CULTURE OF UNITED STATES

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UNITED STATES

1 Information about 13 original states of US

The original thirteen colonies were Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia

Facts of the Thirteen Colonies

Delaware: 1st state 12-7-1787; Delaware's Blue Hen army (named for their leader's pet fighting Blue Hen rooster) turned away advancing British in initial skirmish with great speed and bravery; the 13-star flag was flown in battle here first

Pennsylvania: means Penn's Woods, named for William Penn; nickname Keystone State because it

is the center of the arch of thirteen colonies; 2nd state 12-12-1787; settled by various religious groups who greatly enhanced colonial life with inventions such as the Conestoga wagon

New Jersey: Land was given to the Governor of the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel for this colony; it would be the site of over 100 battles and skirmishes before the Revolution ended

Georgia: Last colony settled but was 4th to ratify Constitution and become state; named after King George II

Connecticut: 5th to become a state 1788; settled by Puritans from assachusetts; state laws were model for US Constitution; nickname is Constitution State

Massachusetts: Plymouth Rock home; became a state 2-6-1788; once had a carved wooden codfish

on the wall of the State House because codfish were a big state industry

Maryland: Named for Queen Henrietta Maria of England; Known for its valiant army; statehood 28-1788; part of state became Washington D C

4-South Carolina: once part of "Carolana" with NC; nickname Palmetto State because fortress of palms kept British warship away from Charleston harbor in 1776 battle; statehood 5-23-1778

New Hampshire: named for Hampshire County in England; became state 6-21-1788; was heavily explored by both French and English

Virginia: home to four of the first five US presidents, and eventually home to four more; site of 1st permanent settlement in Jamestown 1607

New York: Named for the Duke of York (brother of King Charles II); statehood 7-26-1788; US Congress met here after Revolution

North Carolina: Home of Roanoke Island's Lost Colony; first child born in America was John White's granddaughter Virginia on 8-18-1587; statehood 11-21-1789

Rhode Island: smallest colony and state; not an island, was maybe named for Isle of Rhodes in Aegean Sea; 1st declare independence from England but last of thirteen to become a state because of concerns over being fairly represented in spite of size

1 Virginia (1607) - Established by the London Company

2 New Jersey (1618) - Originally settled by the Dutch, but seized by the English in 1664

3 Massachusetts (1620) - Founded as two colonies: Plymouth Colony (1620), settled by the Pilgrims; and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630), settled by the Puritans They were united in

1691, and annexed Maine, which had been colonized by the New England Council in the 1620's

4 New Hampshire (1622) - Originally part of Maine, then a colony from 1629 until annexed

by Massachusetts, 1641-1643 Became a separate colony again in 1679

5 Pennsylvania (1623) - Originally settled by Dutch and Swedes Came under English control

in the 1664 and was granted to William Penn by Charles II in 1681

6 New York (1624) - Founded as New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company Seized

by the English in 1664 and renamed

7 Maryland (1634) - Granted to Lord Baltimore

8 Connecticut (1635) - Founded by settlers from Massachusetts and other colonies New Haven Colony, founded by settlers from Massachusetts in 1638, annexed to Connecticut in

1662, when the older colony was granted a royal charter

9 Rhode Island (1636) - Settled by two groups from Massachusetts and united in 1644

Chartered by King Charles II in 1663

10 Delaware (1638) - Settled by Swedes; seized by the Dutch in 1655 and by the English in

1664 Granted to William Penn in 1682

11 North Carolina (1653) - Settled by pioneers from other colonies Carolina was separated from Virginia and granted to a private company in 1663; divided into two colonies in 1711 Made a royal providence in 1729

12 South Carolina (1670) - Originally part of Carolina Colony Was separated from North Carolina in 1711, and became a royal providence in 1729

13 Georgia (1733) - Granted to a private company by George II in 1732 and settled a year later

in Savannah

50 states and one district of Columbia

Total area: 9,826,675 sq km (UK: 243,610 sq km; VN: 331,698 km2 dat lien)

Capital city: Washington D.C

Natural Resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, natural gas… The US has the world’s largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world’s total

five-3 History

- Virgina is the first colony

- George Washington is the first supreme commander

- Thomas Jefferson wrote Declaration of Independence in 1776

- Bill of Rights: is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public While originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, most of their provisions have since been applied to the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment, a process known

as incorporation

The Bill of Rights enumerates freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States The Bill was influenced by George Mason's

1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215)

The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence, but was the basis for many Supreme Court decisions of the 20th and 21st centuries One of the first fourteen copies of the Bill of Rights is on public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C

Since the Bill of Rights was adopted more than 200 years ago, only 17 more amendments have been added to the Constitution

3.1 Early America

12,000 years ago: Human lived throughout Americas

1st Americans were from Asia, moving from Alaska toward the mainland

Different groups of people: Hohokam, Adenans, Hopewellians, Anasazi, but all disappeared

The Hopi and Zuni (known as Native Americans) came and prospered

Europeans came: Different groups of explorers came and claimed parts of America their colonies 1492: Christopher Columbus landed on islands in Caribbean Sea

1500s: Spain claimed land in Americas

3.2 Colonial period and the road to Independence

New World divided into 3 regions:

+ Northeast: New England, economy based on timber, finishing, ship building and trade

+ Middle: Industry and agriculture

+ Southern: Mostly farmers

Disagreements btw the royal governors and colonial assemblies

 need for independence

1774: 1st Continental Congress

1775: American Revolution: George Washington leads colonist Continental Army - fight against British rule

1776 July 4th: Thomas Jefferson’s American Declaration of Independence endorsed by Congress

- colonies declare independence

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and

the Pursuit of Happiness”

3.3 Forming a National government

 1783: Britain accepted loss of colonies by virtue of Treaty of Paris

 By 1788: 13 colonies became The United States, a nation of 13 countries

 By 1788: 13 colonies became The United States, a nation of 13 countries

 America bought Louisiana from France in 1803

 By 1837, new states had been created around the Mississippi

 By 1850, Oregon and California became states

 1843: One thousand people traveled to Oregon

 1848: USA wins Texas in the Mexican War

 1849: California gold rush

 1862: A new law gave free land to settlers

 By 1912, all states except Alaska and Hawaii had been created

 1787: Founding Fathers drew up new constitution for United States of America emphasize

the significance of the Constitution It begins with We the People: freedom/ equality The first time in the world: the final power belongs to the citizen of USA The power is divided into 3 branches

 1788: Constitution came into effect

 1775 George Washington was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army

 1789: first president of USA (1789 –1797)

 1791: Bill of Rights guarantees individual freedom

1st amendment: freedom of religion, speech, press, right to assemble and petition

2nd amendment: right to bear arms

3rd amendment: no quartering of soldiers

4th amendment: no unreasonable searches and seizures of persons and property without probable cause

5th amendment: no double jeopardy, right to remain silent…

6th amendment: right to a speedy trial

7th amendment: guarantees a jury trial in civil cases

8th amendment: no excessive bails or fines and no cruel and unusual punishment

3.4 Civil war and post-war reconstruction

Reason: Conflict on slavery

The Battle of Antietam or Battle of Sharpsburg was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign It was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties

The first major battle on Northern soil

The bloodiest single-day battle in American history

23,000 casualties

1865

Civil War Ended, African Americans had more rights

3.5 Growth and transformation

The 19th - 20th century was the century of great inventions and events

3.6 World War I, The Great Depression and World War II

In 1917

The war reached across the Atlantic Ocean to affect the United States

Oct 1929: Collapse of the stock market and economic depression

1932

20% of Americans jobless

1941

• Japan attacked American fleet at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii

• President Franklin Roosevelt: a "day that will live in infamy."

 US declared war on Japan

1945: WWII ended - 50 million deaths

3.7 The Cold War, Korean conflict and Viet Nam

1947 – 1991: Cold War

1950 –1953: US intervened the war between N Korea & S Korea with support from UN

US helped S Vietnam against N Vietnam but withdrew by 1973

3.8 End of the 20th century

1 What was the name to the first set of laws written to govern the first 13 colonies?

-> Constitution

2 What is the name of the first ten amendments to the Constitution?

-> the Bill of Rights

3 What group would not approve the constitution unless it included the Bill of Rights?

-> 10 amendments are bill of rights: basic freedom

However some groups were denied their freedom in the past One of them is the Black The civil war started to end the slavery

4 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness are considered what? -> Natural rights

5 What Enlightenment Thinkers influence the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution?

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during 18th century in which ppl began to change their views on the world and on society The Enlightenment grew larely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17thcenturies

The Enlightenment Principles:

- Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought

- Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith

- Scientific and academic thinking should be based on reasoning, not on Church

The Enlightenment:

- included a number of writers living at different times in various countries

- challenged old ways of thinking

- questioned divine-right of rule

- believed that social reforms were necessary and possible in this life, not just the next

The Enlightenment Thinkers: Voltaire, Thomas Hobbes, Rosseau, John Locke, Montesquieu The American Enlightenment:

- Based on knowledge of classical writings

- Evolved at a time when ppl craved new knowledge and wisdom

- that craving inspired ppl to make new developments in science, religion and politics

- led to America’s independence and the principles of the American Government

- Through enlightenment ideals ppl began to think that a ruler had to be held higher laws Enlightenment Thinkers of the American Revolution: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine

Enlightenment Shapes Independence:

- All men are created equal, that they are endowen by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

- Governments derive their power and authority from”the consent of the governed”

- When any government infringes upon individual’s rights, “it is the Right of the PPL to alter

or abolish it, and to institute new Government”

- Declared the colonies to be “Free and Independent States”

Enlightenment Shapes Government:

- Declaration of Independence - sought to promise personal freedom to all citizens

- New form of government - based on the ppl’s right to have a say

- enlightenment philosophers shaped the making the Constitution

- Montesquieu - the balance of power between 3 branches of government

- Rousseau - the power of democracy and consent of the ppl were in the formation of new government

Enlightenment and the Rise of Democratic Ideas:

- Natural Rights -> Bill of Rights: Freedom of religion, freedom of Speech, Civil Rights

- Social Contract -> American Revolution - Declaration of Independence - Constitutions

- Separation of Power -> Checks and Balances

Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbs Social contract -> Federalism

John Locke Government for ppl - American Revolution - Natural Rights: life,

liberty, property - Declaration of Independence Voltaire Tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech - Bill of Rights Montesquieu Separation of Powers - Constitutions

Rousseau Religious Freedom - Bill of Rights

4 Tourist attractions:

- Golden Gate Bridge, California

- Grand Canyon, Northern Arizona

- Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii

- Lake Tahoe, situated where California and Nevada meet

- Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota

- Niagara Falls, North America

- Statue of Liberty, situated at the entrance to New York

- Yosemite National Park, lies in the heart of California

Traditional managerial structure in the US is based on a top-down chain of command; authority flows from the chief executive in the boardroom who makes sure that the entire business runs smoothly and efficiently, through various lower levels of management responsible for coordinating different parts of the enterprise, down to the foreman on the shop floor Numerous tasks are divided among different divisions and workers

>< Now: many enterprises are seeking more flexible organixation structures, especially in high-technology industries that employ skilled workers and must develop, modify, and even

customize products rapidly -> many companies have “flattened” their organizational structures, reduced the number of managers, and delegated more authority to interdisciplinary teams of workers

The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost 2/3 of the nation’s total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining 1/3 is bought by government and business) The consumer role is so great -> The US is sometimes charaterized as having a “consumer economy”

Global Financial Crisis (2007-2008): caused by the bursting of the US housing bubble (2006) -> unemployment

Top 3 industries: oil and gas; retail, health care

Top 5 jobs: dentist, nurse, pharmacist, computer system analyst, doctor, translator and interpreter

- Elementary school: 6 years

- Middle school: 2 years

- High school: 4 years

- Community college: 2 years

- College or university plus: 4 years

Pre-primary school: 3-5

Primary school: 5 years Middle school: 4 years High school: 3 years Technical school: 2 years College: 2 years

University plus: 4 years

Compulsory Shooling: ends by law at age 16 in 30 states, at age 17 in 9 states and at age18

in 11 statesplus the District of Columbia

School Leaving: 2 basic school leaving certificates: the High School Diploma (awarded to graduates of secondary school); and GED - General Educational Development Certificate (awarded

to adults who left school but then complete a special supervised study and examination program

5-10 Elementary/Primary School Kindergarten Year 1 - 6

14-18 High School 9 - 12th (freshman - senior) Year 10 - 13