Cd the tha'y ring, hau hdt cac edng trinh kidn trric Phat giao d Viet Nam cring thudng sri dung hai mau sic nay (trong eac ngdi chria, ngoai ra cdn sri dyng nhidu trong eac ddn, di[r]
Trang 1NGHg T H U A T RON PHI rnNfi
TRONG KIEN TRUC C f
PHUUNG DONG
D 6 Lfi Cl/ONG
Cdc cung dien eiia vua ehiia phirong BOng xua thudng sii
dung hai mau dd vd vang, bdi theo triet iy phuong Bdng, mdu
vdng trong am duong ngu hdnh dai dien cho phuong vj trung
uong, thudc thd, la ngudn gdc ciia van vat Mdu dd Id hda ehii
ve su rang rd Hai mdu vang, dd the hien noi tdn nghiem tuyet
ddi eiia eac bae Be vuong trung tam thidn ha
1
1 Mau vang va do theo
quan niem triet ly Phat
giao
Cd le khi nhic tdi Phat
giao, mpt trong nhung tdn
giao ldn eua phuang Ddng,
ta lien tudng ngay tdi mau
vang, mpt trong nhimg mau
sic chfnh cua ton giao nay
Ngoai ra ta cdn lien tudng
ngay tdi nhring tda thap nguy
nga trang le mau vang dng,
nhring tupmg Phat ngdi trdn
nhung tda sen mau vang,
nhung vj su, tang khoac ao tu
mau vang, hay nhung chiec
ao ca sa dng anh dd vang kim
tuydn cua Trung Hoa
"Tu nhidu the ky, mpt
kidn thric thien bam rd ret vd
chat hda hpc vo ca da cho
phep cae nha su Phat giao
san xua't dupe nhung chide ca
sa, tien loi, hop ly cd mau vang tuoi sang rye rd lau phai Vay tbi hp da dung chat
gi dd nhupm?" Nhung chide
y vang cd mau sac rieng biet dac thri eua gidi tang si Phat giao chri ydu dupe lam bing loai vai bdng thd nhudm trong mpt dung djch dac biet lay tri gd cay Jak - tieng Viet gpi la cay mil
Theo quan diem cria Ddng phuang, mau vang tupng trung cho tri tue va tinh thuong Nhung ding sau
sy kien vd mau y vang lai an chria mdt nen van hda va ljch
su khae la Theo quan diem Phat giao, viec nhupm y la mdt bieu tuong mang y nghia
vd sy phi mpi y niem tran tuc cua nhring mau sic the gian
Dd la mau cria su bat hoai de
xac djnh cho ngudi pham tuc bidt ring ngudi mac nd khdng gpi nen mdt gia trj nao
vd sy thu hrit trin gian Qua thdi gian, khi gidi tang si din dan djnh cu hin tai mdt tu vien, ngudi ta djnh
ra mpt mau chuan va nhung cau trric rap nd'i cae manh vai
de xac djnh thri bac tu hanh hay tdng phai ma nha su nay tuy thudc
Ngay nay, ngoai sic y vang ma mpi ngudi tha'y d khip noi, cdn cd y mau nau
dd chri ydu dupe cie nha su xua't the an dat mac Khi drie Phat chri truomg tri bd nhung ham mudn Iran luc va dd xudng con dudng Trung dao, anh dao vang cria Ngai da tda sang nhu mau sic thanh thoat eao thuang cria chide y vang
Dac biet trong tu tudng Phat giao, hoa sen dupe tdn quy va chidm vj trf rat quan trpng Bdi vay hlnh anh cua Due Phat ludn gin vdi hlnh anh ngai ngdi tren mdt tda sen vang Tinh thin "cu trin bit nhidm Iran" dd cring chfnh la y nghia cria hoa sen, bidu trung cho nhung gia trj dao drie, sy thuin khidt va thanh thien, sy duy tri va phat tridn cria Phat phap, trf tue, dan den nidt ban Trong cac edng trinh kien trric Phat giao d Viet Nam, sen ludn trd thanh hlnh tupng nghe thual Mpt trong nhring cdng trinh kidn trric lieu bieu liy cam hung tri hoa sen la chria Mpt ept Theo truydn thuydt ngdi chria nay dupe hlnh
Sd 300 |i{|' Thang 6-2009
Trang 2VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T MII^C MCOAI
thanh tri mdt gi^c mdng dai
sen eua vua Ly Thai Tdng
(Cam hutng tiir mdng la cac
loai tim ly nghd thuat cua
cac dan tdc phuong Ddng)
Chria ed hlnh dang hoa sen,
mpc ldn tri hd nude, chi vdi
mdt cdt - mpt cpng sen,
tupng trung sy giac ngp, dat
dupe sy trong sang va giai
thoat dupe brin nho
2 Mau vang va dd trong
kien true tdn giao phuong
Ddng
Ngoai y phuc mau vang
cdn cd nhring cdng trinh kidn
trric mau vang hdt sric ddc
dao Mpt trong nhung cdng
trinh ndi tidng vd su trang Id,
rue rd dupe bidt den dd la
chria Vang - Agko, thap
Shwedagon, dupe dat vang d
Myanma, mpt qude gia ma
Phat giao da truydn den rat
sdm va trd thanh qude giao
Truydn thuydt eho ring Phat
giao da du nhap xri nay tri khi
Phat Thieh Ca cdn sd'ng, hai
dd tu la Tapussa va Bhallika
da mang duoc 8 soi tdc cua Phat vd va hien cac di tfch vSn cdn giri tai cae chua thap
Du lieu dupe xac minh chic chin la cac doan truyen giao thdi vua Asoka da dd'n
Myanma vao TK m TCN
Yangon (hay Rangoon) va vung phu can la trung tam Phit giao ldn cdn giu" lai dupe rat nhieu ddn dai, trong
dd ed thap Shwedagon, ngdi den ldn nha't tai day, toan bd dupe dat vang va trang trf rat nhidu gd, da quy Chu vi eua ngdi thap la 1.420 feet va cao
326 feet Xung quanh cd 64 ddn nhd Truyen thuydt eho ring ddn nay cd hon 2500 nam dupe xay tri thdi Thfch
Ca cdn tai the Do eao
nguydn thriy eua den la 66 feet nhung sau nhieu lin trring tu nd da dat dupe dp eao hien tai
Khdng nhung trong eac cdng trinh kidn true Phat
Thap Luong, nudc CHDNND Lao
giao ed ma ngay nay ngudi ta cdn cho xay dung nhung cdng trinh kien true Phat giao mau vang, cung ri't ddc dao, nhung trdn tinh than phat huy nhung quan nidm
cd Chang ban mdt trong nhting cdng trinh nguy nga trang le nhit xay dyng gan day ndi tidng khip the gidi la Phat dai Dhammakaya Phat dai Dhammakaya dupe kidn tao theo hinh thap trdn theo truydn thdng eua Phat giao Theravada, vdm dinh trdn d trdn gdm cd 300.000 tupng (va 700.000 tupmg cdn lai se dupe tdn trf bdn trong thap) mdi tucmg Phat cao 18 cm, nang khoang 2,5kg, duoc due bang loai ddng pha vang, dupe nung ndng tri 1.200 dp bach phan Cdng viec due tupng Phat nay rat ky cong, duoc ke't hpp tri kidn thric rut tia dupe tri thdi van minh dd ddng Ban Chiang d tinh Udon Thani, Thai Lan C!ac nha khao cd da tun thay mpt pho tupng bang ddng ma ngudi ta tin ring da dupe drie tri hon 5000 nam trude Vdi khf hau Thai Lan, mdt xri am udt vdi lupng mua acid kha nhidu trong nam Ban ky su
da quye't djnh sri dung kim loai titanium va phu mpt ldp vang ben ngoai de bao ve pho tupng chju dung dupe thdi tidt khic nghiet tai xri sd nay trdn dudi 1000 nam
3 Mau vang va dd trong kieii true Kinh thanh Hue
d Viet Nam, Kinh Thanh
Hue eung phin nao dupe xay dung dua trdn nhung anh
S6 300
Thang 6-2009
Trang 3IM^'^ % NGHg T H U A T R 6 N PHI rnNfi
hudng eua kidn true Trung
Hoa Hai mau dd va vang vin
la hai mau chinh ndi bat
trong cae edng trinh kidn
trric cung didn, dien hinh la
kidn true eung dinh Hue, mpt
cPng trinh kidn trric vin cdn
giri dupe kha nguydn ven cho
dd'n nay Day la san pham da
tidp thu va ke thria kidn true
truydn thd'ng Ly, Tran, Ld,
ddng thdi tidp thu tinh hoa
my thuat Trung Hoa nhung
Viet hda mdt each ed y thric
cria cae nghd nhan tri cac
midn Nam Bic quy ty ve xay
dyng Kinh dd, ke ea nhring
ngudi thp gdc Minh Hucmg
Trung Qude va Champa, phri
hpp vdi tam ly ban dja, dem
lai nhung dae trung ban sic
kidn trric Hue
Nam 1802 vua Gia Long
khdi cdng xay dtmg Hoang
thanh va Tri Cam thanh Nam
1805 mdi bit dau xay dyng
Kinh thanh, quy md didn tfch
rit ldn, 520ha, ehu vi 10km
Mdt sd cac kidn true
chfnh d day cung su dung
ngdi vang gidng Tu Cam
Thanh cria Trung Hoa, dien
hinh nhu dien Long An, Thai
Hda, Tri Cam Thanh (Hue'),
Ngp Mon, midu Hoang
Khio
Trdn phuong didn kien
true c6, day la mpt ePng trinh
cd gia trj tham my eao cua
nha Nguydn Kidn trric didn
Long An la mpt tda nha kep,
dang trring thidm diep de, he
thd'ng vl keo Iran vd eua dupe
eham trd tinh td Khdng gian
rpng, cd chidu sau, tao sy
tham nghidm ehung quanh
Mdu vdng vd do tr§n tupng chua Doi, Sdc Trang
tda nha Tda nha tuyet dd'i khdng xay vach ma chi dyng loan cria kfnh de tidp nhan anh sang Dien Long An dupe trang trf hlnh anh va thp van nhidu nhat Npi thit co bay muoi mdt d hpc trang trf theo ldi nha't thi nhit hpa vdi chat lieu dng a can xa eri, nga xuong Dae bidt trdn he thd'ng ban dd trong nha, hai bdn ed hai vach gd, ed 56 chri nho dupe sip xdp hinh bat quai va dring hdi van lidn hoan, ed the dpc thanh 64 bai tho that ngdn va ngu ngdn khae nhau do vua Thidu Trj sang tie Dien Long An la mpt ePng trinh nguy nga trang le va thanh nha bdi nhung ban tay kheo ldo cria cae nghd nhan, dupe xem la mpt cung dien dep nhat d Hue va Viet Nam Vd quan
nidm tham my, CP ban vin sri dung hai mau vang va dd la chfnh Ching ban nhu dien Thai Hda Phan mai sri dyng ngdi vang Ben trong npi that cria cung dien cring dupe sri dung hai mau dd va vang lam hai mau chri dao
The Midu dupe xay dyng trdn mat bing ISOOm^, cring
la tda nha kdp theo kieu trring thidm, trring lucmg nhu Didn Thai Hda Ngdi mau vang, tudng mau dd, each sri dung mau sic trong kidn trric kha gidng vdi Tri Cam Thinh cua Trung Hoa, noi bat giria mpt khPng gian rpng ldn Tidn doanh (nha trude) cd 11 gian va chfnh doanh (nha sau) cd 9 gian Hai doanh ndi lidn vdi nhau bing trin vd cua Tat ca cd ehung mpt doan dudng ma ngan rieng tring that - trie la cring mdt tda nha ma chia ra
4 Mau vang va dd trong cac khdng gian kie'n triic dinh, chua Viet Nam
Cd the tha'y ring, hau hdt cac edng trinh kidn trric Phat giao d Viet Nam cring thudng sri dung hai mau sic nay (trong eac ngdi chria, ngoai ra cdn sri dyng nhidu trong eac ddn, dinh, midu mao) nhu la hai sic mau chfnh de trang trf cho cac khdng gian tam linh Khi dat chan vao bat ky ngdi chria hay dinh, ddn, midu d Viet Nam, nha't la nhring ngdi chria cd, ta thudng cd cam giac thanh tjnh Cam giac nay dupe tao ndn bdi sy kdt hpp hai hda cua nhung sac
Sd300 Thang 6-2009
Trang 4VAN H6A NGHI^ THUAT MWOC MOOAI
mau, nhung chu, nhung hoa
van thdp vang trdn ndn dd
son, dd sim hay dd tram cua
nhung hoanh phi, cau dd'i,
nhung cdt, keo, hay nhung
ban, be thd Mau vang ma,
mau dd son eua son ta kdt
hop eung vdi nhung mau nau
tram, den canh gian, tat ca
hda quydn vao nhau, tdn
nhau tao nen mdt khdng gian
tram mac Cd nhung pho
tucmg dupe hoan loan ma
vang, cd nhung pho tupng
dring son ta diem suyd't ddi
chd, day ldn mau dd hay mau
vang ma cua nhung y phuc
lap lanh
Ngoai nhring cdng trinh
kidn trric Phat giao, ta cdn
tha'y hai mau vang va dd
dupe sri dung rat nhidu trong
cae kidn trric ddn, dinh,
mieu, nha thd hp Chat lieu
de tao ndn hai mau nay
thudng la thdp vang va dd
son ta, ta cd hai mau la mau
dd son va den canh gian, vd
mau vang thi chri ydu la vang
ta dupe lam mdng rdi thdp
ldn, thudng gpi la quy vang
Chi vdi ba mau: dd va vang
lam ehu dao, cdn lai la mau
den canh gian da tao ndn
nhung khdng gian tam linh
lit tdn nghiem, td rd sy tdn
kinh dd'i vdi cac vj thanh
thin, mdt sd vj xua't sri tri
Trung Hoa, mpt sd vj la
nhring vi vua chria, quan,
ludng da ed edng vdi da't
nude, nhan dan Hau het tri
ban, be cho tdi cac hoanh phi
cau dd'i, an hucmg, hay cac
trang phuc eua eac vj thanh
than ddu sri dung hai mau
vang va dd de trang tri Mau den canh gian cung dupe sir dung, nhung hau het dupfc dung kha han che
5 Mau s^c trong hoi hoa trang trf chua Khome Nam
Bo
Ngdi chua Khome d ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long la mdt cdng trinh kien true cd nhidu gia tri ve mat tham my, la khdng gian thieng lidng nhat tap hop kha nang kinh te, chfnh tri, van hda nghd thuat
Ngoai chric nang thda man nhimg nhu cau sinh boat cria ddi sd'ng, ngdi ehua Khome cdn cd kha nang dap ring nhu cau tham my eho nhan dan
Ngdi chria la mdt tap hpp loan ven nha't eua cae yeu td tao hlnh, kdt chat va hd trpr lin nhau trong mpt the thdng nha't
Ddng gdp dung ehua, nudi chria coi nhu mdt khoan ude dam bao hanh phuc cho eupe ddi hidn tai va vinh hang mai sau, bdi vay, ngudi Khome khdng tide edng sric cho nha chria, tat ea vat lieu quy eung vdi sy kheo leo eua ddi tay ddu danh cho chria, vi the ma tu nhidn chria trd thanh trung tam eua phum, sdc
Ngudi Khome la mdt tpc ngudi cd biet tai nghd thuat, vdi mpt ban nang hieu nghidm vd hlnh dang, mdt sy nhay cam ehie chin vd trang trf, mpt khidu tham my hdt sue ddc dao Nghe thuat eham ndi, vdi nhring brie eham sinh ddng trdn nhung canh cria chria Kl'eang (Sdc
Trang), trdn cac ddu hdi chua, trdn cac mi cua cung vdi nghe thuat tupng trdn gdm tucfng than, Phat, ngudi ddng hda vdi than, tuong thu (ran tri ba dd'n chin dau, su tijf, voi ), thd hien rd sy phat trid'n sdm ve tu tudng tham
my cung nhu chat lupng nghe thuat va nghd thuat eham khic, tac tuong cua nhan dan Khome tir bao ddi nay
Nghd thuat kien true Khome d ddng bing sdng Cuu Long cdn luu lai den ngay nay tap trung vao hon
600 ngdi chria cd kinh an hidn dudi eay dria xanh tdt Nhidu ngdi chria cd nidn dai rat sdm nhu: chria Ang, chria Samrdngdk, chria Phudng d Tra Vinh, chria Kl'eang d Sdc Trang cd nidn dai khoang 4 dd'n 6 tram nam trd lai day va nhidu chria cd nidn dai mudn horn dupe xay dyng theo mpt nguydn tie nhat djnh, nhung triy thupc vao didu kien kinh te cua tring phum ma ed sy ldn nhd khae nhau
Trong ngdi chria khPng chi dieu khic - trang lri mdi lam ndi bat ldn tinh than tham my ma hpi hpa cring gdp phan khdng nhd trong tinh than dd
Nhring brie tranh trong chfnh dien dupe lay cam hring tri dd tai Phat thoai, ndi
vd cupc ddi cria drie Phat tri khi sinh ra de'n khi vao cdi nidt ban Ngoai ra cdn ed nhring tfch truyen trong din gian, than thoai nhu: anh
O I Sd 300
Thang 6-2009
Trang 5NGHg THUAT R 6 N PHI rnNin
hung ea Ridmkd, nhung eanh
tridt ly ve cudc ddi, nhring
canh sinh boat trong eupe
sd'ng
Hpi hpa d day ed nhidu
hinh thric khae nhau, nhung
cd thd chia lam hai loai
chinh: Loai tranh truyen ke
the hidn dd tai Phat giao,
than thoai, chidm hau hdt
didn tieh cac mat tudng eua
chinh didn Loai hoa van
trang trf gdm nhring khung
trang trf hinh vudng, hlnh
trdn, hlnh chri nhat, cac hlnh
thidn than, vri nri, rdng rin,
cac loai hoa van Nhung
mdtip nay dupe the hien da
dang va phong phu M ; hdt
cac bfeh hpa trong chria
thudng ve vd dd tai Phat giao,
tieu su drie Phat va cd ghi
chri tring canh mdt Ngoai ra
cdn cd nhung brie tranh phan
anh tridt ly nhan sinh,
nguydn ly nhan qua cria Phat
giao, eho ta tha'y cai nhin
mpc mac cua ngudi Khome
vd cupe ddi, e vu try quan
cring nhu sinh hoat hang
ngay gin lien vdi mpt drie tin
trong sang
Npi dung cac de tai, chri
de deu lay tam diem ca ngpi
sy loan nang, toan didn,
nhring tridt ly tham sau cua
drie Phat Nhung nhan vat
trong trudng ea Riemkd nhu:
Preah Ream, Seda,
Hanuman, Chin, Tidn
bidn thanh nhung mdtfp dpc
dao Vdi loai hoa van trang
trf, thudng lay tri thien nhien
phong phri, nhring dda hoa
sen, hoa reang, hoa mai, cac
la bd dd, hoa eric ddu dupe
the hidn vdi mdt trinh dp eao bang nhring mau sic rye rd
Sy ty do khPng ban chd cae mau, nhung d day chi co 6 mau dupe ehuyen dring Day
la 6 mau ed cua Phat giio va cring tupng trung cho mdi kidp cria Phat Mau xanh lam: ndi vd cupc ddi drie Phat khi cdn la Bd tat da ra tay crin dp chring sinh Mau tring: cd y nghia trong kidp nay Phat cudi voi tring di gay mua cun nan chring sinh
Mau ci vang: tupng trung cho long hi xa khi ma quy mudn an thjt, Phat da rdc thjt
m 'h cho ma quy an Mau dd: la mau mau, ke lai chuydn trong mpt kidp khic Phat da md ngye minh de lay trai lim lam thudc khi me bj rin cin Cudi cring la mau inh Iria: the hien tren la cd la
sy sip xep nam mau tren lien nhau theo hang dpc, mau nay noi ldn mpt kiep cua Phat khi cdn la con thd da hy sinh nhay vao Iria nudng
minh dang cho De Thfch thd
hidn sy bd thf tuyet ddi cria Phat
Ngay nay, cac brie hpa d cac chria Khome hau hdt dupe sua chua hoac ve mdi vdi cac mau nguydn chat ft pha trpn Hp rat thfch sri dyng mau phan quang phdi hop vdi nhau trong tranh, ft dring ldi chuyen sic dp theo
sy chri sic hay trpng tam, nen mau sic trong tranh thudng sac sd Nhin chjng ldi hpi hpa trong chria Khome vin dem lai sy ha'p din, phan anh ea tfnh, tinh
cam cua ngudi ve eung nhu thj hidu tham my cria nhan dan Khome
Cd the noi, trai qua hang the ky, vdi bao nhieu tidp bidn van hda va chfnh trj, cring nhung bidn dpng to ldn cria ljch su, hai mau vang va
dd trong quan niem thim
my, van hda cria ngudi phuang Ddng dudng nhu la mpt net tinh thin dac biet
Nd nhu an vao mau cria ngudi phuang Ddng, dac biet
la ngudi Trung Hoa, ngudi Viet Nam cring mpt sd qud'c gia khae bj anh hudng bdi van hda Trung Hoa Tdi cdn nhd mpt cau ndi cria giio su Dang Quy Khoa ring: "Kha nang cam nhan cria ngudi phuang Ddng vd eac tdng mau ndng, ching ban nhu tdng mau vang hay tdng mau
dd thudng dd hem la cac tdng mau lanh" Tdi cho didu nay
la dring, bdi vl, nhu da tha'y, hau hdt trong cac cdng trinh kidn trric cd cung nhu my thuat cd ddu sri dung tdng mau ndng, ma hai mau chinh thudng dupe sri dung rat nhidu la vang va dd va ed djnh vd mau sic nhu vay hang the ky, vl the ma nd da anh hudng sau vao tam thric cua con ngudi Mac dri cac long mau lanh cring dupe sri dyng, nhung thudng thi rat ban che: mau xanh lam hay mau xanh ngpc thudng dupe trang trf cho Iran nha cria cung that, hay mpt sd nhung
dd dring nhim tao cam giac mit me thu gian j
>•
5
3 (O
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o
Q
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D.L.C !-c
Thang 6-2009
Sd 300 R j l