u t a p t a n g
si ldi lac v i d t h a m gia xay dflng d a t nfldc
V u a d a t a n p h o n g T h i e n sfl K h u d n g Viet tflc la (Ngd C h a n Lflu, 930 - 1011) lam
T h i i sfl T a n g thd'ng G i a o hdi P h a t g i i o nfldc t a dUde t h a n h l a p v i c i c n h a sfl dfldc cac vfldng t r i e u t h a m v a n ve nhflng viec t r g n g d;ai D a y la lan d a u tien P h a t giao V i e t N a m cd chflc d a n h T a n g thd'ng,
c u n g nhfl h e thd'ng td chflc g i i o hgi tren
b i n h d i e n qud'c gia Ngfldi dflng d i u giio hdi la T a n g thd'ng K h u d n g Viet Nhiem
vu cfla P h a t giao b a y gid "gifl vflng chii
q u y e n qud'c gia va l a m cho P h i t giao
h u n g thinh"'-"' P h a t giao giai d o a n n i y
d a p h i n d i n h rd r a n g chflc vi g i a o p h a m
26 Le Manh That Nghien cdu ve Thien uyen tap
anh Nxb Tp Hd Gif Mmh 1999, tr 174-175
27 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam tap
2 tir Ly Nam De (544) den Ly Thai Tdng (1054), Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2001, tr 339-340
28 Le Manh Ihat Lich sd Phdt gido Viet Nam, tap
2 lu Ly Nam De (544) , Sdd, tr 340
29 Le Manh That Lich sd Phat gido Viet Nam, tap
2 tir Ly Nam De (544) Sdd, tr, 437
Trang 10D 6 Ngay, Bdn them ve sif phdn ki 63
trong t a n g doan day c u n g la thdi ki P h a t
giao tiep ttac p h a t t r i e n den h u n g t h i n h d
giai doan tiep theo
3 G i a i d o a n t h f l b a , P h a t g i a o tii
thdfi L y T h a n h T o n g d e n T r a n N h a n
T o n g (1054-1279)
Trieu Ly md r a mgt ki n g u y e n p h a t
trien ben vflng cho qud'c gia Dai Viet
"Day la mdt t r i e u diii da thflc hien mdt
dai quy md qud'c gia cho d a n tdc ddc lap
hflng cfldng d i u tien d cdi Dong N a m
^"(30) Y)^^ (-gp ^g jjg j^]^5j p h u c lai nhflng
g i i tri t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h ; mdt miit,
hdi sinh t i e m n a n g tfl chu vd'n cd cfla dan
tgc, lam t h a y ddi bg m a t d a t nfldc; m a t
khac, b a n g t r i t u e ngfldi Viet, dan tdc ta
tfl chu tiep t h u cd chgn lgc v a n hda n h a n
loai lam cho n e n v a n hda cfla nUdc t a
them phong p h u va d a diing nhflng v a n
gifl dUdc b i n sac cfla m i n h
Cung vdi viec d a t ten nfldc la Dili Viet
Ly T h a n h Tdng da md m a n g bd coi ve phia
Nam, sap n h a p ba c h a u Dai Ly, Ma Linh
va Bd' Chi'nh vao l a n h thd Dai Viet n a m
1069 Tfl dd, b i n dd Viet N a m keo dai
them mdt t r a m rfldi cay sd
Ve m a t tdn giao, thdi ki n a y da x u a t
hien met ddng t h i e n mdi, dd la T h i e n
phai T h a o Dfldng Chfl trfldng cua phai
Thao Dfldng la " q u a n gia, v u a chfla deu
giac ngd" Viec giac ngd k h d n g cdn la viec
rieng cfla c i c n h a sfl, m a la viec c h u n g
cfla c i cfl Sl Nggn cd giac ngd tfl tay n h a
sfl qua tay cU sT thi mdi cd t h e p h a t huy
dUdc t r e n vflng d a t mdi vdi q u a n niem
"Nhat tu chd, n h i t u n h i , ba tu chua" Sc
vdi hai ddng t h i e n t r e n ngu'di giac ngd
cua ddng T h i e n T h i o D u d n g l i cU si
chiem hdn 50'X) " T h a t vay, 29 t h i e n sU cd
ten tudi cfla ddng t h i e n P h i p V i n cdn
chep lai t r o n g Thien uyen tap anh thi
toan bd deu la nhflng ngfldi x u a t gia,
n g h i a la k h d n g cd p h i n t r a m n a o c i
T r o n g k h i dd ddng t h i e n Kien Sd cd 39 vi thi cflng cd ba vi la cfl si, dd la vua Ly
T h i i Tdng, cfl si T h d n g T h i e n va cU si
U n g T h u a n Ti le cU si n h u vay chi chiem 13'K)"''^'" Q u a n niem viec cd vd sinh con
k h d n g i n h h u d n g den sU giac ngd Day la
n g u y e n n h a n lam P h a t giao t h a y ddi
h o a n t o a n ve c h a t va cflng la tien de cho
"Cli trdn Iqc dao" thdi T r a n s a u nay Cac
t h i e n sU du k h d n g mac i d quyen lUc h a y gifl chflc vi nhUng v a n cd sU ddng gdp
q u a n trgng, dUa r a dUdng hudng, s i c h lUdc va cac q u y e t dinh tri nUdc " P h i p
B i o (10407-1120?) da p h u c vu dudi trUdng cfla d a n h t u d n g Ly T h u d n g Kiet, Dao H a n h (7-1117) k h a i s a n g r a n g h e
t h u a t mfla rdi va h i t cheo cfla Viet N a m ,
M m h K h o n g (1066-1141) da chfla t h a n h cdng b e n h n a n y cfla Ly T h i n Tdng, v.v
va ay la chUa ke ve viec cac thien sU da cdng k h a i b a n luiin c h i n h tri, de x u a t nguyen li tri qudc kieu Qud'c sU Vien
T h d n g (1080-1151)''-' Dd ggi la Phdt gido
the sii Ndi c h u n g q u a n niem cfla P h a t
giao thdi ki n a y la ngfldi x u a t gia k h d n g
t h e sd'ng mdt ddi sd'ng t u h a n h k h e p kin
m a p h i i thflc hign t i n h t h a n Bd T a t Dao
de ddng gdp vao sfl n g h i e p xay dflng va
b i o ve d a n tdc./
30 Nguyen Dang Thue Lich sd nr nrdng Viet Nam
(Tron Bo) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 1998 tr 307
31 Le Manh Tliat Lich sd Phdt gido \'iei Nam tap
III tir Ly Tlianh Tong (1054) den Tran Thanh Tdng (1278) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh, 2002 tr 92
32 Le Manh That Lich sd Phdt gido \'iet Nam, tap
III tir Ly Thanh Tdng (1054) den Tran Thanh Tdng (1278) Nxb Tp Hd Chf Minh 2002, tr 93