v i n de ddt ra la thg trudc kia dyng nhd cho ngudi Dao Ao ddi. Hp Id ngudi Dao, Viet hay thupc tpc khac? Qua tai lipu, ngdi nhd ciia nhieu tpc thieu so nudc ta cd dau an ban tay cua[r]
Trang 1Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd'3 - 2011 13
NHA Of CUA NGl/Ofl DAO AO DAI TINH HA GIANG
(Ket cau ky thuat va nhung yeu to vat chat lien quan den viec dung nha)
PHAM MINH P H O C
Rgudi Dao Ao dai cdn cd ten gpi
khac nhu Dao Lan Tiln, Dao Tuyln la mpt
trong nhirng nhdm dia phuong tpc ngudi
Dao Theo sd lieu Tdng dieu tra dan sd va
nha d ngay 1/4/2009, ngudi Dao d nudc ta
cd 751.067 ngudi, cu trii chii ylu tai cac tinh
mien mii phia Bac, trong do ddng nhat d tinh
Ha Giang, vdi 109.708 ngudi, chilm 15,1%
dan sd cua tinh
Cho den nay, van hoa Dao ndi chung
da thu hiit kha nhieu nha khoa hpc de tam
nghien ciiu, song van de nha d ciia tpc ngudi
nay van cdn it dugc chii y Rieng nha d cua
r ^ ^
nhdm Dao Ao dai mdi chi de cap budc dau
trong mdt sd ft cdng trinh nhu Nhd a co
truyen ciia cdc ddn tpc Viet Nam (Nguyen
Khdc Tung, 1994), Nhd a ciia nguai Dao
xua vd nay (Nguyen Khac Tung, 1996) va
Vdn hoa truyin thong nguai Dao a Hd
Giang [Pham Quang Hoan, Himg Dinh Quy
(Chii bien), 1999] Trong khi d hdu hit cac
nhdm Dao thudng tdn tai mot loai hinh nha,
ngudi Dao Ao dai d tinh Ha Giang hien vdn
d ca nha san va nha nen dat Tai cac huyen
vimg cao mii da nhu Quan Ba, Yen Minh
ddng bao d loai nha dit trinh tudng, mai lap
cd gianh, nhung d cac huyen Vi Xuyen,
Hoang Su Phi, Bdc Quang va Quang Binh
hp lai sdng trong nhiing ngdi nha san, mai
Igp la cp Bai vilt nay chi dl cap tdi kit cdu
ky thuat va nhung ylu td vat chdt lien quan
din viec dung hai loai hinh nhd cua nhdm Dao Ao dai d tinh Ha Giang
L Ket cau ky thuat va each thurc dung nhd
1.1 Ket cdu nhd sdn
Nha san cua ngudi Dao Ao dai thudng cd 3 gian chinh, 2 chdi phu d 2 dau hdi, mdi ehai rpng gan 2 gian Tuy vay, hp khdng tinh quy md ngdi nha baiig sd gian
ma tinh bang sd cdt chfnh, chang han nha
4 cpt, nha 8 cpt, 12 cdt Ve hinh thiic, nha
cd dang hinh chii nhat hay chii nhat nhung gdn vudng Trong dd, gian giiia - noi dat ban thd, bao gid ciing rdng hon cac gian khac Bdi ddng bao tin rang, gian giira la gian thd Cling, tire noi "ma d" nen can phdi thdng thoang va rdng rai hon thi mdi nhan dugc sy
bao hd ciia ma ban thd {jdng hu)
r r 1.1.1 Ket cdu VI keo
Qua khao sat cho thay, cau tao vi keo cua nha san kha da dang Nhiing ngdi nha dugc dung khoang 50 nam trd ve trudc thudng cd kieu vi keo 4 cdt (2 cdt cai va 2 cpt quan), cpng them 2 cpt trdn va 1 cpt chdng ndc dat tren cau dau, vdi nhieu xa ngang Rieng 2 thanh keo dugc bd ngoam mdc dp vao nhau d dau mdi thanh, rdi dat vao cac ngoam d dau cac cpt Cac vi keo dugc lien ket nhau bdi he thdng dam dpc xuyen qua nhieu
vi tri tren than cac cpt theo kieu mdng tron
Trang 214 Pham Minh PhOc Chdng han nhu cau true vi kdo ngdi nhd sdn
cua dng Ddng Vdn Ndng, 62 tuoi trong ndm
2009, d thdn Tham Vc, xa Cao Bo, huy?n Vj
Xuyen Day Id mpt trong so nhii-ng ngoi
nha cd nhat d Tham Vc cdn sdt lai den nay,
vdi ly do gia dinh nay ngheo, chua the
dirng dugc nha mdi (xem Hinh ve 1 va 2)
Khi dugc phdng vin, dng Ndng ndi: "Ngoi nhd dugc dyng tir ddi dng npi cua tdi, me toi nay hon 90 tuoi, khi vl ldm dau me tdi dd thay
cd sdn ngdi nha nay roi" Theo nhieu ngudi gid trong thdn Tham Vd, nhd cua dng Ndng la mpt trong nhung ngdi nha cd cua ngudi Dao
Ao ddi d x3 Cao Bd, huyen Vi Xuyen
Hinh vc I Vi keo ngoai ciing (dau hoi) nhd dng Dang Vdn Ndng Cau dau {nghi heng phdng) ^ ^ J:§^y chong ndc (dinh ddn)
Keo {biing ma)
Qua giang {chdu hen^
Got trdn {dinh thdy)
Cdt quan
{b ghieu kien]
Xaganh
{cd diim phdng)
Dam ngang
{cd ldng chuiing) Cdt cdi {b ghieu nil)
Ty le: 0 1 2m
Hinh ve 2 Vi keo gian giira nha dng Ddng Vdn Ndng
Xa ddn (cd diim clam)
Xa nach (cd diim sdt)
Ty le: 0 1 2m
Trang 3Tgp clii Ddn tpc ligc sd 3 - 2011 15
Dang vi keo d hiu hit cac ngdi nha
dung tir 50 nam din 10 nam trd lai day cd
khd nhilu cpt va xa Trong do, kha phd biln
la dang vi keo cd 2 cot cai, 2 cpt quan, 1 cpt
hien {thdm jam), 1 cdt trdn hien {tiing jam);
qua giang va cau diu diu Id xa kep Cd thl
liy vi du vi keo nha dng Dang Van Chau,
40 tudi, d thdn Tham Ve, xa Cao Bd, huyen
Vi Xuyen (xem Hinh ve 3) Ngdi nha nay
dugc bd dng Chau dyng nam 1960, cd kilu
vi kep thay kha phd bien d nhirng ngdi nhd
dugc lam trong nhiing nam 60 - 80 cua thl
ky trudc
Dudi day la loai vi keo hien dang nhu mpt "mdt" mdi dugc thinh hanh d nhieu dia phuong, do ngudi Dao Ao ddi sang tdc tir nhu cau tham my bdi rimg khan hiem gd tdt, dya tren co sd cac dang vi keo cu ket hgp vdi kieu vi keo nha ngudi Tdy, ngudi Viet
Cu the, hp thay cac thanh xd ddi xien tir dau den cudi nha bdng cac doan xd ndi nhau qua cac cdt theo kilu mdng that mang ca Cd the
r \
lay vf dy ve vi keo nhd dng Ly Van Kien,
r
mdt trong sd thg mdc chuyen nghiep d thdn Tham Ve (xem Hinh ve 4), chinh dng da dp dyng khi dyng nhieu ngdi nhd d cdc thdn trong xa Cao Bd va nhieu xa khdc cd ngudi Dao Ao dai d huyen Vi Xuyen
Kinh ve 5 Vi keo giiia nhd dng Dang Van Chdu
Tungjdm
Thdm jam
Ty le: Q \ ?m Hinh ve 4 Vi keo nhd dng Ly Van Kien Dinh {thdy heng)
Xandi
{Heng tau)
T,% 1A
e:Q L — 2 m
Trang 416 Phgm Minh Phuc
1.1.2 Kit cdu sdn, vdch vd mdi 1.2 Kitc&u nhd ddt
Sdn nhd truyin thong cling nhu hipn Diem khdc bi?t so vdi nha sdn la tai diu cd 2 ldp Trudc kia, ldp dudi ldm trong kit ciu nhd dit, ben canh bp khung cpt bdng nhCrng cay viu trdi diu tren cdc thanh vd kdo bdng g5, xuong mdi bdng tre go, cdn
> * ^
dam ngang, ldp tren bdng gidt tre {lau vien) cd them tudng trinh xung quanh nhd Tudng
dap giap bo banh trdi vudng gdc vdi Idp dit khdng chi cd tdc dung kin gid, giii cho dudi, lien kit vdi Idp dudi bang lat bupc ngdi nhd im dp hon vao miia ddng mdt me Hien nay, da so nhd cd ldp dudi la nhO'ng vdo he, md cdn la bp phan ciing vdi bp thanh go to bdng ban tay, day 3 4cm, tren khung chdng dd mdi nhd
Nhd dat thudng cd 3 gian vdi dau hoi bit ddc, trong dd gian giira rpng hon
dd rdi van Xua kia, giiia sdn nhd cd mpt
thanh go ddi gpi Id pung sdng, chay dpc sdt
mdp 2 bip trong nhd, nay do hau hit sdn
, , ^ ^i - 5c ' -> ^- on AX- Bp khung nhd ddt cd vd hao hao gidng bo
cdc nha deu trai go van rpng tdi 80cm, ddi * e e v
7 8m nen khdng cin din Xh^nhpung sdng ^^^""8 ^"^ "8^' "^^ ^^" '^^^g ^°^ 8'^*^
Thyc ra, trong kit ciu sdn kilu cu, thanh ^°^- T^X "hien, trong nha ngudi ta chu yeu
pang sdng khdng cd tdc dung trg luc hay ^'"^ ^^^^ ^ "^" ^^^' ^ ^ 8^<^ >^ ^' ':^^ X^" ^^
lien kit dl sdn chdc hon, chi ldm chirc ^^"^ ^^ ^hua luong thyc va dd dac Bdi
nang phan dinh khdng gian ngdi nhd thdnh ^^X' "g^o'i ^a khong quan tam ldm din viec
2 phin: tren vd dudi, tiic lien quan din td ^hau chudt bp khung nhd sao cho dep mdt
chiirc khdng gian sinh hoat trong nha theo ^o* ^^^ vi kdo, cd 2 loai phd bien, trudc
truyin thdng Dd la, phin tren rdng hon, d hit Id dang 4 cdt, tron 1 cot quan, dim phfa trudc cd bdn thd; phin dudi hep hon, ngang, xd kep; tiep den la loai gdm 4 cpt va
cd 2 khudn bep gidp thanh piing sdng nhu 1 cdt trdn chdng ndc ddt len qud giang
da ndi Lien ket giQra cdc cpt ngoai bd xd ngang
Gidng nhu sdn, vdch nhd trudc day ^^P "'^^ " ^^ "^^^ (''^"^ ^'"^ ^^ ^ "^ 6)-bung bdng viu dap giap bd banh hodc phen ^^ '"^^ ^'^"^ ^^^ 'X *^" ^^ c^c bp phan niira dan kilu ldng ddi Hien nay, rit it nha ^^^^ "ha cua nhdm Dao Ac dai d loai
cdn bung kilu nay ma chuyin sang bung ^^"^ "^d dit chu ylu dugc gpi theo tilng van gd Nhirng nha hien cdn bung vach Q " ^ ^^^- ^ ^ ^di vl ten cac bp phan do thudng nghdo, chua cd dilu kien thay thl ^ ^ 8 ^i^ng Dao Ac dai, nhimg ngudi ldn Nhirng thay ddi ve vat lieu cdn thiy d phin ^^oi, ke ca nhieu thg dung nha ky cuu deu mai nhd Nlu trudc kia ddn tay, rui, md diu lung tung, khong bilt nen gpi nhu thl ndo bdng tre, lien kit vdi nhau bdng lat bupc thi Vi v$y, rit cd thl bp khung nha nen dit cua nay la bd ddn tay, rui, md bdng go, lien kit ngudi Dao Ao dai d cac huyen vung cao bang ddng dinh; nhirng mai nha la cp, cd phia Bdc Hd Giang hiSn nay da anh hudng gianh cung it din di, dugc thay thl bdng tir ngudi Han hoae nhirng tpc ngudi bilt nhd Igp ngdi viy be tdng hodc tim Igp ndi tilng Quan Hda sinh sdng d noi bien cdng nghiep giai Viet Nam Trung Qudc (?)
Trang 5Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc so'3 - 2011 17
Hau het cac ngdi nha nln dit, bat
ke loai vi kdo cua ngudi Dao Ao ddi d cdc
dia ban tren diu cd tudng dit trinh din tan
thanh kdo dk chia sd luc dd mdi Tudng
dang dugc trinh sat ben ngoai hang cpt
cdi phia trudc, chi danh mpt khoang tir tudng
ddng din hang cpt ngodi cung lam hien Doi vdi hai dau hoi, sau khi tudng dugc trinh cao bdng tudng hau, vd trinh giat cap,
thu din len theo kilu hinh chdp dk che kfn hdi nhd, ddng thdi lam nhiem vu do cdc
ddn tay
Hinh ve 5 Vi kdo nha dng Ly Dai Ngdn, 64 tudi, ngudi Dao Ao ddi d thdn Tnic Son,
xa Qudn Ba, huypn Qudn Ba
Kdo {biing ma)
Cdt quan {lira chii)
Dim ngang {phdng pha)
Cdt hien {xd chu)
Ty le: 0 1 2m
Hinh ve 6 Vi kdo nhd dng Ly Td Quiy, 63 tudi, thdn Limg Mudi,
xa Quylt Tien, huyen Qudn Ba
Kdo {bung ma)
Cdt cai {chung chii) Tudng dat {ly siing)
Cdt hien {xd chu)
Trang 618 Phgm Minh Phuc
1.3 Cdch thiic dung nhd nudc dk bupc Thudng cd 3 loai lat vdi dp
^ i , , ,, , , , , , , , ; ddi ddy mdng khdc nhau d l bupc md vao rui,
De hoan thanh mpt ngoi nhd phdi J & v , , ; J « u - X ^ux.- rui vdo ddn tay va ddn tay vao kdo
qua nhieu cong doan tuy thupc vdo thdi •' •'
gian, nhan lyc va khd ndng kinh tl ciia moi Sau khi dye mgng vd chi biln gS
gia dinh Doi vdi ngudi Dao Ao ddi d Hd thdnh cdc ciu kipn cua bd khung nhd, gia
Giang, thudng mit vai ba ndm dk chuin bj chu mdi nhd anh em trong thdn di chdt viu
cac dieu kien vat chit Trong dd, cdng vipc lam rui, chd thanh md Theo ngudi Dao Ao
quan trpng gin nhu mang tfnh quylt dinh Id ddi, Idm md tdt nhit la cay dien {ldu viin), vi
tim cay go, chat ngd vd xe lam cpt, keo, qua tre ndy than trdn, to, ddi, de che, khdng mpt
giang, cac loai dim, van thung Cdc cdng Ben canh dd, hp cung chuan bi vat Ii?u lop
viec nay do chu gia dinh, chii ylu ngudi mdi Tai nhQng viing lap nha bdng cd gianh,
ddn dng ddm nhiem Tir khi di sdn, hdi lam hang ndm trudc khi dung nhd, chii nhd deu
thd sdn hodc cd viec phai vdo rirng hp da de nhd hdng xdm di cdt gianh, phoi khd roi
y din nhO'ng cay go cd the chdt ve ldm nhd, gdnh ve ddnh thdnh timg tam Cdn nhung
rdi ddnh ddu sd hiiu Sau vu mua, chinh noi Igp nhd bdng la cp, trudc liic dyng nha
nhirng ddn dng d cdc gia dinh trong thdn mdt thang, chu nhd cung nhd dan thdn di
ddi cdng nhau di chat cay, xd go chudn bi chat la cp d vudn rimg nha minh hodc vay
dan cac nguyen vat lieu ldm nhd Khi da xd mugn tir vudn rimg nha khdc, xep thanh
du sd lugng gd dy kien can dung, ddng thdi tung dong dgi dam bay ngay cho Id khd bdt
cung chuan bi xong khd ndng kinh te, gia nudc mdi gdnh \ I tap kit gin \i tri ldm nha
r r ^
dinh tien hdnh chon dat Idm nhd mdi bdng r^j , , , , ^x i j«- L'
• , ^ Doi vol bp phan Dao Ao dai o nha
cdch bdi gao Ho td chiic nhan luc trong x *«., i • i • ^i *, , , •
, , , • ^ nen dat, khi chuan bi day du cac loai thdn theo kieu ddi cdng de cung ddo vd san
nen nhd mdi, rieng nhO'ng ngudi trai trang
thi vdo rimg giiip van chuyen gd ve tap kit
tai dja diem dinh dyng nhd Ngay sau dd,
chu nha nhd thg ca ddnh myc vdo go, cho
nhdm thg ldng giiip due mdng, chi biln go
nguyen \at lieu vira ke, hp chua tien hdnh dyng nha nga> md phdi nhd mpi ngudi giiip trinh tudng cao len khoang 2m mdi dung bo khung cpt, rdi tiep tuc trinh tudng din khi hodn chinh thi lap kdo, ddn tay, rui me va
, , , ^ , , , , , «, Igp Rieng sd Dao Ao dai d nha san, ho co
thanh cpt nha, xa, keo Neu de lau, gd qua ,, i , , , , , • , , i L- '
, , ^ ,, , ,, ^ the dyng nha ngay khi vua chuan bi xong
kho se kho lam
cac nguyen vat lifu ciing nhu nen nha
Trong luc di rung chat cay, xd go nlu Trudc hit hp dyng bp khung cpt nhd, sau
thay song, may ngudi ta cung khai thdc vd dd ldp kdo, lam mdi va lap Tilp din Id ldp
tranh thu chd thanh lat bd len gdc bip hdng bip trong nha, cdn viec bung vach cd the
khd tai lan nghi trong ru'ng, dgi khi xd xong tiln hanh din vl sau, khdng cin phai hoan
gd thi mang cd gd va lat vl nhd Rieng phu chinh trudc khi vao nha mdi Bdi vi ngudi
nu, mdi lan di rung nlu thiy song, may hp Dao Ao ddi cd cau: A nhdng ay peo, pd
cung liy vl chd, tich tru tren gdc bip Khi nhdng vdy, cd nghia la mpt nam lam nha, ba
lam nhd, hp mdi liy cac cudn lat dd ngam nam lam vach
Trang 7Tgp clii Ddn tpc hgc so 3 - 2011 19
2 Cac yeu to vat chat lien quan
den viec dyng nha
2.1 Cdc loai nguyen vat lieu va
cdch khai thdc
Ngudi Dao Ao ddi tuy cd 2 loai hinli
nha nhung deu diing cdc vat lieu thao mdc
de xay dung nhu go, tre, may song, la cp, cd
gianh la nhOng thii tuong doi sdn cd tai noi
cu trii ciia hp Bat ke loai hinh nhd, kliung
deu dugc ldm tir go, mdi cd sudn chii yeu tre
mia, Igp la cp hay gianh, vdch bung bdng
phen tre dap giap hodc van gd Trong dilu
kien hien nay, da phan cac ngdi nhd dugc
bung bang van go, mai Igp ngdi be tdng hay
tam Igp cdng nghiep
NhOng loai cay gd dugc ngudi Dao
Ao ddi ua thich khai thdc de ldm nhd gdm cd
ddi {tung kiem ydng), sen {cd sin ydng), xoan
dat {ngodng thdm ydng), nghien {bd nghien
ydng), tau {tea la) va sdi {ba sdy ydng) Day
Id cdc loai gd tdt, dugc dimg de lam cdt vd
cac xd chiu luc, kdo Nhiing loai gd chi dimg
ldm cdc bd phan it chiu luc hon nhu mdt sd
xd, cau phong, li-td gdm cd: phay {ba hung
ydng), cdo {ngodng co), sang {ba cldu ydng),
kim giao (pe thdu ydng), chd nau {tii clii
ydng), mat trau {ngodng tdm ydng), mdt loai
md {con tanh ydng), phay {menh kieng
ydng), de {cd ddy ydng), vai {ma siu) Tuy
vay, loai gd ma ngudi Dao Ao ddi sdng d
vimg mii dat ua dung lam nha sdn van Id gd
ddi Theo dng Ly Van Kien, ngudi Dao Ao
dai d thdn Tham Vd, lam nhd bang gd ddi Id
tdt nhit vi go khdng qua cung, dl xe, ldm
dugc mpi thii, kl ca cpt, xa, van bung, lai
khdng bi mpt Trudng hgp khdng tim dugc
go ddi, hp mdi dimg loai go khac Vi vay,
moi khi di rimg gap dugc cay ddi to nhung
chua cd dilu kien khai thac ngay, ngudi ta
danh dau sd hun bdng each dimg dao chdm hai vet cheo nhau vdo than cay Nhin thay cay gd da ddnh dau, mpi ngudi trong viing deu ty gidc tdn trpng Rieng nhO'ng ngudi Dao Ao dai d viing cao nui da lai thfch gd nghien vd soi dl dyng nhd Tuy nhien, do khai thac nhieu, d Ha Giang hien nay chi cdn mpt lugng it cay ddi, sdi, nghien lau nien d cdc khu rimg gid, cdch cdc thdn ban khd xa Bdi vay, de tiet kiem thdi gian di lai
tu nha den noi lay go, mdi lan di chat hay xe
gd, hp thudng d lai rirng khodng 3 4 ngdy lien Moi khi di chat hay xe go thudng cd ft nhdt hai ngudi de trg giiip nhau neu gap sy
cd bat thudng giira rimg NhOng ngudi di khai thdc gd chii yeu la nam thanh nien hodc ddn dng khoe manh va hp lam ddi cdng cho nhau, tiic chuyen ndy xe cho ngudi nay, chuyen sau xe cho ngudi khac trong nhdm
Tim dugc cay go ung y, trudc khi dimg riu ha, ngudi ta thudng phat quang khu vyc xung quanh cay gd vdi bdn kfnh 4 5m
vd quan sat dia hinh de chpn mdt hudng thfch hgp cho cay dd, thuan tien nhat cho viec xd gd sau nay Ngudi ta cdn tim chat mdt sd cay cd dudng kinh khoang 20cm, ldm
da ngang do cay go dd, trdnh cay dd bep xudng dat, gay khd khan cho viec cua xe gd Khi ddn ha cay, mudn cho cay dd ve phia ndo, hp chat phfa do trudc, khi chat dugc 2/3 thi chuyen sang chat phfa sau, d vi tri cao hon vet chat trudc khoang 20 25cm
Thdi diem khai thdc nguyen lieu thudng vdo mua khd, liic ndng nhan Md diu chat cay gd phdi tranh ngay trdng sang vd la ngay tdt Theo quan niem cua ngudi dan dia phuang, ngay dd khdng triing ngdy chit ciia ngudi than trong nhd, kieng cac ngdy 4 (4, 14, 24) la nhung "ngay thdi", kieng cac
Trang 820 Pham Minh Phiic
ngay 7 (7, 17, 27) bdi tin rdng 7 di 8 khdng
vl {nhl Vinh zgt ma lau), kieng cdc ngdy 9
(9, 19, 29) nhO-ng "ngay chd" Khi diln dd
d thdn 5 Nam Ai (Nam Son, Hoang Su Phi),
dng Dang Kim Lugng nay 58 tuoi vd mpt so
cy gia Dao Ao dai d dd cho bilt rdng, each
day gin 80 ndm, dng Ddng Dau Biu, mpt
ngudi dan trong lang khdng kieng ngdy 7, di
phdt nuong vd bj chit vi cay do vdo ngudi
Day nhu mdt dan chung ve viec phdi kieng
ngay 7 khdng di chat cay
Ngudi Dao do ddi cdn cd tap qudn,
trudc khi chat cay phai quan sat xem cay cd
diu hieu bit thudng khdng Hp khdng liy
nhOng cay dang thay la vi sg phuc khdng
din vdi gia dinh Hp cung khdng chpn cay bi
set ddnh, gay ngpn, chet khd, bi sau due vi
cho rang dem nhung cay nay ve ldm nha, ma
se theo ve quay qua Khi dien da d thdn
Tham Vd (Cao Bo, Vi Xuyen), ngudi dan d
day ke rdng, vao ndm 1995, anh Ddng Van
Chau chat cay gay ngpn de lam ldn nghi d
khu rudng bac thang cua gia dinh, chi mdt
thang sau khi lan hoan thdnh thi bi gid thdi
tung mai, lam do ldn, vang khdi vi tri dung
hon 10m, do dac gdm ndi nieu, xoong chdo
va cdc cdng cu lao ddng cung bi vdng tii
tung, nhung 3 cai bat vdng ra lat ngira vd xep
thdnh hang ngang, each deu nhau d tren bd
rudng nhu each xep bdt ciing tren ban thd
Khi di len khu rudng, gia dinh thiy cdnh
tugng dd rat sg va trd vl ldng nhd thiy bdi
xem nguyen nhan la do khdng dl y, da chat
cay bi set ddnh lam cpt lan Bdi vay, ngudi
r ^^
Dao Ao ddi d thdn Tham Vd lai cang tin vao
cdc kieng ky khi di khai thac tre, go ma cha
dng hp da truyen day
Khi da ha cay gd, ngudi ta cua bd
phin ngpn, xd dpc than thdnh nhilu mdnh
khdc nhau tuy myc dich sir dyng Dl thyc hipn mpt dudng xd cin cd hai ngudi Cdng cu gom cd chile cua ludi ngang ty rdn hodc mua
d chg NhQng tim go mdi xd dugc phoi kho tren cdc thanh dd ke cao hon mdt dat khoang
Im Thdng thudng, nlu khai thdc vdo ndm trudc thi miia khd ndm sau chii go nhd nhOng ngudi khod manh trong thdn van chuyin go
vl nhd Cd thl ndi, vipc van chuyin ton khd nhilu sue, nhQng cho dudng len doc ngudi ta phdi khieng, khi xuong doc hp lao go, 6 nhung doan dudng bdng thi dimg siic keo cua ngudi hodc trdu Ddi vdi loai gd tap, ngudi Dao Ao ddi hien nay da quan tam ngdm nudc
dk trdnh mpt do tilp thu tir tdc ngudi khdc
khoang 20 ndm trd lai day Nghien cuu cho thdy, ngudi Dao Ao dai tuy nam dugc ky thuat ngam go tuong ddi tdt nhung cdc bd go ciia hp thudng chi dim xudng nudc bdng cdch
r
dat dd ndng dd len, it dugc dim sau xuong bim nhu d ngudi Viet, tham chi cd ngudi con
de gd ndi tren mat nudc
Gidng nhu go, cdc loai cay hp tre nhu
tre gai {ldu zirm) mai {ldu md), vau {ldu bdu), mia {ldu de), dien {ldu vien) dugc ngudi
Dao Ao ddi sir dung khdng chi lam nhd ma cdn lam leu, lan d rudng nuong, rdo vudn Bdi vay, ngudi ta khai thac tre nua bit ke vao thdi gian nao, tuy nhien tre nua dl lam nha thudng chat lay vao mua khd trong nhung ngdy khdng trdng de tranh bi mgt
Rieng ngudi Dao Ao ddi d nai vimg cao mii da Ha Giang, ngoai cac loai nguyen lieu thdo mdc, hp cdn dimg dat de trinh tudng Dit nay dugc khai thac bdng xa beeng, cuoc va thudng, rdi van chuyen ve noi trinh tudng nhd Nhin chung, viec lay dat khdng qua khd khan, song khdng phdi loai dat nao cQng trinh dugc Theo ngudi Dao Ao
Trang 9Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'3 - 2011 21_
dai, dat tdt la loai mau vdng pha vdi mgt it xa Phuong Thien cung huyen da nhin thiy
da nhd khac nhau v l kich thudc nhung dd ngudi Tdy dimg cua xd gd, vl nhd dng bat
khdng to qua mdt nam tay Loai dit nay chudc rdn ra ludi cua dau tien d thdn nay
trinh tudng chdc, khi khd it bi mit thdnh ranh Luc dd khdng chi d Tham Vd md cdc thdn
to, nlu bi nut cung, vdi vit nhd Tuy vay, khdc trong xa Cao Bd diu chua cd cua, ai
ddng bdo vdn thfch lay dat d nhiing cho gan muon xd cpt nhd phdi thue cua dng Ddnh vdi
vi tri dyng nhd de do tdn cdng vdn chuyin, gid bac trdng trd theo thda thudn tuy thudc
r
tham chi dimg dat thira dugc dao tir phia dp mdn cua ludi cua da do tir trudc hodc
r \ r \
ta-luy duong khi dao dap nen nhd thue 1 hdo bac trang/ngdy Khi dien da tai
11 r^^ J- II ' I ' - huyen Qudn Ba vd Hodng Su Phi, nhOng
2.2 Cong cu dung khai thac nguyen , ' ^ , , r
,.^ , , ' ngudi Dao Ao ddi d day ke rdng, ho biet
lieu va dumg nha ^ , •^ , , '
dimg chiec cua xd va cua cdt tir dau nhOng
Tir khai thdc nguyen lieu din khi ^^ gQ thl ky trudc, khi cdc anh bd dpi dudi
dyng hodn chinh mdt ngdi nhd, ngudi Dao ^udi len dimg cua xd gd dk dyng ldn trai
Ao ddi dimg nhieu loai cdng cu lao ddng, x^j^c 45^ ngudi Dao Ao ddi tuy da lam nhd
song hiu hit diu thupc loai da ndng nhu riu b^ng cdt hop vudng, nhung dk cd dugc
ipdu), dao {zii), dao qudm {zii ngdu), cua nhd nhOng cdt iy hg dimg riu bd vdo than cay da
{zdu kien), cua xd 2 ngudi keo {zdu cat), due chat ha tren rimg, rdi chem nem gd vao vit
vudng {heng ddng thu), due bat {thu pen), nut, dimg biia ddnh vao nem, dgi than cay gd
bdo {tiing pgo), bdo ranh {phdng zdo pao), tir tir tdch ra thdnh ranh rpng vd sau hon, rdi
thudc gd theo gang hodc theo sdi {trach), lai nem vd danh din khi dugc cdc mdnh
hop day ddnh muc {mac tau) Trong dd, nhu y D I 4 mat cdt nhdn, phdng, hp dimg
•\ 1 r t r
cdng cu chuyen dung can phdi ke den la nu vd dao de deo Hien nay ngudi Dao Ao
chile riu vira dimg chat cay, bd tao ranh dpc ddi chii yeu mua cua d chg, mdt sd gia dinh
than cay dl chem nem, rdi dimg biia ta gd cdn mua dugc cua may de len rimg xd go
{ban zdy) bd phd banh Day Id loai riu cd cdn thue cho nhOng hg cd nhu cdu khai thdc gd
go trdn ddi 60 70cm, dudng kinh khodng dung nha Khoang 3 0 - 4 0 nam trd lai day,
3 3,5cm; ludi bdng sdt, hinh chO: nhat, dugc ngudi Dao Ao dai bdt diu sir dung cdc loai
dap vat 2 ben khi rdn tao ludi rdi mdi vd tdi due con, due bat, bdo, thudc gdc
cho sdc Dao qudm la cdng cu da nang nhit, ^^ ^^ ^x^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^x^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
gdm 2 phin: can bdng gd trdn, dudng kinh ^^^ ^ g ^ ^ ^^^ j^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^x^
khoang 2,5 - 3cm, dai khoang 20 25cm; ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^g^ ^^^^ ^ ^ | ^^ ^^^^^^
ludi thep ddi khoang 30 35cm, mui dugc ^x^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ g ^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^ g
udn cong 90 dg khudn trinh {sinh pen), chdy gia {sinh cd did),
Ddi vdi ngudi Dao Ao dai, that khd bay {tiing pan) dk vd va vudt tudng cho nhdn
bilt chinh xac thdi dilm xuit hien chile cua Khudn trinh lam tir gd de {cd ddy ydng) vira
{zdu cat) Theo tai lieu diln da d thdn Tham dai va nhe nen dl di chuyin va chiu dugc dp
Vd, nd mdi cd each day khoang 40 nam Khi lyc cua tudng dit khi trinh Chay va bay trinh
do, dng Ban Van Ddnh, nay da 85 tudi, la tudng dugc lam tir cdc loai gd nang va chdc
mdt thg rdn cd tilng d Tham Vd, khi di qua nhu gd sdi {td kiet ydng)
Trang 1022 Pham Minh Phuc
2.3 Tha dung nhd
v i n de ddt ra la thg trudc kia dyng
nhd cho ngudi Dao Ao ddi Hp Id ngudi Dao,
Viet hay thupc tpc khac? Qua tai lipu, ngdi
nhd ciia nhieu tpc thieu so nudc ta cd dau an
ban tay cua ngudi thg Viet, nhung din nay
van chua cd thdng tin vl ngudi Viet dung
nha cho ngudi Dao Ao dai d Hd Giang Tai
thdn True Son, xa Qudn Ba, huyen Qudn Ba,
khi thao luan vdi cac dng Ly Dai Ngan (64
tuoi), Ly Dai Minh (66 tuoi) va Ly Sin Ddn
(64 tuoi) cho thiy, trudc ndm 1960 nhd cira
cua ngudi Dao Ao ddi d day cung nhu noi
khdc diu tam bg, theo kilu nhd nen dat hodc
nira san nira dit, mdi Igp gianh, vdch bung
mia dap giap bd banh Nhd khi dd da trinh
tudng nhung thip vd kin xung quanh ciing
bp khung vdi kilu kit ciu vi kdo nhu bay
gid Bk cd kilu nhd d Triic Son hien nay,
cung la kieu nhd phd bien cua ngudi Dao Ao
dai d cdc huyen viing cao Bdc Ha Giang, hp
da hpc tir Lao Hd, mpt ngudi Han di cu tir
Trung Qudc den lam an rdi lay vg ngudi
Nimg vd sdng dinh cu tai ban Nd Vien, xa
Qudn Ba, huyen Qudn Ba Chfnh Lao Hd la
ngudi thg khac tdc dau tien giiip ngudi Dao
Ao dai dung nhd theo kieu ndy Ong Ly Dai
Ngdn khdng dinh khi ke lai rang nhd cua dng
chinh Id 1 trong 2 ngdi nhd dau tien dugc
Lao Hd giup thiet ke va dyng khdng lay
cdng vdo ndm 1960 Cd chuyen nay Id vi khi
dd dng Ngdn ldm ke todn Hgp tdc xa, da
giiip Lao Hd hodn tat cdc thii tuc khai bao
vdi chinh quyen dia phuong dk dugc sinh
sdng d Viet Nam Tu: dd, nhilu ngudi Dao
Ao dai bat chudc, hpc each lam nhd theo
kieu ndy Din nay, ky thuat lam nha dit
trinh tudng vdi bd khung vi kdo cpt da trd
nen quen thudc, va tit ca cdc ngdi nhd trong
thdn deu do thg ngudi Dao Ao dai ty lam
Diln dd tai cdc xa Quylt Tien (Quan B^), Cao Bd (Vj Xuyen), ngudi dan cho bilt them, gin day thg ngudi Dao Ao ddi cdn tu dyng nhd cho ba con ngudi Dao tren co sd bdt chudc k5^ thuat dung nhd cua nhilu tpc khdc nhu Viet, Niing (xa Quylt Tiln), Tdy (xd Cao Bd)
Mdc dii nhd ciia ngudi Dao Ao ddi do chfnh thg cua hp ty dung, nhung trudc day khdng cd nhung hiep thg ngudi Dao chuyen
di dyng nhd cira thue Moi thdn ban ciia hp thudng chi cd mdt vdi ngudi ldm thg Khi
^ • ' '
can nhd thg gia chu mang mpt dieu thuoc
ldo, mpt ddi tien xu {tien kien) den nhd thg ddt vin dk N I U thg ddng y, chii nhd nhd
ngudi tim ngdy tdt rdi mdi thg den danh myc vdo nhung thanh gd, sau dd tim ngudi hang xdm den due mdng giiip Hp tin rdng, neu khdng chpn ngay tdt de ddnh muc, nhiing ngudi den giiip de due nham, ldm hdng gd Ngoai ra, tdi hdm md dau due cpt, gia nhd can md mdt con gd ciing ma Ld Ban
{lii pan man), cau \ i td su nghe mdc giiip
cho viec dung nhd sudn sd, khdng ai due nham lo hay bi tai nan Trir dng thg chinh phu trach ve ky thuat, thg dung nha Id ngudi ddnh myc, cdn nhQng ngudi due cdt, keo cpt
r
dyng nhd la ngudi trong thdn; sau ndy den lugt hp lam nhd, gia chu giiip lai
Mdt sd dia phuong Dao Ao dai hien nay da cd nhQng hiep thg dyng nhd theo kieu bdn chuyen nghiep vdi sd lugng 3 5 ngudi Nghe chinh cua hp vdn la ndng nghiep, nhung den "mua dyng nhd", khi co khach hang hp tap hgp nhau d l nhan khodn phan viec lien quan den mdc, trinh tudng Chang han nhu thdn Tham Vd (Cao Bo,
Vi Xuyen) hien cd tdi 3 hiep thg do cac dng Chang Van Tam (50 tudi), Ly Vdn