Hd Chi Minh, ngay tif rat sdm da dua ra quan diem phai gan ket phat trien kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi ngay tif dau va tirng budc thifc hien, coi dd khdng chi la muc tieu ma cdn la d[r]
Trang 1I HOC TAP T A M G J O N G DAO DL/C, TU TLfdNG HO CHI l\/IINH
4 0 nam thi/c hien di chuc cua Chu tich Ho Chi IVlinh
TS Ho Van Chieu
Ti5f thUc tiin ciia mot dSt nU^c ngheo, lac hau, vufa thoat khoi ach
thUc dan vdi nan doi khiing khigp, khi tim nhufng giai phap khac
phuc nhifng hau qua nang nl do, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da dUa ra
nhi!ng quan diim, nhi?ng chinh sach phii hcfp de giai quyet van de
phat trien kinh te ciia Viet Nam va chinh d day, NgUdi da de cap
d6n nhifng tU tifdng tien tign ciia thdi dai Mot trong nhufng trf
trfdng ldn do la phat trien kinh te ben vutng
Suot trong chieu dai cua licii sii, cac nha
idnh te van tacli van de kinh te ra khoi
nhQ'ng van de xa hoi Ngirdi ta coi tang
trirdng kinh te la "sir gia tang san pham hang
hoa va dich vu trong mpt thdi han nhat dinh"
Mai den nhiing nam 80 cua the ky XX, sau
nhu'ng bao dong ve tham hoa moi trirdng va
bat on xa hoi, ngudi ta m6i thay can thiet phai
bo sung "nhiJng npi dung xa hpi vao khai niem
tang trirdng kinh te" Sir phat trien ben vttng
phai dirpc xac dinh cl khai niem ba chieu: ben
viing ve kinh te, ve xa hoi va moi truclng
"Phat trien ben viing la to hop cac hoat dong
CO the giup cai thien dilOc cac dieu kien cho
con ngucii theo each thiic sao cho c6 the duy
tri dUOc Sir cai thien do" (Thaddeus C Trzyna
ThS gidi bSn vSng.H., 2001 tr.33)
I Phat tri^n kinh li gin li§n vdi vin de
xa hgi:
Tii manh dat tan ciing cila sit ngheo doi, Ngirdi
da phat hien ra rang, giai quyet van de kinh te
khong the tach rdi nhiing van de xa hoi Ngudi
cho rang each mang giai phdng dan tpc chinh
la giai phdng lire lu'png san xuat Ngudi viet
"Chung tdi khong chii trirong dau tranh giai
cSp vi mot le tang Idp tti san 'Viet Nam da bi
kinh te thuc dan de nen khdng cat dau len
dilpc, khien cho kinh te 'Viet Nam bi tieu diet,
dan cung tai tan Trai lai, chung toi chu tnrcing
lam cho tii san Viet Nam phat trien Ma chi
cd thdng nhat va dpc lap thi tiT ban Viet Nam
mdi cd the phat trien" (Toan tap, tap 5 tr 169-170) Nhii vay, chi cd gianh du'pc ddc lap mdi
cd the phat trien kinh te Ngay sau khi gianh dupc chinh quyen, Ngutdi da neu ra nhiem vu
"diet giac ddi, diet giac ddt, diet giac ngoai xam" (Hd Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 5, tr 440)
Viec ket hpp nay da the hien day dii quan diem phat trien kinh te vdi tien bd xa hdi
Tiep dd, Ngudi neu ra cac muc tieu cd ban cila cdng cudc kien qudc la; "Lam cho dan
cd an - Lam cho dan cd mac - Lam cho dan
cd chd d - Lam cho dan dUOc hoc hanh"
(Toan tap ,tap 4 tr.l52) 40 nam sau, nhu'ng muc tieu ay lai trd thanh muc tieu thien nien
ky cua nhan loai, bdi vi chung la nen tang cua sir phat trien ben viing
II vIn d l hoi nhap kinh te qu6c t§:
Song tam nhin ciia Nha lanh dao kiet suit Hd Chi Minh khdng chi diing lai d nhiing net khai quat cd ban dd Ngudi hieu rang, mudn dat dudc muc tieu dd, can phai dat nen kinh te Viet Nam trong bdi canh toan cau, nam bat dirpc xu the phat trien ciia thdi dai Tut gdc nhin dd, Ngudi dua ra nhiing chinh sach vd ciing mdi me vao thdi diem bay gid; chinh sach md cUa va hdi nhap qudc te Khi Ngudi neu ra 4 chinh sach idnh te quan trong, Ngudi dac biet luu y den chinh sach "Luu thdng trong ngoai" Ngudi viet; "Ta ra siic khai thac lam thd san de ban cho cac nudc ban va de ta mua nhu'ng thii ta can diing Cac nudc ban
mua nhiing thii ta dUa ra va ban cho ta nhiing hang hda ta chua che tao dUpc Dd la chinh sach mau dich, giup dd lan nhau rat cd lpi cho
kinh ti ta" (Toan tap, tap 7, tr.222) Ngudi da
neu ra chinh sach keu gpi dau tu ngay tif luc mdi gianh dupc chinh quyen Ngudi viet;
"Chung ta hoan nghenh nhiing ngUdi Phap mudn dem tu ban vao xii ta khai thac nhOng ngudn nguyen lieu chua cd ai khai thac Chung ta se mdi nhiing nha chuyen mdn Phap, cQng nhu My, Nga hay Tau den ddng gdp cho chdng ta trong cudc kien thiet qudc gia" (Toan tap, tap 4 tr 79) Ngudi dac biet nhan manh den tu tudng chii dpng hdi nhap quoc te;
"Chung tdi hoan nghenh tu ban Phap va tu ban cac nudc khac that tha cdng tac vdi chung tdi Mdt la de xay dung lai Viet Nam sau ldc bi chien tranh tan pha, hai la de dieu hda vdi kinh
te the gidi va giii gin hda binh" (Toan tap, tap
5 tr 170) Nhu vay tu tudng chiSn lUdc ciia Hd Chi Minh la khdng nhiing gan hpi nhap kinh
tg vdi phat trien kinh te nudc ta, ma cdn gan vdi bao ve hda binh va an ninh qudc gia TU tudng chien lUdc nay da the hien trong thuc te vao thdi ky ddi mdi Nam 2007, Viet Nam trd thanh thanh vien ciia 'WTO Nam 2008, Viet Nam da cd quan he kinh te vdi 186 qudc gia
va khu vuc tren the gidi Tdng vdn dau tu tnic tiSp nudc ngoai vao Viet Nam tii 1988 den
2008 da dat vdn dang ky dSn 163,607.2 ty USD va thuc hien 59,945.5 ty USD (Tdng cue Thdng ke, Nien giam thdng ke 2008 tr.l05 )
III Phat huy siiiG manh npi sinh:
NhUng khdng chi phat huy siic manh ben ngoai, Ngudi ludn ludn nhan manh siic manh ndi sinh NgUdi thUc hien quan diem dd bang chinh sach tu luc canh sinh NgUdi yeu cau toan dan tiSt kiem dS diu tu, phat huy moi tiSm nang sin cd, "khdng de ai khdng si dung nhiing nang luc, tien tai, tri tue, rudng dat, may
mdc ", tiit kiem dS dau tu vao san xuat
Trang 2HOC TAP TAM GUONG D A O Di:/C, lU TJCJNG HO CHI MINH
Ngudi viet; "Tiet kiem cdt de giiip vao tang
gia san xuat" "Tang nang suat lao ddng, tiet
kiem nguyen vat lieu quy den ciing la tiet
kiem vdn NhUng cdn mdt each tiet kiem vdn
niia ma cdng nhan ta cdn it nghT den, dd la lam
cho vdn quy vdng nhanh Biet lam cho vdn
quay vdng nhanh, thi cd it vdn ma dung dUOc
nhieu lan, nen san xuat dUdc nhieu" (Toan tap
T.IO tr.341) De phat huy npi luc lai "phai cd
ke hoach", "phai kheo td chifc", "phai rim
each to chiic cho hdp ly de mdt ngudi cd the
lam viec nhU hai ngudi, mpt ngay cd the lam
viec nhu hai ngay, mpt ddng cd the diing bang
hai ddng" (Toan tap, T.6, tr.486) NgUdi yeu
cau phai diing toan bd tiet kiem dUdc vao cdng
nghe nudc ta (Toan tap, t.6, tr 486) Phai kien
quyet chdng tham nhung NgUdi ndi; "Tham d
la hanh dpng xau xa nhat, tdi ldi de tien nhat
trong xa hpi" (Toan tap t.ll.tr.l 10) Mudn
vay phai nang cao hieu biet ciia dan vi "Quan
tham vi dan dai" NgUdi gpi bpn tham nhiing
la "giac ndi xam" Ngudi nhan manh "Tat ca
mpi ngudi tii tren xudng dudi, trong Chinh
phii va ngoai Chinh phii, dan thudng va can
bd deu phai song trong sach, khdng tham
lam, due khoet cua cdng, an hdi Id, trdm cap,
ai cung phai tdn trpng ldi ich chung" (Toan
tap, tap 5 tr.255,632, 641) Ngudi dac biet
nhan manh den tang nang suat lao ddng bang
tri thiic va ky nang NgUdi viet; "Thd hpc cho
tinh xao", thi ldi nhuan se tang gap 5, gap 10
(Toan tap, tap 5 tr 106) Tii quan diem nay,
Hd Chl Minh dac biet cham lo den dao tao con
ngudi, cham lo den bdi dudng vdn con ngUdi
Sau nay, tii gdc dp khoa hpc kinh te, ngUdi ta
da phat hien nguyen ly gpi la "phan du Solow"
hay tdng nang xuat nhan td (TFP), dieu ma Hd
Chl Minh da dien dat d dang sd khai
IV Phat triln kinh t l va vin d l cong
bang xa hoi:
Hd Chi Minh ciing sdm nhan ra yeu td cdng
bang xa hdi trong sU phat trien ben viing Ly
thuyet cd dien va tan cd dien, dac biet la md
hinh tang trudng chii U ngUdc cua Kurznets
(1955), deu nhan manh bat binh dang xa hdi la
he qua cila tang trudng kinh te Theo
Kurznets, mpt khi xa hdi phat trien tdi mifc
cao nhat djnh thi miic dp bat binh dang se
giam di, liic dd thu nhap va phUc ldi cd xu
hudng dUdc phan phdi lai cdng bang hdn
Nhidu kiem dinh thifc te da bac bd gia thuyet
nay: bat binh dang ve phan phdi thu nhap khdng nhu'ng khdng giam di ma cdn tang len
d miic cao ngay ca d nhieu nen kinh te phat trien nhu My, Anh
Hd Chi Minh, ngay tif rat sdm da dua ra quan diem phai gan ket phat trien kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi ngay tif dau va tirng budc thifc hien, coi dd khdng chi la muc tieu ma cdn la ddng life cila tang trudng kinh te Hd Chi Minh coi viec thtfc hien cdng bang xa hdi la mdt yeu cau biic thiet, va yeu cau dd lai cang birc thiet hdn khi cudc sdng cdn nhieu khd khan Hd Chi Minh can dan; "Trong cdng tac luu thdng phan phdi, cd hai dieu quan trpng ludn ludn nhd:
"Khong SCI thieu, chl sU khong cong bang;
Khong sa ngheo, chi sp long ddn khong yen "
(Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, tap 12 tr 185}
Mat khac, Hd Chi Minh chi ra rang thifc hien cdng bang xa hdi theo nguyen tac ngang bang nhau giiia ngudi va ngUdi trong mdi quan he giiia nghia vu va quyen ldi, giu'a cdng hien va hudng thu Do dd khdng the coi viec thuc hien cdng bang xa hdi nhu la sir cao bang trong ngheo khd NgUdi khang dinh; "Khdng phai chiing ta ham chudng khd hanh va ban cimg Trai lai, chiing ta phan dau hy sinh vi chiing ta mudn xay diing mdt xa hdi ai cung
am no, sung sudng (Toan tap, tap7 tr 568)
NgUdi lai viet; "Binh quan chU nghia la trai vdi chu nghia xa hpi" (Toan tap t 8 tr.386)
Hd Chi Minh cho rang binh dang xa hdi, trudc het la binh dang trong phan phdi, ma d day la phan phdi theo lao ddng The nhung diem xuat phat cila Slf phan phdi dd lai chiia difng sU bat binh dang trong cd hdi, cho nen, ngay tii dau,
Hd Chi Minh da dat van de phan phdi theo lao ddng va theo phiic ldi NgUdi viet; "Ai lam nhieu thi an nhieu, ai lam it thi an it, ai khdng lam thl khdng an, tat nhien trii nhifng ngUdi gia ca, dau yeu va tre con" (Toan tap, tap 8 tr.386) Nhiing ngUdi dd dUdc phan phdi theo quy phuc ldi Ngudi mong mudn;
"Lam cho ngudi ngheo thi du dn
Lam cho ngudi du dn thi khd giau
Ldm cho ngudi khd giau thi gidu them "
De thiic day nhiing budc tien nhu vay, NgUdi chU trUdng phai binh dang giiia cac thanh phan kinh te Khi giai thich chinh sach Cdng, Tu
dSu ldi , NgUdi viSt: "Kinh te qudc doanh la cdng Nd la nln tang va su lanh dao ca nen
kinh ti dan chu mdi Cho nen chung ta phai
ra sure phat trien nd va nhan dan ta phai ung hd
nd Ddi vdi nhiJng ngUdi pha hoai nd, trdm cap ciia cong, khai gian lau thue, thi phai triing tri
Tu la nhiing nhii tu ban dan tdc va kinh te ca nhan cila ndng dan va thii cdng nghe Dd cung
la nhiing luc lUdng can thiet cho cdng cudc xay dung kinh te nudc nha Cho nen Chinh phU cin giiip hp phat trien NhUng hp phai phuc tiing su lanh dao ciia kinh te qudc gia, phai hdp vdi ldi ich cila dai da sd nhan dan (Toan tap t.7 tr 222)
Ngudi cho rang, de dat dUdc cdng bang xa hdi, trUdc het phai dieu hda ldi ich cQa ca nhan va
xa hdi, ldi ich cila cac tang ldp dan cU Ngudi nhSn manh "chlnh sach chii thd deu ldi Ngudi vigt: "Nha tU ban thi khdng khdi bdc lot Nhung Chinh phii chi ngan cam hp bdc lot cdng nhan qua tay Chinh phu bao ve quyen ldi cila cdng nhan Ddng thdi vi ldi ich lau dai, anh chi em lam thd cung de cho chu dUdc sd ldi hdp ly, khdng yeu cau qua mdc
Chii va thd deu tu giac, tu ddng, tang gia san xuat ldi ca ddi ben" (Toan tap t 7 tr.222) Ngudi nhan manh, sU dieu hda ldi ich la dpng life het sufc quan trong trong phat trien kinh te Ngudi viet; "Chu phai ludn nhd rang: neu cdng nhan dil an, dil mac, thi hp mdi du sufc,
du sufc thi hp mdi lam viec tdt
Neu cdng nhan biet rang; hp chang nhiing lam ldi cho chii, ma hp cQng cd mpt phan ldi thi hp
se hang hai lam Vi vay, mudn dUdc viec thi ddi vdi lUdng bdng, nha d, ve sinh va each ddi dai cdng nhan, phai rdng rai, tii te
Lai nen cd nhiing ldp hoc cho thp va con thp Thd hpc cho tinh xao hdn, con thd hpc the cho nhu'ng thd gia ve huu Thd vui ve lam viec thi chQ se ldi gap 5, 10 sd phi tdn dd"
ChQ thd phai nhd rang: Tang gia san xuat chang nhiing cd ldi rieng cho chQ va thd, ma cdn ldi chung cho nen kinh te cQa Td qudc, ldi chung cho toan the ddng bao" (Toan tap t.5 tr.l66) Mai den nhiing nam 90 cua thi ky XX, Bp tieu chuan lao ddng mdi ra ddi, nhUng ngudi ta cd the tim thay trong bp tieu chuin SA 8000 cd day dQ nhiing ldi nhan gui cua ChQ tich Hd Chi Minh ndi tren tu 50 nam trudc
(Xem tiep trang 5)
Trang 3HOC TAP T A M CaONG OAO DL/C, VJ T j d N G HO CHI MINH
mdi vufa qua, chung ta dang xay difng va hoan thien the chl, cd che dam
bao cho nhan dan thifc hien quyln lam chu, tham gia quan ly cac linh
vifc ddi sdng xa hdi va giam sat cac cd quan nha nudc Nha nUdc ay phai
dudc td chQc va hoat ddng theo nguyen tic tap trung dan chQ dudi su
lanh dao cua Dang Cd nhu vay, mdi dam bao cho Nha nudc giii viing
ban chat cQa giai cap cdng nhan, thifc sif la nha nudc cQa dan, do dan
va vi dan Vai trd cQa Dang ddi vdi Nha nUdc khdng phai d uy quyen
va menh lenh, ma d trinh dp, nang life tri tue, trong viec de ra dudng
ldi chinh tri dung dan va boat ddng thuc tien, td chuc thang ldi dudng
Idi cQa Dang, chinh sach, phap luat cQa Nha nude Muc tieu cua ndi
dung cai each hanh chinh dang dUdc cac cd quan nha nudc rao riet
thuc hien cung la nham tdi dich xay dUng he thdng chinh quyen viing
manh, thuc stf la cdng bdc cQa nhan dan
Ke thifa va phat huy thanh qua each mang ma nhan dan ta, dudi su lanh
dao cua Dang da gianh dupc trong the ky 20, budc sang the ky 21, dan
tpc Viet Nam lai tiep tuc lam cho ban be the gidi kham phuc, vi ne bdi
da thifc hien budc dau thanh cdng sif nghiep ddi mdi toan dien dat nUdc,
trong dd cd ddi mdi tU duy kinh te va chinh tri, tu duy xay difng va bao
ve mdt each sau sac Su thanh cdng cQa mdi ke hoach, muc tieu chien
lupe khdng chi nam d chQ trUdng, dudng ldi dung ma cdn la cac bien
phap ehl dao, lanh dao, dieu hanh va thUc thi cu the cQa mpi cap mpi
nganh; su ddng thuan cao, hudng iing tich cue tQ phia quan chung nhan
dan Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, cd the nhan thay tinh each mang ngay d
su manh dan ddi thay phong each lanh dao quan ly, tu duy va phudng
phap td chufc Cach mang la yeu cau tu than Cach mang la ddi mdi
Ddi mdi la cudc each mang tQng phan, tQng budc Trong tien trinh dua
dat nudc di len, nhieu vap vap nay sinh, nhieu yeu kem, khuyet diem
bdc Id, tham ehi da phai tra gia Biet cau thi trong nhan thQc, cd phUdng
phap khac phuc, sQa chiia kip thdi da lam nen nhffng thanh cdng Mdt
Viet Nam vdi sQc sdng mdi, vi the mdi da xuat hien va khang dinh trong
nhffng nam dau the ky 21
Trong ddng chay cua lich sQ dan tdc, da tffng trai qua nhffng budc thang
tram, sif hy sinh, do mau cua hang trieu ngudi Dupc sdng trong hoa
binh, tu do, ddc lap ai cung cam thay tham thia ve mat mat giau y nghia
ay Trach nhiem cQa cac the he hdm nay khdng chi la giff gin truyen
thdng tdt dep ay ma hdn the edn la ke thffa sQc manh gia trj tinh than
ay nhu the nao de dua dan tdc minh sdm thoat khdi "danh sach" cac
nudc ngheo Trong bdi canh kinh te the gidi dang rdi vao vdng khd
khan, khQng hoang, suy thoai lai rat can mpt cupc each mang trong tu
duy va hanh ddng Cung nhu trong bdi canh ljch sff each day hPn 6 thap
ky, chung ta da lam nen cudc each mang ldn, tao bUdc ngoat lich sff
mdi chffa tQng cd tien le trong lich sQ, dffa ca dan tdc tff ngudi nd le
thanh ngudi lam chQ van menh cua minh Chang cd ly do gi de ndi ve
vi the cQa dat nudc minh, vdi nhffng dieu kien hiem cd: thien thdi, dia
ldi, nhan hoa nhff hien nay, chQng ta phai chung sue, quyet tam - ddi mdi
trong phat trien kinh te, dua dat nude bOt pha sanh vai vdi ban be nam
Chau Trong "cai khd Id cai khdn", cai sang tao, ban linh se cd dUdc nlu
chQng ta biet chat Ipc nd trong kinh nghiem truyen thdng dung nudc va
giu nudc On lai ljch sQ.'hpc d qua khu la quy luat cho phat triln bin
vung Trong dd Dang, Nha nUdc va Nhan dan la 3 ylu td khdng thl
thilu dl lam nen nhiing thanh cdng cho su nghiep ddi mdi, cho hdm nay
va ngay mai •
Ho Chi Minh v d i
(Tiep theo trang 3)
Ndi ve viec thffc hien cdng bang xii hdi vdi tff each la mdt yeu td quan trpng cua phat trien ben vffng khdng the khdng nhae tdi chinh sach nhan dao va khoan dung cQa ChQ tich Hd Chi Minh Chinh sach dd la "Lo toan va dam bao nhffng dieu kien sdng cho mpi ngudi trong xa hdi, bat ke thanh phan, vi tri, hoan canh Ddi vdi ngUdi ngheo, lo cdm an ao mac, hpc hanh Ddi vdi ngudi huu san, lo lam sao giup dd hp cd the dem tai nang va nhffng phudng tien de phat trien san xuat, gdp phan kien qudc" (Lich sQ kinh te Viet Nam t.l tr.278) Chinh sach dd la tien de cua ChUdng trinh
An sinh xa hdi sau nay
V Van d l hao ve moi trifdng:
Cudi cung, Hd Chi Minh da dat ra van de bao ve mdi trudng Vao luc sinh thdi cQa Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, van de mdi trudng chua dat ra mpt each bQc xuc Va hien tffdng hieu ffng nha kinh, nhiet dp trai dat tang len cung chua dUdc de cap va nhae tdi Ngudi cung khdng biet den viec khi thai cua trai dat da dat tdi 375 ppm va udc tinh den nam 2100 con sd dd se tang len 990ppm va nhiet dp se tang len them 3,3 dp C so vdi nam 1990 Ngudi cung khdng biet rang "thifc te tinh trang suy thoai rffng ddng gdp khoang 15 - 20% tdng lupng khi thai nha kinh do cac hoat ddng cQa con ngUdi gay ra" va "Quan ly rQng ben vffng cdn la mdt trong 5 ChUdng trinh trpng diem cQa Chien lUdc Lam nghiep giai doan 2006-2010" (TBKTVN 26-8-2009) Ngudi du cam thiy cay xanh la ngudn sinh lUc cQa dat nudc Vao nam 1958, Ngudi phat ddng tet trdng cay va cd gang lam cho nd trd thanh phong tuc tdt dep cQa dan tdc Ngudi viet:
"MUa xudn Id let trdng cdy
De cho ddt nudc cdng ngdy cdng xudn "
28 nam sau dd Chudng trinh Cham lo cho trai dat ra ddi va trdng rifng, bao ve rffng trd thanh mpt ndi dung quan trpng cQa sff phat trien ben viing
40 nam da qua, ke tff ngay Ngudi ra di vinh vien, dat nudc da cd nhieu thay ddi; da ra khdi cudc khQng hoang vao nhffng nam 80,
da thffc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi toan dien Nhieu tff tffdng cQa Ngudi ve phat trien ben viing da trd thanh hien thUc Ngay 17-8
2004, ThQ tudng Chinh phQ da ban hanh Dinh hudng chiln ludc phat trien ben vffng d Viet Nam, trong dd da the hien va phat trien tU tffdng Hd Chi Minh ve phat trien ben vffng Thu nhap binh quan dau ngffdi cua Viet Nam da tang tff 200USD vao nam
1990 len 1028USD vao nam 2008 Ty le ddi ngheo da giam tff 18% vao nam 2004 xudng 13,5% vao nam 2008 (TBKTVN Kinh
tl Viet Nam 2008-2009 tr.75) Chl sd HDI da dat mffc trung binh: 105/177 qudc gia Cdn nhieu thach thQc tren con dffdng tiln tdi mdt "Xa hdi Dan giau, Nffdc manh, Xa hpi Cdng bang Dan chQ, Van minh" Song, chung ta rat tff hao ve nhffng thanh tffu to ldn trong thdi gian qua, xQng dang vdi ldng mong mdi cQa ChQ tich
Hd Chi Minh kinh yeu •