Chiến lược dịch tiếng địa phương được dương tường áp dụng đối với lời thoại của nhân vật joseph trong tiểu thuyết đồi gió hú emily bronte

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER DUONG TUONG’S DIALECT TRANSLATION

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

DUONG TUONG’S DIALECT TRANSLATION

STRATEGIES OF JOSEPH’S SPEECH IN

WUTHERING HEIGHTS BY EMILY BRONTE

Supervisor: Ngô Hà Thu, MSC Student: Nguyễn Hà My Class: QH2011.F1.E20

HANOI, 2015

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

CHIẾN LƯỢC DỊCH TIẾNG ĐỊA PHƯƠNG ĐƯỢC

DƯƠNG TƯỜNG ÁP DỤNG ĐỐI VỚI LỜI THOẠI

CỦA NHÂN VẬT JOSEPH TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT

ĐỒI GIÓ HÚ (EMILY BRONTE)

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Ngô Hà Thu, MSC

Sinh viên: Nguyễn Hà My Lớp: QH2011.F1.E20

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: NGUYEN HA MY, QH2011.F1.E20, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

On the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to

my supervisor, Ngo Ha Thu, MSC for her critical comments, helpful suggestions as well

as her supportive encouragement from the beginning stage of working out the research proposal to the final stage of writing up the thesis Without her valuable guidance, this thesis would be far from completed

I take this opportunity to extent my special thanks to all lecturers of Faculty of English Language and Teacher Education at University of Languages and International Studies, for their useful lectures during my translation course

Finally, I would also like to thank to my family and my classmates for their great support and encouragement during the time I was conducting this thesis

Hanoi, May, 2015

ABSTRACT

English Literature Translation always draws attention from students of English as a second language and from translators who are major in Linguistics And dialect translation has been also noticed more attention from translators in recent time In this research, the translation of dialect in the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte will

be studied based on Duong Tuong translation’s version The purposes of this research is figuring out the applied strategies and the most dominant one to render dialect words spoken by Joseph in the novel

116 dialect words in 32 speeches were chosen as the cases of this study These words were categorized into three groups: Lexical dialect, Phonological dialect and Grammar dialect After that, the researcher investigated how Duong Tuong translated dialect in this novel and figured out three strategies: Lexicalization, Partial and Relativization Given the analysis of data, the calculation was made to draw out the most preferable translation strategy which is Lexicalization For further studies, the related topics are open to many other researchers in the combination of the strategies and the expansion of the scope of this study

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACCEPTANCE……… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……… vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Significance of the research 3

1.3 Research objectives 4

1.4 Scope of the study……… 4

1.5 Organization of the study……… 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Translation 6

2.1.1 Definition 6

2.1.2 Literary translation 7

2.2 (Non) Standard English 8

2.2.1 Definition 8

2.2.2 Dialect 9

2.2.2.1 Definition……… 9

2.2.2.2 Classification of dialect……… 10

2.2.2.3 Use of dialect for literary purpose……… 12

2.2.2.4 Dialect translation……… 12

2.3 Wuthering Heights……… 16

2.3.1 Emily Bronte……… 16

2.3.2 Wuthering Heights……… 17

2.3.3 Joseph’s speech……… 17

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 Design of study……… 20

3.2 Research method……… 21

3.3 Sample selection method……… 21

3.4 Procedure of data collection……… 22

3.5 Procedure of data analysis……… 23

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 25

4.1 Application of translation strategies in general……… 25

4.1.1 Lexicalization……… 27

4.1.2 Partial……… 30

4.1.3 Relativization……… 31

4.2 Application of translation strategies in particular types of dialect……… 33

4.2.1 Phonological dialect……… 33

4.2.2 Lexical dialect……… 34

4.2.3 Grammar dialect……… 35

4.3 Application……… 38

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 41

5.1 Summary of findings 41

5.2 Limitations of the study 41

5.3 Recommendations for further research 42

REFERENCES 43

APPENDIXES 46

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Previously, many researchers worked on dialect in Victorian novels like TS Hakala (2010), Mortad-Serir Ilhem (2013) In these studies, they focused on analyzing characteristics of dialect in some famous novels in Victorian literature together with their contradiction in using dialect in literary writings Translating dialect, however, was not mentioned in these studies

In the last century, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova (1997) and Ivana Tomešová (1998) conducted research which more or less took notice of dialect and its translation In these works, on one hand they had a close look in dialect analysis in a literature work, then

discussed some problems in translating dialect as a part of fiction work and judged the translation version on dialect based on a particular case which was translated into other languages; but on the other hand, they did not pay attention to strategies to translate or at least transfer them naturally

On dialect translation from other languages into Vietnamese, there is also little research available, assumingly because it is not easy to find a foreign literary work with

significant use of dialects Among such few novels, Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte,

also the researcher’s favorite novel, makes a good case study for the phenomenon of translation Dialect of character Joseph in the famous work in Victorian Literature has become an attentive topic for Irene Wiltshire (2005) to conduct her research In this research, the author mentions Joseph’s dialect can be considered the outstanding feature

in this novel because i) all of his speech in the whole work truly reflects the typical language in Yorkshire, England; and ii) in comparison to other characters, Joseph’s usage

of dialect is at the highest level, becoming one of his personal attributes In addition, Wiltshire also focused on analyzing Joseph’s dialects and Charlotte’s emendation on the way Emily used dialects in this novel Therefore, the current study would be worthwhile

to fill the gap in previous researches which is the way translator used to convey dialect naturally from English to Vietnamese

Wuthering Heights is actually translated by some Vietnamese translators including Manh

Chuong (published in 2012 by Literature Publishing House) and Duong Tuong (published in 1985 by Literature Publishing House and in 2013 by Nha Nam Publishing

Company) However, from the researcher’s primary observation, while Manh Chuong translated Joseph’s dialect into ordinary Vietnamese language, Duong Tuong in both of his two translations (published in 1986 by Literature Publisher and in 2013 by Nha Nam Publisher) did show his attention to Joseph’s dialect by making changes in phonological aspect of Joseph’s conversations However, given the complexity of dialect as one form

of language which includes three linguistic patterns (phonological, lexical, grammatical) (Wakelin 1977,p.1) and its importance as an aesthetic characteristic, the researcher wonders if phonological adaption is the only strategy that works for English-Vietnamese translation of dialect in the novel All of above reasons motivate the researcher to conduct

a study in: “Duong Tuong (2013)’s dialect translation strategies of Joseph’s speech in

Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte”

1.2 Significance of the research

The research expects to bring advantages for translators in transferring dialect generally from English into Vietnamese, especially in literary text and attribute useful references in dialect translation store

Firstly, this paper will be beneficial for translators in literary texts by having suggestions

on strategies to translate dialect Moreover, their knowledge in translating non-standard language in general can also be improved; their perspective in this aspect be clearer so that they can be inspired to discover new ways of translating other types of language Their awareness of learning and discovering the target language will be enhanced to fulfill their translation products

Secondly, the researcher hopes to partly contribute to the base of dialect translation and create the preliminary document for this aspect by findings and suggestions for further studies or other investigators

1.3 Objectives

As stated in the tittle, the research firstly is expected to explore the strategies applied to translate dialect used in Joseph’s speech and the most dominant strategy Moreover, the researcher hopes that these strategies which are found out can be applied or viewed as a

reference to translate dialect in literary works

In order to achieve this purpose, the study revolves around the following questions:

1 What translation strategies are used by Duong Tuong (2014) to translate

dialect in Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte?

2 Which is the most dominant strategy applied by Duong Tuong based on categories suggested by Wakelin (1977)?

1.4 Scope of the study

Due to limitedness of time, experience also knowledge, and as stated in the tittle “Duong

Tuong’s dialect translation strategies of Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte”, this paper only covers one character with the most outstanding dialect “Joseph”

This character uses dialect in all the conversation with other characters while others

sometimes mention dialect in their speeches

As stated above, the researcher only chooses one translation version to explore and analyze that is the translation version of Duong Tuong published by Nha Nam Publisher

in 2013 under the Vietnamese name “Đồi Gió Hú”

1.5 Organization of the study

The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing the topic, significance, objectives, scope, and its organization

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in this chapter

Chapter 3: Methodology

The chapter describes the strategies applied to investigate the research matters

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found out from the collected data It also gives answer to the two research questions

Chapter 5: Conclusion

The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further studies on the field

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This second chapter presents the literature review of the study or the background knowledge of translation, translation in literary, strategies applied to translate dialect in Wuthering Heights To begin with, definition of translation and its role in literary will be shown The second focus of this chapter is on dialect, types of dialect, the importance of dialect translation and the strategies Duong Tuong used to translate dialect of character Joseph

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Definition

Newmark (1995) defined translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” Another definition given by Thomas G Mansella (2005) is that “translation is the rendering of written communication across barriers created by different languages and cultures.”

Obviously, these two concepts mention “rendering” which can be understood as interpret from original language (source language) into another language (target language) It can

be seen that in Newmark’s definition, he focuses on the meaning or the nature of language when it is translated Thomas, in the second explanation, states “culture” together with “language” as barriers of translation In a nutshell, it can be stated that translation is transferring both language and the “soul” of text from one language into another language

Gentzler (1993) says that “a translation should have the same or similar impact and effect

on TL readers as the original on SL readers” Therefore, the role of translators is very crucial They have to create the link between countries and countries, cultures and cultures Translators not only transfer the language but also transfer the writer’s perspective and emotion, and make it natural in target language

In conclusion, in the scope of this paper, translation can be understood as the process of conveying the accurate meaning and the intended effects of writers from source language

to targeted language

2.1.2 Literary Translation

Literary works are always seen as an effective tool to express emotion and feeling of human, to show culture of each country, to describe the life in society Hence, it is influenced by culture and society That is reason why in literary texts, all images or words, sentences in the literary text imply characteristics in culture, society or institution

of that time According to Lefevere (1988), literature is one of the systems which constitutes the system of discourses (which also contain disciplines like physics or law) usually referred to as a civilization, or a society; literature, as described, brings a control role in society, though it is influenced by culture and community, it reflects perspective

of human under that era

The more important role of literature is, the more significant its translation should be, as well as translator, as Schleiermacher (2004, p.49) stated “either the translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible and moves the readers towards him; or he leaves the

reader in peace as much as possible and moves the writer toward him” which proves the position of the translator in literary translation, they only choose either to be faithful to the origin but not natural in translation or vice versa This requires translator finding equivalents not just for language, grammar but also style, connotations and denotations as well cultural concepts And the “barriers” as the concept of Thomas is much clearer in this type of translation

The question in the way of translating literary works is raised: “Can a faithful translation

be beautiful?” and it has two lines of answer Some theorists like Nabokov (1955) believe that "The clumsiest of literal translation is a thousand times more useful than prettiest of paraphrase" (p.291) or the loyalty of translation to the original one While others like Fitzgerald (1878) admires freedom in translation At this time, translators have to complete their mission, keep balance between accuracy and aesthetics of the novel or poetry While there are translators like Yevgeny are compromising between the two extremes when saying “Translation is like a woman If it is beautiful, it is not faithful If

it is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful”

2.2 (Non) Standard English

2.2.1 Definition

According to David Crystal (1995) currently, Standard English which covers grammar, vocabulary and orthography is used mostly in the countryside or minority regions Although it is describes as a variety or dialect, it is different from accent because accent relates to phonetic features

As can be seen from this above definition, dialect is a variety of Standard English which differs from this region to another region Standard language is described as an “ultimate point of reference” (Berezowski 1997, p.37) for the purpose of dialect analysis and dialect translation

Language always changes through generations and societies, and the appearance of dialect, variety of language in literary works gradually increases, also in their translation Therefore, the purpose of the translator is indicating nonstandard speech by pointing opposition of standard language or standard form of language However, “the only thing that a translator may accomplish in respect of translating the dialect is to mark the difference between a nonstandard speaker and a speaker of a standard form” (Levý 1996,

p 126) One challenge in translation process is finding equivalents for variety of language, so they have to consider whether maintain variable forms in source language or totally transfer into target language

2.2.2 Dialect

2.2.2.1 Definition

The notion of dialect has been given by many theorists:

Crystal (1989) says that “dialect is also a variety of language that differs in pronunciation, as well as in vocabulary and grammar.”

Mona Baker (1992) somewhat suggests another definition, in which she considers this variety of language is spoken in a group of people or within a specific community

A dialect, as Haugen states, is then any of the related norms grouped under the general name language, historically the result of either divergence or convergence (Haugen, 1966)

Though the above definitions of dialect are expressed in distinctive ways, they all mention “variety” in their definition The word “variety”, for Newmark (1988), is of vital importance, as it suggests that dialect is a self-contained unit of language, not a deviation from its standard form In other words, dialect is created independently and it also brings itself characteristics as other forms of language The same content is shared by Haugen (1966, p.923) when he concludes that every dialect is a language, but not every language

is a dialect In spite of being different from other types of standard language, dialect is a part of language and it shows the specialty of each language in the world

Speech in the research can be understood as the language used when speaking (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th, 2010) And Joseph’s speech in the novel includes all

of his spoken language or sentences that he used to communicate to other people

2.2.2.2 Classification of dialect

Dialect, as a non-standard English, can be divided into many types depend on it’s

features Wakelin, in his book in 1977 name English Dialect The Introduction part

pointed out kinds of dialect with different classification

Firstly, based on geographical and social feature, Wakelin divided dialect into four kinds:

+ Regional Dialect which accounts for the largest number of dialect This type relates to

particular geographical areas and people living in there

+ Class Dialect originated from social and economic causes However, according to

Wakelin, class dialect and regional dialect are somehow alike because the regional dialect’s origin is often explained to contain social feature

+ Occupational Dialect mostly comes from lexical feature and is heavily influenced by

occupation Even though the occupational dialects have varied vocabulary, the readers in target language may be not familiar with them as the readers in source language because source language readers have had the knowledge about that Therefore, the translator should be aware of it and find the closet equivalence in the target language to bring the highest understanding for target readers

+ Urban Dialect is found out in cities whose populations are representatives of diverse

social classes

In term of the linguistic elements in one form of a language (phonological, grammatical and lexical), Wakelin divided dialect into three kinds:

+ Phonological dialect is the dialect with difference in phonological feature of that word

(add or omit letters in that word)

+ Grammatical dialect is the dialect with wrong grammar

+ Lexical dialect is the dialect with the same meaning as standard language but different

appearance

In a nutshell, the English dialects in present can be seen as the continuation of the dialect areas which established themselves in the Old English period and the change in words creation Hence, in each area, different kinds of dialect exist and bring unfamiliar features

of language elements

2.2.2.3 Use of dialect for literary purpose

Newmark (1997) gives three purposes of using dialect which are (i) to show a slang use

of language; (ii) to stress social class contrasts and (iii) to indicate local cultural features More specifically, dialect shows the cultural and regional features, differs

between high class and lower class, and mostly close to everyday language of each region These three above purposes are equivalent in literary literature, especially in the

19th century when dialect is commonly used by all classes but the upper class Therefore, the appearance of dialect in novels or poetry this time is not strange, including Bronte’s

Wuthering Heights

Dialect is used by the writer to make the characters close to real life, to show the social status and partly attribute to their language store in which there are a lot of expressions beside normal alphabet From that time, dialect or other forms of language are always taken advantage by writers, subsequently translators in their works

2.2.2.4 Dialect translation

On dialect analysis, a question is raised: is it possible to transfer from local language into another language? The most outstanding feature of a dialect is accent which is shown by bad grammar or faulty spelling However, it is hard to figure out specific ways to

translate dialect Imitation of the sound feature may be happened but it might impact the quality of translation because it basically does not exist in the target, so the translation will become unnatural and artificial Hence, the question in the way to translate dialect seems to be unanswerable, in other words no rules can be set to criticize dialect translation of each translator Their understanding of language will decide the way they transfer dialect

In terms of strategies applied by translator in this novel’s translated version, Leszek Berezowski found out strategies in his research (cited in Slakova (2013, p.28)), which include:

+ Lexicalization, which renders some qualities of the dialect present in the original but

expresses it to a lesser degree It is prominent on the lexical level, and omits any phonological, morphological or syntactic elements Lexicalization consists of four kinds

of: rural (borrows vocabulary from regional dialects, p.54), colloquial (indicates social status of speakers, p.56), diminutive (used mainly with very young or elderly characters, p.58), and artificial lexicalization (involves neologisms, and classifies members of fictive

future social groups, p.59)

+ Partial translation, during which parts of the target text remain untranslated These are

usually very short, generally well-known or easily understandable phrases, sometimes even rendered in a third language

+ Transliteration, which means replacement of phonological and graphological features

of lexical units

+ Speech defect is an approach affecting all four levels (phonology, morphology, lexis,

and syntax), since it causes distortion of grammar and orthography, and also brings standard lexical items

non-+ Relativization means reduction of source text forms into terms of address and

honorifics; the translation then contains foreignizing expressions

+ Creation of an artificial variety made up by the translator is also possible, but also

rather risky in terms of losing some meanings and associations readers might make via a natural variety of the target language

+ Colloquialization takes advantage of lexical and syntactic features present in everyday,

colloquial variety of the target text

+ Rusticalization works again with all four types of dialect markers; it utilizes ―a full

non-standard target language regional “variety”

These eight above strategies are explained clearly and cover mostly features of dialect and the way to transfer it Even though dialect in this novel is transferred from American English into Czech language, the researcher takes it as the framework for the analysis of translation strategies applied by Duong Tuong From the researcher’s initial observation, most of his dialect translations focus on word level rather than on grammar or other

aspects Therefore, the researcher decided to omit four strategies: Transliteration, Speech Defect, Creation and Rusticalization for the reason is that Vietnamese translator

Duong Tuong in his translation, pays attention on changing lexical feature of words or sentence but grammar or orthography feature

In addition, Duong Tuong does not replace or create any word, he just uses

Sino-Vietnamese (“nhẹm xỉ quan, Tòa Đe hình”) including footnote or explanation below to

avoid misunderstanding for readers One more thing, colloquial lexicalization and colloquialization seem to overlap: both focus on everyday language to show the social status of characters Hence, colloquialization can be included in the lexicalization

Hence, the researcher will take these three strategies as the basis to explore the way

Duong Tuong translate dialect: Lexicalization, Partial Translation and Relativization + Lexicalization

2.3 Wuthering Heights

2.3.1 Emily Bronte

Emily Bronte was born on 30 July 1818 in Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire, to Maria Branwell and Patrick Bronte She was the younger sister of Charlotte Bronte and the fifth of sixth children When she was three years old, her mother passed away and her older sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Charlotte was sent to the Clergy Daughter’s School at Cowan Bridge, Emily entered a school for brief period In 1824, her family move to Haworth, West Riding of Yorkshire, and she stayed her all life here where her literary gifts grown

Wuthering Heights, Emily’s only novel, was first published in December 1847 under the

pseudonym Ellis Bell with 250 copies printed Because of strong reaction due in part to the book’s intense examination of the human spirit which was different from ones from Pre-Victorian works about upper class’s manners, this novel did achieve the immediate success A year after this novel was published, on December 19, 1848, Emily Bronte passed away of tuberculosis

2.3.2 Wuthering Heights

The masterpiece of Victorian literature Wuthering Heights tells a story about the paradox love between Catherine Earnshaw – a high-spirited girl and Heathcliff – an orphaned boy who was rescued and brought up by Catherine’s father Through two narrators are Nelly

Dean – house keeper of Earnshaw’s family and Mr Lookwood, settings of the whole story are closely expressed with long peace moors in Yorkshire, England

Charlotte Bronte, in the preface for the 1850 edition, wrote that “Wuthering Heights was

hewn in a wild workshop with simple tools, out of homely materials” The reason for that

is hash reactions from critics and readers who saw it as a depressing, insane, even cruel Before Wuthering Heights was published, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte had published a range of poetry under the penname Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell Hence, some believes that Wuthering Heights was written by the same author of Jane Eyre that was Charlotte Bronte, others supposed that her brother Branwell wrote this novel because such a fervent fiction cannot be produced by a secluded clergyman's daughter Even though Wuthering Heights’s value was not reached immediately, it is now recognized an extremely talent and virtuosity, particularly in Emily Bronte brilliant language capacity and considered to be one of greatest works of all time

2.3.3 Joseph’s speech

One of the special features in this novel is Bronte’s using dialect for her characters Therefore, most of characters in this novel more or less use dialect in usual conversation, but most remarking is the servant Joseph when he uses dialect all of the time As described above, Joseph is the loyal house keeper of Earnshaw family, together with Nelly Dean, witnessed story in Wuthering Heights from generations to generations Nelly Dean, the story teller states Joseph as “the wearisomest, self-righteous Pharisee that ever ransacked a Bible to rake the promises to himself and fling the curses on his neighbours”

(Brontë 1994, pp 48-49) in which Joseph is described as a multi-personal person, harsh and mean sometimes, but very truthful and kind with high respect to his master This old man and his dialect somehow come along this story, in almost scene and development The truth is that dialect of Joseph in this novel is intelligible but not easy for reader to understand and analyze, but it brings a local beauty of Yorkshire moors and specialty of resident

For the reason of setting (only in Yorkshire) and class in this novel is not quite clear and appropriate to analyze The researcher chooses the feature linguistic elements to classify dialect in this novel Therefore, based on the categories suggested by Wakelin (1977), words or sentences used by Joseph in his speech can be divided into three kinds:

+ Phonological dialect is the dialect with difference in phonological feature of that word

(add or omit letters in that word)

Example: “neeght” => ‘night’ (Brontë 1994, p 24)

+ Grammatical dialect is the dialect with wrong grammar

Example: “I seed” => ‘I saw’ – (Brontë 1994, p 85)

+ Lexical dialect is the dialect with the same meaning as standard language but different

appearance

Example: “lugs” => ‘ears’ (Brontë 1994, p 33)

Summary:

In this chapter, an overview of translation, specifically literary translation has been provided Following that, translation which is perceived as the process of conveying accurate meaning and aesthetic effects plays a very important in literary works Next, this chapter focuses on dialect or non-standard English which was used pretty much in 19thcentury literary works Dialect, as a part of language, is used to show cultural and regional features or differences among classes and to make characters close to real life Hence, dialect translation is more noticed by translators Particularly, in the novel

Wuthering Heights, dialect of character Joseph was chosen to investigate the strategies

used by Duong Tuong when he translated it from English into Vietnamese based on five strategies suggested by Leszek Berezowski (Lexicalization, Partial translation, Speech defect, Colloquialization, Rusticalization)

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents the methodology of the research in which research design will be defined It also provides the description of the subject, sampling steps, data collection procedure and data analysis procedure

3.1 Design of the study

In this study, qualitative approach is chosen to decide the way of collecting and analyzing data First of all, “qualitative approach is a type of research that focuses on qualities such as words or observations that are difficult” (Glesne’s, 2011) with the aim to

“emphasize understanding the subjects point of view” (Bogdan and Biklen, 2007) On this approach, Stake (2010) is more specific when she writes that “all research requires interpretations Qualitative research relies heavily on interpretive perceptions throughout the planning, data gathering, analysis, and write-up of the study to quantify and lend themselves to interpretation or deconstruction” Therefore, it can be seen that qualitative research involves visible materials like texts, sound and images which can be collected and analyzed and interpreted through several steps at the same time (Nelson et al.’s, 1992g) That is the reason why it requires certain competences from the researcher to conduct a good qualitative study

The role of qualitative approach is undeniable for helping the researcher to understand the issues accurately and comprehensively More important, “it encourages us as investigators to be mindful of who we are and how our perspectives can influence how

we interact with others and make sense of the world around us” (Chenail, 2010) In

conclusion, the choice of qualitative research is appropriate which determines the choice

of subject, sample selection method and data analysis procedure in the study

3.2 Research method

Due to the aim of the study to investigate of strategies applied in translating dialects in

the novel Wuthering Heights from English to Vietnamese, the researcher chose

document analysis to be the main data collection method in this study More specifically,

the researcher read and analyzed document sources consisting of the novel Wuthering Heights in English and Vietnamese translation versions, personal documents and several

written document available for analysis

3.3 Sample selecting method

In this paper, purposive sampling was applied to identify the suitable features for the

study Subsequently, all the conversations or speeches of Joseph in the novel Wuthering Heights and their Vietnamese equivalents in the translation by Duong Tuong known as

“Đồi Gió Hú” published in 2013 by Nha Nam Publisher are observed and taken to investigate

During sampling process and the researcher’s initial observation, there are 32 chosen speeches of Joseph in the whole novel However, due to the scope of the paper, the researcher will investigate these speeches under the condition of word level or single words as dialect or compound words as dialect The dialect words are recognized based

on the speeches written in accurate Standard English from Joseph’s speeches with dialect

in the novel on the website www.wuthering-heights.co.uk/josephs-speech.php When one

dialect is detected, the researcher rechecked by looking it up on the English Dialect Dictionary (Wright, 1905) and Yorkshire Dialect Dictionary (http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/dictionary.htm) In addition, these dialect words are identified based on the way Duong Tuong uses italic form of word to mark dialect ones in his Vietnamese translation version There is the repetition of many words, so some repeated words which are applied with the same strategies were only listed once Hence, the researcher figures out 116 words for data corpus

3.4 Procedure of data collection

Data collection procedure was divided into three steps:

Step 1: Collecting English dialect in the original and Vietnamese equivalents in translated version

This step bases on the criteria set in the section of sample part The process of collecting English dialect and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation will occur simultaneously

Step 2: Classifying collected English dialect

According to categorized dialect in Chapter 2.2.2.2, collected English dialect in Step 1 are classified into set group and shown in a chart to prepare for answering research questions

Step 3: Classifying Vietnamese equivalents in the translated version

After collecting English dialect in the first step, researcher bases on the framework of translation strategies mentioned in Chapter 2.2.2.4 to conclude to strategies used by translator to rendering the original

3.5 Procedure of data analysis

After the phase of data collection, English dialects and their Vietnamese equivalents were classified and grouped Then, in each speech, the number of dialects was counted and the strategies applied to translate them were identified in parallel, and shown in a chart The analysis of three most remarkable types of dialect was carried out to find the pattern of dialect strategies applied with these dialect types Finally, based on the chart, the researcher concluded the dominant strategies used by translator to translate dialect from English into Vietnamese

Summary:

Throughout this chapter, the methodology of the paper is presented with qualitative approach Methodology chapter includes methods of the study, sampling method, data collection method and data analysis method 32 speeches of character Joseph in the novel Wuthering Heights with 116 dialect words are chosen to investigate the types of dialect in each speech Then, Vietnamese equivalents of these dialects will be collected and categorized following types of dialect to find out which strategies are used by translator Duong Tuong and which strategies are dominant based on the classification of dialect

The results of this study will be resented and discussed in Chapter 4: Results and Discussion

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher focuses on the ways the translator Duong Tuong used to

transfer English dialects in the novel Wuthering Heights to Vietnamese Besides,

collected data is analyzed and discussed to answer two research questions respectively

After reading the whole English novel and checking its translated version, the researcher collected 32 speeches and filtered 116 English dialect words whose Vietnamese equivalence were also given Based on the procedures in Chapter 3.4 and 3.5, the categorization of dialect types and dialect translation strategies were implemented And the results will be the instrument to answer two research questions mentioned in the first part of the paper:

1 What translation strategies are used by Duong Tuong (2014) to translate

dialect in Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte?

2 Which is the most dominant strategy applied by Duong Tuong based on categories divided by Wakelin (1977)?

The following results will be demonstrated and analyzed in the order of two abovementioned questions in turn

Research Question 1: Translation strategies are used by Duong Tuong (2014) to

translate dialect in Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte

4.1 In the origin novel, Emily Bronte created a lot of dialects through speeches of character Joseph According to the dialect categorization of Wakelin (1977), dialect in