An introduction to petroleum engineering (cơ sở kỹ THUẬT dầu KHÍ SLIDE TIẾNG ANH)

A brief history of petroleum industry18 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Drake Well Museum... A brief history of petroleum industry19 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering... Vietna

Trang 1

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

1

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Trang 3

 Definitions and terminology

 A brief history of petroleum industry

 Vietnam’s petroleum industry

 The role of petroleum industry

 The field life cycle

3

Trang 4

Learning outcomes

Understand the basic definitions and terminology in petroleum

industry

Know the history of petroleum industry.

List the historical events of Vietnam’s petroleum industry

Evaluate the important role of petroleum industry in modern

Trang 5

Definitions and terminology

hydrocarbon:

A naturally occurring organic

compound comprising hydrogen

and carbon Hydrocarbons can be

as simple as methane [CH4], but

many are highly complex

molecules, and can occur as gases,

liquids or solids The molecules

can have the shape of chains,

branching chains, rings or other

structures Petroleum is a

complex mixture of hydrocarbons

The most common hydrocarbons

are natural gas, oil and coal

5

Trang 6

crude oil:

Crude oil is an organic liquid substance often found below the

Earth’s surface It is made up of thousands of molecules

composed of different hydrogen and carbon atoms Such compounds are called hydrocarbons.

These hydrocarbons also contain different proportions of

impurities like oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and heavy metal atoms

6

Trang 7

petroleum:

The word ‘petroleum’ is derived from the Latin petra (which

means rock) and oleum (which means oil) It is commonly used

to refer to crude oil, but it may also refer to other related

hydrocarbons

Some hydrocarbons are gaseous, rather than liquid Methane is

the most common example of these hydrocarbon gases This is

the kind of natural gas that we most often use in our kitchens at

home

7

Trang 8

8

Trang 9

stock tank barrel:

A measure of the volume of treated oil stored in stock tanks A

stock tank barrel is commonly abbreviated as STB.

1 Barrel [US, Oil] = 158.987295 Liters

1 Barrel [Oil] = 42 Gallons [US, Oil]

9

Trang 10

10

Trang 11

API gravity:

A specific gravity scale developed by the American Petroleum

Institute (API) for measuring the relative density of various

petroleum liquids, expressed in degrees API gravity is gradated

in degrees on a hydrometer instrument and was designed so that most values would fall between 10° and 70° API gravity The arbitrary formula used to obtain this effect is:

Trang 12

Crude oil can be classified as either light or heavy depending on its API gravity (or density) Generally, the higher its API gravity, the lower its density

light oil:

Oil that is lighter in colour, has a thin consistency and flows easily usually contains less metals and sulphur compounds.

heavy oil:

Oil that is high in metal and sulphur content is considered

low-grade oil It generally has too much carbon, not enough

hydrogen and is more timeconsuming to produce and hard to refine

12

Trang 13

13

Trang 14

Crude oil can also be classified as either sour or sweet,

depending on the amount of sulphur it contains.

Trang 15

Reference crude oil:

Some common crude oil types are used as a reference or benchmark to determine the value of other crude oils Some of these reference crude oils are:

 Brent Blend

A blend of several crude oils from fields in the North Sea region, located above Germany and the United Kingdom The price of oil produced in Africa, Europe and the Middle East tends to be based

on this oil

15

Trang 16

16

Trang 17

 West Texas Intermediate (WTI):

A very high-quality, sweet, light oil produced in North America

17

Trang 18

A brief history of petroleum industry

18

Drake Well Museum

Trang 19

A brief history of petroleum industry

19

Trang 20

Vietnam’s petroleum industry

20

President Ho Chi Minh visit to petroleum industrial park in Bacu – Azecbaijan (July, 23th, 1959)

Trang 21

21

Signing ceremony of Vietnam - Soviet Union cooperation agreements on petroleum exploration and production in Vietnam southern continental shelf in Kremlin, Moskva (July, 3rd, 1980)

Trang 22

22

Trang 23

23

Main oil fields in Vietnam

Trang 24

The White Tiger oilfield is a major oil field in the Cuu Long basin

of the East Sea located offshore due east of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam The field contains major reserves hosted within highly fractured granitic basement rocks

24

Trang 25

The role of petroleum industry

Crude oil is a central part of modern life and the world’s most important energy resource We rely on it in many ways for the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the electronics we use at home and in the workplace Without oil, we would not be able to continue to enjoy the same standard of living

25

Trang 26

26

Trang 27

Oil is, in fact, the world’s most important transportation fuel

About 90% of all transportation fuels come from crude oil.

Oil is also used to make medicines, plastics and cleaning

products Modern life as we know it today would be impossible

without oil and its products Many of the everyday items people use are either made from oil or are dependent on oil for their production

Some of these products include heating oil, jet fuel, kerosene, dentures, diapers, fertilizers, lipstick, shampoo, deodorant, shaving cream, crayons, musical devices, cameras, computers, glue, contact lenses, toothpaste, synthetic fibres, tires, artificial hearts and even aspirin

27

Trang 28

28

Trang 29

29

Trang 30

30

Trang 31

31

Trang 32

The field life cycle

 Gaining Access Phase

Trang 33

The field life cycle

33

Trang 34

Gaining Access Phase

Decide what regions of the world are of interest.

Evaluating the technical, political, economic, social and environmental aspects of regions under consideration

Some 90% of the world’s oil and gas reserves are owned and

operated by National Oil Companies (NOCs), such as Saudi

Aramco (Saudi Arabia), Petronas (Malaysia), Pemex (Mexico)

34

Trang 35

Exploration Phase

Despite such improvements, exploration remains a high-risk

activity.

Traditionally, investments in exploration are made many years

before there is any opportunity of producing the oil

35

Trang 36

Exploration Phase

36

Trang 37

Appraisal Phase

Once an exploration well has encountered hydrocarbons,

considerable effort will still be required to accurately assess the

potential of the find The amount of data acquired so far does

not yet provide a precise picture of the size, shape and producibility of the accumulation

In the second case, the purpose of appraisal is therefore to

reduce the uncertainties.

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial

reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least

one should be economically viable.

37

Trang 38

Development Planning

Based on the results of the feasibility study, and assuming that at

least one option is economically viable, a field development plan

(FDP) can now be formulated and subsequently executed.

38

Trang 39

Development Planning

The FDP’s prime purpose is to serve as a conceptual project

specification for subsurface and surface facilities, and the

operational and maintenance philosophy required to support a

proposal for the required investments In particular, it should include

• objectives of the development

• petroleum engineering data

• operating and maintenance principles

• description of engineering facilities

• cost and manpower estimates

Trang 40

Production Phase

The production phase commences with the first commercial

quantities of hydrocarbons (first oil) flowing through the

wellhead

Development planning and production are usually based on the expected production profile which depends strongly on the

mechanism providing the driving force in the reservoir The

production profile will determine the facilities required and the number and phasing of wells to be drilled The production profile

is characterised by three phases:

40

Trang 41

Production Phase

41

1 Build-up period During this period newly drilled

producers are progressively brought on stream

2 Plateau period Initially new wells may still be brought on

stream but the older wells start to decline Production facilities are running

at full capacity, and a constant production rate is maintained This period is typically 2–5 years for an oil field, but longer for a gas field

3 Decline period During this final (and usually longest)

period, all producers will exhibit declining production

Trang 42

The economic lifetime of a project normally terminates once its

net cash flow turns permanently negative, at which moment

the field is decommissioned

Most companies have at least two ways in which to defer the decommissioning of a field or installation:

(a) reduce the operating costs, or

(b) increase hydrocarbon throughput

42

Trang 43

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons

Crude oil can be classified as either light or heavy depending on its API gravity

Crude oil can also be classified as either sour or sweet, depending on the amount of sulphur it contains

Drake Well is the birth of petroleum industry

The White Tiger oilfield is a major oil field of Vietnam

Crude oil is a central part of modern life and the world’s most important energy resource

Each activity in field development is driven by a business need related to that particular phase

43

Định dạng
Số trang	44
Dung lượng	4,64 MB