\ lui Minh Mang viti Cimg gido (tir (tail I HIO ciim cudi IS.U). Nguyet san Cimg giiio vd Ddn tiic. Dcii Nam Thifc luc chinh hien.. D6 Tiii Hoa Hdi, Phan Thi Thu Hing. Chinh .sdch ciia[r]
Trang 116 Nghien curu Ton giao So 12 - 2009
CHINH SACH CUA MINH MENH DOI VCTI TON GIAO
VA Y NGHiA CUA NO TRONG LICH SUT VIET NAM
T rong lieh sii xa hdi cd giai cap va
hinh thanh ciic qudc gia loan tri,
quan he giua Giao hoi vdi Nha nUdc, vdi
dan tdc la vii'n de quan trong va ndi bat
nha't trong he thd'ng quan he cua tdn giao
ddi vdi cac linh viic khac Dieu nay la
phd bien khdng chi d cac nUdc PhUdng
Tay va Trung Can Ddng thdi cd, trung,
can va hien dai ma nd ciing cdn la van de
xuyen sudt trong lieh sil cac qudc gia
PhUdng Ddng trong dd cd Viet Nam Mdi
quan he giUa tdn giao vdi nha nUdc, vdi
dan tdc thudng bi chi phdi bdi rat nhieu
nhan td, trong dd khdng the bd qua
nhung chfnh siich dcji vdi ton giao qua ciic
trieu di^ii Hdn the, tii quan diem lieh sii
cu the bieu hien cua nhung van de nay d
mdi qudc gia, diin tdc trong cac vung van
hda cjua mdi thdi dai lieh sil lai Iudn bieu
hien theo cac mUc do phiiOng thilc dac
thu Viet Nam la mdt da't niidc cd lieh sU
lau ddi Viin hda dac siic qua nhieu ddt
tiep bien van hda vdi ciic nUdc trong khu
vile va the gidi da sac toe da tdn giao
Nen ve van de dd can cd sil di sau nghien
cdu de hieu sau qua tiing trieu dai til
nhieu phia Trieu Nguyen la vUdng trieu
cudi cimg ndi giiia hai thdi diai truyen
thdng va hien diu nen bieu hien cua van
de nay cd nhUng net riit dac biet de lai
nhieu bai bc)c va da thu hut nhieu sU chii
y cua gidi nghien cilu nha't hi nhung niim
giin diiy vdi nhieu id'^" tvUih cd gui tri'"
Tuy nhien, trong cac cdng trinh dd mdi
chf quan tam nhii'^u den vii'n de quan he
Cdng guio vdl dan toe va Nha nUdc trong
trieu Nguyen ndi chung Trong biii viet
DO Tin HOA HOI'' PH.AN THI Till HA.NG'"' nay chung tdi ke thiia ke't qua cila ngudi
di trUdc tii dd cd sU tap trung di sau tim bieu lam sang td ve cac dieu kien trong nUdc va tren the gidi hi cd sd "quye't dinh luan" cho viec hinh thanh ndi dung chfnh sach ciia Minh Menh ve tdn giao trong
dd cd cii Phat giao Dao giao Cdng giao, v.v Vdi li do Minh Menh la vi vua dUdc
'* PCiS.TS lial htic Khoa h(K' Xa hoi \ a Nhan \aii Ha Noi
** TliS liai hoc Khoa hoe X,i hoi \ a Nhan \an Ha NOi
I Xin tliem lai nitil so e6ng irinh tiang tai Hen Tap ehf
Saliicn 11(11 Ton initio lir nam 2(K)0 den nay Huy Tiidng
(2(K)()) Anil Infon^ c/iui iiii fiiCfii van liou Conii f;nii> va van
Iwa Viei Nam so 2 (46) ir 56 - 61 Le Thi Tliam (2002) Trii lai cliiiili siicli cam ilcio ciia Siui \i;ii\cn qua IM'I Dai \ani llnfc Inc sti 4 (46), Ir 32 - 40
Tran Le (2002) l'(' diri'/ni; ln(i'fni> "So'iii; Pliiic dm iroiig
loiii; clan iik " ciia Gido hoi Cdng gido vd inol so quan dicni cna Ddng vc cdng idc ldn gido so 5 (17) Ir 32 - 42
Nguyen Tir Loc (2002) Van de ddn loc dai ra cim ngirdi
Cdng gido so 6 (7) ir 20 - 23
N'gii>en Hong Dirttng (2002) Mid nifi'rc la vdi Cdng gido
so 5 (17) tr 25 - 32
DO (,)iiang Himg (2002) .V/;<i nid/c vd Cido lioi - V/</v vdn
de li Iudn vd llnfc lien, so 5 ir 4 - 6
NgiiyOn Van Kiem (2(X)4 ) .V/;(?;i,i; hdi Imc Itch sutif nidi
qiian lie gii'ra \lid nirdc j)lioiig kien vdi Gido hdi Thien Chua gido irong llie kiXIX so 5 (28) ir 37 45
NguyCn Quang liirng (2(K)7) Vdn de ngin le va chinh sdch
cdm dao ciia I nen \'gii\en so 4 (46) Ir 26 - 35
IX- Tuan Oat (2007) Thai do cita Minh Menh doi vdi Cdng
gido so 4 (46) tr35 - 43
tJo Bang (2007) l c (/(//(// sdch idn gido cna men Sgnven
iihi'rng kinli nghiem lull sir so 6 (48) Ir 23 30
NguyOn Manh Dung (2(X)7) Qnd irinh irnycn ha dqo
Cdng gido nhin lir cndc liep \,u \ icl-Plhii> (dc ilie ki W II -X\ III s6 9(51) tr 36 44
Ngu>en Quang Himg (2008) Cdc nhdn lo anh infifiig uri
chinli sach cna Mia nuac \ lei \am doi \,ri Cong gido nhin lir gdc do vdn hda - idn gido so 1 (33) ir 24 - 33
Doan Trieu Long (2(K)8) Dqo Cdng guio hiidi dan lien ddi
Qiiang \'ani - Dd \dng so I (35) Ir, 33 - 40
\'d PhiKTng Lan (2(X)8) Chiia WgityJn vd sif trnven hd dao
Cdng gido iqi Ddng Trong so 10 (64) Ir 16 - 3 i
i
Trang 2D6 Thi Moa Hoi, Phan Thi Thu Hing C /////// sdch ciui Minh Menh 17
d a n h giii la ngudi cd vai trd thiet dinh cac
n g u y e n t^c tU tUcing nen tiing chfnh tri
cho n h a N g u y e n , c u n g cd nghia dng la
ngUdi diit nen m d n g i n a n g tfnh nguyen
tftc t r o n g chfnh siich tdn giao cho cac vi
vua k e tie'p cila t r i e u dai nay Q u a day
chiing tdi m u o n dUa r a mot so' n h a n xet
ve y n g h i a ciia c h i n h sach tdn giao ciia
M i n h M e n h t r o n g lieh sil Viet N a m
1 Nhung thdch thdc lieh sd ddt ra
Vudng t r i e u Nguyt'm khdi dim tU Gia
Long (1802 - 1820) vtii nd lUc Ihtiu tdm
quyen liic dn d i n h viidng t r i e u bdng viec
tai lap vai trd vi trf chil dao ciia Nho
giao Viia hi inol hoc t h u y e t chfnh tri
-dao dUc Xii hdi N h o giiio vUa de cao Id
diiiTi n h u la mot ht)c thuye't diim nhiin
tfnh chiit vai trd tdn giiio cua nhii nUdc
dc ddp Ung yeu cilu ciia l a p doiin phong
kien khi dd .Minh Menh tie'p nhiin ngdi
vua t r o n g t i n h t h e xa hdi phong kie'n Viet
Nam d a n g lam viio mot cuoc khiing
hoang sail siic Miim mdng cua sii rc)i loan
chfnh tri - xii hoi miy dil diitic m a n h n h a
111 cac thc^' kl XVI - XVII irUtic dd di'm tdi
sii b u n g nd hiing loat cuoc kht'ii nghia
ndng d a n viio t h e kf XVIII .\li)c du tai
vung Clii cU flic lA]) tloiin jihong kien dil
cd nbUng cd' giing binh dn k m h le song
noi chien keo diii giiia ciic tii]) doiin phong
kien thdi ki miy hiiu nhU liim suy giam
sUc pluit trien ciia nin^ kinh te, ddi sdng
ciia nhiin diin giip k h d n g ft khd khiin
Liinh thd miic du dii dUtic md rdng dicn
tfch da't k h a i h o a n g ngiiy c a n g gia liing
nhUng ddi liii kT tbuiit canh tiic ndng
nghiep tru>'en t h d n g vtin chf dUng d mile
do thd sd, ccing vdi ciic khoiin t h u e niing
ne, chien t r a n h lien mien nen trong xa
hoi xuii't hien t r a n g tbiii bii't dn ve linh
thiin diin tdi sU phiin nc), chiin ghet ciia
nhiin diin vcii trieu d i n h phong kien
Ngay cii chien thiing o a n h lit^t cua nhii
Tay Sdn dtii vdi giiic ngoiii xiim, thd'ng
nhii't tpid'c gia diidng n h i i ciing chi dUa ra
cac giiii phiip t a m thdi cho n h u n g r a n nilt
trong Idng xii hdi p h o n g kie'n dUdng thdi
Phong Inio Tiiy Sdn thi diit a-i sti ciin ban
cho sti t h d n g nhii't dat nUdc, n h u n g thdi gian Q u a n g T r u n g tri vi quii ngan ngiii, trieu N g u y e n s a u khi gianh lai vUdng
t r i e u da t r a t h u mot each m a n rci N h u n g dieu dd k h i e n niem tin cua n h a n diin vao giai cap p h o n g kien thdng tri vi the d a n g
d a n bi l u n g lay h o a n g m a n g va biit luc Tain If c h u n g cila q u a n c h u n g n h a n drm
bi q u a n met mdi, Udc ao mot sU an ui vc tinh t h a n de xoa diu ndi dau khd chdng chat, cac the lu'c ciit cd chiia dc;p bd nguy
cd phiin qu\'cn viin de doa
Giila luc linh hinh kmh te - xii hdi Viet Nam tiling trong tinh canh rdi rtMi hdn loan thi tren the gidi thdi ki niiy sau khi nhieu nUdc Phiidng Tay boiin t h a n h cuoc each m a n g tU siin ciich inang cdng ngliiej) dii dUa chu nghia tU biin ticn len mic t h a n g mdi: chu nghia de ciudc Dieu nii\' diin tt'ii
xu hudng md rdng thi trUdng thudc tlia cua ciic niidc thiic diin PhUdng Tiiy ndi t:hung thiic tliin Phiip ndi rieng td'i niidc la cung nhu Ciic nUdc PhUdng Ddng khiic Y IhUc dUtic nguy cd bi le thudc mdt sdnUtic Chiiu
A dil tien h a n h cai ciich diii nu'c'ic nhU Nhiil Ban Thai Lan
Miif du giai ci'ip tU siin d ciic nUcic PhUdng Tiiy clil thtic hien ciit h niiing lU Siin, phiin li giUa nhii nUdc vii giiit) htii nhUng sau khi dii d dia vi thdng tri giai Clip t u siin viin dUa viio tdn giao, sii ilimg tdn giiio cd Idi cho m i n h Giiio h(ii Cdng guio dil niim bat dUcic xu the nay vii thtic hien su cau kel vdi ciic the lUc thiic diin nhiim miic dfeh t r u y e n tlao vii md rdng
"niitic Chua" TU ciic the ki XVI XVIl -XVIII de thiic hien cdng cuoc truyen
guio Giao \\m Cdng giao l)utic phiii dua
viio su bao trci cua ciic the liic tU siin thing
n a m t r o n g sii linh h u d n g cua Giiit) boi Cdng giiio La Ma nhU Bd Diio Nha vii Tiiy Ban N h a vti s a u dd la Phii]') S a n g the ki XIX n a m biit diicic xu the tien siiu thiim nhtip b a n h IrUdng va chiem thuc)c dia cua ciic de quo'c Anh Pluip v.v Guio hdi dii lien kel vdi the lu'c thtic thin dt' lim kiem cac phUdng tien t r u y e n guio d v u n g da't ngoid n b i l n g nUdc mil tiutV gia miy
Trang 318 Nghien ctru Ton giao So 12 - 2009
d a n g m u d n k h a i t h d c n g u d n n h a n lUc
ngudn n h i e n lieu Vd h i n h t r u n g , Giao hoi
dii dl tdi viec d d n g l i n h tiep t a y cho hilnh
ddng xam lUcic cua t h e Itlc thilc dim
dUdng thdi Mot m a t Giao hoi dii l a o lap
cho chu n g h i a thilc diin n h d n g n g u y e n cd
t h u a n Icii dt"^ xiim n h a p thutic dia bu lai
giao hdi cd dia biin t h u d c dja de t r u y e n
giao, song q u a n t r o n g hdn la Giiio hoi d a
c h u a n hi cho chii n g h i a thilc diin mot hoc
thuye't bien m i n h cho lan sdng thilc d a n
dtia t r e n cd sd Cdng giiio
DUdc Ilia ebon ke' t h i i a vi trf td'i cao
cila nen cai tri p h o n g kie'n t a p q u y e n
c h u y e n che vii n a m loan q u y e n tri vi dil'l
nudc t r o n g bdi ciinh chfnh tri xa hdi trfm
diiy Minh M e n h k h d n g t h e k h d n g nhiin
thiic dUtjc n h U n g t h a c h Ihilc day c a m go
de cd t h e duy tri d a m bao sU ben vUng
ciia vUdng t r i e u va chii q u y e n cua diin
toe Vi the', ddi siich ciia M i n h M e n h vdi
tdn giao vao thdi d i e m n a y k h d n g cbi de
ddi ndi hay ddi ngoai ddn Ihuiin hoac chf
t r o n g p h a m vi cila linh vUc viin hda ldn
giao nUa mfi da ndi len n h i e u be luiin
phUc liciji d a n xen chfnh tri - k i n h le - v a n
hda r.n't diic IrUng d Viet N a m
2 Npi dung chinli sdch cua Minh
Menh ve ton gido
Trong t a m yeu can ma chfnh tri - xii hdi
the kl XIX dat r a cho Minh Menh la phai
lam sao de giU vUng doe lap chil quyen cho
dan tdc ciing nhU d a m bao sU ben v d n g cila
viidng trieu Day thilc sU Id mtll viin dc n a n
giiii khi linh h i n h the gidi vii trong nUdc
d a n g triii tiua nhieu bien dm mi^mh me, tac
ddng khdng nhd tdi dUdng Idi chfnh tri cila
nhii vua Dieu niiy till yen ciing se a n h
hUcing den chfnh sach ddi vcii cac tdn giao
cua vua Minh M e n h
2 L C h i n h s a c h d o i v d i C o n g g i a o
Ddi veil Cdng guio M i n h M e n h dd
khiing dinh Ifnh ddc liip nha't q u a n Irong
viec hoijeh d i n h c h i n h s a c h ddi vdi tdn
giiio niiy
Vilt) Ciic t h e kl XVI, XVII, XVIII, viin
de t r u y e n guio d D d n g A viin giin vdi yeu
to' IbUdng m a i la chii ye'u chUa cd su gan ke't vdi ehii n g h i a thUc d a n n e n nhUng
n g u y hiii ddi vdi n e n a n n i n h qudc gia chUa p h a i la mdi lo ngai triic tiep cila cac chila T r i n h N g u y e n M a t k h a c d giai doi;in niiy cac chiia T r i n h , N g u y e n d a n g ddn h e t l a m siic cho cuoc giao t r a n h giUa
D a n g T r o n g vii D a n g Ngoiii nen ddi khi
ho cdn Idi d u n g cac q u a n he vdi cac nUdc PhUdng Tiiy q u a cac nhii t r u y e n giiio de
t a n g cUcing t r a o ddi thUdng miji, m u a vii khf, cdn n g u y cd lii sii' t r u y e n bii Cdng giao hiiu nhU k h d n g dUtJc liiu liim Tuy vay s a n g t h e ki XIX thi t i n h h i n h lai cd
n h i e u ddi khiic B a n t h a n dng vua diiu lien cila Iridu N g u y e n la Gia Long dii
n h a n thii'y dUcic p h a n n a o nguy cd tiem lin lii sU t r u y e n giao n e n t h e hien thiii do hai m a t dtYi vdi Cdng giiio d Viet N a m Mot m a t , Gia Long vi clii tUng dUcic sU trci giup c u a n h d n g ngUdi t r u y e n ba Cdng giiio n e n luon t h e h i e n thiii do nhiin nhUting vdi ngUdi m i n h chiu tin nhUng mat khiic c h i u linh hUdng N h o giao va viin hda t r u y e n thtj'ng nen l a p trUdng cua
O n g ddi vdi viin h d a thd c u n g td lien, y
n g h i a t h i e n g lieng, ti'im q u a n lrt)ng vc miit chfnh tri xa ht)i cua tin ngUdng
t r u y e n thd'ng la r a t kien d i n h Ngay 4 thiing 3 niim 1804, nhii v u a b a n hiinh chi dta, t r o n g dd khoiin 4 cd ghi: "Cdn ve dao
Bd Ddo N h a la m o t dao ngoai lai nay dii dUtJc t r u y e n mot each t r i i n g len len kbiip
t r o n g nUdc vii h i e n n a y vdn cdn, mac du chfnh p h u dtl co giing hiiy bd cai dao di
d o a n niiy, h d a n g u e la m o t chd ghe gdm dao niiy Idm cho kcj n g u x u a n k h i e p sti
Do dd tii n a y ti-ong t d n g so' cac l a n g cd nhii thd c u a ngu'di T h i e n Chiia giiio cil'm siia chUa xiiy d i i n g lai ngdi nhii thd dii hi
h u mil cdn cil't nhii thd mcii d ntii chUa cd
t u y e t nhit'Mi hi c a m hdn"'"' Chi du niiy phiin nilo t h e h i e n y hUdng ciia Gia Long
la b a n ehe d a n sti p h a t t r i e n cila Cdng giao, m a trUdc bet lii viec b a n che xay
d i i n g , l u sila n h a t h d S o n g n h i n c h u n g
2 Phan Phat Hiidn Vici Nam guio sir Nha 'I'liycn
I'ly Siii Gon, 1958, tr 198
Trang 4D6 Thi Hoa H6i, Phan Thi Thu Hiing Chiiili sc/ h cua Minh Menh 19
dudi thdi tri vi cua vun Gia Lt)ng khdng
he tdn tin mdt siic chi cii'm diio luit) viec
t r u y e n bii Cdng guio cd b a n didn ra trong
mot mdi IrUdng chfnh tri k h a thuiin Itii
van dUtic IhUc b i e n cdng k h a i , k h d n g cd
bill ki sU cil'm doiin nao
Su m e m dtio t r o n g ddi siich vdi Cdng
giao ciia Gia Long cdn t h e hien d viec
thiia n h a n nhUng ngUdi Phtip dii giup tld
dng t r o n g dd cd ciic guit) si, song dng viin
k h d n g It) ra nhiet tinli trtmg mdi tjuan he
vdi cac nUdc i^hUting Tiiy, miic tlu cho
phei) bo giao ibUting, Dieu miy cho thii'y
(lia Lt)ng tu\' cd ciii nhin khoan tlung
phiil xuii'l lU sU h i e u biet khii rd ve Cdng
giao lihUng ciing k h d n g t h e Irtinh khdi sii
bA't binh trUdc t h a i do bat khoan d u n g
cila ton giiio miy vcii viin hda vii tin
ngUdng dim Itlc Gia Ltmg da liing t r a n h
luiln vtii Bii Da Ltic, yt'ni ciiu Toa T h a n h
cho phe{i giiio h u u luiin t h u mt)t sti' nen
nop, t a p luc t r u y e n thdiig nluim giU dao
If p h o n g hda diin ttlc vii nha't lii diim biio
sti uy nghit^m Ibtl'ng nlui'l ve Lo Pluip
cua trieu dinh Sii viec ciing li-t'i nt'-n pliu'c
tiip khi thiii tU Cilnh k h d n g chiu tjuy lay
triidc biin thd Id tit">n khien Gin Long tiic
gian vii sau miy (10/1S3S) khi ke vi vua
cha, Minh M(}nh con xem thix' hi mot tlieii
to hai cua (-dng giiio N h u vii>-, cd the
khiing dinh "ban thiin Gia l^ong khdng cd
thien ciim vdi Cdng giiio nhUng vi If do
chfnh Iri nt"-!! dng k h o a n tlung \()\ tdn giiio
niiy chUng niio dng cdn ciin den ngUdi
P h a p hcip tiic vc'ii dng O n g biit diiu ngu'i;if
diii vc'ii ngUdi Cdng giiio tu'ng giuj) dng
khi dng cd t h e tie'n hiinh chfnh siich ddc
liip dUtic va k h d n g ciin tdi ht) nua'" (.iia
Long the hien nhiin ilulc ve sU ciin Ihic-^t
cd sii iii> phdng O n g hi ngu'di hieu rd htin
ai he't ngux' cti tleii lU PhUting Tiiy "Cung
htin ai hei nlui vua biet rd mdi q u a n hi}
giUa flic nlui t r u y e n guit) vdi ciic thi' lu'c
chfnh tri quiin su chiit che tlc'ii the niio
Vay chiing viec liui t'ht)n M m h M(''nli
-mot hoiing tii "cd tfnh ciich m a n h me vii
khdng nuin nui \-(')i Phu'ting Tii\" him vua
nili ngdi chfnh hi lin y siiu xa cua Gia
Long t r o n g ddi siich vt':ii Cdng giiio n h a m giU vUng vUfing tjuyen
Thtic le' lieh sU Viet N a m khi Minh Menh Ifm ngdi dii cho tha'y su thay ddi chfnh Siich cila vUdng trieu Nguyen tltli vdi Cdng giiio Neu Gia Ltmg, dt) trilc liep hiim dn cac giiio sT Phiip t r o n g viec giiinh liii vUting vi nen chfnh sach ve Cdng giiit) van the hien tfnh hai m a t thi den \'ua Minh Menh, chfnh siich ddi vdi Cdng guit) khii rn net vii nhiil tiuiin
Biing nhic'u ngudn thong lin ve cac nUdc Irong k h u viic, nga.\" khi lt"'n ngdi niim 1820, Minh Menh ttii nluin thity
n h u n g ngu\' cd de doa viiting iiuyen Ifi pbfa time diin PhUdng Ta\' khi c h u n g sU
d u n g vicic t r u y e n dao Cdng giiio tie xiim nhilp giiy miit dn dinh d nhieu nudc ti-tjiig
k h u \-Uc n h u T r u n g Qudc Nluit Ban Trieu Tu"m, Nam DUting Mit'^n DUMU v.v Do viiw khi mudn biio \'e sii' nhiit thdng vUdng tiux'en, Minh Mtjnh hutlc pluii Clin nluic den viln de ciim dat) ha>' khdng md ctia ha\' tldng ciia vdi Phu'ting Tii\' Vi the, ti giai doiin tlau Iri vi, tie tlu\" tri dn dinh Minh M('nh van giu Ih.iii tlti fining muc vdi Cdng giiio Ban t h a n nh.i
\'ua cung tim hieu ve ton i^iiio iui\' thdng
tpia vii>c tlof Siich Gian li kin ding tlo TliUa sat Jacearti thing If'n \'ii ttoc Tdy (liidng ki sii biing chU Hiin Tu\' nhu'Mi
.Minh VIcMih vdi nen tiing y thilc ht' \ h o giiio l u \ c t ddi hda vi tht"' tdi thUdng ciia vua - t u Ciich T h i e n tU - thiin lhit">ng cai quiin Cii t h e liic vii tilm linh nt'>n vua van
k h d n g the tldng tinh vdi giiit) If Cdtig guit)
vc t h i u ' e l Thit'^n Du'dng Dia \guc tlui\'C'l
C h u a Ti'di tat) diing vu trii niui Dat hdng lhu\' xii\' ihiip Babel, v.v, Nlui vua the hit'ii m<)t thiii (to (' ngiu vdt su ti'iiNcn l):i Cdng guio khi tux't'Mi hd: ".Xghc ndi iiu'tic
ho cd phep ino' ki tin, ngUtii luio gioi hiin ihi kill 111! t r o n g nudc tlti t r u y e n giiing tlao
3 Joscp Biillinger ilic Smaller [dragon ,\ I'olilieal
History dl Vietnam, tr 241 242
4 Do Quang llLrny Qtitic liLing Chien Iran if Da
Mdng 1.^0 nam l/'id'c Dicn lien vd kel cm lap ehi Ngliicii ( ii'ii l.icli sir so 5 6/l')S7 Ir 75
Trang 520 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 12 - 2009
giao, ngUdi gidi vUa thi di ngoai qudc,
dem ta giao truyen day cho ngUdi Ho 6
dau deu cd chia phiin diit phiin dan de tu
cai quan nhau cho nen ngay thUdng thU
tfn di lai vdi nhau nhanh nhii Id hich tren
cam cai Idi-ig gii Ciii mam te ay khdng
nen nudi cho ldn dim len phai cam nghiet
trii tiet di"'''"
Qua day ta thily Minh Menh da nhan
thiic dUcic sil de doa den quyen uy tdi
thUt^ng ciia vUdng trieu ve chfnh tri
-kinh le - vim hda - tam linh nen mdi cam
dao Them vao vua chiu sUc ep tii phan
ling cua quan lai nho si cdng vdi viec phat
hien tau PhUdng Tay van ngilm dUa giao
si vao Viet Nam Minh Menh mdi ban
hanh chf du cam diao dau tien vao ngay
12 thang 2 nam 1825: "Ta dao Tay DUdng
lam hu hdng tam trf con ngUdi Tii lau
nay nhieu lau thuyen cila Tay DUdng
den diiy budn biin vii dem den diiy cac
Tay DUdng dao trudng trong viidng qudc
nay Cilc diao trUdng nay da du dd va lam
ddi truy nhan tam va lam hU hdng phong
tuc vii tap quiin Day phai chiing lii mot
dao cho vUdng qudc chung ta? Viiy pluii
ngiin chan su lam dung nay de dem diin
ta ve con dUdng cua chfnh dao""^' Khdng
nhUng the lii niim 1H26 den niim 1832,
tinh hinh trong nUde liii lien tiep xiiy ra
mot s d v u viec mat dn dinh cd sU tham dU
ciia Cdng giao mdi keo theo sU thay ddi
chinh sach cila Minh Menh ddi vdi tdn
giiio nay theo chieu budng tU ban che iinh
hUdng truyen dao di den cam dao
Vao nam 1826 khi liic lUcing khdi
nghia ciia Phan Bii Vanh riit ve cd thii tiai
Lang Tra Lii trUdc su' truy bat cila trieu
dinh da dU(3c cac linh muc tu si giiio
dan tai diiy ung hcj va bao ve Them dd,
tii nam 1829 - 18.31 d trong nUde xua't
hien khdng ft cac vu kien lien quan den
hai lang Cdng giao la Diidng Sdn va
Mdng Phu him cho mdi quan he giUa Nha
nUdc phong kien Viet Nam va Gido bdi
Cdng giiio ngiiy cang xau di Dang chu y
la vao cudi niim 18.32 Minh Menh phat
hien trong cam cjuiin cd ngUdi theo Cdng
giao mac du bi triing phat va bat phai bo dao nbUng da so'ho van kien tam giii dao khdng chiu chap hanh menh lenh cila nha vua
Chfnh vi the ngay 6 thang 10 niim 1833 dao du cam Cdng giao lan thu!
hai dxicic ban h a n h trong ca nUdc budc
giao huu phai bd dao cac dia phUdng phai pha huy nha thd va de doa: "Neu ke nao khdng chiia thdi cii cdn diim len liit can tam vi phiim lenh cam, mot khi bi phat giiic thi lien bi tri toi nang""' Va
theo Dqi Nam thdc luc thi dUdi thdi
Minh Menh tri vi cd 6 dijo du va 2 dieu
le ve Cdng giao va If do cam dao dUcic neu deu cd phan lien quan den van de an ninh qudc gia, quyen uy cila vUdng trieu
va van de Le, Phiip, the che ciia trieu dinh
Cd the ndi, khdng phai ngay tii dau Minh Menh chil trUdng dan ap giao dan mac du cd nhieu y kien khuyen dng thiing tay nhu vua Nhiil Ban Song cung khdng phai tu nhien Mmh Menh bat gie't giao dan mot each vd cd ma hau nhu nbUng ngUdi bi biit bi gie't cd "van de" nhU ndi dung dao du thii 4 ban banh ngay 16 thiing 1 ndi rd:
"1 NgUdi PhUdng Tay til lien vao trong nude hi khdp tdi "trinh tham ngoai qudc vii dd la tin tiic" NgUdi che giau chUa chap cung bi toi chem
2 Tay DUdng dijo trUdng len lilt xam nhap khep tdi t n n h tham
3 Ddi vdl guio si dang len lut truyen dao bi khep them tdi "ta dijo di doan ciim
dd me hoiic nhiin tilm"
4 Ciic vien Irii'n thil tra xet khdng ki
de Tiiy DUdng dao trUdng lot viio trong nUdc tbi bi xU toi ebem: ciic quan li^i dia
5 Dal Nam Time luc cliiiih hien Tap 21 Nxb
KHXH 1964 tr 117,
6 Truang Bit Ciin \ lui Minh Mang viti Cimg gido (tir (tail I HIO ciim cudi IS.U) Nguyet san Cimg giiio
vd Ddn tiic so 14 thiing 2 - 1996, tr 116
7 Dcii Nam Thifc luc chinh hien Tap 11 Nxb
KHXH 1964, tr 236
Trang 6D6 Tiii Hoa Hdi, Phan Thi Thu Hing Chinh sdch ciia Minh Menh 21
phuong khdng tan tinh truy biit thi bi
phat truting va giiing cap""^'
Dudi thdi Mmh Menh ddi sach vdi
Cdng giao thilc sU la mot van de kho
khan, nhUng nd chi thUc sii la van de
ndng gay gat viio nhUng niim ve sau khi
Minh Menh bi ddy vao tinh the phiii ddi
phd vdi himg loat sU kien cbfnh tri an
ninh chii quyen bi de doa cd sU dinh Ifu
tdi Cdng giiio Tuy nhien vi nhan quan
Nho giao khtsp kin quy dinh nhieu chi du
cua nhii vua ddi vdi Cdng giao trci nen bi
dong va the hien sti lung lung vc sach
lUdc Chiing hiin nhu su kien Mmh Menh
ra du trieu Ii'ii) '•'^c giiio -si ve kinh de dich
sach thiic chat lii de khdng che va kiem
soat ho'-" Hay nhU thiing 4 mim 1838
Minh Menh dieu quan tii Nghe An
Thanh Hda ra Nam Dinh dan ap khtii
nghia vdl mot bien phap khd'c liet v.v
Tuy nhien ciing can phai khiing dinh
rang, viec Minh Menh thiic hien chfnh
sach cam Cdng giiio cdn biit ngudn tU
nguyen nhiin lieh sii tit ben ngoai dan
den Cdng giiio dUtJc du nhap vao niidc ta
tii cac niidc PhUdng Tay trong thdi ki ra
ddi va phiit trien chu nghia tU ban vao
Ciic the ki XVI - XIX cdn mang nang tfnh
kinh vien vii biet liip Do dd qud trinh
truyen ba Cdng giiio cua ciic thiia sai lai
Viet Nam tii gdc do viin hda cdn mang
nang tfnh biet phdi bii't khoan dung
khdng the khdng giip mot sd trd ngai
nha't dinh vc phong hda quan niem va dd
la nguyen cd dan tdi xung dot dan tdc
Cho de'n luc dd Cdng giao ha san pham
t h u i n tuy ciia nen viin hda Phudng Tay
nen hoan toan xa la vdi nbUng tap quan
thd Cling to tien va ciic nghi le vdng ddi
ciia ngUdi Viet Dao du ciia Minh Menh
ban hilnh niim 1825 dii ndi rd dieu nay:
"Dao PhUdng Tiiy lii ta dao him mc^ hoiic
Idng ngUdi hay hiiy hoiii phong tuc cho
nen phai nghiem cam de khien ngUdi ta
theo chinh diio"'"" Do dd ddi sach ciia
Minh Menh ddi vdi Cdng giao ciing chfnh
111 phan Ung tU ve triidc nhUng nguy cd uy
hiep thay ddi phong hda viin hda diin tdc
UrUdc sU xiim nhiip cua viin hda Phudng
L
Tily cd sii trti giup cua chu nghia thuc dan Va khi cac giao si tin dd Cdng giiio dinh Ifu tdi cac van de chfnh tri ndi bat thi chfnh sach cam dao cua Minh Menh hoan toan la dieu dc hieu, xuii't phat tU nhu can gid vUng chu quyen dan tdc cung nhu sU ben vUng cila vUdng trieu nha Nguyen Tuy nhien trong khi thi hiinh chfnh sach cam dao de nham miac dfeh tren day, Minh Menh dtl mac phai sai ham khdng tach biet ciic quan he tdn giao vc'ii chfnh tri - van btia - phiip luat dil ddng nhat giiia cac miit dd Sai liim hdn hi khdng phiin biet giua ilm tnu'u thu doan Itii dung ton giiio liim hi bin xiim lUtic cua the luc thiic diin vdi the lilc giiio si cd nluln quan biet lap ve viin hda vdi ddng diio quan chung nhan diin bi loi keo Itii dung day giao diin vilo triing thai quay lUng lai vdi dan tdc Minh Menh ciing nhU cac dng vua trieu Nguyen dil khdng khdn kheo lao thdi cd mdi den Id Cdng giiio dc cai each, duy tiin dat nu'dc thdi can diii ma lai bien
nd thanh nguyen cd dc thiic diin lay dd him mim che am mUu xiim lUcic chia re diin tdc Sue miinh ndi liic cua diin tdc vi the bi suy guim vii triicil diu theo hUdng ngay cting yeu the ket quii khdng chdng
dd dUtJc hoa xiim liing
2.2 C h i n h sach doi vdi ton giao,
t i n ngu'dng t r u y e n t h o n g
a Chinh sdch doi vcfi Phiit gido
Nhu tren da ndi chfnh sdch tiii de cao doc tdn Nho giiio lam cd't tuy cua ddi sdng
tu tudng tinh than dUcic dinh hUdng tU Gia Long na\' dUdc Minh Menh xac liip cac nguyen tac cd ban va dUa vao thilc thi huan dieu Nho giao vdi tfnh chat kep tdn giao-chfnh tri Luc diiu dng thiic thi sach lUtic han che Phiit giiio vii ciic tfn ngUdng
8 Dal Nam Tliifc luc chinh hien Tap 21 N.xb
KHXH 1966 tr 247
9 Ngtiyen 'Viin Kiem Xiiiig quanh Minh Mam; tap
trung cdc gido si thira sai Au Chdii ve Hue Tap chi Nghien cim Tim gido so 2/2004 tr 37 - 45
10 Diin theo lliin TiT)ng Kim \'iei Nam sir liri/c
Qll Bo Giiio tluc (Siii Gon) IVting tfim Hpc lieu 197Ltr227
Trang 722 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 12 - 2009
khac NhUng diin dii IrUdc thuc lien
truyen bii Cdng guit) uy hiep chu quyen
Vii vUdng quyen nen dng cd sii' thay ddi
chfnh Siich tdn guio
Mot mat, Mmh Menh tin hiinh chfnh
sach cam dao ddi vdi Cdng giiio de giU
vUng dn dinh chfnh tri - xii hoi, mat khac
nha vua cung hudng tdi ciic tdn giao, lin
ngUdng truyen thd'ng de lam dd'i trong vdi
Cdng giiio trUde thUc tien khi dd, nhai la
chu Irtmg cluin chfnh Phiil guio,
Tii dia vi la quti'c giiio dUcii ihdi Ly
-Tran, sang thdi cudi Le diiu Nguyen,
Phat giao da khdng cdn tim thay chd
ddng chinh thiic trong trieu dinh nUa nen
da hda quyen vao ddi sd'ng diin gian, anh
xa viio trong van hda cong ddng lang xil,
kt'o theo sii ra ddi ciia hiing van ngdi
chua diiy sUc sd'ng Tuy nhien vi nhieu li
de, xa bdi khung hoang hay suy thoiii
mdt bo phan Phat tii giai doan cudi Le
dau Nguyen da bi tha hda trd ihanh mot
lUc lUtJng cau cung, me tin, hoiic Icii diing
nhii chua de trdn nghia vu nen budi dau
Gia Long va Minh Menh da him che lUc
luting nay do tinh thiin vi ddi ciia Phiit
giiio thdi Ly, Tran khdng cdn diicic Phat
tii xem la li tUcing cuoc sd'ng ma muc tieu
tu hanh chi lii de sieu thoat cd nhan,
Nhiim ngiin chan ciic te liiu nay ciia Phat
giiio, thdi Gia Long tri vi, dii xudng du
(1804): "Giin day cd ke sung dao Phi'it,
xay dilng chiia chien quii cao, lau giic rat
la trang le, diic chuong, td tUcing rat ddi
trang hoang, cimg la lam chay, chay dan,
md hoi, phf ton ve cung Phat nudi sU
khdng the chep bet, de cau phuc bao vien
vdng, de'n ndi tieu hao mau md Vay tii
nay ve sau chua quiin cd dd mil mdi dUcic
tu bd, cdn lilm chua mdi vii Id tUcing due
chuong, dan chay hoi chua, he't thiiy deu
cam Su siii cd ke chiin lu thi If trUdng sd
tai phai ghi rd tfnh danh quiin chi dem
nop cho quan tnin de biet rd sd^'""
Sang thdi Minh Menh ndi ngdi, dan
dan do yeu cau thtic lien nhii vua trilc
tie'p ban siic du de tiuim If chiil che, tinh
hinh Phat guio cd phan dUt3c cai thien tdt
hdn, nen vice diing chua, due chuong dUtJc thuc hien kha phd bie'n tii kmh dd de'n cac tinh Mot sttchua cdng dUtic trieu dinh bao cap quan tiim xiiy dUng lu siia lap le hoi cap lUdng bdng cho cac sU sai phong ihiin cho cac vi cd nhieu cdng hien Trong bai ThU(3ng du ngay 18 thang 10 niim Mmh Menh thd 21 (1840) cd doian:
"Lan nay ve kinh cd Nguyen Giac Ngd, ti-u tri chua Long Sdn Bat Nha, la ngUdi tinh liim lu luyen, tich cd'dii hdn 40 niim Khd hanh cao phong nhu the that rai quy hda Truyen cap cho mot viin himg tiing cang va gia an thUdng cho 20 hang bac, tfing phuc lio quiin viii mtiu mdi thd 5 bd, cho tram dich dUa ve chua cu tru lii Tren Id trinh di qua cac bi.it phiii phiii ngu'di ho tdng de dUdng di dUdc an toiin
tdt Acp Lai truyen cho vien tfnh Phil Yen
xuii't tien cdng mua sam vat lieu, thue dan phu sila sang chua chien ndi Giac Ngd hien dang tru tri cho dUcic quan chiem So' dan phu thue bao nhieu ngiidi truyen cap cho mdi ngUdi thang 4 quan tien va mot vudng gao de chung vui vc; liim sdm hoan thanh cdng viec Sau khi xong cii viec khai tieu Kham thil""'^'
Cd the If giiii trUdc linh hinh Irt'-'n diiy, Minh Menh da xem xet lai chfnh sach dtYi vtii Phat giiio tim tlul'y nhUng yeu td tfch ciic bill ngudn tii Phat giiio ve phu'ting ihUc tri nUdc nhU thdi Ly - Triin - Hau Le
dii tUng khai that: nhung \6\ the til Tam
giiio ddng nguyen Minh Menh sai diing chiia Hdng Nhan dai thien tU trong hoang cung, chua Linh HUu, chua Giac Long, sUa chua Long Quang, Cd the tha'y
Id day cac vua nha Nguyen dac biet quan tiim xiiy dilng, trimg tu eac ngdi qudc tU
de nhii vua, trieu tiinh td chile diin chay, cau cung Tu lieu IhU tich da cho thii'y khdng ft bin Minh Menh td chiic lap dim chay cung le d ciic chua
Niim 1820 (Minh Menh mim diiu lit-'u)
11 Dili Nam Thuc luc chinh hien Ti'p 3 Nxb Sir
htpc HaNoi, 1963.tr 167
12 Cluin ban trieu Nguyen Chir bo niia, Q 79, Li
Kim Hoa bien dich, tr 81 - 83
Trang 8p 6 Thi Hoa Hoi, Phan Tlii 'Iliu Hang Chinh sdch ciia Minh Menh 23
Viio tilling 6 linh Hil T\m tinh VTnb
T h a n h , tfnh Dinh TUdng benh dich lan
trim Tfnh Quiing Binh (Juiing Tri, Nghe
An, T h a n h Hda hiu khdng cd mUa Hoiing
de sai cac ntii sd lai ciiu tliio, lap dan chay
N a m 1824 ( M m h Mt)nh mim ihU 5),
tinh Gia Dinh nUdc sdng NgUu Chii bdng
" k h o a n g mUdi d a m Irong l a n g mot miiu,
mui ngc)t n h u dUdng" M i n h M e n h cho dd
la trdi cho, ha bdi ddt: H o a n g T h e td Cao
H o a n g de ddc siing s u a nen dUtic trdi biio
ilng cho diem ttl't Nhii v u a dii cho xuii't
tien k h o ra m u a viing hUdng de q u a n
c h u a n hi hip diin kfnh te
Niim 1825 ( M m h Mtinb luiin ihU 6),
vua lenh cho cac q u a n vita d a t dan le
theo le ngbi Nho giiio, vita dat dim chay
phd do d chUa T h i e n Mu de tUdng nhd ciic
tudng sT cd cdng p h u Nguyen
N a m 1826 (Minh Menh mim t h u 7):
T h a n h Gia Dinh vii ciic l i n h lU Quiing
Binh den Binh Thuiin cd tai dich Nhii
vua dii ha lenh liii) diin nbUdng dao d
Kinh t h a n h ciing c h u a n bi thiet diin d
ngoai tluanb k h i e n ciic ijuan deu ciiu phuc
cho triim ho
Niim 1827 ( M m h Menh mim ihU 8)
triin N a m D i n h cd siiu im Ida linn hai
q u a n t n i n dem viec i)himg t a u n h a vua
xuci'ng chi dt,i cbt) thiol dim nhUting diit)
cac pliii h u y e n sti tai vi k h d n g sdm biio
ni'n bi guing chile
Dieu chu y lit dutii trieu Minh M e n h
sU cai td vii chii'n chinh t r o n g sinh htiiit
P h a t giao l)ieu hien rd nhii't lii viec Nhii
nudc caj) do dicip cho tiing si do Bd Le lbi
h a n h Ciing t r o n g giai doini nay, viec
phiin d i n h chiic siic cho tiing si dUtic thiic
hien mot ciich rd r a n g hcin T h d n g qua dd
dudi iricu Minh M("'nh dii hinh thiinh
them mtit ehdc siic mdi cho tiing si la
chile T a n g c a n g Td ehdc dim chay cung
dUcic d u n g len va keo dai n h i e u ngiiy d
cac ngdi tiuilc tU Cd t h e ntii n h u n g chfnh
Siich dtii vdi Phiit giiio ciia M m h Mtinh dii
gdp phiin chii'n c h i n b liu t i n h b i n h Phiit
giiio c u n g nhu' (in d i n h hu Iriit tii xii htii
chU k h d n g phiii hi ddi xU limh nhiit hay biii xfch Phiil giiio Nhd the, trudc het vi' l)hU(ing then vim hda Phiil guio clut'li trieu N g u y e n dii de lai melt sd t h a n h tpui
d a n g ghi nhim ve vim hda P h a t giat), kie'n true, nil t h u a t qua viec tijo dUng, t r u n g lu cac ngdi c h u a dudi thdi nay, gdp phiin cimg cd' td diim net doc dao cua biin siic viin hda I n e u Nguyi'^n Miic du chfnh sach ddi vcii Phitt giao nhii viiy viin cdn bii't cap Tuy n h i e n xet ve phiidng dien niio
dd, sii dieu chfnh chfnh siich cua Minh
M e n h ndi rieng, trieu Nguyen ndi c h u n g ddi vdi P h a t giiio n h u viiy cd the xem nhii mtit giiii phiip dd dn dinh chfnh tri - xil hdi Irong bdi ciinh cd nhUng cang thimg chinb tri - xii hdi, mot chfnh siit~h dt"' lii'>' lai sti ciin biing nbUng bUc xuc ve tiim If cua thtii miy d a n g cd chieu hUdng gia tiing
b Chinh sdch df)i vdi Dao gido vd cdc loai hinh tin ngiidng truyen thong khde
Miic du y h u d n g doc ton, de cao Nhd giiio cd tii Gia Long vii Minh Menh lit ngUdi dd k h u d n che dinh cho y tUdng miy, nhUng Phiit giiio, Dao giao vii ciic tfn ngUdng t r u y e n t h d n g khiic viin chid'm giU mtit vi trf n h a i dinh trong ddi sting vim hda linh Ihiin cua ngudi Viet Dieu niiv dUtic the hien rd net thdng t]ua chfnh Siich chii'n chinh i)hiil trien Dao guit) va ciic loiii hinh tfn ngUdng tru>'en thdng dudi thdi Iri vi cua Minh Vltitih
Dao giiio ve miit ki phUting di Ihuiit,
da cd d T r u n g Qu(')'c tU thdi thucing cd vdi ciic h i n h t h d c nbU: doim mdng, xem bdi, cung quy, ddng bdng, ciiu lien, cbUii hi'iih
b a n g b u a p h e p , luyen thud'c trUdng sinh, v.v Dudi cac t r i e u dai p h o n g kien Viet
N a m , de'n thdi Le-Nguyen, mac du Nho giiio diin ddn ehie'm vi trf q u a n trong nhUng Dao giiio viin t h i n h Irong diin gian, thiim chf a n h hUcing diim cii trong vUdng hint, quy ltic Thdi cudi Le thiu
N g u y e n , Nho giiio trd thiinh qudc giiio, ngd n h u Id'n lil Diio giiit), st)ng lrt>n thuc
te, giUa cluing hu cd sii vay mucin, ft cd sii'
x u n g (lot, hien tUdng nlui Nho kii'iu ph;ip
Trang 924 Nghien ciiu Ton giao So 12-2009
sU, kiem n h a phUdng t h u a t k h a p h d bie'n
S a n g thdi N g u y e n , c h e do p h o n g kie'n lai
sa vao cuoc k h i i n g h o a n g n g h i e m t r o n g ,
khdi n g h i a n d n g diin lien tiep b u n g nd, de
bao ve q u y e n luc vUdng t r i e u , luc d a u
c u n g vdi chfnh s a c h de cao N h o giao la
chu trUdng vdi P h a t giao, Dao giao bi b a n
che bdi cac chi d u c u a n h a v u a , nhUng
trUdc n h u cau ciia q u a n c h u n g va ke ea
vUdng tdn quy loc, chfnh s a c h ciia M i n h
M e n h cd sU t h a y ddi
N a m 1832 (Minh M e n h niim thU 13)
n h a n le dUng c h u a Khai TUdng ngil xem
d a n chay d c h u a T h i e n M u M i n h M e n h
bao q u a n h a u : " N h a P h a p d u n g t h a n hoc
de day ddi cdn dao K h d n g chi day l u a n
thUdng lii mdn d u n g h a n g ngay song
c h u n g quy deu day ngu'di t a l a m dieu
t h i e n m a thdi Sinh r a t r o n g vdng trdi
n e n liim dieu t h i e n t r a n h dieu tic Ddi vdi
dao P h a t day biing t h u y e t boa p h u c bao
iing ta k h d n g n e n nhii't thdi cho la di
doan Moi viec k h u y e n ngUdi lam t h i e n
cila n h a P h a p d a u t h a n h n h a n ciing
k h d n g t h e bd di"'"
N d m 1833 (niim M i n h M e n h niim thU
14): miia h a t h a n g 4 k i n h ki k h d n g cd
mUa, cac q u a n cau dao nhUng k h d n g
dUtJcVi the' n h a v u a thie't d a n T a m T h a n
d Ngo Mdn, p h a i H o a n g tii c u n g cac
dUdng q u a n t r o n g s a u bd k i e n t h a n h ki
dao, S a u dd trdi dUcic mUa ldn, n h a v u a
len dien T r u n g Hda, ddt bUdng k h a n vai
N a m 1840 (Minh Menh nam t h d 21)
t h a n g 10 trong kinh ki khdng t^d mUa n h a
vua chf du cho q u a n T a m phap phai t h a n h
h' binh nguc va thUdng d trong cung dd't
hUdng m a t diio dat d a n T a m than, khien
cac q u a n t a n t h a n h cau nguyen
M a c du t r o n g 10 h u a n dieu M i n h
M e n h cd n h a e den viec bin trii a n h
hUdng cua D a o giiio va cac thU me tfn di
d o a n ki phUdng di t h u a t nhUng Dao
giao v a n a n s a u viio tfn ngUdng n h a n
d a n N h U n g tU t u d n g tfn ngUdng D a o
giao k h d n g h o a n l o a n tii nUde ngoai
t r u y e n viio m a cd sdn p h a n ldn d n h a n
d a n Viet N a m t r o n g lieh sil Vi t h e D a o
giao ciing vdi P h a t giao c h a n g n h i i n g
k h d n g bi N h o giao d a y lui m a t r a i lai cii vUdn len va t o n tai l a u b e n b a t c h a p moi
sU c a m d o a n c u a n h a v u a vil t r i e u dinh
n e n d a n d a v u a ed sil t h d a h i e p vdi hai tdn giao niiy T h a m chf M i n h M e n h cdn sil d u n g k h a i n i e m "Vd vi" va "Hiiu vi"
vdn dUtJc x e m la ciia D a o giao de ndi ve
d a o t r i nUdc ciia m i n h Q u a n t r i e t tU tUcfng "trUde p h a i vd vi s a u mdi dU(3c hUu vi" M i n h M e n h d a dich c h u y e n tU
t u d n g t r i e t hoc ay t h a n h phUdng c h a m
t r i nUde "trUdc p h a i s i e n g n a n g s a u mdi dUdc hUdng t h u " T r o n g Idi du q u a n
T h a m t r i Bd H i n h Ngd D i n h Gidi Minh
M e n h cho r a n g : " T r a m d a n g do tudi t r e
cd s a n g s u d t ve t i n h t h a n , m a n h me ve siic lUc n d n t r a m h a n g c h a m lo viec
t r i e u chfnh P h a m viec gi ciing k h d n g
m u d n de c h a m t r e , vi le trUdc p h a i sieng
n a n g , s a u mdi bUcing t h u " " " D a y c h a n g phiii la M i n h M e n h c h i u a n h hUdng tU lUdng ciia cac n h a D a o giao T r u n g Qudc
la Lao Tii va T r a n g Tii dd sao?
C a n g ve s a u , khi tU tUdng Nho giao
c a n g td ra b a t Iilc t r o n g cdng cuoc on dinh
n h a n t a m n h i i m n g a n c h a n sU t r u y e n ba Cdng giao, M m h M e n h c h u y dieu chinh chfnh s a c h dd'i vdi D a o giao ciing n h u
P h a t giao va cac loai b i n h tfn ngUdng
t r u y e n thd'ng NhU vay O n g da cd mot su
cd g a n g n h a t d i n h de gdp p h a n cung cd' giU gin b a n sac viin h d a d a n toe, tU t r a n g
bi mot t h d "vu khf t i n h t h a n " cho n h a n
d a n c h d n g xiim lUcic ve v a n hda"''''
13 Trin Van Giau (1973) Sir phdt tricii ciia tiftidmg Viet Nam tir the ki XIX den ccich mang thdng Tcim ndm 1945 tap 1 Nxb KHXH, Hit Noi tr 505
14 Le SI Thang Licli sd iir tirdng \'ict Nam tiip 2
Nxb KHXH Ha Npi 1997 If 74
15 .Xin xein then ciic biii viei tren Tap chi Nghien cim Toil giiui giin day nhu:
- Tii Quoc KMnli (2(X)8) Nhci Nguyen vdi vii-c tiwig tu Chiia Thap phin tiicn Phiit gido flue.wa sd 9 tr 20 - 25
- Nguydn Ngoc Quynh (2007) Tluii di> irng \i( ciia trieu Nguyen rdi Pluii gido qua 'Khdm Dinh Dqi Nam hpi dien siric " so 11 tr 30 - 37
- Tran Dang Sinh (2008) Mot sii chinh nich cua ciu vua ddu iric^ii Nguyen ctdi viri tin nguc'mg thir than d Icing \ii Bed Ba so 8, tr 20 - 24 ^^
Trang 10D6 Thi Hoa H6i, Phan Thi ITiu Hang Chinh sdch ciia Minh Menh 25
3 Mpt so y nghia lieh sd cua chinh
sdch ton gido thai Minh Menh
Cd t h e ndi c h i n b s a c h cua M i n h M e n h
ddi vdi tdn giao trUdc b e t n h ^ m d a p Ung
n h d n g yeu cilu thUc tien lieh sii diit r a luc
bay gid De xiiy d u n g mot nhii niidc phong
kien c h u y e n che t a p tjuyen t h d n g n h a t ve
moi m a t M i n h M e n h chii trUdng de cao
Nho giao vii dUa nd len vi trf doc tdn Liia
chon t r e n diiy ciia n h a v u a t h e hien y
h u d n g bao ve dtlc lap chu tiu>'en diin tdc
ciing n h u vUdng vi cxxa trieu diii t r o n g bdi
canh sU b a n h trUdng x a m lUcic cua t h e lUc
thuc d a n PhUdng T a y d a n g p h a t trien
m a n h me t r e n t h e gidi
Luc diiu ddi vdi cac tdn giao khiic nhU
P h a t giao Dao giiio ve h i n h thUc la cam
doan song t r e n tbilc t e ' v a n chiem giU mot
vi trf nha't d i n h t r o n g xa hdi t h a m chi
cdn a n h bUdng tdi t a n g Idp q u a n lai t r o n g
trieu dinh va t r o n g moi liing Idp n h a n
dan nen chfnh siich ciia M m h Menh cd sU
dieu chinh de q u a n If cluit che n a n g cao
uy t h e t^ila vUdng t r i e u dn d i n h Idng
ngUdi Rieng dtli vcii Cdng giao bi ciim
doan n g a i ngheo dt) t r e n thUc te nd dil bi
sii d u n g cho muc dfeh xiim nbaj) cua chu
nghia thilc diin PhUdng Tay Bi gd bd
trong n h a n tjuan N h o gitio t h i e u sU phiin
tach M m h M e n h cho riing Cdng giiio lien
q u a n c h a t che vdi bon xilm lUcic PhUdng
Tay de doa trUc tie'p de'n trieu dinh va
da't nUdc; nd xa la vdi v a n hda biin dia
lam suy giiim dia vi va iinh hiidng ciia
Nho guio t r o n g xii hoi lilm t h a hda con
ngUdi, vi vay phtii biii trU loai bd C h u n g
tdi ciing ddng t i n h vdi sU phiin tfch cac
b a n che cua c h i n b s a c h ve tdn giiio da
dUdc gidi n g h i e n cUu cbi rd t r o n g ciic cdng
t r i n h dii n e u Tuy nhien can chii y t h e m
r a n g vdi vi the' triich n h i e m cua melt dng
vua t r o n g dat nUdc dUcic xiiy d u n g theo
md b i n h t a p q u y e n c h u y e n che ihi chfnh
sach tdn gitio ciia M i n h M e n h t r e n dily la
mot p h a n ilng tii ve chU k h d n g the' coi
chfnh sach dd boiin loan ha cue doan sai
lam T r o n g chiing mUc n a o dd n h a vua
vSn sii d u n g P h a t giao vii Dao giiio n h d m
phiic vu cho cdng cude tri vi dat nudc
c u n g n h u de tiing cUdng sUc m a n h tinh
t h a n cua n h a n d a n tru'dc nbUng nguy cd xam lutic den tii c h u nghia thiic d a n PhUdng T a y nhUng hieu qua r a sao c&n phai xem xet t r o n g t h u c le Hdn t h e , giUa luc cac nUdc l a n g gieng Viet N a m deu bi chu n g h i a thiic diin PhUdng Tay xam lUtic n h i e u ndi dii bi t h d n g tri ddi stich cua M i n h M e n h ddi vdi cac tdn giao tfn ngUdng t r u y e n t h d n g trong dd cd Phiit giiio Dao giao cdn chUa nhieu an y siiu Stic Ciin ndi t h e m n i n g cd the hieu do cdn
ha y thUc khiing dinh m a n h me btin siic van hda d a n tdc trUdc sii du n h a p cua ciic yeu id van hda PhUdng Tiiy ma trUdc het
la sU du n h a p ciia Cdng giiio Giai doiin ntiy, Cdng gitio da k h d n g bdi n h a p viio nen viin hda diin tdc ngUtic lai cdn chii trUdng Cdng giao hda van hda Viet N a m
T h a m chi chfnh siich nity cua Giiio hoi Cdng giao cdn giin lien vdi chfnh sach ddng hda d a n tdc Viet N a m cila chu nghia thiic d a n do sU ca'u ke't chat che gida Gitio hdi vcii t h e lilc thilc diin thdi ki nay Diiy
111 mot t r o n g n h d n g nguyt'n do thuc dily Gia Long thi hiinh chfnh siich hai nuit tldi vdi Cdng guio .Mmh Mtinh sau miy
Cling y thilc m a n h me ve vii'n (\Q miy nt"m
chfnh sach ton giiio cua dng tU phUOng dien van hda cd t h e thti'y cung cbfnh Iti
de khdi day btin sac viin hda t r u y e n thdng cila diin toe trUdc sU du n h a p cua van hda PhUdng Tay Tuy r a n g dd lit sii phiin Ung
bi ddng bd' tiic k h d n g dap Ung dUtic yeu ciiu p h a t t r i e n d a n tdc va dti khien tiem liic diit nUdc suy giam
N h u vay, t r o n g dieu kien lieh sU k h a c h
q u a n thdi b a y gid chi'nb sach cua Minh
M e n h ddi vdi cac tdn giao t r e n day khdng chi h o a n l o a n la thie'u sdt, b a n che h a y ctic doan, sai liim m a nd cdn cd nbUng y nghia nha't d i n h ddi vdi mot da't nu'dc dUclc xa>' diing theo md h i n h l a p tjuyen
c h u y e n che C h u n g tdi mong mudn r a n g
q u a biii viet nay se gdp p h a n cho vice diinh gili lai vUdng tric'u Nguyen cung
n h u trieu dai Minh M()nh trong tien t r i n h phiil trien cua lieh sU dim ltic./