Vi^c nghifin cftu so sdnh kiln tnic nhd cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii d hai vflng Thanh Hda vi Tdy Bfie tft nhftng eft li^u dfi ti-lnh biy trfin dfiy, chung ta thdy ngdi nhi cua ngudi Th[r]
Trang 1KIEN TRUC NHA C6 TRUYEN CtlA NGlTdl T H A I 6 THANH H 6 A TRONG SV SO SANH VOl NGlTdl THAI d TAY B A C
MAI THI H 6 N G HAI
Cho din nay (j Vi^t Nam, vi^c nghifin
cOru vl ngu6i Thdi d viing niii Bfic Trung
Bp (Thanh H6a, Ngh§ An) dS dgt dugc
nhilu ket qui Nhilu vdn de ve t6n gpi, ljch
sir cu trii, dfic trung vfin h6a truyln th6ng
cQa ngudi Thdi d khu vyc ndy d i dugc lim
sdng td Cd thl kl din m^t so cong trinh
nghien cihi tieu bilu nhu: Vdi net vi quan
hi xd hgi cua ngu&i Thdi d mu&ng Ca Da
(Thanh Hoa) ( U SJ Gido 1979); Ldn tim
cgi ngudn lich sit ngu&i Thdi Thanh Hda
(Ll Sy Gido, 1995); Vi tin ggi vd lich sitcu
tru cua cdc nhom Thdi & mien Tdy Ngh? An
(Vi Van An, 1998); Su phdn logi cdc nhom
Thdi & cdc tinh Thanh Hda vd Nghi An
(Le Sy Giao, 2000); Vdn hoa vgt chdt
ciia ngu&i Thdi & Thanh Hoa vd Nghe An
(Vi Van Bien, 2006); Tro lgi vdn di tin ggi
vd lich sit cu tru ciia ngu&i Thdi & mien niii
Thanh Hoa (VQ Trudng Giang, 2010)
Tilp thu thanh tyu nghien ciiu ciia nhihig
ngudi di truoc vd dya trfin nhiing cir li§u
khao sat thyc tfi vl nhi d ciia ngudi Thdi d
hai vimg Thanh Hda vd Tfiy Bfic, trong bii
viet niy chiing toi chf muon neu len nhihig
nh^n x6t ve kiln triic nha cd truyln cua
ngudi Thai d hai viing Thanh Hoa vd Tfiy
Bic nhu Id nhiing cur lifiu khoa hpc ve sfic
thdi rieng trong nhd d cua ngudi Thdi d hai
dia phuong, hai viing vSn hda trong tong
thl vfin hda Thai d Viet Nam Nghifin ciru
niy duge tiln hinh tai hai bdn ciia ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda vd hai bin ciia ngudi Thii d vimg Tfiy Bdc'
1 Thdng tin chung v l d|a bdn nghiSn ci>u
Ngudi Thdi d Tfiy Bfic cd hai nhdm Thdi den (cu trii chii ylu d tinh Son La) vd Thdi trfing (cu tni chii ylu d tinh Lai Chdu) Cdn ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda khong cd sy phin biet rach rdi gifta Thii den vfi Thii tring nhu d Tfiy Bfic, md chi cd hai nhdm ty gpi li Tiy Dp, Tdy Muoi Dilm n6i bat trong cfich gpi ten cua ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda Id thudng ggi theo dja danh cdc mudng
nai hp d, chfing hgn nhu: Tdy Xia, Toy Min,
Toy Hg, Tdy Ca Da, Toy Khodng Ngudi
Thdi d vCing mien mii Themh Hda, khi g$p
nhau, hp thudng hdi nhau, vi dy nhu: "Tdn Tdy mu&ng lo^" (Ngdi Thdi mudng nio?); nlu hp d mudng Ca Da thi se tri ldi: "Khdi Tdy mu&ng Ca Da" (Tdi Thii mudng Ca
Da) Nhung trong giao tilp dan dfi, ci ngudi hdi v i ngudl trd ldi thudng lupc bd tit
"mudng" dh chi nit gpn lai cdn: "Tdn Toy l&?" (Ngdi Thai nio), tra Idi: "Khoi Tdy Ca Da" (Tdi Thdi Ca Da) Qua doi thogi nhu
vay thi hai bfin hilu Id ngudi Thdi d Mudng
' NghiSn cOfu nfty ducyc t&i trg bdi QuJ Phdt triSn khoa hgc vi c6ng ngh$ quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong
Trang 2Ca Da Cdn neu cdn thilt phdi hdi thupc ve
nhdm Thfii n i o (Thii den hay Thfii trfing),
thi d6ng b i o hdi nhau: "Tdn Phu Tdy lo^",
trd Idi: "Khoi Phu Tdy Dg" (Tdi ngudi Thdi
Dp) ho$c "Khdi Phu Tdy Mu&r (T6i ngudi
Thdi Muai), nhu vfiy ngudi hdi dfi bilt
ngudi trd Idi minh l i Tdy Dp (Thdi trfing)
hofic l i Tiy Muai (Thii den) V l tfin gpi
Tiy Muai (Tfiy Mudi), ngudi Thdi d Thanh
Hda gifii thfch: Muai hay Mudi, tilng Thii
chi con gdu, con gdu cd miu den Theo ldi
kl cua cfic cy Vi Vfin Vuon, 92 tu6i d bdn
Ban xfi Mudng Min, cy Pham Bi Quylt,
96 tu6i d bdn Luoc Lau, xd Mudng Mln kl
Igi giai thoai ngudi Thii ciia dia phucmg ty
nhfin Tiy Muai Id do trang phyc ciia ddn
dng Thii d dfiy ngay xua mfic todn mdu
den, trang phyc phy nQ- cung diing nhilu
miu den (vfiy, do, khfin mdu den) giong
miu den eua con gfiu, nen dong bio ndi vui
minh Id con gdu (Td Muoi, cd noi phit fim
chfich Id Td Mu&i), Ifiu ngdy thdnh quen tu
nhan minh l i Tay Muai (Tay Mudi) Nhdm
Tiy Dp tap trung ddng nhat d huyen
Thudng Xuan Nhdm Tfiy Muoi cd s6
luong dan eu ddng d cac huyen nhu Quan
Hda, Quan Son, Lang Chanh, Ba Thudc
Bdi vfiy, huyen Thudng Xufin duge chpn
lim dai difin cho nhdm Tiy Dp vd Quan
Son dupe chpn dai difin cho nhdm Tdy
Muai d viing mifin mii Thanh Hda
Dilm khao sat cua chiing tdi lfi d m^t
s6 bin: d vihig Tfiy Bfic, cd Mudng La
(thdnh phd San 1 ^ ngay nay) vi bdn Cp dgi
dien cho nhdm Thii den (tinh Son La);
Mudng So (huyen Phong Thd ngay nay) vd
bin Vfing Kheo dai difin cho nhdm Thii
Mudng Trjnh Van (thuOc huy^n Thudng Xufin ngdy nay) vd bdn L? T i dgi difin cho nhdm Tdy Dp; Mudng Min (xfi Mudng Mln, huy$n Quan Son ngdy nay) vd bin Yfin dai di§n cho nhdm Tiy Muai
LL Tgi tinh Thanh Hda 1.1.1 Bdn Yin, xd Mu&ng Min huy^n Quan Son
Bin Yfin, xfi Mudng Min, huy^n Quan Son cich trung tfim xfi 6 km, cich trung tfim huy^n 42km Bfin nfim d thugng nguon su6i Yfin, mOt su6i ldn bfit ngu6n hi phfa Tfiy Nam Theo so lieu thong kfi cua UBND xfi Mudng Min nfim 2011, bin Yfin cd 110 hO vdi 562 nhfin khdu, g6m ba ddn tpc anh em ciing chung song Id Thfii, Mudng, Kinh, trong dd, ngudi Thii - 101 hp, 523 nhfin khdu chilm 94% dan s6 ciia bdn; ngudi Mudng 8 hp, 36 nhfin khfiu; ngudi Kinh
-1 hp, 3 nhfin khau Ban Yen tpa lac tren mot khu ddi tuang ddi bfing phfing vdi dien tfch 23,Iha; trudc mfit bdn la rudng nude, phfa h-en khu rudng Id rimg trdng, rimg ty nhifin bat ngin xanh mudt
Bin Yen ngdy nay thudc Mudng Mln trudc day, thdi phong kiln gpi li Pgng Yen g6m 5 bfin li: Hudi Hfic, Ta Ban, Hudi XOng, Na Qn Ngudi Thai d bin Yfin tir xa xua chii ylu di cu tir Tay Bfic din Ldi thfin cung ru^ng ciia bin cd doan ke rfing:
Tgo Muong Mgc md tong c6c phdch tdp
td Igu ?! nd Tgo Mu&ng So, Mu&ng Ld md tdm pin tgng, puc pin khdn, khgt pin h&i " (Tam djch: Ong Mudng MOc vl dio
byi lich to nhu chdi liia lim rudng Qng Mudng So, Mudng Ld vfi mdc thinh rfinh,
Trang 31.1.2 Bdn L? Td xd Xudn L?, huy^n
Thu&ng Xudn
Bdn L? Td cich trung tim xfi Xufin L?
han 1km vl phfa Bfic, cich trung tfim huy^n
Thudng Xufin gdn 30km vl phfa Tfiy, cich
Thinh ph6 Thanh Hod gdn 90km vl phfa
Tdy Bdn cd 104 hO, 514 nhfin khdu, trong
dd ngudi Thii - 103 hO, 509 khau, chilm
99% ddn so ciia bin; ngudi Kinh - 1 h0,
5 nhfin khdu Bdn L? Ti, xfi Xuan L^ thuOc
mudng Trinh Vgn xua Id m0t mudng c6
-mudng Idn ciia ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda
6ng cdm Bfi Hofin (54 tuoi d bdn Lp Td)
cho bilt, dng cha xua kl lgi, ngudi Thdi d
dfiy ty nhan Id Tdy Dp, nhung ddng bdo
Thdi d ddy cd thl ndi dugc tifing Thdi trfing
(Tiy Dp) vd tilng Thii den (Tiy Muoi) Ca
cau kinh te ciia bdn Le Td la lfim - ndng
nghiep Trudc thfip ky 90 ciia thfi ky XX, xfi
Xuan Le ndi chung, ban Le Ta ndi rieng li
que huang ciia Qui Chau Thudng noi tieng
khfip viing Trfin dia ban ciia bin, sudi Cii
vd sudi Le chdy hiln hod quanh nfim Id
ngudn nude ddi dao phuc vy san xufit v i
ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan ban Le Ti
1.2 Tgi tinh Son La
Bdn Co, phuong Chiing An, thdnh phd
Son La (Mu&ng La xua)
Mudng La, ten ngiy xua li Mudng
Chifing An, cd tir Ifiu ddi, do Lgng Chugng
dfit tfin Dit Mudng Chifing An xua gom cd
bon xong (m5i xdng to hon pham vi mpt xfi
hifin nay) gpi li Xdng Pfin, Xong Ppng,
Xong Ho Ludng, X6ng Lam Ho Mudng La
l i nai ddng dd ciia chfiu Mudng La ngiy xua
bao gdm cdc mudng xung quanh, hay cdn
gpi l i mudng bfin ngodi, gdm ed 8 mudng:
Mudng Bfing, Mudng Bii, Mudng Chiim,
Mudng Trai, it Ong, Mudng Chiln, Mudng Pia vd Mudng La Id trung tfim Ngudi dfin Mudng La xua chd ylu sinh s6ng dya vdo canh tdc liia nude Cdnh ddng ldn nhdt
ciia Mudng La xua Ifi Tdng Chiing Cdm
(nghTa Id cdnh d6ng vdng) thu^c X6ng Lam
Ho, chuyfin lo cling ll cho cd mudng vi hp tgo, dugc cdp ru^ng cdng d l sinh song hing nfim Ngdy nay cdnh d6ng niy d gifla trung tdm thdnh ph6 Scm La, nhung dfi b) ldn chilm ldm nhd nhilu
Bin Cg cd cfich dfiy hon ba trfim nfim, chi cd ba muai h$ sinh song, din nay dfi cd
447 h$, tren hai ngin ngudi Bdn nfim d phia Ddng phudng Chiing An, phfa Bfic gifip bdn Hdi, phfa Tfiy vd Nam giip phudng Chiing
Le, phfa Ddng giip xd Chieng Ngan vd phudng Quylt Thfing Dien tich ty nhien trude ddy ciia bdn cd trfin 66ha, nay theo thong kfi eiia bdn chi cdn 15,4ha vi qud trinh
dd thi hod Trong bin cd hp Lii li ddng nhat, tilp din li hp Ld, Tdng, Qudng, Ci Hifin nay bin Cp cdn giO: dupe khi nhilu phong tyc tfip qudn mang dfim sfic thfii vfin hda tdc
ngudi nhu: L§ pgt tdng 10 ngdy mot lfin (hp
Lii Ifi ngiy Nhfim, hp Ld nhd Id ngay Bfnh,
hp Ld to li ngiy Tfin, hp Tdng li ngiy Dinh,
hp Quing l i ngiy K^, hp C i li ngiy Qu^);
ll Xin huon; ll tdng cdu
1.3 Tgi tinh Lai Chdu 1.3.1 Bdn Vdng Kheo, xa Mu&ng So, huy4n Phong Tho ngay nay va Mu&ng So xua
Mudng So xua, huy^n Phong Thd ngdy nay li m^t huy^n vCing bifin gidi nfim d phfa Tfiy Bfic eiia tfnh Lai Chdu Phia Ddng gidp huypn Tam Dudng, phfa Nam giip huyfin Sin H 6 Phia Tfiy gidp huyfin Kim Binh, tinh
Trang 4Lio Cai Huy^n cd dipn tfch ty nhifin li
103.460,54ha, dja hinh chii ylu Id mii cao,
nhilu khe su6i nhd chia cfit, cd dudng bifin
gidi vdi Trung Qu6c 98,95km Xfi Mudng
So Id trung tam chau ly Mudng So ngdy xua,
cd cinh dong Mudng So rOng h-fin lOOha,
d i ^ tfch ty nhifin cd 3529,8ha, g6m ed
11 bdn Dan s6 hi?n nay li 1.296 hO,
4.878 ngudi, trong dd ngudi Thii ehilm
75%, ngudi Kinh - 20%, ngudi Gidy - 5%,
cdn Igi Id dfin t$c khdc Mudng So Id mudng
ciia ngudi Thii trfing c6 xua nhdt, cai quin
cd viing rOng ldn phfa Bfic ciia Tfiy Bfic
Hi^n nay, Mudng So chf cdn lgi li tfin xfi,
huy$n da cd tfin Id Phong Th6 Hdu hit, cic
dia danh d mudng deu lay tfin Id So: Mudng
So, cdnh ddng Mudng So, su6i Nfim So, niii
cao nhdt ciing lfi ndi Mudng So Q Mudng
So, hp Deo, hp Vdng, hp Vuang l i hp ciia
quy tdc Thii trfing Ngudi Thii trfing d
Mudng So Ifiu ddi nhfit, hifin nay van cdn
luu giii dugc nhifiu phong Uic tap qufin cd
xua Bin Vfing Kheo la bin trung tdm ciia xfi
Mudng So Ten bdn Vfing Kheo theo nghia
tilng Thai la vung nude xanh Ban ndm ngay
cgnh sudi Mudng So, so dan trong bdn 100%
Id ngudi Thfii
2 Mpt s6 n€t 6&C trirng v l kiln trtic
nh^ ch truyln cAa ngudi Thfii & Thanh Hda
Dilm gi6ng nhau trong tiln trinh phit
triln vl kiln tnic nha co truyln ciia ngudi
Thfii d Thanh Hda, bao gom cfi hai nhdm
Tdy Dp vd Tiy Muai Id dlu cd b6n kilu
dgng nhi sau:
Dgng ddu tien, cd xua nhfit Id nhd sin
c0t trdn chdn, cd cya d l d$t dd ddm dpc, x i
dpc vfit h-fin ddu cdt, x i ngang vfit trfin dau
rdi nhau, khi dyng nhi, vi$c trudc tifin Id chdn c0t v i cic c0t dugc chdn ldn lugt, mfii nhfi Igp bfing tranh, dugc lim rdi, sau dd lip Ifin bp hing khung c^t dfi chdn dyng sin rdi buOc ch$t mii vio Ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda
gpi kilu nhi c l nhdt niy li huan sdu phdng
xo ka lua
Dgng thu hai, bfit ddu dfinh ddu sy tiln
bO ciia ky thu§t dyng nhi Id nhd sdn c^t trdn chdn, cd l5 dye, di dpc ddm lu6n e^t, xd dpc tren vdt ddu cOt, x i ngang vfit trfin xi dpc Ngdi nhi cflng dupe ldm tir bp phfin rdi nhau, nhung dfi dugc Ifip n6i vdi nhau Cfie c$t chdn bfing g5 t6t chju dugc dm, chong dugc m6i Ngudi Thfii d Thanh Hda ggi kilu
nhd niy li huon sdu phdng khupdt
Ciing vdi thdi gian, ngdi nhi sin co truyfin cua ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda cung cd
sy biln ddi vdi dgng thii ba Id nha sdn cOt trdn ke tdng, due mdng (ping) d i dim dpc
ludn cdt, xd dpc tren vfit qua ddu cOt, x i ngang trfin vfit trfin xd dpc Ngudi Thfii d
Thanh Hda gpi kilu nhi nay Id huon ki khu pdt Dang nhd ndy da bfit ddu xudt hifin
nhihig yeu td ky thufit dl ehufin hi cho sy ra ddi kilu nhi cd vl kdo
Dgng thit tu Id nhi sin cdt trdn hofic
vudng ke tdng, d i dfim dpc ludn cdt, dfim ngang cd mdt cii ludn cOt, xfi ngang tang trfin thdt vio ddu cpt tao thinh timg vi khi dyng Ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda gpi kieu nha
niy Ifi huon ke khu hgt Ddy Id kilu nhi sdn
cd vi kfio vdi uu dilm li vftng chfii hem kilu nhi xfi dpc vdt qua ddu cOt Kilu nhfi niy
xudt hien khodng tii thfip ky 70 ciia thl ky
XX d viing Mudng Min, huyfin Quan San, sau dd lan sang cdc viing khfic ciia ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda Hifin tai, kilu nhi niy
Trang 5dang phd biln nhat cdn kilu nhi sin cd xua
hau nhu gdn vfing bdng
Nhd sin truyln thdng bao gid cDng cd
hai cau thang, cau thang phfa trudc thudng
dinh eho khdch, nhfhig ngudi ddn dng di Ifin
nhi; edn cdu thang phfa sau dinh cho phy
nQ-trong gia dinh Sd b§c cdu thang bfit bu^c
phii ti sd Ifi (5, 7, 9, 11) tdng sd ciia ra vdo
vi cCra sd ciia nhi sin cung phii li sd Ifi bdi
ngudi Thii quan ni$m rfing sd lfi theo quy
lu^t vdo - ra - vio thi ciia cdi sfi khdng di ra
ngodi, gia dinh sd ludn dugc em am, doin ty,
con chiu thinh dgt Tiiy theo quy md ldn
hay nhd ciia nhi sin m i sd lugng cdc cira
trong nhd sdn nhieu hay it Nhu vfiy, cho din
nay, ngudi Thii d Thanh Hda cd bdn kilu
nhd san tu thiet kl Trong bdn kilu nhd tren
thi ba kilu ddu cd ba hdng cdt li hai hing
c^t cii hai bfin tCr tang mdt din tfing ndc, mdt
hang cdt ngfin dd gifta sin Kilu nhi cd vi,
thudng cd bdn hoac ndm hang e^t, gdm hai
hang cdt cii hai ben tir tdng mpt dfin tang
ndc, mdt hing cdt ngfin dd gifta sin, ngofii ra
them mdt.hofic hai hang cdt hifin theo sd
thfch ciia gia chii Nha sin cd cua ngudi Thii
it khi lam he (thung ra ngoii cdt cai) Trudc
dfiy chi cd nhi Tgo, nha quan mdi lam he d
phfa cdu thang len Hifin nay, nhfi sin kilu
mdi cua ngudi Thdi hdu nhu dlu lim hfi d
phfa edu thang len, cd nha edn lim hfi di Igi
xung quanh nhi
Tap quin bd tri, sfip xep trong ngdi nhd
sdn cd truyln cua ngudi Tdy Dp vd Tdy
Muai d Thanh Hda vl ca ban l i gidng nhau
Nhd sdn ngudi Tiy Dp cd cdc gian thudng
dfiu nhau Gian trong cung thung vio sit cdt,
gian ngodi thung ra ngodi c^t khofing 1,5m
tgo cho gian ngoai rpng han cic gian trong
gian trong Cdc gian trong dugc ngfin niira phfa ddu xi ngang timg gian rifing bi^t cd
cfta vio gpi li "xudm" Gian ngofii dl tilp
khich nam vd nam gidi trong nhd d Gian thir hai d l bd mp ho^c vg chdng anh chj cd ngO Gdc phfa trfin d l bin thd td tifin, nlu khdng cd bin thd Idn thl lim bin thd nhd
treo Ifin gdn x i ngang gidp phd khdn C$t thd
hai hing ddu xd (tfnh tir gian ngoii vfio)
chfnh li cOt "sdu hdn^' (c^t ma nhi) Tir gian thii- ba trd vio dh cho con thii, nlu bd
me cdn sdng thi dl cho vg chdng anh cd Gian phfa trong cung nhdt dl cho con gdi chua chdng d Nhd sdn ngudi Tdy Muoi ed di?n tfch.gian ngoii (gian khich) thudng lim rOng gap ruOi cic gian trong 6 dudi gdm sin gian ngoii cd them m^t cpt phy chdng
dd vio ddm dpc (ping) nfin khi ta nhln dudi
gdm sin tudng nhi nfim gian nhung khi Ifin sdn thi chi cd bdn gian Vi§c dfit bin thd cung thi cd ddng hp bao Igi gdc tren gian thir hai ddt dd thd ciing xudng sdn Cd hp thi lim bdn thd Ifin cao, thudng li d gdn xd ngang ciia cpt thir hai tgi gdc ddu cgnh noi nfim cia
bd me hofic vg chdng anh ci, ngudi Thdi gpi
li "kho lg hodng, xdu hdng, xdu phi hudn, pan tho phi hu&n" Cho niy Id chS linh
thifing khdng ai dugc ty tifin din nlu khdng phdi li din thdp huong ho$c vdi Igy td tifin Tdt cd mgi ngudi trong nhd, k l c i khich khi nfim khdng duge chi chfin v l phia bin thd, khdng dugc nfim theo chilu xi dpc trong nhd, khdng nfim ngugc ddu x i ngang Dilm khfic nhau de nh|n thdy gifta nhi
cd truyln ciia ngudi Tdy Dp vd Tdy Muoi d Thanh Hda Id d kilu ding cfiu tnic mil nhd Cau true mii nhd cd truyen ciia ngudi Tdy
Dp cd hai mai chfnh (xongpdi) dii, hai mii
Trang 6hoi khum khum nhin xa nhu mai rua Neu
chi nhin vao cdu tnic mii nhd, ta se thfiy sy
gidng nhau gifta nhd ngudi Tay Dp vdi nha
cfla ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda vi gdn
gidng vdi nhd cua ngudi Thii den d Tay
BSc, nhung nhd ngudi Tiy Dp khdng ed
khau cut tren ddu ddc mdi nhi nhu nha
ngudi Thdi den Cdn cau triic mii nhd ciia
ngudi Tiy Muai lai cd nfit khic Id tao thinh
bdn mdi rd net Do vay, nlu chi nhin vio cdu
triic mii nhi, ta sfi cim nhdn thdy cd sy
gidng nhau gifta nhi cua ngudi Tiy Muoi d
Thanh Hda vdi nha ciia ngudi Thii trfing d
Tay Bfic
3 Mdt sd n^t dfic trurng vl kiln tr(ic
nha CO truyen cua ngirdi Thdi a Tfiy Bfic
Xfit vfi mfit kiln true nhi sin trong qud
trinh phit trifin thi nhi ciia ngudi Thii den
vd Thdi trfing d Tfiy Bfic ciing trai qua sy
bifin ddi chung tir dang nhd san cdt trdn
chdn, cac bd phan trong ngdi nhd dugc lim
tich rdi gic Ifin nhau khi dung nha dfin dang
nhi sin cdt ke rdi cd vi keo Nhung neu nhu
sac thai cua tirng nganh Thai den va Thai
trfing d Tfiy Bfic dugc phdn bifit rat rd d bd
nft phyc, thi bin sfic dd cung de nhfin ra d
ngdi nhi cd truyln ciia hp
Nhd ngudi Thdi den cd cfiu triic mai
vdm khum mai riia, ngudi Thai gpi la tup
cong, hai mdi chfnh dii, hai mii dau hdi
ngfin, nhd khdng cd hifin, dd doc cua mdi
nhi thudng l i 65 dp trd len dfi nude mua
chay thodt nhanh Theo tip qudn, ngudi Thai
den bd tri djnh vi hudng nha theo sudn mii,
ngli gdi ddu lfin phia nui, chan dap xudng
chan mii, bfin quin (bfin thang din dng lfin)
I phfa ddu ngudn, ben chan (ben thang phy
ddc mdi nhi ngudi Thdi den cd bilu tugng
khau cut Trong xfi hdi truyln thdng, ngudi Thii den cd quy dinh ve cfic logi khau ciit
eho cic thdn phSn sang hfin khic nhau vd cung li tuong irng vdi cic loai nhd ed quy
md to nhd khic nhau
Nhi sdn cd mpt gian chfnh vd hai gian trii phu, thudng Id ngudi ngh^o, nhd chi cd mpt thang Ifin xudng, cd hai cu-a sd phfa trfin
vd phfa dudi, m0t cOra ra vio d phfa bfin sin, hdi phia qudn bit kin, cd mOt blp lira d chfnh gian gifta, trfin ddc mii nhd gfin hai thanh tre hofic go bfit chfio nhau, ngudi Thdi gpi li
khau cut Be
Nhi sdn loai trung binh, phd bien nhat
li ba gian chinh va hai gian trai phu, tren
ddc mai nha gan khau cut Pua, dupe lam
bfing hai tdm van nhd, rpng 20cm, dai 2m, bfit cheo nhau, cd ba hogc nfim hinh trdn mfit trfing gfin phfa trfin Nha cd hai blp, hai cdu thang, cau thang ben quin cho nam gidi
vi ben sdn chan danh cho nft gidi, hai cfta
ra vao, mdi gian dlu ed hai cfta sd, trir gian
"cg lg hong"
Nhi sin logi to, cd tu nam din bay hoac chfn gian chfnh, tuy theo sd lugng
ngudi trong nhi Trfin ddc mai nhi gan khau cut lai pua, lam bfing vdn, cd tu nam dfin
chin hofic den mudi lam hinh trdn mat trfing hay hoa vdn hinh hoa sen gfin len phia tren Nhi cd ba blp trd Ifin, thang Ifin xudng bfing vin hinh hop, tiie Id cd thfim vin dfi chfin phia ben trong cfiu thang
Tap qufin bd tri tren mat san trong ngdi nhi cua ngudi Thdi den dugc quy djnh khd
cu the Nhi ba gian chinh, hai gian hdi, tinh
tu phfa quan sang: Gian trii (hdi) phfa tren
Trang 7ho$c d l khich hay con rl qudn nfim (con rl
chua chinh thftc kit hdn) Gian chfnh thft
nhat, phfa trfin dl lim budng thd td tifin
(cp lg hong), cd treo trfin c^t nhd m^t cdi
ndn, mpt cdi Ip^, dudi chfin c^t li dng nude
(cd the Id dng tre ho$c dng bfing qui bdu)
Budng "cg lg hong" ndy chi cd dng chii nhi
vd con trai mdi duge vio Khi cftng nhd thl
cd dng mo vd ngudi phyc vy dugc din Gian
chfnh thu hai: phia tren ddnh cho vg chdng
chii nhd ngu; din dng ngu phfa giip "cg lg
hdng" Khodng cdch gifta gian thft hai vd thft
ba cd thl trii m^t cii d^m dh con chiu cdn
nhd ngii ben cgnh Phfa dudi chfin ngu Id blp
lua chfnh cua nhi dl chu nhi sudi dm, dd
xdi cam hofic ndu nudng khi cdn thilt, ddng
thdi li nai tilp khdch ciia chii nhi ngdi
quanh blp lua Tren blp Ifta bao gid cung cd
mdt khue cui to chdy qua ngdy dem, khdng
bao gid tfit, chdy hit Id cho them khiic efti
khac thay vao Gian chfnh thft ba li gian vg
chdng con trai ca ngii d phfa tren, phfa dudi
li nai an com ciia todn thl gia dinh Gian
trdi phfa sin: phfa trfin li cho con gdi ngu,
phia dudi Id blp nau nudng an hdng ngdy
cua gia dinh
Nhi cd tu ba gian chfnh trd len, tinh tft
phia quin vao: phfa trfin hai gian hdi ldm
budng ngu cho con trai, con rl hofic khfich
ngu, fin udng, chu nhi ngdi dan lit, dan chdi
ludi Nfiu li ngudi cd chfte quyen thi khdng
gian phfa dudi ndy la nai lam viec Gian
chfnh thft nhdt, phfa trfin dl lim "cg lg
hong" thd phung td tifin, phia dudi dfi tilp
khdch Gian chfnh thir hai li vg chdng chCi
nha nfim Phia dudi chin ngu Id blp chfnh,
nhd to thi khudn blp phii rpng, cd thl nhdm
Ep la mot loai gio nh6, dan bfing nan tre, luon dugc
ba bdn blp Ifta dugc, Gian chfnh thu ba, phfa trfin vg chdng v i con cii ngudi con trai ci ngli, phfa dudi Id nai fin cam cua gia dinh Gian chfnh thft tu, phfa tren de vg chdng vd con cdi con trai thft hai ngft, phfa dudi cd the d$t khung d^t vdi thd cdm, cftng cd the lim thfim m$t blp chung cho c i nhi Gian thu
nfim trd Ifin dh con gdi vd cdc chfiu ngu
M$t sd cic kifing ky trong nhd ciia ngudi Thdi Den cflng cdn luu y nhu; Con dfiu khdng dugc ndu nudng d blp chinh cia
bd mp chdng, khdng dugc vio "cg lg hdn^\
khdng dugc di qua blp chfnh sang phfa quin, mudn sang thi phii xudng thang ben chan, roi leo Ifin thang bfin qudn mdi dugc vio nhd phfa quin vd chi dupe din gian hdi, khdng sang gian chfnh Con re khi cdn d quin (chua chfnh thuc kit hdn), khdng dugc
qua blp chfnh sang ben sin chan dh fin cam,
khi g§p con gii hay lim bat eft viec gi, neu mudn sang phdi xudng thang ben quan, trfio ifin thang bfin chan mdi dugc sang Nfiu xfit d tap quin sinh hoat trong ngdi nhd cd truyln thi gifta ngudi Thdi den
va Thdi frfing co bin Id gidng nhau Dilm khic nhau tgo nfin sfic thdi rifing vl nha cd truyfin cua ngudi Thfii trfing so vdi ngudi Thfii den chfnh li cdu true mii nhi ngirdi Thii trdng cd hai mdi cfin bfing, sdng lung ndc nhd thfing dimg tgo d$ ddc cao, 2/3 mii gidng hinh thang cfin, cdn lgi 1/3 mii gidng hinh chft nhfit Hai mdi trii up cflng gidng nhu hinh thang cfin Nhln tdng thl, cfiu triic mdi nhd ngudi Thdi Trfing cd m^t cfit hinh chft nhat gan vudng nfin tao thinh bdn mdi
thing v i gdp gdc, ngudi Thdi ggi Id "tup Igt" N h i ngudi Thdi trfing cd hifin, tren ddc mdi nhi khdng cd khau cut Theo tap qudn,
ngudi Thii trfing bd trf dinh vi hudng nhi
Trang 8theo hudng Ddng Tay, ddu gdi son, chan
dgp thuy
NhOng nfit rieng trong kiln true nhi cd
truyfin cua ngudi Thdi den vi Thdi trfing cd
the ndi len rfing, nhi d chinh li m^t trong
nhihig sfic thil ndi bfit cua vfin hda dfin t^c
Tuy nhifin, bin sfic vfin hda dfin t^c khdng
phfii l i cdi nhat thdnh bdt biln, trong bdi
cdnh chung hien nay, ngdi nhd cd truyln cfta
ngudi Thii den v i Thii trfing d viing Tdy
Bfic eung dang biln ddi khdng ngimg tuy
theo timg hoin cinh lieh sft cy thl, tuy vin
gift cdi nln ting ban ddu, dd chinh li quy
lugt kfit hpp gifta truyln thdng vi ddi mdi
cfta vfin hda, cfta kiln tnic nhi sin Nhi
ngudi Thdi den vfi Thfii trfing ngdy nay
khdng edn cd sy khdc biet nhilu nhu trudc
day nfta Khau cdt trfin ddc mii nhd cua
ngudi Thii den, trudc kia dugc quy djnh cho
timg loai nhd va than phfin, dja vj trong xa
hpi, nhung nay ai thfch logi nio thi lim
Trong nhilu truong hgp, nha ciia ngudi Thai
den cflng lam cau tnic hai mii trai phfing vfi
gdp gdc (khdng khum khum mai rua nhu
trudc dfiy) vd cd hien quanh nha nhu ngudi
Thii trfing
Sy bien ddi trong cdu true mai nhi eua
ngudi Thdi cd nguyen nhan quan trgng tu sy
thay ddi cua vfit lieu Igp mfii nhd Xua kfa
ngudi Thii thudng sft dung cdc logi vfit lieu
lap nha nhu cd tranh, la cp, li ke hofic nfta
vdu dfip dap Nhd vay, khi Ifim nhd, ngudi
Thdi tgo dugc nfit ddng vdm mem mgi d hai
trai Ngiy nay, cic loai vat lieu do hilm dan
vd dugc thay the bdi cac logi vat Hfu nhu
ngdi, tdn Do tfnh chdt cua nhiing logi vfit
lieu niy md nhi cua ngudi Thai Den dang
dan chuyen hudng sang lim mai trii phfing
nhu nhd cua ngudi Thdi trfing Tuy nhifin, dl
gift duge cdt cich truyln thdng, trong mdt sd trudng hgp cy thl, hp vSn cdn gfin nhftng
khau cdt cd hoa vfin trfin dau hdi nhi, tao
nfin nfit dpp cfta ngdi nhd trong sy kit hgp gifta Uuyin thdng vi hipn dgi
K i t lu^n Vi^c nghifin cftu so sdnh kiln tnic nhd
cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii d hai vflng Thanh Hda vi Tdy Bfie tft nhftng eft li^u dfi ti-lnh biy trfin dfiy, chung ta thdy ngdi nhi cua ngudi Thdi d Vipt Nam vua mang tinh thdng nhdt tpc ngudi, nhung cung thl hipn nfit khic bi$t gifta cic vftng, cdc nhdm dja phuang Do dd, nhln vdo cdu true mfii nhi sdn, ta ed thl phdn bifit kilu nhi cua timg nhdm, dja phuong khic nhau
Cd nhilu nhdn td tdc ddng v i tao nfin
su thdng nhfit vi da dang eua cic vung vfin hda Thii d Vifit Nam Tfnh thdng nhdt nay li
do ngudi Thai cd mau sd chung mpt cdt cich vfin hda trong sy thfch img vdi mdi trudng
ty nhien va mdi trudng xfi hdi do nhftng d^c trung vfin hda thdng nhdt cua tdc ngudi quy dinh Theo truyen thdng, ngudi Thdi d nhd sdn mang mdt net dep rifing nhu hp dfi xdc
dinh trong cfiu tyc ngft "Huan mi hgn, qudn
mi xau" (Nha cd gdc, sdn cd cdt) Mpt nip
nhd sdn cd truyen Id mdt dan vi khdng gian vfin hda chfta dyng mdt te bao cua xa hdi
nfin ngudi Thdi mdi gpi la "chda huan"
(cdng ddng nhd) Dd cd thl Id mdt gia dinh nhd gdm mot c^p vp chdng vd con cii chua din tudi trudng thanh, hofic dd cflng cd thl lfi mdt gia dinh ldn gdm ba, bdn thl he cung chung sdng hda thu^n bfin nhau
Net khdc bifit vd cac sfic thii rifing trong kiln trftc nhd cd truyln cfta ngudi Thii
Trang 912
vl ITnh vyc cdc sfic thdi vfin hda dja phuang
vi vfin hda vCing Mien nui Thanh Hda (cflng
vdi miln niii Nghp An) vi Tay Bfic li hai dja
phuang, hai vung vfin hda lieu bilu ciia vfin
hda Thdi d Vi^t Nam Vflng Tdy Bfic dugc
coi Id viing trung tfim ciia vfin hda Thdi d
Viet Nam cdn viing miln niii Thanh Hda vd
Ngh? An dugc coi li vung ngogi vi trong
qui trinh phit triln ljch sft cua ngudi Thii d
Viet Nam Vi vay, trong qui trinh phit triln
tua xa hOi dudi tic dpng dnh hudng cua cac
nhfin td nhu hoin cdnh Ijch sft, giao luu vfin
hda, cdc yeu td npi lai cua vfin hda vimg dfi
tao nfin su dnh hudng tiep thu vi biln ddi
trong kiln trftc nhfi ed truyen cua ngudi
Thii Ket qui eft lieu khio sdt dd cho thay li
d viing mien nui Thanh Hda, cdu true mii
nhi cfta ngudi Tdy Dp gidng vdi nhi cua
ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda, cdn nha ciia
ngudi Tay Muai vua cd nfit gidng nhd ngudi
Mudng (hai mdi chfnh dii) vfta cd net gidng
nhd cua ngudi Thai trfing d Tfiy Bfic (hai mii
trdi khdng khum khum mai rua) Ngudi Thdi
d Thanh Hda sinh sdng cdng cu, dan xen vdi
ngudi Mudng tft Ifiu ddi va gifta hp cd mdi
quan he dodn ket, gfin kit chfit chfi Ifiu dii
trong su nghiep phat trifin kinh tfi - xfi hdi vd
bio vfi dfit nude d vftng mien nui Thanh
Hda, nen gifta hp dfi dien ra qufi trinh giao
luu, hda nhap ve vdn hda khd sau sdc trfin
nhilu ITnh vyc, kl cd vfin hda vat chit vi
tinh than Chfnh dilu niy da dan tdi mpt
thyc tl li bfin cgnh nfit thdng nhdt, kien trftc
nhd sdn cua ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda dfi cd
sy inh hudng, tilp thu cua ngudi Mudng tao
nen sfic thdi dia' phuang cho dii cdc nhdm
Thii d Thanh Hda v i ngudi Thai d Tiy Bfic
la cd quan he vdi nhau vfi ngudn gdc lich sft
MOt dilm cflng can luu ^ Id qua khio sdl thyc tl, nlu d$l trong mdi lien h^ vdi cic nhdm Thdi den vd Thii trfing d Tfiy Bfic thi nhdm Tdy Dp d Thanh Hda ty nhgn li Thdi trfing, nhirng gifta nhdm ndy vi ngudi Thdi den d Tfiy Bfic lai cd nfit gidng nhau nlu nhin d phuang di^n cau triic mdi nhd sin cd truyln, chi cd mOt dilm khic li tren ddc mdi
nhd ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda khdng cd khau ciit Cdn nhdm Tiy Muoi d Thanh Hda ty
nhgn li Thii den thi cau tnic mdi nhi sin cd truyln cfla hp v i ngudi Thii trfing d Tfiy Bdc Igi cd nfit gidng nhau Tuy nhifin, trong xu thl hipn nay, sy khfic biet ndy dang ngdy cing nhgt nhda dan bdi ngudi Tiy Dp vd Tiy Muai dlu cd sy dnh hudng, tilp thu lan nhau vd cd ngudi Thdi den v i Thii trfing d viing Tfiy Bfic cung vdy Trudc sy phdt trien cua xfi hpi, ngudi Thdi dfi dp dung nhimg ky thugt dl ty cii tiln vi thay ddi kiln tnic nha
d ciia minh Sy cai tien vd thay ddi fiy phfin Idn do dnh hudng bdi cdch lim nhi cua ngudi Kinh Nhd sdn dugc ke va lap ghep theo phuang phip ndi ddm cgt bfing mdng thfit Su giao thoa vfin hda nay da vi dang tao nfin cdc kifiu nhd sdn mdi, dep vi bl difi
Cd thl ndi, hi^n nay, ngudi Thai dang trong qua trinh chpn lge nhi d hgp vdi khdng gian vfin hda truyfin Ihdng cua ddn tdc minh vd thich ftng vdi dilu kifin xfi hdi hien dai Dau vay kiln true nhi sin cd truyfin cua ngudi Thii vdn mang mpt nfit dep rieng bifit, don
sa nhung khdng kfim phdn bfi thl sang ft-png
Cd ngdi nhd sdn kha dd so nhu nhi cua cac gii dinh Thdi quy tOc xua ma khdng phii dung din m^t mdu sfit nhd nio trong thifit ke xay dyng Thay vao nhftng cii dinh li ca mpt hp thdng dfiy chfing, budc cdng phu va tinh xao bfing lat, giang, mfiy Khi ldm nha,
de ndi cdc cpt keo, ngudi Kinh Ifip mdng
Trang 10thfit, cdn ngudi Thdi sft dyng nhihig ddn ddm
xuyen sudt qua cdc lo dye cfta cfic cdt Kilu
kien true nhin cd vfi don sa, nhung Igi chfic
chfin bin vflng din khdng ngd; nd dft lyc dl
chong ndng, mua, gid bfio v i d|e bi^t li
dOng ddt nhu hifin nay Trong thyc tl, ed
nhfhig nep nhd sdn tdn tai hdng trfim nfim md
van ben dep Vi thl, trong su hilu bilt vl
vfin hda Thfii d Vifit Nam, bfin canh nhftng
cfii chung thdng nhdt, cdn phfii hilu thfim vl
cii rifing, trong dd cd kiln true nhi ed truyln
cfta ngudi Thdi d cic dia phuong, cfic vftng
khdc nhau lfi thyc sy cdn thilt dl khdng lim
mdt di net dep bfin vflng dfim bdn vfin hda
cfta ngdi nhd sin dan t^c Thdi trong bdi cdnh
hifin nay
T^i li^u tham khao
1 Vi VSn An (1998), "Vfi tfin gpi va
lich sft cu tru cua cdc nhdm Thii d miln Tay
Nghe An", trong: Vdn hoa vd lich sit ngu&i
Thdi & Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda dan tfic
H i ndi, tr 318-331
2 Vi Van Bien (2006), Vdn hoa vdt
chdt cua ngu&i Thdi & TTuaih Hoa vd Nghe
An, Nxb Vfin hda dan tdc Ha Ndi
3 Vu Trudng Giang ( 2010), "Trd lgi
vdn dl tfin gpi v i lich sft cu trft cfla ngudi
Thii d mifin nui Thanh Hda", Tgp chi Khoa
hgc xd hgi miin Trung, Sd 2, tr 58-65
4 Lfi Sy Giao (1979), "Vdi nfit vl quan
he xfi hdi cua ngudi Thai d mudng Ca Da
(Thanh Hda)", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 2,
tr 63-69
5 Lfi sy Gido (1995), "Lan tim c^i ngudn ljch sft ngudi Thdi Thanh Hda",
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 2, tr 13-16
6 Lfi S? Gido (2000), "Sy phdn logi cdc nhdm Thdi d cic tinh Thanh Hda vi
Ngh§ An", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 1,
tr 22-25
7 Hd Nam Ninh (2002), "Tim hilu vl cdc ddng hp ngudi Thii Thanh Hda", trong:
Vdn hda vd Ifch sit cdc ddn tgc trong nhdm ngdn ngu Thdi Vi^t Nam, Nxb Vfin hda
thdng tin H i NOi, tr 118-133
8 D$ng Thi Oanh (2004), Cdu thang nhd sdn ngu&i Thdi & Dien Bien, Nxb Khoa
hpc xfi hpi, HdNpi
9 Cao Vfin Thanh vi cdng sy (2004),
Bdo tdn vd phdt triin vdn hoa truyin thdng cua ngu&i Thdi vung nui Bdc Trung bd hi^n nay, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, H i Ndi
10 Nguyln Duy Thifiu (2002), "Kiln
tnic nhi sdn dan tOe Thii", trong: Vdn hoa
vd lich su cdc ddn tgc trong nhom ngdn ngfi Thdi Viet Nam, Nxb Vfin hda thdng tin Ha
Npi, h- 275-284
11 Ngd Dftc Thjnh, Chu Thii San (1986), "Mdt sd van dfi nghifin cftu vl nhd d cua cfic dfin tOc (Dfic trung vfi mdi quan hfi
vdn hda)", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 3,
ft- 75-87
12 Cfim Trpng (1978), Ngu&i Thdi & Tdy Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hOi,
HdNOi