English for physics Tiếng anh chuyên ngành vật lý

This book has been written for students of Physics Department of Hue University’s College of Education. This book also need for people who are studying physics or related subjects in universities, colleges and technical schools. The aim of this book is to help students to improve their reading knowledge of physics in English. For that purpose, the book helps students in three main ways: Firstly, it provides exercise material on formal aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary. The five Focus sections present and practice language functions most readily associated with the English used in physics science. Secondly, it teaches students reading skills such as finding the main idea of a text, a paragraph, locating in formation, understanding words and word forms... And thirdly, it provides the students with systematic and logical reading text in physics, mainly general physics. These reading were selected carefully so that they cover a wide range of topics: from classical mechanics to modern physics. This book is used as a textbook for teaching and learning the subject “ English for specific purposes” in physics Department, Hue College of pedagogy. It should take about 30-45 periods to complete the work, depending, of course, on the students’ proficiency in English.

PREFACE

This book has been written for students of Physics Department of Hue University’s College of Education This book also need for people who are studying physics or related subjects in universities, colleges and technical schools The aim of this book is to help students to improve their reading knowledge of physics in English

For that purpose, the book helps students in three main ways: Firstly, it provides exercise material on formal aspects of language, such as grammar and vocabulary The five Focus sections present and practice language functions most readily associated with the English used in physics science Secondly, it teaches students reading skills such as finding the main idea of a text, a paragraph, locating in formation, understanding words and word forms And thirdly, it provides the students with systematic and logical reading text in physics, mainly general physics These reading were selected carefully so that they cover a wide range of topics: from classical mechanics to modern physics

This book is used as a textbook for teaching and learning the subject “ English for specific purposes” in physics Department, Hue College of pedagogy It should take about 30-45 periods to complete the work, depending,

of course, on the students’ proficiency in English

The author would like to express his appreciation to the Dean of Physics Department and leading staff of Hue University’s College of Education for their helps in publishing the book The author is also grateful to those who offered advice and made suggestions that are helpful in perfecting the book.

Hue, July 2011 Tác giả

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1

Measurement……… ………….……… 3

Focus 1: Organizing information……… 9

UNIT 2 Mechanics……….12

Focus 2: Prefixes and suffixes……… 20

UNIT 3 Heat and temperature……… 24

Focus 3: Contextual reference ………29

UNIT 4 Electricity……… … 31

Focus 4: Cause and Effect……….35

UNIT 5 Magnetism……….38

Focus 5: Classifying……….……….44

SYNTAX REVIEW……… 47

GRAMMAR REVIEW … 56

UNIT 1

MEASUREMENT

When you read the following text, you will probably meet words and expressions that are new to you First try to understand their meaning from context-read the same passage a few times When you have read the whole text, check new words in the dictionary Most of words in bold typeface are explained in the vocabulary at the end of the text

[1] The building blocks of physics are the physical quantities that we use to

[4] Several questions arise: (a) how many basic quantities should be selected?

 arbitrary: tuỳ ý, arbitrary function: hàm tuỳ ý

 connection (n), connect (v): nối, liên quan, quan hệ To have a connection with…: có quan hệ với

 definition (n), define (v): định nghĩa, xác định

 fountain-head: nguồn nước, nguồn gốc

 compatible (adj), compatibility (n), compatibly (adv): tương hợp, tương thích incompatible: không tương thích

 invariability (n), invariable (adj), invariant (adj & n): không đổi, bất biến,

 operation (n): hoạt động; to come into operation: bắt đầu hoạt động; đi vào sản xuất,

in operation: đang hoạt động, đang có tác dụng, (y học) sự mổ xẻ; ca mổ, (quân sự) cuộc hành quân, (toán học) phép tính, phép toán To operate (v): operative, operational (adj) operator (toán): toán tử

 procedure: thủ tục, legal procedure: thủ tục pháp lý; the procedure of the meeting

 recipe: ['resэpi]: công thức làm món ăn, đơn thuốc, thuốc pha chế theo đơn, thuốc bốc theo đơn, phương pháp, cách làm (việc gì)

 standard: tiêu chuẩn, chuẩn, mẫu; standard meter: mét mẫu; trình độ, mức; to come

up to the standard: đạt trình độ; standard of living: mức sống

 access (n): lối vào, cửa vào, đường vào; to have access to somebody: được gần gũi ai, được lui tới nhà ai; access (v): xâm nhập, (tin học) truy cập; to access a file

 accessibility: tính có thể tới được, tính có thể đến gần được

 associate (adj): kết giao, kết hợp liên hợp; liên đới; associate societies: hội liên hiệp; (từ Mỹ, nghĩa Mỹ) cùng cộng tác, phụ, phó, trợ; associate editor: phó tổng biên tập (n): bạn đồng liêu, người cùng cộng tác; đồng minh hội viên thông tin, viện sĩ thông tấn (viện hàn lâm khoa học ), vật phụ thuộc vào vật khác; vật liên kết với vật khác;(v): kết giao, kết hợp, liên hợp, liên kết; cho gia nhập, cho cộng tác

 quote (n), (vt): số nhiều quotes: (thông tục) lời trích dẫn; đoạn trích dẫn (như) quotation

 assign (v): phân (việc ), phân công, to be assigned to do something: được giao việc

gì, ấn định, định, to assign the day for a journey: ấn định ngày cho cuộc hành trình to assign a limit: định giới hạn to assign reason to (for) something: cho cái gì là có lý do; đưa ra lý do để giải thích cái gì to assign one's property to somebody: nhượng lại tài sản cho ai

 recommendation (n): sự giới thiệu, sự tiến cử; to speak in recommendation of somebody: tiến cử ai (vào một chức vụ ); thư giới thiệu, to write/give somebody a recommendation: viết/gửi thư giới thiệu ai, a letter of recommendation: thư giới thiệu

EXERCISES

I MAIN IDEA

Which statement best expresses the main idea of each paragraph?

Paragraph 1:

1 In physics we must not confuse physical quantities with their everyday meanings

2 The building blocks of physics are the physical quantities expressing the laws

2 The procedures for measuring a physical quantity is quite arbitrary

3 The important thing is the procedures for measuring a physical quantity must

be accepted by all countries around the world

Paragraph 3:

1 A problem arises is that there are so many physical quantities and they are not independent of each other

2 Physical quantities can be divided to groups: basic quantities and derived quantities

3 The standard of length as a basic quantity is meter

Paragraph 4:

1 Choosing a basic quantity is arbitrary

2 We can select the smallest number of physical quantities that will lead to a complete description of physics in the simplest terms and that selecting must have a international agreement

3 The International Bureau of Weights and Measures had the first meeting in

1889 and the fourteenth meeting in 1971

3 Yard is the unit that is certainly accessible but it is not invariable

II UNDERSTANDING WORDS

Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words

1 please (lines 4-6)

2 achieve (lines 14-16)

3 accurate (lines 23-25)

4 fulfilled (lines 26-28)

5 situated (lines 29-31)

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words 6 distinguish (lines 7-9)

7 theoretical (lines 15-17)

8 complicated (lines 17-19)

9 conflict (lines 30-32)

10 forbid (lines 35-37)

III FILL IN THE BLANKS

Length: The (1) of the meter has changed several times In 1889, one meter was

(2) as the distance between two finely engraved marks on a bar of platinum-iridium that was kept in a vault outside Paris Even though several copies of this bar were distributed through out the world, such a standard of length had many shortcomings For instance, with progress in optical techniques, the scratches on the bar were seen to be fuzzy and imprecise In 1960, the (3) of length was changed to depend upon an

atomic constant - the wavelength of a particular orange-red light (4) by an isotope

of krypton (86Kr) gas Because our ability (and need) to measure length has led us to require even greater accuracy, this standard also became insufficiently precise

Therefore, in 1983, the Seventeenth General Conference on Weights and Measures established a standard of length (5) on the speed of light in vacuum A meter (m)

is now defined as the distance light (6) in vacuum during 1/299,792,458 second Some orders of magnitude for lengths are given in Table 1-1

Time: The second was originally (7) as 1/86,400 of the mean solar day,

which is the time interval, averaged over a year, from noon of one day to noon of the next This definition is insufficient (8) Earth's rotation is both slightly irregular and gradually slowing dawn from year to year Therefore, in 1967, a definition of the second was adopted that depends on an atomic standard The second (s) is now defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a particular vibration of a cesium atom isotope (133Cs) Clocks (9) on this standard are, in effect, identical because all atoms of

133

Cs are indistinguishable and because frequency can be (10) in the laboratory

to an accuracy of about 4 parts in 1013 Some orders of magnitude for time are given in Table 1-2

Mass: The kilogram was originally defined as the mass of one litre of water

(11) certain conditions of temperature and pressure In 1901, the standard kilogram (kg) was defined as the mass of a particular cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France Duplicate copies of the cylinder made of this particularly stable alloy are (12) in laboratories such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland Although the standards

of time and length can (13) reproduced to precisions of 1 part in 1012, the standard

of mass can be reproduced only to perhaps 1 part in 108 or 109 This standard of mass

leaves much to be desired We would like to find an atomic or natural standard for mass, but even though we know that all atoms of the same type have the same mass, nobody knows (14) to count atoms with the required accuracy Some orders of magnitude for mass are (15) in Table 1-3

IV TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1 Hệ thống đơn vị quốc tế được chấp nhận bởi hội nghị quốc tế lần thứ 11 về cân

và đo, tổ chức tại Paris năm 1960

2 Trước khi hệ mét được chấp nhận vào những năm 1790 không có một hệ đo lường chung trên thế giới

3 Các uỷ ban quốc tế được thành lập vào năm 1875 có nhiệm vụ điều chỉnh sự chính xác của hệ mét dựa vào các thành tựu khoa học mới nhất

4 Lít là đơn vị của thể tích được định nghĩa là thể tích của một dm3 nước ở nhiệt

độ 40C và áp suất 760 mmHg

5 Một gam ban đầu được định nghĩa là khối lượng của 1 cm3 nước tinh khiết ở nhiệt độ nước đá đang tan

FOCUS 1: ORGANIZING INFORMATION

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea In nearly every paragraph, there is one idea that is more important than all the others This idea is called the

main idea of the paragraph and is usually found at the beginning of the paragraph

Sample paragraph 1

All computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations They all have a way of communicating with person(s) using them They also have circuits for making decisions

In this paragraph, the first sentence, ―All computers, whether large or small, have

the same basic capabilities‖ expresses the main idea of the paragraph

All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic: All computers,

[topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities [about the topic]

In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much of your studying you need to grasp details It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and understand details than main ideas You will find it helpful if you think of details as growing out of the main idea In sample paragraph 1, there are three major details growing out of the main idea These are major details:

1 They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations

2 They all have a way of communicating with person(s) using them

3 They also have circuits for making decisions

A major detail often has minor details growing out of it These minor details tell more about a main idea, just as major details tell more about a main idea In studying, you often find

a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp and remember Breaking up a

paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main idea, major details and minor

details will help you to understand and remember what it is about

If you want to organize this paragraph into three components, it would be like this:

Conservation laws, in physics, are a group of laws stating that in a closed system that undergoes a physical process, certain measurable quantities remain constant

Law of conservation of matter or mass stated that, in a chemical reaction, the total amount

of matter of the reaction compounds remains constant

Law of conservation of energy states that energy occurs in the different forms of kinetic energy, potential energy, and thermal energy (heat), and that it can be converted from one form to another

[4] Newton's first law of motion states that if the vector sum of the forces

VOCABULARY

 acceleration: sự thúc giục; (vật lý): gia tốc

 amplitude: độ rộng, (vật lý) biên độ, amplitude of oscillation: biên độ dao động

 angular (rotational) momentum: mômen động lượng (mômen góc)

 astronomer: nhà thiên văn học, astronomy: môn thiên văn học

 atom (n), atomic (adj): nguyên tử; subatomic (adj): hạ nguyên tử

 behavior: thái độ, cách đối xử; tư cách đạo đức

 calibration: sự định cỡ

 center of mass: khối tâm

 characteristic (adj): riêng biệt, đặc thù, đặc trưng;(n): đặc tính, đặc điểm

 conservation (n), conserve (v): sự giữ gìn, sự bảo toàn, conservation of energy:

sự bảo toàn năng lượng

 describe (v); description (n); descriptive (adj): mô tả, diễn tả

 dimension: chiều, kích thước, cỡ; of great dimensions: cỡ lớn; (vật lý) thứ

nguyên (của một đại lượng)

 discounted: giảm giá, bớt giá, chiết khấu

 displace (v); displacement (n): sự đổi chỗ, sự dời chỗ, sự thải ra, sự cách chức; (vật lý): độ dịch chuyển, độ dời

 distinguish: phân biệt; to distinguish one thing from another: phân biệt vật này với vật khác

 effect: kết quả; hiệu lực, hiệu quả, tác dụng; of no effect: không có hiệu quả; with effect from today: có hiệu lực kể từ ngày hôm nay; (số nhiều): của cải, vật dụng, personal effects: vật dụng riêng; (vật lý) hiệu ứng

 experience: kinh nghiệm, to learn by experience: rút kinh nghiệm

 external force: ngoại lực; internal force: nội lực

 friction: (kỹ thuật) sự mài xát, sự ma sát

 gravitation: (vật lý) sự hút, sự hấp dẫn; the law of gravitation

 gravity: (vật lý) sự hấp dẫn, trọng lực; centre of gravity: trọng tâm

 heavenly object: thiên thể

 implication: sự liên can, sự dính líu; ẩn ý, điều ngụ ý; what are the implications

of this statement?: những ẩn ý của lời tuyên bố này là thế nào?

 inertia:(vật lý) tính ì; quán tính; tính trì trệ, sự không chịu thay đổi; (y học) tính không có tác dụng

 interaction: tương tác

 interval: khoảng (thời gian, không gian), khoảng cách, (toán học) khoảng

 intuitive (adj); intuitiveness (n); intuitively (adv): trực giác

 isolate (v), isolated (adj): cô lập, cách ly, tách ra

 magnitude: độ lớn, lượng; cường độ; độ âm lượng; (thiên văn học) độ sáng biểu kiến (của thiên thể); tính chất nghiêm trọng, tính chất trọng yếu

 momentum, (pl: momenta): (vật lý) động lượng, xung lượng

 net (n): mạng lưới; (adj): thực; net price: thực giá

 object: đồ vật, vật thể; đối tượng; (triết học) khách thể; mục tiêu, mục đích; no object: không thành vấn đề (dùng trong quảng cáo ); phản đối, chống đối lại

 phenomenon (pl: phenomena): hiện tượng

 philosopher: nhà triết học; philosophy: triết học

 problem: vấn đề, luận đề; bài toán; (adj): có vấn đề, a problem novel: một tiểu thuyết có vấn đề

 proportional to: tỉ lệ với; directly proportional: tỷ lệ thuận; inversely proportional: tỷ lệ nghịch

 quantum theory: thuyết lượng tử

 relating: liên hệ, quan hệ

 relativity: tương đối

 reluctance: sự miễn cưỡng; sự bất đắc dĩ; (điện học) từ trở

 resistance: sự chống cự, sự kháng cự; a war of resistance: cuộc kháng chiến; (vật lý) điện trở; tính chống, sức bền, độ chịu; frictional resistance: độ chịu ma sát; resistance to corrosion: tính chống ăn mòn

 stretch: kéo ra, căng ra, to stretch a wire across the road: căng dây qua đường

 supersede: bỏ, không dùng; thế chỗ, thay thế

 velocity: vận tốc

EXERCISES

I MAIN IDEA

What is the main idea of each paragraph in the text?

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2:

Paragraph 3:

Paragraph 4:

Paragraph 5:

Paragraph 6:

II WORD FORMS

First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences Then check the differences of meaning in your dictionary

1 describe (v), description (n), descriptive (adj), descriptively (adv)

a Kinetics the motion of objects without considering the cause of their motion

b For the laws of physics, the mathematical language is applied

c The relativity shows the property of space and time

2 differ (v), difference (n), different (adj) , differently (adv), differential (n), differentiate (v)

a There is a very big between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics

b There are many computer manufacturers today, and a buyer must be able to between the advantages of each

c About the cause of motion, the ideas of ancient scientists are from the Newton’s idea

3 define (v), definition (n), definite (adj), definable (adj)

a Velocity is as the distance travelled divided by the time interval

b There are some different formulation of the Newton’s first law.

c There are sometime several physical quantities which are not clearly

4 relate (v), relation (n), relativity (n), relative (adj), relatives (n) a General , formulated by Einstein, was very difficult to understand b There is a close between physics and philosophy c Physics is a subject that is closely ………….to mathematics 5 accept (v), acceptance (n), acceptor (n), acceptable (adj) a Theory of gravitation is ……… by general theory of relativity b The results deriving from theory of relativity are not…… in classical physics c In semiconductor, the atom which receive electrons from the other ones, is called ………

III CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to 1 great thinkers of his time… (line 11)

2 which is the study of what causes motion (line 21)

3 the motion of which can be described as… (line 28)

4 change its velocity… (line 37)

5 which is the currently accepted… (line 50)

6 it is interacting with some other object… (line 46-47)

7 with no external forces acting on it… (line 52)

IV CONTENT REVIEW Compete the following statements with the appropriate words (Some can be used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form Newton’s first law of motion (1)……… that if all the forces on an object cancel each other out, then the object continues in the same state of (2)…… This is essentially a more refined version of Galileo’s principle of inertia, which did not refer to a numerical scale of force allows equal exerts motion pairs

reference states techniques type unchanged

Newton’s second law of motion (3)……… the prediction of an object’s acceleration given its mass and the total force on it, acm = Ftotal/m This is only the one-dimensional version of the law

Without the vector (4)………., we can still say that the situation remains (5)………… by including an additional set of vectors that cancel among themselves, even if they are not in the direction of motion Newton’s laws of motion are only true in frames of (6)……… that are not accelerating, known as inertial frames

Newton’s third law states that forces occur in equal and opposite (7)…… If object A (8)…… a force on object B, then object B must simultaneously be exerting an (9)……… and opposite force on object A Each instance of Newton’s third law involves exactly two objects, and exactly two forces, which are of the same (10)………

V TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1 Gia tốc có thể làm thay đổi hướng, thay đổi độ lớn hoặc thay đổi cả hướng

VI SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Two Models from Aristotle

Over 2300 years ago, two related models

were used as the basis for explaining why objects

fall and move as they do Aristotle (384–328

B.C.E.) used one model to account for the

movement of objects on Earth, and a second model

(see the diagram opposite) for the movement of

stars and planets in the sky We do not accept these

models today as the best interpretation of movement

of objects on Earth and in space However, at the time they were very intelligent ways to explain these phenomena as Aristotle observed them

Aristotle and Motion

The model for explaining movement on Earth was based on a view advanced

by the Greeks, following Aristotle’s thinking Aristotle accepted the view of Empedocles (492–435 B.C.E.) that everything is made of only four elements or essences - earth, water, air, and fire All objects were assumed to obey the same basic rules depending on the essences of which they were composed Each essence had a natural place in the cosmic order Earth’s position is at the bottom, above that

is water, then air and fire According to this model, every object in the cosmos is composed of various amounts of these four elements A stone is obviously earth When it is dropped, a stone falls in an attempt to return to its rightful place in the order of things Fire is the uppermost of the essences

When a log burns, the fire it trapped from the sun while it was growing is released and rises back to its proper place Everything floats, falls, or rises in order

to return to its proper place in the world, according to Aristotle These actions were classified as natural motions When an object experiences a force, it can move in directions other than the natural motions that return them to their natural position A stone can be made to move horizontally or upward by exerting a force in the desired direction When the force stops so does the motion

The model for explaining movement in the sky was somewhat different Greek astronomers knew that there were two types of ―stars,‖ the fixed stars and the planets (or wanderers), as well as the Sun and the Moon These objects seemed not

to be bound by the same rules as objects formed of the other essences They moved horizontally across the sky without forces acting on them The Greeks placed them

in a fifth essence of their own All objects in this fifth essence were considered to be perfect The Moon, for example, was assumed to be a

perfect sphere Aristotle’s model assumes that perfect

crystal, invisible spheres existed, supporting the celestial

bodies

Later, when Ptolemy (87–150 C.E.) developed

his Earthcentred universe model, he used this idea as a

base and expanded upon it to include wheels within

wheels in order to explain why planets often underwent

retrograde (backward) motion A single spherical motion

could explain only the motions of the Sun and the Moon To European cultures, Aristotle’s two models were so successful that for almost 2000 years people accepted them without question

They remained acceptable until challenged by the revolutionary model of Copernicus (1473–1543) and the discoveries of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

Galileo and Scientific Inquiry In 1609, using a primitive telescope, Galileo observed that the Moon’s surface was dotted with mountains, craters, and valleys; that Jupiter had four moons of its own; that Saturn had rings; that our galaxy (the Milky Way) comprised many more stars than anyone had previously imagined; and that Venus, like the Moon, had phases Based on his observations, Galileo felt he was able to validate a revolutionary hypothesis - one advanced previously by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus – which held that Earth, along with the other planets in the Solar System, actually orbited the Sun What the Greeks had failed to

do was test the explanations based on their models When Galileo observed falling bodies he noted that they didn’t seem to fall at significantly different rates

Galileo built an apparatus to measure the rate at which objects fell, did the experiments, and analyzed the results What he found was that all objects fell essentially at the same rate Why had the Greeks not found this? Quite simply, the concept of testing their models by experimentation was not an idea they found valuable, or perhaps it did not occur to them Since Galileo’s time, scientists the world over have studied problems in an organized way, through observation, systematic experimentation, and careful analysis of results From these analyses, scientists draw conclusions, which they then subject to additional scrutiny in order

to ensure their validity

FOCUS 2: PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words It is often possible to guess the meanings of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed

An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem and a suffix

Pre- means ―before‖; a prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem

Consider as an example, the prefix de- (meaning: reduce or reverse) in a word like

demagnetize (meaning ―to deprive of magnetism‖) A suffix is what attached to the

end of the stem Consider an example the suffix -er (meaning ‖someone who‖) in

programmer (―the person who programs‖)

Prefixes usually change the meaning of the word; for example, un- changes a

word to the negative Suffixes, on the other hand, change the word from one part of

speech to another For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb

quickly Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meaning, and how they

change the meanings of English words

Negative and positive prefixes

not connected with bad, wrong

opposite feeling opposite action against

reduce, reverse too little

unhealthy, unreal incomplete, incorrect impossible, impatient, impolite illegal, illogical, illiteracy irregular, irresolvable non-conducting, non-professional miscalculate, misinform

disagree, dishonest, disadvantage, disconnect, antiseptic, anti-particle decode, dehydrate, deactivate underweight, undergraduate

reproduce, rewrite, review overheat, overload, overdose

Prefix Meaning E xample

semiconductor, semitropical equidistant, equipotential macroscopic

minicomputer microbiology, microscopic

across beyond under below around

interaction, interface superconductivity, supersonic transelement, transferable extraordinary, extraterrestrial life subatomic, subdivide

infrared, infrastructure peripheral, periphrases

Suffixes Meaning E xample

a person who, a thing which

a person who

performance independence, equivalence happiness, cleanliness measurement, requirement action, interaction, degeneration electricity, ability

programmer, operator, accumulator physicist, analyst

physician, mathematician magnetism, socialism freedom, boredom relationship, friendship

physical, logical circular,

electronic classical capable, dependable responsible, flexible dangerous,

religious helpful careless yellowish interactive

UNIT 3

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

[1] Heat, in physics, transfer of energy from one part of a substance to

[4] Temperature depends on the average kinetic energy of the molecules of

 alteration: sự thay đổi, sự đổi; sự sửa đổi, sự sửa lại, sự biến đổi

 average: trung bình; average value: giá trị trung bình

 convection: đối lưu

 exert, exertion: sự dùng, sự sử dụng (sức mạnh, ảnh hưởng ); sự cố gắng, sự

nỗ lực, sự ráng sức

 existence: sự tồn tại, hiện hữu

economic relations: phát triển các quan hệ kinh tế

 contract: đính ước, giao ước, kết giao; nhiễm, mắc, tiêm nhiễm, to contract a serious illness: mắc bệnh nặng; ký giao kèo, hợp đồng, thầu (làm việc gì); thu nhỏ lại, (ngôn ngữ học) rút gọn

 kinetic energy: động năng

 paramagnetic: thuận từ; antimagnetic: nghịch từ; ferromagnetic: sắt từ

 resistivity: (vật lý) điện trở suất

 scale: cái đĩa cân; ( số nhiều) cái cân (như) a pair of scales; to scale ten kilograms: cân được 10 kilôgam; (n): sự chia độ; mặt chia độ; thước chia độ;

hệ thống chia độ; (âm nhạc) thang âm, gam, major scale: gam trưởng, minor scale: gam thứ

 substance: chất liệu; vật chất; thực chất, căn bản, bản chất

 supersede: bỏ, không dùng; thế chỗ, thay thế

 official: (thuộc) chính quyền; (thuộc) văn phòng; official powers: quyền lực chính quyền; chính thức

 term: thời hạn, nhiệm kỳ; term of office: thời gian tại chức; học kỳ; quý ( 3 tháng); (ngôn ngữ học) từ, thuật ngữ; technical term: thuật ngữ kỹ thuật;

 transit: sự đi qua, (thiên văn học) sự vận động của một vật thể trong vũ trụ

EXERCISES

I UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

T F

  1 Heat always flows from the higher temperature substance to the lower temperature substance

  2 Heat always can not flow from a lower to a higher temperature

  3 The caloric theory of heat had been accepted in physics until the

beginning of the 19th century

  4 The absolute magnitude of the temperatures can be evaluated by

subjective reactions

  5 Adding heat to a substance can raise its temperature and result in the

change in its physical properties

  6 Temperature depends on the rotational, vibrational, and translational

motions of the particles of a substance

  7 There are many different temperature scales which are in use today

  8 The triple point of water is the point at which three phases of matter

(vapor, liquid, and ice) are in equilibrium

  9 The triple point of water has been adopted as a international

temperature scale since 1933

of paramagnetic materials

II CONTENT REVIEW

Complete the following passage with the appropriate words (Some can be used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form

bodies conduction convection dealing different which The physical methods by (1) energy in the form of heat can be transferred between (2) are conduction and radiation A third method, which also involves the motion of matter, is called convection (3) requires physical contact between the bodies or portions of bodies exchanging heat, but radiation does not require contact or the presence of any matter between the bodies (4) occurs when a liquid or gas is in contact with a solid body at a (5) temperature and is always accompanied by the motion of the liquid or gas The science (6) with the transfer of heat between bodies is called heat transfer

III TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1 Khái niệm nhiệt độ bắt nguồn từ ý tưởng đo độ nóng lạnh tương đối

2 Khi hai vật có nhiệt độ khác nhau tiếp xúc với nhau nhiệt sẽ truyền từ vật nóng sang vật lạnh cho đến khi trạng thái cân bằng nhiệt được thiết lập

3 Nhiệt độ mà tại đó áp suất bằng không được gọi là nhiệt độ không tuyệt đối

các tính chất đo được như nhiệt độ, áp suất và thể tích, được gọi là các biến nhiệt động lực học

5 Sự truyền nhiệt là quá trình mà nhờ nó năng lượng dưới dạng nhiệt được trao đổi giữa các vật hoặc các bộ phận của cùng một vật ở nhiệt độ khác nhau

IV SUPPLEMENTARY READING

All thermometers make use of the change in some physical property with temperature A property that changes with temperature is called a thermometric property For example, the thermometric property of the mercury thermometer is the length of the mercury column, while in the constant-volume g as thermometer it is the pressure of the gas Several other important thermometers and their thermometric properties will now be discussed

The thermocouple is a thermometer used extensively in scientific laboratories

It consists of thin wires of different metals, welded together at the ends to form two junctions, as Figure 12-5 illustrates Often the metals are copper and constantan (a copper–nickel alloy) One of the junctions, called the ―hot‖ junction, is placed in thermal contact with the object whose temperature is being measured The other junction, termed the ―reference‖ junction, is kept at a known constant temperature (usually an ice–water mixture at 0 °C)

The thermocouple generates a voltage that depends on the difference in temperature between the two junctions This voltage is the thermometric property and

is measured by a voltmeter, as the drawing indicates With the aid of calibration tables, the temperature of the hot junction can be obtained from the voltage Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures as high as 2300°C or as low as

−270 °C

Most substances offer resistance to the flow of electricity, and this resistance changes with temperature As a result, electrical resistance provides another

platinum wire, because platinum has excellent mechanical and electrical properties in the temperature range from −270 °C to +700 °C The resistance of platinum wire is known as a function of temperature Thus, the temperature of a substance can be determined by placing the resistance thermometer in thermal contact with the substance and measuring the resistance of the wire

Radiation emitted by an object can also be used to indicate temperature

At low to moderate temperatures, the predominant radiation emitted is infrared

As the temperature is raised, the intensity of the radiation increases substantially

In one interesting application, an infrared camera registers the intensity of the infrared radiation produced at different locations on the human body The camera is connected to a color monitor that displays the different infrared intensities as different colors This ―thermal painting‖ is called a thermograph or thermogram

FOCUS 3: CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE

Transitional markers are works used to link ideas together so that the text

is smoother to read When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which,

who, whose, that, such, one, and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and those, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a work, or works,

mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph Their function is to take your thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned Thus they serve as synonyms or substitutes Other words which are often used to refer backwards

are the former, the latter, the first, the second, the third,…, the last

Sample paragraph

Although the so-called caloric theory answered most early questions on

thermometry and calorimetry, (it) failed to provide a sound explanation of many

early 19th-century observations The first true connection between heat and other forms of energy was observed in 1798 by the Anglo-American physicist and

statesman Benjamin Thompson, (who) noted that the heat produced in the boring

of cannon was roughly proportional to the amount of work done In mechanics,

work is the product of a force on a body and the distance through (which) the body moves during (its) application

Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word, or words, that the circled words refer to Then join the circle and the rectangle with arrows

One of the most important observations of physics is that the gravitational mass of a body, (which) is the source of one of the forces existing between (it) and another particle, is effectively the same as (its) inertial mass, the property (that) determines the motional response to any force exerted on (it)

Galileo's demonstrations, (which) antedate Newton's laws, (that) bodies fall to the ground with the same acceleration, can be explained by the fact that the gravitational mass of a body, (which) determines the forces exerted on (it), and the inertial mass, (which) determines the response to that force, cancel out

metallic conductor such as a wire, the charges neutralize each other This

 artificial: nhân tạo; giả tạo

 attract (v), attractive (adj), attraction (n): hấp dẫn, hút  repel (v), repulsive (adj), repulsion: đẩy

 conductor: vật dẫn, semiconductor: chất bán dẫn

 decomposition: (vật lý), (hoá học) sự phân tích; sự phân ly, sự phân huỷ

 deficiency: sự thiếu hụt  excess: sự vượt quá giới hạn, sự quá mức; sự vượt, neutron excess: (vật lý) số nơtrôn thừa

 dielectric: điện môi

 electric current: dòng điện

 electromotive force (emf): sức điện động

 fur: bộ lông mao, loài thú; bộ da lông thú

 manifest (n): bản kê khai hàng hoá chở trên tàu (để nộp sở thuế quan); (adj): rõ ràng, hiển nhiên;(v): biểu lộ, biểu thị, bày tỏ, chứng tỏ, chứng minh, manifestation: sự biểu lộ, sự biểu thị; cuộc biểu tình, cuộc thị uy

 matter: chất, chủ đề, vấn đề

 perpendicular to: thẳng góc với

 power: (vật lý) công suất, năng suất; năng lượng; the power supply: việc cung cấp năng lượng (điện); (toán học) luỹ thừa

 result: kết quả (của cái gì); ( số nhiều) thành quả;(toán học) đáp số, result

from: do bởi, xảy ra như một kết quả, result in: dẫn đến, kết quả là

 static: tĩnh; không chuyển động, không thay đổi; static water: nước không chảy; static pressure: áp lực tĩnh; static electricity: tĩnh điện

 stationary: đứng ở một chỗ, dừng; stationary troops: quân đội đóng ở một chỗ; stationary engine: máy để một chỗ

 superconductivity: siêu dẫn

 voltage: điện áp

EXERCISES

I UNDERSTANDING TEXT’S CONTENT

* Close your book and based on your knowledge answer the following question:

1 What is electricity?

2 What does a static charge produce?

3 What does a moving charge produce?

4 What is the manifestation/expression of electricity?

5 How can you formulate the Coulomb’s law?

6 What is the potential difference between two points in an electric field?

7 What is an electric current?

8 What is a direct current (DC)?

9 What is an alternating current (AC)?

II UNDERSTANDING WORDS

Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words

III CONTENT REVIEW

Complete the following passage with the appropriate words (Some can be used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form

arrival a result of connected negatively positive

The classical theory of a simple electric circuit assumes that the two terminals of a battery are maintained positively and negatively charged as (1) its internal properties When the terminals are (2) by a wire, (3) charged particles will be simultaneously pushed away from the negative terminal and attracted to the (4) one, and in the process heat up the wire that offers resistance to the motion Upon their (5) at the positive terminal, the battery will force the particles toward the negative terminal, overcoming the opposing forces of Coulomb's law

IV FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 Electric charge (1)……… only in whole-number multiples of the

elementary charge, (1 e = 1.60 × 10−19 C)

2 When a current (2a)………through a load, the resistance of the load (2b)……… electric energy to heat, light or other forms of mechanical energy This (2c)…………results in a potential drop across the load (converts, flows, results in)

3 The resistance of a conductor of a particular material varies directly as its (3a)……… and inversely as its cross-sectional (3b)………

4 Ammeters are connected in (4a)……… with loads; voltmeters are connected in (4b)……… with loads

5 Ohm’s law (5)……… the relationship between the potential difference cross, the current through and the resistance of a load

6 When loads are connected in series, the (6)……… resistance is the sum of their resistances