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Sustainability issues for timber and wood products www.csaw.utas.edu.au Management for sustainability Contents • Forest certification and chain of custody • Sustainability in wood p

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Sustainability issues for timber and

wood products

www.csaw.utas.edu.au

Management for sustainability

Contents

•  Forest certification and chain of custody

•  Sustainability in wood production

•  Specification effects on sustainability

KDA503/335 Timber, its origin and characteristics

Forest certification and chain of

custody (CofC)

The right question is probably if the

timber has forest certification or not

It isnt which certification system is

best or better.

Concerns for forests internationally

•  Internationally, there is concern about the impacts of unsustainable forestry practices in some countries regarding;

–  Biodiversity

–  Soil and water

–  Communities and workers

•  Global illegal trade in wood products is estimated to be around US$22 billion per annum

•  Around 9% of wood products imports into Australia are estimated to be illegal These are worth about $400million

* Source: Jaakko Poyry, 2005, Overview of illegal logging

Illegal logging is one of the

and chain of custody

certification

Forest certification

Integrated forest landscape

forest management processes

Blackwood veneer lining

Confident consumer decisions

Forest certification processes

•  Certification processes assist in addressing major

sustainability and legality questions for particular

timber

•  Forest certification addresses ‘sustainability’

–  It provides an independent third party assessment that forestry operations are being carried out in accordance with a predetermined standard

•  Chain-of-custody certification addresses ‘legality’

–  It provides a structured system to track wood products from a legally harvested, certified forest through the processing and market supply chain to the final user This system is also subject to third-party audit

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International forest certification schemes

Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Forest Stewardship

Council (FSC)

Malaysian Timber Certification Council (MTCC)

Programme for the

Endorsement of

Forest Certification

(PEFC)

Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)

There are a range of international schemes and they operate

in different ways

Australian Forest

PEFC

recognition

Interim standards applied

AS4708 - AFS AS4707 - COC

FM Principles and Criteria COC Standards Australia

development process development Standards

Accreditation

Certification

JAS-ANZ

Forest growers Processors Manufacturers Agents Retailers

Forest growers

Independent certification

FSC national initiatives Two schemes operate in Australia

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•  Globally, only around 9% of forests are certified

•  In Australia over 90% of the production forests now

have forest certification to either the AFCS or FSC

schemes, or both

Forest certification by scheme in Australia -October 2010 Source: www.forestrystandard.org.au , www.fscaustralia.org/

95%

10.27m ha

5%

0.61m ha

Are Australias schemes credible?

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

containing >70% certified or recycled raw material

Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), including AFS certified material

containing >70% certified or recycled raw material

The UKs Central point of expertise for timber

procurement lists both Australian schemes as complying

with that governments requirement for legal and sustainable timber supply http://www.cpet.org.uk/

Source: http://www.cpet.org.uk/evidence-of-compliance/category-a-evidence/approved-schemes

Forests certified ! certified forest products

•  If a consumer wants to be certain that the products

they use come from a certified forest then chain of

custody certification is needed

•  This provides the documented link between the forest

and the project

Sawmill

C of C Certificate

Forest

FM

Furniture maker - joiner -builder

Certification chain

•  Certification can tell us that:

–  Forest products are legally sourced from forests

–  Forest management:

•  is structured and encompasses economic, environmental and social values and outcomes

•  satisfies the requirement of publicly available standards

–  Products can be tracked back to certified forests

•  Certification cant tell us that:

–  Wood quality, characteristics and fitness for purpose

–  The credentials of the supply chain after the forest

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Certification requirements in Australia

Forest and chain-of custody certification is voluntary for:

•  The forest grower and timber producer

•  The building designer, developer or owner

Guidelines or building accreditation schemes may

recommend or require certification

Timber

(1 point)

To recognise the use of reused

timber, legally sourced timber,

and timber sourced from

forests whose conservation

values are not degraded

One point where at least 95% (by cost) of all timber used in the building and construction works:

•  is certified by a forest certification scheme that meets the GBCA’s ‘Essential’ criteria for forest certification (e.g all schemes accredited by FSC International or PEFC); or

•  is from a reused source; or

•  a combination of both

* Source: GBCA green star Office Design v3 - 13 July 2010

Sustainability in wood production

Timber and its production impacts

•  Timber production generally

has low manufacturing

impacts It is easy to make and

work

•  Almost all the harvested log is

converted to useful products

•  Treatments and adhesives

extend the product suite

•  Designer demand affects value

recovery, especially in

appearance products

•  Wood production generates

social and economic benefits

Air drying hardwood

Material production impacts

•  All material production generates environmental impacts

•  Society accepts this as Australian manufacturers generally operate under robust regulatory systems

•  Some production processes can be inherently resource and energy efficient while others can be extremely inefficient and wasteful

Zinc production facility

Timber - production efficiency

•  Logs are processed into a

hierarchy of products,

governed by value

•  Solid wood processing can

only convert a portion of

some logs to the most

valuable products

•  The remainder is used in

secondary products, such

as fiberboard, paper or fuel

•  Generally, almost all are

used

Sawlog or poles Sawn boards Veneer products Fiber products Fuel Other uses

Production impacts: sawn boards

•  Logs can be sawn into solid wood products in a relatively simple, low capital process

•  This is without the high-energy transformations common with metals or plastics

•  Boards are dried in the open air or in kilns, often fueled by wood shavings

•  Dried and milled, most material is then ready for use

•  Other inputs are generally unnecessary

Production sequence from log, to mill, drying and milled ready for use

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Production impacts: veneering

•  Veneering involves slicing

flitches or peeling logs to

extend recovery of:

–  high quality and rare timbers

and

–  structural veneers from smaller

logs

•  In a relatively simple and low

energy process, the veneer is

dried and trimmed before

being assembled into final

products

•  Except for adhesives, other

inputs are generally

unnecessary before use

Slicing appearance veneer

Grading appearance veneer

Local production

Australia, 88.2%

Canada, 1.6%

New Zealand, 5.2%

Czech Republic, 1.3%

Source: ABARE 2008, Australian Forest and Wood Products Statistics

Australia, 92.2%

New Zealand, 4.4% Other, 1.8%

Germany, 1.6%

Australia 67%

Chile 1%

Other 7%

Malaysia 6%

New Zealand 1%

Indonesia 7%

China 11%

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 6,000

Australians largely consume Australian produced timber and wood products

This keeps transport distances low

Strong regional preferences supports local species production, especially for hardwoods and specialist softwoods

Extending the product suite

•  The maximum size of sawn timber is naturally

constrained by the size of the log and the character of

the timber in it

•  To increase recovery and extend the product suite:

–  material susceptible to bio-degradation can be treated with

preservative chemicals, greatly increasing its service life

–  small sections can be glued together into larger elements,

greatly increasing recovery and utility

Major wood preservative treatments

•  Insecticides and fungicides are applied by coating, dip diffusion or commercial pressure treatment:

–  for appearance timber:

•  Water-borne mixtures applied to unseasoned timber

•  Light organic solvent-borne preservatives (LOSP) applied to seasoned and finished product

–  for structural timber

•  Water borne mixtures like CCA, Tanalith E and ACQ applied to material for external applications

•  LOSP surface insecticide treatment

Surface treated softwood Pressure treating hardwood

Wood products and adhesives

•  Engineered wood products,

such as plywood, laminated

veneer lumber (LVL), and

glulam, are generally

assembled with waterproof

phenolic adhesives

•  Fiber products, such as

chipboard and medium density

fiberboard, use chemical

binders

•  Joinery work can include

polyurethane adhesives and

thermoplastic PVA emulsions

Glulam beams Adhesives in joinery

Impacts of treatment and gluing

•  Treatment chemicals are selected for their:

–  Toxicity as insecticides and fungicides;

–  General handling safety –  Ability to bond to timber

•  Treatment processes are controlled by strict regulation

•  Some treatment processes can off-gas solvents, particularly LOSP

•  Off-gassing from glues is generally minimal in Australian products and reduces quickly after production

H2-S treated LVL

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Woods other sustainability benefits

•  Forestry and timber

production have other

significant sustainability

benefits contributing to:

–  employment, income

generation and economic

diversity throughout rural

and regional Australia

–  biodiversity and watershed

conservation

–  salinity control and land

rehabilitation

–  aesthetic, recreational and

tourist services

Staff of a small veneer plant

Specification effects

Recovery and designer demand

•  All timber includes some

natural feature, marks in

the wood that portrait

aspects of the trees life

and history

•  These are highly

characteristic of species

and events

•  While small areas of

feature can be docked

out, broad exclusion

leads to significant

under-utilisation in both

logs and in board

Black spec

Hobnail

The potential of grade

•  Grade selection is a sustainability issue

•  Appearance specification that respects the potential and delight of natural feature increases:

–  the volume and value of recovered material

–  the range of visual solutions available for design

•  Avoid Low feature

(Select) as the specification default

–  The milling quality is the same for all grades

Medium Feature Standard:

Increased feature providing a surface with distinct natural appeal

Low Feature Select:

Straight & even grain with uniform texture

High Feature:

Distinct with a rich, lively & vibrant surface

Early consultation in design

•  Generally, the supply chain

works from the producer to the

building

•  This limits the potential for

informed material decisions

•  Working with suppliers early in

the project identifies material

and efficiency potential before

design decisions are finalized

•  This can:

–  Maximise recovery and utility of

the resource

–  Reduce waste points in

processing and manufacture

–  Save time and cost

Colour-sorted lining in a court

Reuse and recycling

•  Timber elements can be renovated, refurbished, reused

or recycled

•  Design for disassembly is important

•  Large timber components can

be reprocessed into new boards

•  Stocks of recycled timber are naturally limited and have modified structural performance

•  Wood residues are a valuable resource for mulch, fuel, and further production

Office lining panels

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Refurbishment and continued use

•  Timber elements can be

designed to be long lasting

–  Solid timber surfaces and fittings

tend to wear in rather than wear

out

•  As the marks of use can add to

visual appeal, solid timber

elements:

–  Can last longer than plastic

laminated boards

–  Have a higher potential for

refurbishment or reuse

•  Design detailing should protect

wear surfaces and allow for

replacement during

maintenance

Refurbished reading room benches Management for sustainability www.csaw.utas.edu.au

Removal and reuse

•  When refurbishment is not possible, many timber elements can be removed for reuse, either in their original form, or in new applications

•  There are also established secondary markets for many types of wood elements, especially doors, joinery and furniture

Reused doors, table and chairs

Design for disassembly

•  Designing for disassembly makes recovery of

components easier

•  For most fixing, removable fasteners are

preferred over glue or nails

•  Avoid toxic or non-repairable coatings

Design for Disassembly (DFD) requires products to be readily disassembled with

the use of non-specialist tools where parts can be separated into elemental

components for re-use, recycling or re-processing

An item is considered to be DFD when at least 50% of the item (by mass) can be

readily disassembled Extra points are awarded where the percentage exceeds 90%

Documentation of DFD criteria in Green Star is generally intended for product

streams containing distinct components

* Source: GBCA green star Office Interiors v1.1 - 27 July 2010

Recycled timber supply

•  As the demolition of older structures limits the resource, recycled timber supply is naturally restricted

products, about 0.85% of apparent timber consumption*

Recycled timber flooring

It took 2 years to assemble the recycled timber for this building

Source: ABARE for 2004-05 figures

Summary

•  Certification processes assist in addressing major

sustainability and legality questions for particular

timber

•  There are a range of international schemes and they

operate in different ways

•  Globally, only around 9% of forests are certified

•  Timber production has relatively low manufacturing

impacts

•  Treatment and gluing extend the product suite while

increasing impacts marginally

•  Grade selection, recycling, design for maintenance

and disassembly are sustainability issues

Thanks to Patrick Cook

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