Cdc phy fim tfic, xdt d dlUi fim tilt diu Id tilng dfng, dio nen ndi chung, so vdi tiianh difu vd vkt\, chdng ft cd khd nfing t90 n&i nhfc cfim dio ngudi dpc bon, m$c dd ddi khi c[r]
Trang 1I N G Q N N G O * HQC - V I $ T N O g HQC - NGOAI NGU]
NHAC DI|;U TRONG THO CA VIET
' MUSICALITE IN VIETNAMESE POETRY
NGUYfiN QUANG H 6 N G
(GS.TSKH; Vi$n Hdn lfim Khoa hgc Xfi h$i Vi^t N a m )
Abstract: MTtsicalilte is a fundamental element regarding phonetic aspects of poetry
wording, especially lyrical poetry This paper is going to clarify this conception based on
Vietnamese lyrical poehy materials Musicalilte is mostiy created by the tonal-harmony method
to bear the aesthetic sounds that readers can feel while experiencing poetiy
Key words: musicalilte; metre; food; Viemamese; poetiy
Cd mOt k h ^ n i ^ thi hpc dupc gidi tiilm
blnh thi ca ti^g V i ^ thudng hay ndi tdi Dd Id
*'nli9C £ ^ " (ho9c **nhac thih" - musicalitfi) cda
m$t ddi^ tho, mdt khd tha hay cua cd m$t bdi
tiio "Nh^c di^u" vd "tilt tlu" Id hai dicic trung co
b ^ thu$c blnh di$n fim thanh dupc <^m nhdn
trong moi lifin h$ vdi tinh y cua tdc phim n ^ §
tiiu$t tiiica
Dd cd khd nhieu vd khd phfin tdn nhfhig cdch
hilu, cdch h b h dung vh "idi^c di$u" trong tiia
Chdng h ^ vdi Tyuy$n Kieu cda Nguyen Du, cd
ngudi khdng ngin n g ^ coi 4 do^n tha tdc ^ d md
td tilng diln ciJa Thuy Kieu Id 4 bdn n h ^ phd
diSn nhdng cung b§c tinh cdm khdc nhau cua
ndng Ho$c ^ d hhih dung cd 7hfy$n Kieu Id mOt
bdn "gjao hudng" Idn ve than ph$n Ihdy Kilu,
md mSi chuong nh^c tuong dng vdi mdt qufing
d ^ clito n6i cda ndng, v.v L ^ cung cd khdng ft
ngudi i^idt huy tri tudng t u p i ^ vd khd nfing lifin
tudng kh&ig ^ d i h^n de ndi hSi nhffaig nhfu di$u
ndo dd cOa tdc p h ^ tiii ca, tii§m chf phdi v i ^
din cd nhdng ttilt If "do" - "thyc" ciSa Lfio Td dl
If gidi v l Slf chu chuyin cda ti^g tha, cda nh^c
difu trong tha, v.v Td cho ddng cda n ^ ngd
hpc trong m6i lifin hf vdi vdn hpc qua mdi gidi
Id nhthig thi lifu cy thl, chdng tdi khdng ddm
tiiam gia vdo nhdng cu$c i^fiu luu nhu till d l
cfim thy vfin chuong, md muon tilp c|n vdi khdi
nifm nh^c difu trong tha mpt cdch h^n h ^ hon
vd sdt tiiyc hon c6 gfing phdt hifn vd phfin tich
nhfhig gid fri mT cdm td chhih chdt li$u cda dm
thanh tilng ndi dupc thl hifn qua nhOng tdc
j^ilm thi ca cy the
1 Hda ph6i fim difu: c a c h l tyc nen n h ^
7& dien thudt n^ vdn hpc [Nxb Gido dye, 2004] cd ghi nhgn thu$t ngO- Nhpc di^u vk v\k
"[ ] Y I U t6 h b h thdi v$t chit t90 nfin nhfc difu
Id difp fim, (£fp v$n v(A cdc Mnh thdc (h d^ng
cilia chung: bfii^ trfic, nhip difu, nifim, d6i, vln, ylu t6 tupng tiianh, ngft difu Qu ldm n ^ h6n cda nh^c difu Id sy lifin tudng cilia to chdc fim thanh vdi cdm gidc fim nh^c (nh^c cdm) hong Idng n^udi" Nhd nghien cdu L^ Todn TMnc c6 vfi '*cl^ lpe" vd rdnh m ^ h hon, khi cho rSng:
"Tho Vift Nam cd dupc nh^c ^ chd ylu ]& nhd vdo 3 did "difu" sau: frudc hit Id dianli
difu, sau dd Id vln difu vd nhip ^ ^ u " {L^ Toiin
Thine, fr 455]
Cui frdc nhjp difu (mefre) vd fim lu$t cik thl tha ndi chung tryc ti^ Hfin quan vdi tilt tlu hon
Id nhfic (hfu, m$c dd nd cdng gdp phin t^o n ^
n h ^ cdm cho hda tho Vdi nhfc difu, nhjp tha
(food) cGng nhu clu true nhip ^$u d ^ g vai fr6 Idm cdi khui^ fim <fifu cho hai ylu t6 vl tiianh
vd vln tim tdi vi frf tiifch hpp dl t90 nfin nh^c cdm Bdi v^y, idifin t6 chu ylu ldm nfin nh^c difu frong tha Vift, theo Unh dung cda chdng
tdi, chd yeu Id thanh vd vdn ndi chung Cd hai
ylu t6 fim thanh ndy sd ^ cd dupc khd nfing tfo nhfu; cdm vl chdng Id nhfhig hifn tupi^ mang dii cdc phim chit fim hpc cda " l i ^ g tiianh" (voiceles), ho$c chu ylu Id tilng tiianh (frudng
hpp cdc vln cdi cd kit fim id phy fim tdc -p, -t, -k,
•cK), chd khdng hfin Id "tilng dpng" (vocal
coixb) Cdc phy fim tfic, xdt d dlUi fim tilt diu Id tilng dfng, dio nen ndi chung, so vdi tiianh difu
vd vkt\, chdng ft cd khd nfing t90 n&i nhfc cfim
dio ngudi dpc bon, m$c dd ddi khi cflng t^o dupc nhflng In toipng vl tilng d0ng (nhu tilng
Trang 2S 6 l 2 ( 2 4 2 ) - 2 0 1 S N G d N N G f & B d l S 6 N G
gifi, ti&lg tfa*, ti&ig va chsm, ) hojc ve hhih
dnh nilo d6
Co chl de cic yeu t6 ngtt am t^o n€n nll^c
di&i 1& "h6a ph6i": phii thanh vkpltoi van (phoi
tiing ndi chun^ Hda ph6i c6 hai m$t: m ^ ]&
Hip, hai ]k doi "Di^" Ik l$p 1^ nhfhig c&i
tutmg d6ng fao$c tirong tvr "mi" 1& t^o ra s\r
tuong b l ^ bao g ^ c i s y chuy&i dSi NfaOng
nguygn 11 h6a [ ^ i fim thanh niy khOng nfaQng
thich dyng vdl t i ^ g Vl^t, md cihig thich fapp cho
nhfing ngdn ngfi thuOc l o ^ falnfa don l^p - fim
ti^ tlnh, cd CO cfal don tilt (monosyllabism)
mang thanh di$u (sylhibic tone), nhur tilng H&i,
ding Lio, v.v Tiliig cd ngudi vilt iling: "Mang
d$c dilm don fim, dd dii fim tilt n g ^ ticfa rdi,
tilng Vi|t cd uu tfae tlnh n h ^ so vdi cic thii
tilng cd nguySn fim, pfay i m It hon, v i khdng cd
dianh £ ^ " [Le Thj Bich H&ng Tlnh nhpc cia
tha ] Cd till tin d6ng p h ^ nio vdi tic gii
nhfing ddng vila din, nhung nlu nght r ^ t i ^ g
Vi^ giiu nguySn fim v i phvi fim dil khdng hin
di ding, v i cing khdng ding nlu cho ring hi c&
ngdn ngfi nio "nghto" nhfing thdr fim niy (die
biSt li phy fim) thl se "nghdo" ludn c i tinfa nh(ic
trong tfao Tilng Nh$t ching h«n, rit It nguySn
fim v i phvi fim, khdng cd thanh di^u nhung cd
hpng fim vhfc dnh, tiong ngdn ngfi ni^ chl cd c i
thiy 50 fim tilt Nhung al dim bio ring tfao ca
Nh$t nghSo nin v l nh(ic digu Vin dl khdng
phii li nhilu hay It nguydn fim, phvi im, fim tilt
ndi chung, mi chfi yeu dt co chl hda phoi cic
don V) fim thanh trong ngdn ngfi dl t ^ nen nhtu
di$u
Ndi din hda ph6i thanh diiu trong tho ca,
trudc hit phii phfin bi|t nhfing ldp tuong dong
vi tuong phin trong h$ thing thaiih di^u cd gii
trj m^ cim, thl hi|n chiic ning thi ca Vdi chite
ning khu bi|t ngMa cda til don tilt hay ngfi t6,
cic thanh diiu li bhih diing vdi nhau (vd: vo; vi,
wi vd; v4 vti) Nhung tiong chte i ^ g dii ca,
chdng lip diinh cic nfadm, cic ldp kuig khic
nhau; Trudc hit, dd li svr dSl lip BSng - lyic
Svr dii l|p niy dit CO sd bSn die bung v l diioirg
n^r diin biln dd cao cCia thanh digu Nhdm BJIng
g ^ cic thanh ATgting v i Oiyin l i nhfing dianh
di$u cd dudng ndt bang phing, khdng d&i chilu
Ngd, SSc, Ning (chi tilt hon: vdi fim culi li p,
-t, -c, -cA ta cd: S& Nhip v i Ntfng Nhpp) DJc
trung fim fapc cda nfadm Tr^ Ii dudng ndt dg cao cd biln chuyin da d^g: ho$c ldn cao, ho$c xuong dilp, hoic uln cao, hoic uln diip Tat c i nhfing str (^1 lip Bing - Trie dd deu di vio im luit cic thl tho, v i cung li co sd fim hgc cda s\r t90 ndn gii trj nhfic cim cho nhfing ddng tho, nhfing khii tho cvi thl Trong qui kfatit, ba dianfa
Ngang - Hii - !& li nhdm cic thanh "Bing" cd fim VVIC cao, ba dianh Httyen-Ngd-Ning^tva^
nhdm cic thanh *Trim", cd fim vvrc thip Nhung ngiy nay, d Hi Ngi v i Bic Bd ndi cfaung, thanh
Ngd cd kit diuc cao, dll vj tri vdi dianh Mi
trong hai diy niy Svr dll lip "Bing - Trim" d
hai thanh Bing (Ngang v i Httyen} chl di vio fim
luit dll "lyc bit" v i "song dilt Ivic bit", nhung rit cd a i tri trong chOrc ning tfui nhfu: di^u trong mpi die tho v i qua dd thl hiSii khi ning ggi ti
^ biSt cda chdng C&i thanh Bing cua Hin ngfi cung phin blSt "Bong - Trim" nhung chua
h i dim (hiong nhfing chftc ning dii ca giing nhu nhu cic thanh Ngang v i Huyln cda tilng
V i | t
Ndng d t cda vdn trong thi ca tilng Vi^t li
v ^ oil (vin mSu), nlu khdng tinh dianh dilu nhu di ndi d bSn, thl cd dil hiSp vin v i liy vfin dieo "vin cfahifa" (lip UJ hoin toin) v i "vin didng" Oip lfl khdng faoiii toin) Cic don vj vin cii tilng ViSt lidn h | vdi nhau dieo tftng tilu hS diong: ^ m d (g6m 12 don vj), vin nfta md (20
don vj), vin nfta khdp (vin Uiiip mui, kit fim li
-m, -n, -ng -nh - glm 28 don vj) v i vin diyc kfadp (cd kit fim li -p, -t, -c, -ch - glm 28 don vj
hrong ftng) [xem: Nguyin Quang Hing, 2012]
Svt phfin lip &^ < ^ ^ ^ HAtg vin v i svr hda
phm gifla chftng cung li co sd t(U] nSn n h ^ di^u trong dw ca tilng Vift
HiSn tugng cic phy fim diu trong fim tilt tilng ViSt dugc lip lii cd dil phy bg cho nhfing tilr liy dl td (Qm hhih inh hoic cim xftc nio dd
l i diudng diiy tanng dio ca, trong dd cflng cd dll
bk gip mdt vii ttudng fagp dudng nhu liy pfay
fim cd liSn quan vdi in higng v l fim dianfa Ching h ^ nhu ttong mdt ciu dio cfta Thl Lfi
(bii 'ning trie tttyit vdi):
Trang 3Njtuhdthiu (^ms Iioi eii Iteotnmf
6 diy cd 4 Sm H- lip Uu v i nhd dd ngudl fei
cim thiy nhu cd ti^lg gid xao xic Iudt qua Vi
sy lip lii mdt lo^t cic fim R- trong bii hit Nhpc
rimg cfta nh^c sT Hoing ViSt cflng dudng nhu
cho ta cim nhin dugc tieng suli chiy v i tieng li
roi trong rftng:
Ric rich/rdc rich.: Lir^r^quakliesutSi; Lijtgi
/litSi: VetisgkSumt&tman
Tuy nhiSn, hau het cic trudng hgp khic, liy
1^ phy fim diu d cic tilng trong ciu tho dft thyc
svr gdp phin ggi t i hlnh inh (thj giic), nhung
khdng t9o nSn nb^c diSu (thinh giic) 0 die biSt
cho ciu tho, ching h ^ nhir "DuUtrib^ipQrSnda
gt>ilti.\\ DSi tudngl^^^g^ dim l:dng"(Th0>fit
Kiiu • Nguyin Du), hofc nlnr "Nhiing tuong runriv
runerinhli \\DdtnltdnhkhOg^xutmgmdngmanif'
(Diy miia thu t&i - Xuin DiSu) Diy li hiSn
tugng dugc ggi l i "dii ttung hfiu hga", khic biSt
vdi "dli hung hfiu nh^" BJnh ring "hga" v i
"nh^" cd the dugc 11^ tudng qua I9I vdi nhau
trong cim diy thi ca, song chftng kfadng phii li
mdt, v i phin tich khoa hgc li phii t ^ thdi trftu
xuit chftng riSng ra, ngS hiu trinh dugc lli bhih
tin nhip nhing, "cii ng xg cil Ida" Ciu chuySn
mi chftng tdi muln trinfa biy ft diy cfainh li khia
c^nh "thi trung hfiu nh^", li nhpc diiu cfta tho
tilng ViSt
c i n Iuu ^ ring cic tft lip liy, trong dd cd
nhfing tilr lip Iiy "tugng dianh" (idim Hmg doin^
lich tich, IfKh i^ich, 1^ Odp, t^ d^, om thdm, r^
rinh, rtrdo, nknSch, r^rit, s&ns^, Idchtdch, lluio,
thim tH, thinh thdl, dlidi, xi^tinh, v.v.) lit cd gii
tij trong chftc ning ggi ti nl^u; diSu cfta ciu tho,
cMnh li di dugc t ^ ra theo co chl fada pfaii fim
diSu (kl c i im diii, vin v i thanh diSu), diln ra
trong mdt khudn khi nhd nhit (tl hgp song tilt)
vi mang gii tT[ bilu cim rS rSt nhit tiong tilng
ViSt BSn ciuih fit "higng tiianh", tilng Vi|t cdn
cd lit nhllu tilr lip liy "higng hhih" (nhu: cM
chang, dSydd,dot^ dua, sS sing, g^gd, iao dao, t^
tde, long tanh, l^ linh, h dia, hing Iidng, sdng sinh,
sdng suat, rim rfp, rur^ rinh, ryv r&, ulp n^, twig
Ong, x^ xde, v v.) Vai trd cfta tft liy "higng fahifa"
li t ^ nSn fahih inh, cfaft khdng t{U) nSn im
dianh, mic dft c i hai: "tugng thanh" v i "higng
hhih" diu cd khi ning ggi cim nfait djnfa Cd
m$t ciu dio rit d ^ bong rit nfailu ciu dio d ^
cfta Thjyin Kieu: '^La tha ta liiu tmdng minh \\ Con oanh hpc nil tren canh mia mai " Chilu
theo chfi Ndm trong nguyen vin (bin Duy Mmh Thj - 1872, bin Lilu Vin Dudng - 1871 vi
1876) dll tft liy Itr Iha cung cd till dgc li /un thua Nhung khdng mdt nhi Kilu hgc nio khdng chgn dgc kr tha Li 191 Iim sao viy? Li vl
ngay sau hai tilng /a r/ur dS sin cd fim la, I$p
diiiih m$t diy liy Uu vin •«', khiln la "liy n^di" tit la tha ik giSp phin "khulcfa buong" cii hlnh inh vln cd cfta tft Iiy "tugng hlnh" la tha N I U chgn dgc lua thua thl khdng d^t dugc
hiSu qui niy, Cil co chl niy cflng ip dyng cho cic tft liy "tugng thanh", nhd dd tilng nfa^c cia ciu tho dugc "cdng hudng" Tuy nhiSn, vdi cfiu dio di din d diy cfta Nguyin Dii, ta chl cd hlnh inh, chft khdng cd im thanh, mic dft ddng dudi
cd ndi din tilng chim hdt **mla mar (chft khdng phii rA>r^ buy Ihinh Ihit ching h^)
Dudi (My chftng ta tiift xem x6t sy hda phli
im diSu s6 tfO nSn nhfing hiSu qui nh^ diSu ra sao bSn mdt s l dd liSu tieng V i | t
2 Hda phli tm di|u v i of hii hda lm
hwVngciuthQr Hda phli fim diSu bon^ flio bmic hit li nhim bio dim svr hii fada, cfin bang v i nfajp nhing cho ciu dio Mli till dxrcd fim lu$t cfta nd, vi ngudi lim ttio pRii cfin nhic sft dyng fim diSu ttieo co chl hda phli nhit djnh dl bio dim fim hudng riSng cfta tftng dil ttio Nhfing h i ^ tirgng gpi li
"khd ddc" (khd dgc) hay "ngang tai", "bftc bic" chinh Ii da vi p h ^ nhu clu dd v l n h ^ diSu cfiu ttio
Cd m|t cfiu taong Thiyin Kieu cfta Nguyin
Du, ttieo nguySn vin chfi Ndm (bin Lilu VSn Dudng, l&71)phiidgcnfausau:
THh ins&icicon dao: Giiu dm ning di gdiviodokhin
Theo fim luit cfta till lyc bit, ttil nhfing'tiln^ ttift hai, dift tu, dift sill ("nhj", "tiir" "lyc") bit budc phii li ttianh Bing Trong cfiu "lyc" (6
tilng) tadn, cfafi ttift faai li chft M, dftng dieo fim
Hin-Vi$t phii dgc li (in dianh Sic (Tiic), nhu vfly li phjm vio luit "nhj tft lyc phin minh" Neu cft dgc nguyin iihu viy till nghe sS rit chii
tai (IHn ^ sdn cd con dad), nSn cic nhi phiSn
Trang 4" S6 12 (242)-201S N G d N N G C & Bin S O N G 91
m$t im khic cd thanh Ngang (Bing), dftng tiieo
luit cua dio lyc bit (7>^ii xia sin cd con dao),
vi nhu viy im diSu ddng tho sS nhjp nhing, Sm
tai hon V l sau (bin Ki£i Oinh Miu, 1902), cy
Gii Son dftt khoit chfia chfi Hin % dn ttiinh
chfi Myen, v i ciu tho nghilm nhiSm dftng v6i
im luit lyc bit, khdi cin phii din do gi nfia Mri
chfia chfi io tfainh chfi chio cho thdng nglda
hon: ^'Dvnyin sSn c6 con tiao Gidu cdm ning
dd gii vio chio khin"
Mdt trudng luTp khic, cflng d Tho^n Kiiu,
xiy ra V(5ri ciu "lyc" nhu sau:
Mi^^cichtivittlnhtlidn
MdinfftdimSivi muiiphinvfnmudi
Nlu ngit nhjp bhih tfaudng ttieo ciu bftc nfajp
diSu 2 /2 /2 dll ciu tfao niy cflng p f a ^ lyit "nhj
tft lyc phin mmh" nhu A tita Nfaung Ididng,
ddng ttio niy khdng n ^ nhjp chSn, mi ngfit lim
ddl dieo ciu tiftc nhip IS 3/3 (mdt biln ttil vl
ngit nhip mi luit dio lyc bit chip nhin) : Mai
cdt oicA / Ao<^( (ftiA r/uk Vdi ciu bftc nhjp diSu
"dio phich" niy, ciu tfao biln thinh m$t ciu
tilu ^ 1 , chfl n g ^ v i thanh fim dli nhau ehan
chit ttieo tftng vj tii mdt tfio nSn mOt im diSu
cin dli, hii hda
Trong ttii ca ttidi bung d^, cd khi bit ^
nhflng budng hgp, vl dl cho ciu ttio phft hgp
vdi fim luit till dio, tic gii di phii tfun dftng
ttianh Binjg ttiay cho thanh Tiic, ttianh Bing
ttiay cho thanh Trim, hoic ngugc 1^:
Ttong Vital Nam ngfi ivc
Die ning th^sSai hay
Conhtfytud^maijtgm \os^\sel3k
Tn^4n Kieu cflng cd tiudng hgp tuong tvr:
Dmh ninh mit giat ch^ thu
C&ngir&itimt!^[tt>i\,dua0nhinnhe
Cd nhfing bii lyc bit do nhi dio Bftt Tre sing
tic dieo lli chuyin dli thanh diSu cho hgp vdi
fim hiit cfta till ttKn
-Oli sang cdng tic bdo ldng
CSngldcdngvticCiSchaMgbmtieitfiiocho
- liln hoan d mit nii Ad/[chuli],
Ravinhimliciliaii9xiS\h6mncy
Qui ttiit nlu khdng "t?m dgc" nhu viy mi
cft dgc dftng vdi thanh diSu cfta miy tft ngfi iy
dll til chl cd nhftng ciu vin xudi d diy ttlSi, chft
liy diu ra i m hudng cfta ttio lyc b i t Nhung mdt
viy rSi, dd cii "sd eU" (simified) cua miy tilr ng^ dd 1^ bj xuySn t ^ (ISn mftc ngudi dgc khdng nhjn dugc cudi, v i diy mdi chhih Ii chft dich cfta nhi tho vui tinh niy
Nhilu khi, ngay c i nhfing vj tri dugc ty do
Ivra chgn tfaanh diSu, nfai ^ ciing td ra nh^y
cim khi chgn thanh niy mi khdng chgn thanh
khic Xin dgc mdt khi ttio trong bii Tir^ biit hdnh cfta Tfaim Tfim v i quan sit nfafing tfaanh
Huyln (Bing di^) dit c^nh thanh Ngang (Bing cao):
Dua Bgjsdita Uidng dua qua sdng Sao odtiStg sdng dtrong ldng Ningvdnglhdngth&n khdn^vingvat Sao d^bg^tghin trong mit trong
Ngoii chuySn trong khi tho niy cic vin
-ong, -ong Xky I^i nhilu lin, tfo cim giic luyin
liy xin XBng, cdn cd hiSn tugng dftng thanh Huyln d ciu 1 v i ciu 4 trong mdt diy nhihig thanh Ngang nli ttieo sau V i hiSu ()ui li fim faudng cfta ciu ttio v i c i khi ttio nghe lit dju
ding, Sm tai hj Toin Tfaing tftng dift ttiay Dua ngudiX^itigDuaai.vkhoinghdnbinQmA'trdi,
khdng p f a ^ "luit djnh", nhung cim diiy fim hudng cfta hai cfiu tho "cil biSn" niy tuy cd vd
du duong; nhung nghe khdng Sm il mi ngang tai, vi thiiu di mdt syr cin bing, hii hda cin thiet [L^ Toin Thing, b 468]
"Khdng" v i "ching" li ding nghta, nhung mgt li bfing, m$t l i trie, chftng phil dugc dua
vio ciu tho cfta Vfl Cao (bii JViW dot) sao cho
thich hgp, nfau tic gii chgn Ivra:
Mdy nim cd iy Idm chi ktch KluSnf Ijldu vl sao chine iiy ching
(Nlu Ididng sip xip nhu viy mi ngugc 1^,
ta sS cd mdt ciu rat ngang tai: • "Miy nim cd iy lim iu Udi Ching hiiu vi sao khdng liy ching I) Nhi tho Xuin Dilu tiong bii Chung quanh tie ngU Jhtygn Kliu [1976, b.228] di r« tinfa tl
khi cin nhic lya chgn dgc li c/i/ hay gi (chft NSm ttiudng vilt nhu nhau, mic dft dgc khic nhau d ttianh Ngang v i duuifa Huy^) bong mdt
s l ciu THivpn Kieu 6ng vilt: "Dugc cii Imfa
cim, cii tivc giic din di, cfaftng ta sS chft ^ din nhflhg ylu to khong do ludng d u ^ , khdng tinfa dim dugc Tdi nghi ring c/i/vdi ri till cflng nhu
Trang 5huyln, till Idm sao san bfing nhu nhau dupc?"
Vd dng dl nghj dpc:
N^ienh ngang mQt cdi l)iin ddiy,
Kim chicd qua, kem ^ bd vuang
Chit khdng nen dpc: Kem £J cd qua, kdm gi
bd vuong Cung khdng nen dpc: "Tuong ^ Id
giSng hdi tanif, md nSn dpc Id 'Tudng chi "
R5 rdng Id Ivm d i ^ cda nhd Iho Xufin Di$u dfi
dem l^i mdt fim hiidng hdi hda vd nh^ nhdng hon
cho cfiu tfao Song dhig cd thl ng}^ khdc vdi
trudng hpp cfiu "TuSng gi Id giSng hdi tadi*,
nlu ta dong cfim hon vdi tfim tr^ng Thdy Kilu,
khi t ^ thfin ngdn vdng cda ndng b) Mfi Gidm
Sinh chd d ^ vd ndng khdng n ^ dupc nSi cfim
tdc, khmh bl d6i vdi g$ ddn dng dung tyc vd tiiSp
k6m kia "Tu^r^ gt^ nghe cd vd chl chilt n$ng
nl hon, chd khdng tiianh thofit nh? nhdng nhu Id
"TWng cAf" (Cdch cdm thy ndy l i ^ quan vdi
nhflng ^ s3 ndi tdi d myc 4 dudi dfiy)
3 Hda phli fim di^u t^o nfin hlnh tupng
fim nh^c
Hlnh tupng fim nh^c Id cdi dupc gpi Ifin,
dupc cdm nli(ln nhu m$t giai di$u, m^t fim
hudng ndo diy, td chhih blnh d i ^ fim tiianh cda
cfiu tho hay kh6 tha, chd khdn^ phdi dan gidn Id
mQt cdch so sdnh vi von Chfing hfui, ta khdng
''nghe" dupc nhQng tilng ddn cda Thdy Kilu khi
Nguyin Du vilt: "livng nhu tiing hpc bay
gua\\ D{ic nhu nudc sudi mdi sa nda vdi" Dfiy
diyc ra chl Id cdch chuyin sy cdm thy tilng ddn
td k€nh thhih gidc sang kfinh th} gidc Nhung vdn
hai tilng sam sdp trong cfiu "TUng mau smns^
nhu trdi dd mua" titi ta thyc sy nghe th&y fim
tiianh cua con mua n$ng h^t dang tdi tdp din
d||) vang ldn ben tai ta M ^ s6 hhih tupng fim
nh^c tuong ty cd till cfim n h ^ dupc khi ta dpc
nhflng cau tha khdc cflng cda Dvy^n Kiiu:
-SdKhanh thit mdn^diing^aig
Budc vio viia ri^ lhi hitng ra tav
- Ti$c hdy thudt^tud^ khao binh,
Om thdm Irdns trdn rdp rinh nhac qudn
-Hdabditi^l^n^mau
Nam dinh n^^tg trdng chdu d^doaih
Vdi cfiu tiia cu6i cdng vda din, In tupng rd
n^ v l tilng trdng dilu trim hdng md vang d^i
dupc g ^ Idn khdng hfin Id do l^p l^i nhthig fim £)
nhilu lin {dinh, ddng dpi), md chhih Id nhd cd
{ddng trong), cda nhthig tiianh di$u cd fim vyc tfiip Huyln vd N$ng (dHnh - chdu d^ng - dpi)
t^ondn
Sau dfiy chdng ta hfiy quan sdt mpt s6 trudng hpp trong dd sy hda phoi fim di$u dfi t^o n£n nhflng hhih tupng fim n h ^ rit di$u Id Trudc hit
dd Id miy c$p tiiit ngdn tiong hid Nhf ho (1938) cda Xufin Di$u [xem: Thi nhdn Vi4t Nam, h
123]:
KM trdi quarA tdi ldm bdng ta KMtrdt quanh^ldm ba^dta Hai cfiu tha song hdnh cdng nhau, hiu nhu
l$p l$i hodn todn cd v l thanh di$u, cd vl tilng (fim tilt) Nhu trong fim nh^c, hai ddng tiio
"d6ng tiianh d6ng fim" ndy diSn ra tiieo thfri gian, ^ ta hlnh dung nhu dang nghe hai cfiu
n h ^ ndo diy cd cdng di^u thdc
Nhthig hlnh tupng fim nh^c tuong ty nhu till ctbig gqn Idn td nhieu ddng tiia sdng ddi vdi
nhau hong bdi tiia 7Ji> dd cda Bich Khfi, mQt W
tiia 7 Idil, mSi kh6 4 c&i, chl ddng todn tiianh Blbig vd gieo vln B k g Nhu (hich kh6 3):
Cdy ddn ySuduar^ ldm bing tha D^cUBtySuduangrwi trong ma HdnvitrinmdikSu: Email Thuyen hdn khdngdi lin chd vai
Hay nhu:
Oh^budnvuar^ cdy f^d ddng yimgrai,vitt^raidmmMimdng
Cflng trong bdi Nl4 hd, ta l{u g$p mQt c$p tiilt
ngdn noi tilng nihi v l gid tq gpi td Itinh tupng fim n h ^ tuong dng v<H tilng ddn nhi h6 g^m cd hai dfiy; mQt dfiy cao (thanh Ngang: la la la 0
vd mQt dfiy tiil^ (tiianh Huyln: rl rl rl ) 0 dfiv fim lu$t "BSng - Tr&c" hodn todn bj tiiay the bdi dli l$p "Bong - Trim" cda nhdm thanh Bfing:
Suang nucmg theo trdng ngiiTig lung trdi Tuang tu ndng ldng lin chai vai
Xin dupe luu ^ rfing nhthig cfiu thd tren dfiy diu r4t gidu nh^c cdm, mic dd d dd chl cd hai tiianh Ngang vd H i ^ hda phli vdi nhau, chd dfiu cd d u vipn dm Id hit cdc thanh <fi$u khdc nfla tatmg tieng ViQt Cho nfin, sy "gidu tiianh diQu" hong tiliig Vi^ khdng h&a Id nhfin
t l q i ^ djnh cho "tliA nh9c" cda dia ViQt MQt hlnh hrpng fim nh^c id n ^ Ididc cflng dupc g ^ ldn td b t ^ phfip gieo vln vd Idy vln
Trang 6!- So 12 (242)-2015 N G 6 N N G f & D d l S 6 N G 9 3
trong kfai tho sau dSyd bii Em ai Ba Lai cfta
T I H O U :
Emai,BaLanmtiatuyittan
Dwdngbach limng suong tring ning trdn
Anh a nghe tiing ddn xuin ^
CangdnnSm: BaLan, BaLan
Nghe nhu cd tilng din duong cim ngfin vang
tit nhftng kfaudn vin-on dugc lip lfi trong suot
khi tfao (Ba Lan, tan, trin, din, ngin, Ba Lan
BaLan!)
m y dgc bil ca dao sau diy, ta sS n ^ thiy
tilng con chim khich kSu, dugc td dim bdi
nhftng tilng cd vin -dch liy 1^ USn tilp tinng
bin ciu tho liln, nhu bio tin cho ai dd dang thic
ttidm mong chd ngudi ttiin:
Sdm mat em ngii bin vich
Emriaciitr^i,
EmngheconthimUiidi,
NdkSu chl cha chichi^ lidn but tre gtd
Khich ail Cd phdi Uidch bio tin ngudi ban iudng
xa
Diem trdi chiiu, ^u& nhd cho nd tinh tuam
Cd ciu ca dao ring:
Ngudl xinh cit bdng cting xinh
Tdi 1^ nghe diiy m|t dj bin khic:
Ngudixinh cH ndn cOngxtnh
Nf^ ttnh nii tbih inh tinh dine tinh
Ci hai phiSn bin diu "tl nhj" trinfa ggi tSn
cii gl dd trong ciu "bit", m i dua vio diy ba nit
nhjc dl ttiay dil (tinh, linh, linh) Tdi ttiich phiSn
bin sau hon chftt xlu, vl d diy ciu "Ivic" l i ndi
vS xuih d^p cfta ning kfailn chile ndn ning ddi
diu (hay cim tay) cflng "ttiom" liy Cdn ciu
"bir khdng cin ndi v l vS d?p nfta, mi chft j ndi
vl "cii tinh" cfta ning, dft ring chftng ta cung
khd doin chic "cdi dnh tinh tinh" cfta ning li
cii ^ viy V i Ifu, d dj bin niy cdn cd them hai
tilng tin* nfta, mdt budc mdt sau, "tiln fad hiu
ftn^ dim cho ba tilng tinh tinh tlnh d gifta dugc
nil bit hon ISn
4 Hda phli i m dl^u v i g ^ t i flnh f
Nh^c cim li mdt khia cfuih tinh vi trong
ttiudng ttiftc ttio ca Nhilu khi Ivra chgn dit mdt
thanh diSu n i o d d v i o v j b i niy faay v j b i k l a
trong ciu tho, nhi tho chin til thudng dugc
n h ^ cim chl bio Cdn ngudi diudng ttiftc ttil
cflng phii nhsiy cim nfau tfil, hoic phii dvmg
cd thl phit huy kfai ning ggi ti nlu cfaftng dugc 1)6 trf vio mdt khung cinh ngft nghia phft hgp L{u din mdt ciu Ivic cfta Nguyin Du mi thc^ nhin li ph^m luit "nhj tft IVIC phin minh" d tilng thft hai Dd li trong do^n Ho^n Thu day nghiln IfaftyKlIu:
liiu thuvdin?! lining:
"Cudc VUl gfy Ihic doan tFii^4ydii? SaodOisbiit^ti^
Cho clilaig imin bi tdl tH tai nguail" • Chfl chdng bong ciu thft ba li ph^m luit Bing-Tric Vdi trudng hgp niy, ^ cftu vin dnh hlnh, cd thl 1^ ngit cfiu hfc cd cfaft ch&lg lim
ddi diinfa hai nfajp 3 / 3: 5ix> c/a^g dj/r/j^ n^ gi Nfaung cflng cd till xft 11 dieo cich khic: difta nhin cd svr phi cich vl fim lu$t v i vln ghi' ciu trftc nhjp diSu bfatti diudng 2 / 2 / 2 (Sao cA^f// diefy ftrgO, dl td ^ ling diy l i ndi ttieo gigng thd l3 "dfti dftc" cfta Ho^n Thu, nghe cft nhu dim vio tai viy ThSm nfla, d diy cd bin tfianh bic liln nhau, die biSt Ii l a thanh sic vftt ISn, khiln gigng mvi nghe chii git, die thS chft khdng
Sm dim im ip chftt nio
Nhi tho Xuin DiSu tftng tfim s ^ "Ndi chung, dio cin phii Sm tai Tuy nlilSn, cd taim n^ib cich Sm tai, lit sudi dine, biln hda, chft chiiig phil Iftc nio cflng phii bocyc cic fim thanh trie bing ning nhf, dau huyln vdi khdng cd diu cho dilu hda nggt tai dieo mdt kilu quen tiu dl dii" Nhi ttio din ra hai ciu tho Ndm cfta NgiQ>ln Ttii mi dng ySu ttiich:
Tliii cao, tdc bac, cdi riu bac, Nhi rsit, din xanh, con mat xanh
V i kl ring: Mdt lin, bhih tnidc cdng chftng,
vl muln hai ciu tfio l y nhanh chdng dugc ngudi nghe tfadng cim, dng di dgc cfafta l^i cho Sm tai
hon: "TtiSi^ lie bgc cM rdu bfttT Sau dd gi|t
mtah n ^ I»i, dng nhu nim mdng tfiiy Nguy&i Trii hdi: 'T6i gii bao gid mi anh bio ring tdi tail gii t u l i tdi cao chft " Nhi tfio l«i suy ngM tfiSm: dftng ra, dieo luit bing taic dil phii
vilt li "chdm rdu bgiT, "eSp mdt xanlf Nfaung:
"Chdm riu b?c" vio diy dil bfti ngfti ngay, vudt riu xudi tay, an phin "Cii riu bjc" thl dd liy liu mi lie cil diu 1 Cii diu niy cftng lim Cd cftng nhu ttil ttri chfing nd mdi dem ra chit chft
Bj tau di tam tdc li do "cii riu bjc" ding t ^ g
Trang 7vd diu n$ng vdo diy thl dye 1 ^ dd Id c$p m ^
cd d dudi difin ! "Con mSt xanh" ddng trfic md
d$t bfing, till sfiu tiifim tiifim, cdi sfiu cda uu di,
cda tfim h6n" pCufin DiQu C^ng vi0c ldm tha, tr
27-28]
cdng cfin nhfic ve thanh Ngang vd thanh
Huyln trong chi vd gi, nhung trong tnidng hpp
sau dfiy, nhd tha Xufin DiQu khdng chl cot sao
cho "toi thanh nghe h w hon", md cdn chd ^
din khfi nfing gpi td ve thto xdc my Td Bd:
" nlu dpc I d ^ n gi thl cd tdi ba diu huyln d
nhflng vj Xd qud nfing n l ; "An chi cao ldn dSy
dd ldm sao", v l phin diy dd cda mu Td Bd thl
cd hfu diu huyln dk n$ng xulng; v l phin cao
ldn cda my iy, thl may tilng dn chi cao ldn
ldm elm m{t <hng ddng phdn ndo " [Cdng vi^c
ldm tha, ti- 228]
Trong m l i lidn tudng td thinh gidc sang thj
gidc, ta cd thl dpc do9n tha Nguyin Du md td
hlnh dtog cao to vd bQ vQ cda Td Hdi qua cdch
hda phli htog Io;it fim tilt mang thanh huyln,
md phin ldn diu rai vto culi nhjp Id vj trf
m ^ trong clu true nhip d>Qu cda tha lyc 1 ^ :
Rdu fdon /hdm inJmiiy ng^
y^ ndm/tdc rdngj/thdn mudi/thudc cao
DudngAidng/mdt^ng anhhdo
Cdn quyin/han sdcJ/luac thao/gdm tdl
Ddi pdi/dq) ddt/dddi
Horn/ten Hdi/vdn r^udi/Viit Ddng
Giang hS/quai thd/vdy •viing
Guam ddn/nua gdnh.//non sdng/mdl chio
Vd Tto Dd, bit chip sy hdi hda bfing b i c
trong tdng cfiu d tha that ngdn theo "lu^t
djnh", dng dfi vilt v l tfim trfuig vd hdnh tung
cda mQt khdch v t o chuang nhu sau:
Tdi cao ohdn thdo chl khi udt
Giang ho mi chai quin qui huang
Ddng trdn don d^p nhflng thanh h:^c, d$c
biQt 4 chfl culi ddng liSn tyc nhflng thanh Sfic
vut ldn cao, d6n n£n, nhu tinh than, ^ chi bj o
£p, cfiu thdc, khdng bung ra dupc Thl ngupc
l9i, ddng dudi trdi ddi mQt m^ch nhdng thanh
Btog phy hpa cho hdnh vi ty do Iang b^t nai
tha huong cda k£ "bit dfic chl" dd
Tha Ho Chf Minh cihig cd mQt cfiu dfic siic
trong bdi Cdnh kht^a v l cdch sd dyng thanh
diQu:
TySnglSngcddm bdnglSnghoa
Cfiu bdn gpi v i fim tiianh, cfiu dudi t d v l hhih dnh Cto tr€n cd tdi 4 tiianh Sfic vd 3 tiianh Ngang, diu Id nhthig thanh cd fim vyc cao, gpi Ien mpt fim hudng bay b6ng, trong trdo Luu Tipng L u nhd tha "slu ryng" tiidi " t i ^
chiln" nli tilng vdi bdi Tieng thu gito nh^c
<£Qu:
Em khdng nghe miia thu Duditrdngmdthdn thuc Emkhdr^n^rgoruc Hbihdnhkidimhpfm 7>t»lg ldng nfftdi cdphu
Em khdng nghe rikng dtu Lddmkeu xdoxgc Ctm nalvdng%ga ngdc D^ trin id vdng khd
Trong bdi tha tiiyc ra chi cd mQt td "tupng
tiianh" xdo xpc d l md td tilng chto nai d ^ Ifin U
vtog khd.HNhung dd khdng phdi Id ch5 diQu kl cda n h ^ tfnh bdi tiia trong moi giao hda vdi t&n
ti^ng u buon cda thi st d dfiy cd 4 tieng thu
dupc 1 ^ l{u, 3 ti^g d V) tri gieo VIIL Vin cdi -u cdn dupc tdi hiQn trong tilng D/r{f vdi thanh d i ^ trim ntog hon Am sfic cda van -u Id "trim, tli", mQt khi (Ihrpc nhan ldy nhu vfiy, nd sS td d$m mQt cdm gito u buln, md mjt dio bdi tho Huy Cfin cflng Id mQt "nhd tiia buln" tiidi
"tiln child", dng tiiudng td noi buln vdi hlnh dnh con ngudi nhd nhoi gjGa khdng gian tihh Itog hao la Nhung trcmg kho tha s w dfiy d bdi
Thu rimg, Huy Cto dfi gfip gd Thl Lfl d tilng
nh^c buon epi Idn td nhflng vln -u trong miy tilng^eo van culi ddng tha:
Bdng dimg buSnbd khdng gitm M^tx^lOngdi^ gidng mdn dm u Nai cao gdt ldn trong mil Xu6ngrvngneodtudc.rd^dfumdivi
Ta cdn nhd trong bfii tiio Ddi tem n^ h^p, thi
sT thdi "tien chlln" Vfl Hotog Chuoi^ g$m nhim nSi buln trong ddm mua gitb mQt cto phdng tli tfim vd chfit h ^ , tu ldng - dupc md tfi bdi nhihig tilng cd van bfic vd kit fim tfic kh6p:
GK! liia dbt gdc j ^
Ddit&ntroi^r^dtSP.-Trcmg ,khi dd till Liidc mit nhd tho cddi m^ng To HChi Id mQt khotog trdi rQng md vdi