Dl xAc Ilp nhftng vat fard chftc nfing cy till hon cho cAc phuong ti$n bieu hi$n cAc chiln lupc ljch sy ciia vdi nhftng hdnh ddng cd nguy CO de dpa thl di$n chiing tdi sd sft dyng cAc[r]
Trang 1VAI TRO c m TO TINH THAI N H ^ THU'C V d l CAC CHIEN LlTgfC LICH SV* AM TINH TRONG GIAO
TIEP DOI THOAI ANH - VIET
EPISTEMIC MARKERS WITH NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN
DIALOGUES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
NGU THI|:N HUNG ( T S ; Dgi hpc Ngogi ngft, Dgi hpc DA NAng) Abstract: This article addresses the role of the epistemic markers in the negative politeness sfa^tegies in dialogues in English and Vietnamese From the contrastive analysis of data collected from dialogue extracts m novels, short stories, the article found that English and Vietaamese have at their disposal a wide range of epistemic markers for the use of negative politeness strategies and share some similarities and differences in terms of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features
Key words: epistemic markers; communicative contract; negative politeness strategies; face, pragmatics
l D $ t v d n d l
1.1 Trong giao tilp ngdn tft hdng ngAy,
nguM ndi (S; 5|)eaker) tiiudng sft dyng m$t s i
don vj ngdn ngft vdi chiic nfing gidp hlnh thAnh
lyc ngdn trung, tgo ra hi^u qud tdc ddng din
ngudi nghe (H; hearer) vA gidp S hiln Id ^ djnh
giao tiep eiia minh ThAnh phdn thdng tin ngft
Hohnes (1984), Karkkamen (1990) di tiieo hudng nAy vA xAc nh$n chftc nAng vai trd cua cdc tAc bi tinh thAt nh$n thftc trong vi$c bilu hi$n tfnh Ijch
sy trong giao tilp
Ljch sy IA mpt khdi nidm mang thih phi qudt faxing giao tilp, xudt h i ^ d bdt kl m$t nln vin hoA nAo KhAi ni^m ndy lidn quan din hilu bilt
n ^ a ndy, dudi gde dd lidn quan ( ^ kien thftc vA ftng xft phft hpp cua cAc thAnh vidn tuong tdc xA niem tin cda S <^i vdi thih chan xde cda ndi dui^ hdi vA (& trd tiidnh mdt t^iam tiu chhih ciia giao 1S dii vdi thih chan xde cda ndi dui^
m^nh de dupc gpi Id tinh tinh thdi nhgn thuc him
1$ b ^ nhftng phuong ti$n ngdn ngft da dgng vdi
tdn gpi chi t i tinh tiiAi nli$n tiiftc (CTTTNT)
1.1 Thih tiiAi n h ^ tiiftc, tiieo Givdn (1989),
bj chi phii b ^ mdt hpp ding giao tilp gifta S vA
h$i vA dA trd tiidnh mdt i^igm ftu chhih cua gjao
^ep ngdn ngft Uieo OrKxhioni, phdp ljch sy cd
diftc nAng gift g ^ thih didt hdi hda quan h$ dd (d mftc thap nhdt IA gjAi tda nhftng xung dpt tilm tdng, tit hon nfta IA lAm ngudi nAy trd nAy trd
tiidnh cAng dl chju d&i vdi ngudi kia thi cdng tit)
H 6 cyc nh§n tiiftc, hpp ding chi phii cAc bdch [ddn tiieo D i Hftu ChAu (2001), 256] Djnh ngh^
n h i ^ cda S lidn quan den vi$c chftng thyc nguin
tin vA dd tin c$v cua thdng tin m$nh de (P;
Proposition) Ocapd^ tam If, hpp ding chi phii
sy doan chdc chft quan ciia S dii vdi thdng tm
giao tilp d edp dp y djnh l i ^ nhAn vA xA hdi,
hpp ding chi phii sy tuong tdc gjfta S vA H lien
quan d ^ bAn chdt nhgn thftc cda thdr^ tin gjao
tilp: Hii ftng cfta H - ti}r chS tiiAch d i din tiida
tiiugn ngdm roi xAc nhgn
Quan n i ^ ciia Givdn phdn dnh d$c trung ngft
dyng cua tinh thAi nh$n tiiftc: dd IA sy tham gja
cfta S vA H vAo hogt d ^ tuong tdc trong giao
ti^ dii thogi vA sy £ l u b i ^ tiiAi dd nh$n thftc
dii vdi thdng tin gjao tilp CAc ng^en cftu khAo
ciia Orecchioni khdi qudt dupe nhftng ^ mA cAc
Lakof^ Leech vA Brown vA Levison w c|ip trudc
dd CAc tiiAnh vidn ^ tiiftc rAng, d l till hi^n tinh
ljch sy, hp i^iAi thda mAn cAc nhu cdu till d l ^ duong thih vA Am thih ciia ngudi khdc, vA ding tiidi bAo v$ till d i ^ cua bdn tiiAn ntinh Tuy
n h i ^ S ddi khi muin ho$c bAt bu$c phdi tiiyc
h i ^ cAc hAnh vi d& dpa thl di$n (domg &ce
tiireatening act: FTA) £)l trdnh sy mgo h i ^ ndy,
S sft dyng cAc diien lupc ljch sy duong tfi^
^ s h i v e strategy) nlu till d i ^ duong tinh bj de dpa, vA d i i ^ lupc Ijdi sy Am tinh (n^ative sbategy) n ^ till d i ^ &n tfnh bj de dpa
1,3 GAn vdi ^ dp chu quan cua ngudi sft
Trang 2hudng chhih: dyng hpc ngdn ngft
(pragmalmguistics) vA dyng hpc xA hpi
(sociopr^matics Trong phgm vi bdi vilt ndy,
chung tdi tbn hilu nhQng d ^ dilm tuong ding
vd dj bi?t v l kit hpc, ngh& hpc vd dyng hpc
gifta cAc phuong tifn bilu dgt tinh thih thAi
nhgn thiic ciia hai ngdn ngft Anh vA Vi^t, xdt d
phgm vi cAc chiln lupc ljch sy gjao tilp dii
thogi Vi$c khAo sAt chi t|ip trung vAo phdn
dyng hpc ngdn ngft lien quan din cAc phuang
ti$n bilu dgt cAc hAnh d$ng Idi ndi vA cAc ^
nghta lien nhan (uiterpersonal meaning), cy the
IA cAc chiln lupc Idi ndi vA cdc chi to i^dn ngft
tAng cudng hay ldm mIm hda lyc ngdn tnii^
cfta hAnh ddi^ Idi-ndi
Ngft li$u trong d l tAi dupc thu thgp tir cAc
nguin: CAc mlu dii thogi tiong cAc tmy^n
Bdng 1 Cdc phuong ti^n bieu dgt tinh thdi nhgn thdc trong TAvdTV
ngAn, tilu thuylt Vdi kit quA phAn tich, midu
tA, d l tAi tiln hAnh dii ehilu d l tim ra sy luong ding, dj b i ^ gifta cAc i^uong ti$n bilu dgt tinh thih thdi nh§n thftc trong tiing Anh(TA) v4 tiing Vi§t (TV) tiieo chftc nAng bilu hi?n tfnh Ijch sy trdn cAc binh d i ^ dA d l cgp 2.KhAosAtvAkltquA
11 Cdc phuang ti$n biiu dgt dnh thdi nk0n th&c trong TAvdTV
Trudc hit, tS phAn tich cAch (King cda cdc CTTTNTcho cAc chiln lupc ljch sy Am tinh dl tAi xdt vai trd cfta chftng d i i vdi hi$u lyc ngon trung theo 2 nhdm vdi 2 mftc dd fdiAn bi^t v^ tinh khA nAng vA dd doAn chAc d l d d mftc d$ hiln Id ^ djnh giao tilp ciia S vdi H
; ^ n g f t
Pbinmg '
r& cd the, chdc ehdn, hdn Id, tdt nhien
Id, qud nhiin Id, tdt yiu Id, rd rdng Id, tdi chdc ehdn Id, theo tdi, thu thgc, toi thdy/cam doan X ndi rdng
TAng cudng
(Booster)
- cd hi^u lyc
tinh thAi m^nh
mtat, will, certainly, realty, surely,
obviously, awfully, definitely, indeed,
teribly, very, Fmsure, I believe, I bet, I
know, Ido believe
dgng thuc gid dfnh cua cdu diiu ki^n,
may, might, possibly, probably,
perhcps, maybe, just, a little, kind of,
sort of, a bit, I think, I siq>poseJ guess,
1 suspect, I wonder
cd thi, cd leid, cd khi Id, hinh nhuld, dgi khdi Id, cOng nin, thi phm, toi ngHt, tdi dodn, tdi do, nghe don, nghe ddu, nghe bdo, ngudi ta don rdng ding hai mdt ti, mdt chdt, hai bj
Gidm nh^
(Downoner)
- cd hi^u lyc
tinh tiiAi ylu
Dl xAc Ilp nhftng vat fard chftc nfing cy till
hon cho cAc phuong ti$n bieu hi$n cAc chiln
lupc ljch sy ciia vdi nhftng hdnh ddng cd nguy
CO de dpa thl di$n chiing tdi sd sft dyng cAc quy
tAc hdi tho^ cfta Lakoff, quy tAc tinh ljch sy
cfta Leech vA cAc phi n i ^ ljch sy eiia Brown
& Levinson lAm co sd tham khdo fatit^ quA
binh phAn tich CTTTNT
11 Cdc chiin luge Ifch s^r dm tinh sit
dgng cdc CTTTNT yiu
2.2.1 Gidm hi^u lgc chi trich
Trong nhftng tinh huing mA m$t \b\ phAt
bilu cd hi$u lyc rtiiu m$t hAnh ddng chi trich,
p\A b b h hudng vAo H vA cd khA nAng de dpa
thl di^n cda nguM nAy, vA S dy cdm dupc sy
xAm phgm cA nhAn cfta minh thl chien lupc
gjAm hl$u lyc chi tiich cd thl dupc vgn dyng da
bAo vd till di$n Am tinh cfta H Vf dy:
(1) / suppose it seems pretty naive to start that way [6, 103] {Tdi nglSrdng \^ ddu kieu
nhu v|ly thl c£ERg hai ngAy tho)
(2) You were just a little crazv [7,288]
( Phdi, hdm dd em hd dien mgt ti thdi)
(3) Seems like his langua^ gets worse ever' year Showin' off, leuess [9.117] (E rdng mli
nAm dng fin ndi thdm thd IS, mp ndi, co /^dltr$
thidn hg)
(4) Perheqa vou weren't very wise with him sometimes Men are queer creatures, and one has to know how to manage them [8, 55]( C6
li ddi khi em khdng dupc khdn ngoan vdi dt^
ta cho Ifim Ddn dng IA nhftng nguM kl qu$c vi ngudi ta phAi bilt cAch dilu k h i ^ hp)
(5) / wish you weren't so damned
monosyllabic [8, 76] ( Ifdc g2 anh dftng c6
Trang 3S6ll(241)-2015 NG6N NGf & D6H S6NG 41
(6) You're a ffeat boy, Ettore But Pmt^aid
you're a militarist.p, 116\( Ettore, anh cd Idng tit
lAm, nhung tdi e rang anh IA mdt tay quan phi^)
Ddy IA nhftng ddnh gjd ve nhihig m$t te nhj
cua ngudi khAc mA cAc doi tdc tiiyc h i ^ vdi mpt
sy nhgy cdm dupc "ddnh ddu" vA do v|ly cdn cd
sy dilu chinh vA khing chi Rd rAng S dA chpn
cdch ndi cdng khai d l thyc hidn FTA vA sft dyi^
cAc CTITNT ylu dl bu dip vi?c vi phgm Quy
tic ca tyng (Approbation) cfta Leech Cy thl cdc
tdc tdi guess, 1 suppose, seem, Tm c^aid, I wish
d dau PN vd cdc tdc titjttst, a little, a bit (like)
dftng ngay trudc vj tft chi tinh chdt tidu cyc cd tdc
dyng gidm dd hien lp tinh xde thyc cfta ndi dung
m ^ <^ ding thdi Idm dju di lyc ngdn trung cfta
hdnh ddng md hi^u lyc xuydn ngdn cda nd cd till
Idm mdt Idng H
PhAn tich ngft ngjua ngtt dyng oia cdc PN tinh
tiiAi hda vdi cmi true / wu/i P vkTmt^wdV cho
thdy S hien 1$ th^ dp khdng mong muon hay nd
bdnh m$t sy tinh thyc tgl neu d P, vA i:^ng tiidi
bdy td sy mong muin mpt IdiA nfing hl^n thyc
mQt sy tinh bong till gidi phAn thyc thu$c cAc
the gidi khA hftu Chdng hgn nhu vdi / wish P,
S khdng chi bAy td tiiAi dd cam kit ring P IA
giA ngyy, khdng diing vdi thyc tgi tiong thl
gidi d dAy-vA-bAy gid mA cdn hAm f rAng
minh muin sy tinh ndu d P dupc hi$n thyc hda
vd S sd hgnh phftc nlu P Id ddng theo thl gidi
thyc hftu
Cd till tiidy PN vdi I'm afraid P vd / wish P
thl hi$n cAc ehilu kfeh trAi ngupc v l dyng hpc:
tiong khi cAi thft nhdt hiln 1$ sy Idi xa, nd
b'Anh sy tinh ndu d npi dung P cfta S thl cdi thft
hai ehi bdo mdt sy hudng vpng, tilp c§n P
Trong giao tilp doi tiiogi tieng Vi§t cAc PN
sau dAy dirpc xem IA cd hidu lyc d Idi cfta mpt
hAnh d$ng chi b^eh vA cd the lAm mit m$t H
Xdt cdc PN sau:
(7) Gdp ^ vdi hg Id d^g Nhung cdu ndi
chtiy^n rdc rudi Id cQnehai qud ddng [3,203]
(8) Khdng khde md lgi bdt nd nam via hi?
Cdu hai bi Ido ddy [2,168]
(9) Md ndy hhih nhu cdi mdi ddy cdff cda
cdu, cdi cdch ndi ndng nhu chd dn vd mdm,
dy, xin Idi nhd, cda cdu cOng doi khdc di tfd
(10) Chi tiic cdi ten sdch rdt dd NgttyinKhdi tiidng nhu khdng biit ddt tin cho nfHtng dua con tinh thdn cua minh [1,122]
f i n Cdc bdc dy ^m Sy vd diui cSne hai dai
dgt [1,202]
(12) Ngf^ ndi ve huu khdng f^i vigidmdld
vi ngSc Nghe ndi nhd nude bdy gid chi nhdn bien chi nhiing ngudi tri tudi vdi cd hpc thdi [4,209]
Trong PN ti^ cd till nh$n tiidy mftc dp him
1$ tmh chAn xAc cfta nhgn ^ n h bdi S dupc gidm di
da dd md tgo ra tft v i ^ sft dyng cdc quAn ngft vA
trp tft hai, dttang nhu, cOng hai, hen bf, hinh nhu,
nghe ndi CAc ddn vj ngdn ngft nAy cd tdc dyng
gjdm nh^ hi$u ftng tidu cyc cda Idi chi trich vdi
cdc til midu td nhu: qi4d ddng ldo, dii khdc,
khdng biet ^ tin s&^h, ngoc
M$t khdc, de nhgn fliay mpt ^km tuong ding
vdi tiing Anh IA khi Idi chi trich nhAm vdo ngirdi thft ba, S cung sft dyng diiln lupc ldm c^u hay
iSng trdnh vdi cAc tAc tft ylu nhu ducmg nhu,
ding hai, r^he ndi, d (10) - (12) Trong vfin hda
V i ^ Nam, nhQng tinh huing [diAi nghe sy chi ftfch i^iudi Ididc IA mpt sy "chju tr^"
V l m$t eft p h ^ , sy vfing mAt chu ngft trong
k ^ cdu philm chi Nghe ndi P bong TWvhltis
smd that P trong TA ldm cho nguin chi trich trd
tiidnh khdng xde djnh vA cung dti ra ring S trAnh
dp d$t c ^ tdi ddnh ddu q u y ^ lyc dil trich ldn sy tilp nh§n ciia ngufri nghe
112 Trdnh dp dgt hen thuc
Cd till ndi, bit ki mOt Idi tiiydn b i vl kiln
thftc IA m$t sy d& dpa, hay hdnh d^ng phuong hgl
din thl di$n ciia ngudi khdc Ngudi nghe thudng
bj mdt ip lyc phAi ti^ nhgn vd b i sung k i ^ thiic
mdi vA nhu v^y sy [^An ftng lgi m^t lyc dp d$t IA
cd till xAy ra, d$c b i ^ IA khi kiln tiiftc nAy mAu thudn hay khAc b i ^ vdi thi dilu dA cd hay dyng chgm den nii n i ^ ri&ig cfta hp CAc CTTTNT ylu cd chftc nAng lAm gjAm d$ hiln Id sy chic chfin chft quan vA ding thdn ldm dju di lyc ngdn tnmg cfta hdnh ddng khdng djnh mdt khi S tin ring H cd mdt quan Aim, nilm tin trdi ngupc Vf dy:
(13) A: / tfunk you are trying to say
somethii^: I don't know what U is, but Tm not sure tha's the best way ofsc^g it by means cf
Trang 442
dd.Tdi hodn todn khdng biet nd IA cAi ^ , nhung
tdi khdng tin chdc cdch tit nhdt dk ndi nd ra IA h^i
hpa)
( ) / think I know why you surrendered to
your feeling for Blance Strove (Tdi nglu bAy gjd
till ^ i hieu dupc tai sao dng dS dk m ^ cho thih
cdm budng trdi theo Blanche Sfaxieve)
( ) Do you know your^lf? Perhaj^ it is
Truth and Freedom thjt you seek, and for a
moment you thought that you might find release
in Love (CWnh dng cd bilt khdng? Ctf 0 dd chfnh
Id Chan If vA Ty do, IA <£eudng < ^ g tim, vA cd
mpt liic ndo dd dng dA nght ring dng dA tim ^
tiiodt noi Tinh ydu [8,146-147])
Trong tiing Vi$t, nhQng nh$n xdt ft nhilu
chftng td hilu bilt vl cudc sing cd nguy co lAm
cho H cAm tiidy bj coi IA "mft tit" vA S cd till bj
xem Id "lAm elm thidn hg" Cdc PN dudi day diu
dua ra nhQng nhgn djnh v l kiln thftc, hilu bilt
cupc song vA thdng tin nAy hudng vAo H tgo ra
mdt dp lyc nhdt djnh bu^c hp {^idi tilp n h ^ mdt
cAch miln cuOng Cdc [diAt bilu vl gidi thuylt,
xAc tin cda mpt ngudi d (14), trinh dp ddnh giA
chdt lupng cua cAc tAc pham vAn i ^ ? (15), (16)
Id nhftng vdn d l nhgy cdm vA gAy tranh cAi, do
vgy dupc S binh bAy nhu nhttng sy tinh thudc
phgm trd khA nfing vdi cAc tdc bi ylu nhu tdi
ngln, hinh nhu T h ^ dif mpt tiiydn b i bi tud
cung dupc ngyy trang bAng tdc tft Tdi co cdm gjdc
nhu d (16):
(14) A: Sdng chd nhgt em vdn di li diu [60,
417]
B: Nhung hinh nhu ^di thttvet tdn gido cda
cgu khdng de cgp din sd m4nh,
(15) Gidi tri, tdi nglu, khdng phdi m{ic dich
cuoi cimg cda vdn hgc [1,235]
^ (16^ Toi cd cdm gidc nhiing chityin hay rdtdt
diu ddn het vi cugc thi d vdn ngh? qudn dpi [1,
252]
Trong cdc tiudng hpp muin ftdnh dp d§t kiln
thftc, S sft dyng cdc tdc tft tinh thdi mA hda m$t
thdi dd tri nhgn sy tinh cd khd ning hi^n tiiyc
trong mdt tiie gidi tiem nfing Ve dyng hpc, nlu
PN cda S vd tinh hay hftu y dyng chgm dka lAnh
^ a k i ^ thftc hay mQt khfa cgnh nh$y cdm tiiudc
t$p hpp cAc thl (fieu cua H, h i ^ ihig FTA ciia nd
i^y [Aft h m vdi cA 3 quy tAc cfta Lakoff vA quy tic khidm ton cua LeedL
13,Ckiatbtp>clicksgrdmtinhv^dgngcdc CrJTNTmgnh
2.3.1 Nhdn mgnh diiu bdt lpi vi bdn thdn ngudi ndi
Trong giao tilp ddi tiiudng cdc d i ^ bat Ipi ^ bdn thdn cd Idiuynh hudng ^hipc che d$.y nhung nguydn tic khidm tin vA tiidnh th$t <mg tii6i cQng dupc cholA ^ trung vin hda ftng xft ci^ thdnh vidn gjao tilp EHeu ndy thl h i ^ bong cdcPN sau dAy trong ti^g Anh Vf dy:
(lTiDaHing.rmawfidtvstt^ndbutwht>isthe batman in the bathroom! [7,255] (NAy anh, em
hdi hoi n^ ngdn m$t ti itiid, IA tgi sao dng chii
qudn lgi d trong b u ^ tfim nhu v$y?)
(18) Fm awfidh sorry to wafe you up [6,561
(Th§t idy lAm phien vl d9 ldm anh tiiftc gjdc) Cdc hdnh vi xm iSi, cdm on, thyc chdt IA ^ S vAo till hg tiiap bAn tiian ntinh tiudc H Cdc tdc ti mgnh faxmg cAc PN nhu vfiy t^nh ddu tudng minh mftc dd ehdn IhAnh ciia hAnh d$ng n h ^ iii, cdm
on CAc trgng tft terribly, awfully, redly d$t ngfiy tiudc vj tft bi nhgn smry vd vj tft chi mpt thuOc
thih tidu cycd^ing cufmg mftc dd Idng tin, sg chAn thdnh cua ngudi ndi
Trong tiing V i ^ ngudi ndi thudng ddnh d^ chiln lupc nAy bdng cmi true ddng tft ngdn hdnh hay qudn ngft chi m^t mftc dp cam kit cao vdi dilu trdn tinh Vfdy:
(\9)Dirand nhung qtidthdtld tdi chua lak hit dugc nd [2,219]
(20) Cht^$n Dien Biin dy md, ndi thuc Hi
nunhhidng biit nhieu ldm ddu [1,13]
(21) Thd thdt! Tdi khdng bilt cdch n6i
chuy$n sao dio cd duydn vdi phy nft [S, 53]
Nhhi chung cdu tiuc thd thgc/ qud thgc P tiiudng cd ndi dung P IA mdt dhu bat ^ri, dius
tiiilt cua ngudi ndi Mpt dilu tiift vj d % IA c&
ti^fw^fy/ honestly/ trutl^ly (faking) P c6 till dupc coi IA tuong duong ngft n g ^ vdi &A
thgc/ qud thfc/ &a^ dnh P ti^ V i ^ nhung xA
v l m$t ngft dyng hdu nhu lgi khdiig xult hi$n trong diln n ^ n vdi chftc nfing thl h i ^ Ijdi si; dang bAn Trcmg khi ngudi Anh sft dyng cic tiic
bi cd tdm tAc d ^ cyc bd tiong phgm vi nOi dmg
Trang 5S6 11 (241)-2015 NG6N NGC & B6I S6NG
tdm tdc d$ng ngogi vl, nhdn mgnh tlidi đ ndi [Au hpp vdi cA quy tdc 1 vd 4 cfta Leech Cso tl ning, hiln ngdn thdi đ chAn thdnh nhilu hon, hhih dung bing bdng dudi đy:
2 Cdc chiin luge ljch sg dm tinh vd phttong tijn biiu d^ trong TAvdTV
T i ^ V i ^ ChUnhrirrc I NgD-Dg^
Phinrng Ti^ngAoh
Hu6ngH, gjdm bit Igi (hdnhdOngnh$nxA đnh gjd, phe Unh) Tdc tft
ylu
I suf^xjse, I cfi-eđ,
I wish I guess, just
seems, seems like
prê, a little, a bit
dudng nhuihcTi, dinghai, thindo il>,cdve,c6li^
hcri bi, r^idi ta ndi
Tidnhchi trich llnh tiidi t i ^ nfing, tinh thdi t^idnthvrc
I think, I think I
know, Ím not sure
perhaps, moj^
Toir^f^tdicd cdm^dc, hinh nhu, edited khi
Tidnh^i^
Id&i thiic
bit lgi ci^
Tlnhfliditi^iir"
nSngtlnblfadi
;didntinrc
Hudng H,gidm bit lgi ( b d n h d ^ t i ^ b l kiln tiiAc hdn Iflm) Hut'mgS.'nbigbltkri (hdnh dCing cdm on, xin l5ịtfadnhgn)
Tdctilr
n^uih
em^itlly, terribly,
very
TMthgc^m
qud thgc thgc tinh, ndi thgc
TlohdiditiHrc httu 3.Kdtlu§n
Bdi v i ^ <k i^iAn tich cAc vai trd diftc n i i ^ cda
cdc tdc tii: tinh tiiAI n h ^ tiiftc tixmg TA vd TV
bong cAc chiln lupc ljch sy giao tiep till h i ^ d
sdc mgnh cda cdc tdc tft bQe 1$ theo hudng n^hb
ciia ndi dung P vA theo hudng S h(^ic H Cdc
ndl& tiiudc P phdn Anh ehilu hudng cd lpi ho$c
b ^ Ipi cfta S vA H vA nhu v|ly gdp phdn f^iih hhih
bdn chit hdnh d ^ g ngdn bung vk q\xy # i h chiln
lupc dm tinh hay duong tbih Trong h^ tiling hai
i ^ n i ^ Anh - V i ^ diu cd cAc nhdm tAc bi
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TAl L I ^ U THAM K H A O
1 Brown, P & Levison, S (1987), Politeness
-some tmiverscds in language usc^e j^tertomena
CUP
2 D i HQu ChAu (2001), £)(»'cuong ngdn ngf^
Apc(T$p 2), Nxb GD, HA Ndi
3 Givdn, T, (1989), Kfmd, code and context:
Essciys in prc^condcs, Hillsdate, New
Ja:sey:Lawrwce Eribamm Associates Publishers
4 Hotaies, J (1984), Hedgmg your bets and
sitting m the fence: Some evidence for hedges as
sipport structures, Te Reo, No 27, pp 47- 62
5 Karidcainen, Ẹ (1990), Face saving and
qjistemic modeditỵ Proceedings from tlie seccmd
finnish seminar tm discourse analysis, pp: 64 - 76.3
6 Lakofl^ R (1972), The pragmatics of
modality, Pqins fiom the Regicmal Meetings of tiie
Chic^o Lmguistics Sociê, Nọ8, pp 229-247
7 Leedi, G N (1982), Princ^es off^ânatics
Longman Loidon &New Yoik
8 Ngiiy^ Thj Luong (1995), M^Â f i ^ Ai-rinA
dta dut odu dOng di hdi doi vdi viec bieu thf cdc hdnhvingdnngHtrongtiing Fi^/; TCNN (2)
9 Pahno-, F (1986), Mood and modality,
Camtvid^ University Press
10 F^dns, M R (1983), Mođ aqjressions in
DANLI|:U:
1 Tran DAng Khoa (1998), Chdn dung vd dii
thogị Nxb Thanh nidn
2 Chu Lai (1993), Phd, Nxb HANdị
3 H i Anh ThAi (1997), Ngudi vd xe chgy
dudi dnh trdng, Nxb Hdi NhA vAn Vi§t Nam, HA
Ndị
4 Nguyen Huy Thi§p (2001), Tttyin t^
truyen ngdn, Nxb Phy nft
5 Truyen NgAn Trd (1994) Hdi NhA vfin Vi0t Nam HANdị
6 Greene, G (1980), The quyet American,
Pengum Books
7 Hemuigway, Ẹ (1993), A farewell to arms,
Everyman's Librarỵ
8 Maugham, W S (1996), The moon and six
/Knee, Mandarin
9 Stembeck, J (1992), The grajpes of wrath,