A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company

A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company A study on various grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Joint Stock Company

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

- -GRADUATION PAPERTOPIC: A STUDY ON VARIOUS GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN ENGLISH WRITING OF STAFF IN SEN VANG REAL ESTATE JOINT-

In our modern society, English is used as an international language andcommunication tool, and it increasingly plays an important role in the world,especially when the policy of economy has been opened and intergrated in theglobal, English becomes more and more vital in every field in the life Theundeniable fact that email has great importance in modern business communication.There are millions of emails sent from boss to employees, emails to customers,partners, coworkers Considering the importance of grammatical errors in the emailwriting process, this research aims at describing the grammatical errors in writingemails that commited by the employees of Sen Vang Real Estate Joint – StockCompany The data have been gathered from 50 emails collected by Sen Vang ‘semployees after one – month internship The results of the study revealed that thecommon and frequent errors made by Sen Vang’s employees when writing emailswere subject – verb agreement, subject omission, word order, pluralization,pronuoun, conjuction, article and preposition The causes of such errors that are asloindicated consist of the difference between English and Vietnamese, the mothertough references, inadequate culture backgrounds, different English levels Thestudy also provides the techniques, solutions and suggestions completely for bothemployees and managers Based on these findings, it is suggested that managersshould increase the employees and staff’s awareness on these errors and providesufficient remedies to prevent staff from meeting such errors

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all myteachers of English faculty at Thuong Mai University for giving me permission tocommence this thesis

I would like to acknowledge my thankfullness to my supervisor, Ms DuongThi Hong Tham, whose encouragement, guidance and support enabled me toaccomplish the final version of the thesis as expected Without her help, support andguidance as well, this study would have been impossible to be done effectively and

on schedule I really appreciate all her help and suggestion during my study

Additionally, I would like to send sincere thanks to Sen Vang Real Estate Joint– Stock Company, the director Ms Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc and all staff of Sen VangCompany for giving me much support during my one –internship and help me much

in my data collection to do this study

Futhermore, I would say thanks to all my dear friends for their help and warmencouragement throughout my hard times carrying out the study Without them, Icouldn’t have covercome such times and focused on my study

Especially, I owe my depest gratitude to my parents whose encouragement andcreates opportunities to help me concentrate on my study during this period

Last but not least, I offer my regards to all of those who supported me in anyrespect during the completion of the study

Hanoi, 8th March 2020

StudentTran Thi Minh Ngoc

TABLES OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

TABLES OF CONTENTS iii

XC MLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1

1.1.Rationale 1

1.2 Previous studies 2

1.3 Aims of the study 3

1.4 Resarch subjects 3

1.5 Scope of the study 4

1.6 Research methodology 4

1.7 Organization of the study 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE OF STUDY 6

2.1 Definitions of writing 6

2.1.1 Types of writing 6

2.1.2 Difficulties in English writing 8

2.2 Overview of grammar 10

2.2.1 Definitions of grammar 10

2.2.2.Types of grammar 10

2.2.3 Roles of grammar 11

2.3 Grammatical errors 12

2.3.1 Definition of grammatical errors 12

2.3.2 Types of grammatical errors 12

2.3 Solutions of grammatical errors 16

2.4 Discussion 17

CHAPTEER 3: RESEARCH FINDINGS 18

3.1 General Introduction of Sen Vang Real Estate Company 18

3.2 Settings 18

3.3 Participants 19

3.4 Data collection 19

3.5 Data analysis 20

3.5.1 Results from the survey questionaire 20

3.5.2 Results from interview 24

3.5.3 Results from emails 25

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 32

4.1 Limitations of the study 32

4.2 Suggestions for further studies 32

4.3 Recommendations and suggestions for staff 32

4.3.1 Self – correction 32

4.3.2 Peer correction 33

4.3.3 Other 33

4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for managers 33

CONCLUSION 35

REFERENCES vi

APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONAIRE viii

APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ix

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1.Rationale

In the modern life, English is consisdered a global language which plays anextremely important in industrialization and modernization of certain countries.This language has rapidly become the operating system for the internationalconversation English is the dominant business language and it has almost become

a neccessity for people to speak English if they are to enter a global workforce.Research from all over the world shows that cross – border business communication

is most often conducted in English and many international companies requireemployees to be fluent in English

One of the best way to use English effectively, especially in business English

is being fluent in intensive grammar According to Jeffrey Gitomer ( Americanauthor & business trainer) “ Your grammar is a reflection of your image Good orbad, you have made an impression And like all impressions, you are in totalcontrol” If you want to make sure you come across the business proffessional youare, give readers a good first impression, maintain business’s credibility andreputation as a professinal, advoid miscommunication and misunderstanding, makecommunications more effective, reduce the risk of costly lawsuits The use of thecorrect sentence structure and grammar will increase credibility and reliability ofEnglish users

In Sen Vang Real Estate Joint – Stock Company, there are separate 2departments supporting customers and partners One supports Vietnamesecustomers in consulting and buying or leasing properties Another supports Foreigncustomers and partners in getting to know the housing law, buying, selling andhiring properties I was an intern in department supporting foreign customers Mydepartment has 20 staff Our daily tasks are translating documents, supportingcustomers buying and selling properties, assist foreign partners in looking forproperties and customers, writing commercial correspondence, and so on We oftenwrite English emails every week and every month Working as an intern at thisdepartment for nearly two months, I found that English usage of staff here as well

as of myself still faces many grammatical errors, especially in writing skill

For these reasons, I made a decision to choose the topic” A study on various

grammatical errors in English writing of staff in Sen Vang real Estate Stock Company” The purpose of this study is to address the common

Joint-grammatical errors of the staff of Sen Vang Real Estate Joint – Stock Company andanalyse to find the reasons why there are difficulties in mastering grammar andfinally try to look for solutions to help the staffs improve their writing ability

1.2 Previous studies

There are several studies conducted to investigate learners’ writing errors ingeneral and grammatical errors in particular

Firstly, the study of Hamzah (2012) with the topic: “ An analysis of the

written grammatical errors produced by freshment students in English writing”.

This study is aimed at providing explanation on the taxonomy of the grammaticalerrors made by the unniversity students in written production of English The datawere obtained from twenty English texts written by the students as a part of theirtask in writing class In this study, twenty Indonesia students studying Writing werechosen as the subjects for the study Data were collected from the writingassignment written by students at home The total language corpus collected isappropriately 10.000 words There were 691 errors made by the students Theidentified errors were counted based on frequencies Then, these errors wereclassified basd on the procedures suggested by Etherton ( 1977) The result showedthat there are 6 major categories of errorsmade by Indonesian students their writing– word choice, verb group, article, preposition, plurality and speeling The authorsuggested that the teacher should pay more attention to the occurence of those errors

in the future and provide relevent remedies

EMMARYANA, FAJARIAN, 2010, Topic “ an analysis on the grammaticalerrors in the students’ writing” This study was conducted towards the first yearstudents of SMA Negeri 1 Cigudeg – Bogor The error was done in Tense for thehighest errors by 19 students or 95% the second is errors in Spelling andPunctuation by 18 students ỏ 90% the third is errors in Sentence Pattern by 17students or 85% the forth is errors in Preposition by 7 students or 35%, and the lasterrors in Pronoun with 6 errors or 30 % This study indicated that the formulation

of the problem is to find out the per 5 five aspects: sentence Pattern( subject andverb), tense, pronoun, preposition, puntuation, and spelling made by the first yearstudents of SMA Negeri 1 Cigudeg in writing recount text.

In addition to the research of foreigner scholars such as Hamzah Hamzah( 2012) and Emmaryana ( 2010), in Vietnam, there were also many studies related

to this issue

The study of student Tran Thi Hanh ( 2015) at Thai Nguyen university withthe topic” Grammatical errors in paragraph writing of first year english majorstudents at school of foreign languages – Thai Nguyen University” In this study,the author indicated the common grammatical errors in writing skills of first yearstudents such as: Interlingual, cross – cultural, lexical, parralinguistic

All the studies showed the reader a more multidimensional view and torecognize the mistakes when practicing English writing skill So users will be able

to take corrective measure and improve their writing skills And this study,researcher hope to contribute to the research treasure, clarify the subject as well asextend the view to the staff of SV

1.3 Aims of the study

The study is implemented to two main aims.

- The first one is to figure out the common grammatical errors made by thestaff of SV

- The second one is to provide techniques and strategies to help staffs of SVraise awareness of grammatical problems and gradually improve their writing skills.The researcher also addresses the effective and appropriate measures whichassist staff of SV in fulfilling their tasks in the best way and give some suggestions

to deal with it for staff

1.4 Resarch subjects

In the study, the research subject is the common grammatical errors that made

by staff of SV in email writing skills at Sen Vang Real Estate Joint – StockCompany Particularly, below are the research problems to handle in the study

1 The difficulties which staff of SV often faced when writing emails

2 Various grammatical mistakes in writing emails of staff in SV

3 Some solutions and suggestions to improve writing skill of staff as well as

devlope appropriate methods for managers.

1.5 Scope of the study

This study was conducted on 7 staff in department of supporting foreigncustomers and partners of Sen Vang Real Estate Joint-Stock Company Moreover,this study only focused on writing skills to figure out the main reasons making thestaff of SV often have email grammatical errors From that the author wants tosuppose the solutions to help staff of SV improve their writing skills and get rid oftheir grammatical errors

1.6 Research methodology

The main instruments used in the study to collect data were questionaire, interview questions and writing.

Questionaire: The questionaire is considered as a research tool primarily used

to collect imformation and data in research The aims of questionaire is gatheringthe vital information which are typically analyzed or interpreted, allowing theresearchers to come up with the solution or conclusion to the research beingconducted The questionaire of this study aims to find out common types ofgrammtical errors and difficulties the staff often face in writing skills as well

The questionaires of study are described as below:

 What are the common types of grammatical errors which staffs of SV oftenmake when writing emails?

 Whar are techniques and solutions to improve English writing?

Interview: The interview is a form which can help researcher collect a richer

source of information about: Attributes, behavior, preferences,attitudes,knowledge Interviews are most effective for qualitive research such as: Betterunderstand, explore research subjects’opinions, behaviors

In the interview of this study, the resarcher made interviews with 5 staff of SV

to answer the listed questions

Emails: In Sen Vang, writing emails to customers and partners is one of the

tasks which was frequently made by the staff of department of supportingforeigners In this study, besides conducting the questionaire and interview, one of

the effective instrument which the author decide to use is collecting emails Thetopic of this study is common grammatical errors in email writing skills of SenVang’s staff Therefore, emails can be the best and shortest way to find out theproblems and the author can collect the grammatical errors and analyze these errors.The data were collected by using three kinds of instruments: questionaire,interview and collecting emails All these methods will be effective tools which canhelp the author find out and analyse errors for finding the percentage.

1.7 Organization of the study.

The study was devided into four following chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of the study includes rational of the study, relatedprevious studies, aims of the study, research subjects, scope of the study, researchmethodology and organization of the study as well

Chapter 2: Literature of the study, were reviewed the theoretical issuesconcerning English This chapter includes overview of writing, overview ofgrammar and grammatical errors

Chapter 3: Research findings are results from instruments: questionaires,interviews and emails

Chapter 4: Recommendations and suggestions In this chapter, the author willgive solutions and suggestions of improving writing skills for staff of Sen Vang.Give quick summary of the above chapters and some limitations in doing researchon

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE OF STUDY 2.1 Definitions of writing

There are variety of wrriting definition which are stated by certain researchers.According to Nunan, ( 2003) Writing are physical and mental act It’s aboutdiscovering ideas, thinking about how to: communicate – develope them intostatements and paragraphs that will be comprehensible to a reader

According to Meryers( 2005) writing is a way to product language, which you

do naturally when you speak Writing is communication with other in a verbal way.Writing is also a process of discovering and organizing your ideas, putting them onpaper and reshaping and revising them

Rivers (1981) defines writing as conveying information or express of orgininalideas in a consecutive way in the new language

With these definitions, writing is regarded as a process mad through two steps:Firstly, transmitting and exploring perspectives, setting up plan about thewritting structure and form into Secondly, conducting a number of revising process

to implement a grammatical texts The writing productions are the texts whichmight be meaningful to readers and convey the contents of text to audience A goodwriter could synthsize the skilss, knowledge and steps of writing process to achievethe efficiency in transfering information

Descriptive – A type of expository writing that uses the five senses to paint apicture for the reader This writing incorporates imagery and specific details.Descriptive style focuses on describing a character, a place or an event in great

detail It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very specific in his orher descriptions.

Persuasive – Writing that states the opinion of the writer and attempts toinfluence the reader The main aim of this style is to convince Unlike expossitorywriting,persuasive writing contains the opinions and bases of the author Toconvince others to agree with the author’s point of view, persuasive writing containsjustifications and reasons We can often see this style in letters of complaint,advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover letters andnewspaper opinion and editorial pieces

Narrative – Writing in which the author tells a story containing specificelements that work togethr to create interest for not only the author but also thereader This type of writing makes the reader feel as if he or she were part of story,

as if it was being told directly to him or her

Descriptive – A type of expository writing that uses the five senses to paint apicture for the reader This writing incorporates imagery and specific details Theprimary purpose of discriptive writing is discribe a person, place or thing in such away that a pictures is formed in the reader’s mind Capturing an event throughdescriptive writing involves paying close attention to the details by using all of ourfive senses Descriptiv writing is often found in fiction, though it can make anapperance in nonfiction as well ( for instance, memories, first-hand accounts ofevents, or travel guides)

In this study, we will research more on persuasive writing with the examples

of business correspondence – emails In information era, email plays an importantrole of communication especially in bussiness Email is also known an elctronicmail It is a technique of sending written messags electronically from one computer

to another Through emails, written messages can be sent quickly and also receivethe reply instantly To have effective emails, it depends on a lot of factors such as:situation, subjects To write an email to friends or relatives, we don’t need focus

on grammar or lexical a lot An informal email will suitable However, workplaceenvironment is definitely different Professionism will be very critical Therefore,it’s necesarry to pay attention to the accuracy of using grammar and spelling These

are two main factors which can give emails a greater sense of professionalism Wecan identify the professionalism through outgoing communication such as businesscards, brochures and an email signature Toward business emails, professionalismand accuracy are very vital cause these emails are written to directors, managers,collegues or customers Therefore, in this corporate environment, formal mails isneccessary and suitable There are three common criteria to evaluateprofessionalism in formal emails including: accurate gammar, punctuation, andspelling However, in some cases, staff can be flexible to use mix style to write aquick mail to their partners.

2.1.2 Difficulties in English writing

In foreign language learning, the students are supposed to master the languageskills, either communicative competence in spoken or written compentence inEnglish texts One of the objectives of English teaching to English learner is todevelope their communicative competence Writing is one skill that must bemastered by the students

Writing has been perceived as a complex process for English as a foreignlanguage learners (EFL), therefore, it’s not suprising that errors in writing are found

as an unadvoidable part of EFL student writing Almost international students orenglish leaners encounter a lot of stress and obstacle when writing their assignment.The reasons for this is that students come from other countries with the differentcultural background where they are fully dependent on teachers They also have nottranined to be critical thinkers and they might have lower expectations than those oftheir teachers as they consider themselves second language learners Other causesthat could lead to the difficulty in academic writing are L1 interference, inadequacy

of ideas, and unclear instructions of the task ( Chou, 2011)

Besides Chou ( 2011), Norish, John ( 1983) classified causes of error intothree types that is carelessness, first language interference and translation The threetypes of causes of error will be discussed brieftly below

1, Carelessness.

This element is affected by both sites: teachers and students Towardsteacher’s site, it maybe due to wrong pedagogic approach selected by teachers

Many teachers admit that it is not always the student’s fault if he/she loses interest,perhaps the materials and/ or style of presentation or approach do not suit him/her.This makes students gradually lose interest and motivation in learrning writing andmaking their writing skills not improved.

2, First language

According to Richards’ research, when the learners study a new language andsay another language ( mother tongue), this will be easy to make interference errors.These errors are results of element from one language while speaking another

3, Translation

Besides two elements refered above, one of the reasons which also causeserrors is translation There is a fact that many students or english learnerssometimes have difficulties in translating such as finding the words which haveequivalent meanings with the remain language Therefore, many people translatefirst language sentence or idiomatic expression into the target language word byword This is also common cause of error

Besides Chou’s resarch of the source of errors There are also many othertheorists having made the research on this topic Richards ( 1974), for instance,states that two major sources of errors are interlingual errors and intralingual errors.Interlingual errors are those which are related to the native language” That is to saythere are interlingual errors when the learner’s native language habits interfere orprevent, to some degree, from acquiring the patterns and rules of second language (Hourrani, 2008, p11) He asserts that interference ( negative transfer ) is thenegative influence of the mother tongue language ( MTL) on the performance of thetarget language learner

According to Richard ( as cited in Hourani, 2008), intralingual errors are thoseorganizing within the structure of English itself In the process of second languagelearning, the grammatical system of the students’ mother tongue may interfere theprocess of second language The deviation that reflects the grammatical system ofmother tongue is called inter lingua interference, while an interference which occurbetween the role of a particular construction and the role of mother or otherconstruction within the language is called intralingua interferences, however, they

are resulted from the learning process.

To sum up, there are many research and opinions about the source of errors Ingeneral, according to Chou and Al Murshidi ( 2014) , the main source of makingerrors in writing english are:

1 Different cultural backgrounds

2 Different English levels but be supposed as a well – qualified

3 The first language interference

4 Unclear instruction of the task

The current study contributes to the research in terms of offering valuableinsights into the most dificult aspects of writing faced by the staff of Sen Vang RealEstate Joint Stock Company and how those challenges might relate to their writingstrategies

2.2 Overview of grammar

2.2.1 Definitions of grammar

The definition of grammar is the study of the way words are used to makesentences The grammar is the part of the study of language which deals with theforms and structure of words ( morphology), with their customary arrangement inphrases and sentences ( syntax), and now often with language sounds ( phonology)and word ( semantics)

Grammar is a body of rules imposed on a given language for speaking andwriting it, based on the study of its grammar ( sense) or on some adaption ofanother, esp Latin, grammar

Thanks to gramamr structure in a writing task, the writer could control andillustrate the meaning and its efficiency to advois ambiguity and misunderstandingfor readers

schools, based on the classical language grammar.

3 Structural grammar: a system for describing language sentence based onthe preparation of smaller structures into a larger structure

4 Linguistic / grammatical competence: Grammar is the knowledge of aperson ( speaker) about the structure of a language that has regularity The owner of

a language knows how to use grammar without studying it

5 EFL grammar: The person who isn’t a native speaker They need to learn toknow how to use grammar new words, and lexical rules to combine them intosentence and text

2.2.3 Roles of grammar

Grammar is the sound, structure, and meaning system of language Alllanguages have grammar, and each language has its own grammar In linguistics,grammar is th set of structural rules which influences the composition of clauses,phrases, and words in any given language Grammar, regardless of the country or thlanguage, is the foundation for communication Grammar rules can help learnersdevelope the habit of thinking logically and clearly After studying grammar,learners are able to become mor accurate when using a language Without goodgrammar, clear communication is impossible Proper grammar keeps users frombeing misunderstood while xxpressing their thoughts and ideas A person with poorgrammar skill can form a negative impression on others When a person has learnedgrammar, it will be easier for that person to know how to organize and express theideas in their mind without difficulty As a result, they will be able to speak, readand write the language more fluently Therefore, grammar has a very important role

in using any language You cannot use any language skill without using gramamrand vocabulary Grammar is not an end in itself but it is a means to an end – toimprove learner’ profficiency in the four language skills Grammar is the backbone

of language and without it, the produced text, whether it is spoken or written, will

be classified with many labels: broken, uneducated, incomprehensible or simply notbelonging to the English language

A person can’t learn a forign language accurately only through a process ofunconscious assimilation Grammar is a sure ground of rfernce when linguistics

habits fail us Therefore, grammar is indispensible for learners to understand anduse it effectively.

2.3 Grammatical errors

2.3.1 Definition of grammatical errors.

Grammatical error is a term used in prescriptive grammar to describe aninstance of faulty, unconventional, or controversial usage, such as a misplacedmodifier or an inappropriate verb tense Also called a usage error Comparegrammatical error with correctness

According to Hornby (2000), grammatical is connected with the rules ofgrammar or correctly following the rules of grammar He also defined “ common”

as all or nearly all members of a group Common grammatical errors mean thaterrors that happen nearly all rules of grammar in a determined category or guidance

2.3.2 Types of grammatical errors

2.3.3.1 Subject – verb agreement errors

The subject and verb of a sentence must agree with one another in numberwhether they are singular or plural If the subject of the sentence is singular orplural, its verb must also be singular; and if the subject is plural, the verb must beplural

Incorrect: The two best things about him I like most is kindness andgenerosity

Correct : The two best things about him I like most are kindness andgenerosity

2.3.3.2 Word order

The order of words in an English sentence is very important A change inword order often results in a change of meaning For example, adjective often standbefore noun Therefore, if learners don’t know or forget this grammaticalknowledge, the sentence will not true about grammar

For example:

Incorrect: That is a girl beautiful

Correct: That is a beautiful girl

According to John Jay College( 2007), Notice in the sentences below howchanging the form of the word could change the word from a verb to an adjective oradverb Many English words need to change their form as using them as verbs,nouns, adverbs and adjectives There are three types of errors with word forms:word form endings, missing word endings, confusion between-ed and -ingadjectives endings.

Example:

Incorrect: They get used to use chopsticks when living in Vietnam

Correct: They get used to using chopsticks when living in Vietnam

2.3.3.5 Vague Pronoun Reference

A pronoun can replace a noun, and its antecedent should b the person, place,

or thing to which the pronoun refers A vague pronoun reference ( including wordssuch as it, that, this, and which) can leave the reader confused about what or towhom the pronoun refers

Incorrect: Don’t felt a lot of anger and biterness as a result of Marie’s decision.This is what ended everything ( what ended everything? Don’t anger and biteness

Omission of “the” occupies more than half percentage in the total errors ofdefinite article, and it appears in the following situations:

- Omission of the before adjective of comparative forms, superlative formsand ordinal number

- Omission of the before fixed collations, and specific terms

- Omission of the in the case of anaphoric reference and fixed reference in thecontext

In term of redundancy of “the”, it occupies a major percentage of the misuse

of definite article, thus it is more complicate and confusing The writer classified thefollowing categories:

- Redundancy of “the” in the set expressions

- Redundancy of “the” before abstract nouns, and the nouns with modifiers

- Redundancy of “the” before ordinal numerals

- Redundancy of “the” before three meals of a day, and ball games

- Redundancy of “the” before a country, geographical names, position, andofficial - title

- Redundancy of “the”, when two nouns or more are used simultaneously

- Redundancy of “the” before seasons, months, festivals, dates, and days

For Confusion of “the”, there are two categories in this error such as: Misusedefinite article for indefinite article and misuse indefinite for definite article

According to Nonkukhetkong ( 2013), he stated that about 47.41% ofgrammatical errors in the use of verbs, nouns, prepositions, adjectives, possesivecase and articles made by learners Besides, Hamzah (2012) showed that errors on

the prepositional usage are 12.31% The result of the study illustrates thatpreposition is one of grammatical aspects that are often used by studentsincorrectly.

Incorrect: We are going in Vietnam

Correct: We are going to Vietnam

2.3.3.8 Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences that don’t have one independentclause A fragment may lack a subject, a complete verb, or both Sometimesfragments depend on the proceeding sentence to give it meaning

2.3.3.9 Errors in the use Conjunction

After an introductory word, phrase, or clause, a common should be used Thisgives the readers a slight pause after an introductory element and often can helpavoid confusion

Example:

Incorrect: Lan, Mai, Ngoc go to market to buy some books

Correct: Lan, Mai and Ngoc go to market to buy some books

2.3.3.7 Vague pronoun reference

A pronoun can replace a noun, and its antecedent should b the person, place,

or thing to which the pronoun refers A vague pronoun reference ( including wordssuch as it, that, this, and which) can leave the reader confused about what or towhom the pronoun refers

Incorrect: Everybody must bring their own lunch,

Correct: Everyone must bring his or her own lunch

2.2.3.8 Wrong Word Usage

There are a variety of words and phrases that are commonly confused andmisused in sentences Using them incorrectly can change th meaning of the

sentence There are hundreds of these commonly confused words, so when in doubt,always check the definition and correct spelling of the word.

Incorrect: Coming this place was a big error We only wasted our time

Correct: Coming this place was a big mistake We only wasted our time

2 2.3.9 Errors in Pluralization

Incorrect: Lan has two coffees

Correct: Lan has two cups of coffee

2.3 Solutions of grammatical errors.

To advoid the grammatical errors, the learners and users should apply varioustechniques:

Firstly, learners should spend a plenty of time practising and revising thegrammatical system by doing exercising frequently This is the effective way forlearners to improve the grammar knowledge through doing excercise This wayhelps learners revise knowledge and gramamtical structures From that, learners canimprove grammatical structures and master them as well through pratisingfrequently

Moreover, during practising the writing skills, the learners should prioritizethe simple sentence which just has one clause, limit complex sentences with manyclauses This will make new learners easy to confuse and make errors Makingeffort to transfer the complex sentences or ideas into simply sentences and applysimply grammatical structure when writing

Towards staff in the company, they often write emails to partners andcustomers, therefore the accuracy and professionism is very neccessary The writerneed to have a solid grammartical foundation to be able to write efectively andadvoid basic errors Furthermore, towards staffs who writes on computer frequently,they should know tools on computer whch helps useful tool for users Students,satff and leraners can use this tool to limit the common mistakes when writing onthe computer

Thirdly, reading is also the way which can help learners and users improvewriting skills Reading helps learners get good ideas and see how to use wordsappropriately

To sum up, grammatical background plays an important part which affectsdirectly the writing quality Students and people who use English as office workersneed to improve their basic grammar skills, improve their literacy skills, form habits

of regularly reading english documents everyday such as: reading magazines,newspaper, english articles about any fields you are interested in Let’s readcarefully and deeply, undrline interesting and spcecial structures, take exampleswith these structures and apply it into your writing correctly and effectively

2.4 Discussion

Writing has become one of the popular topics in research There are varietydefinition of writing, classification of writing and grammatical errors In order tohigh efficiency, the research decides on limitation the study on figuring out thecommon grammartical errors when writing made by the staffs of Sen Vang RealEstate Joint- Stock Company The research also focuses on conducting 8grammatical errors in the study