O Viet Nam, tai cac trudng dai hgc va cao dang chuyen ngoai ngfl, ddng luc hgc tap ngoai ngfl duong nhien la ra't Idn va giao vien khdng nhat thiet phai dau tu qua nhieu cdng sfle de khu
Trang 1THUC DAY D O N G LUC HOC TAP NGOAI NGU CUA SINH VIEN KHCDNG CHUYEN TH(!)NG QUA CAC BAI
KIEM TRA TIEN OO (PROGRESS TESTS)
NGUYEN THI MINH TAM, B.A
Khoa Ngogi ngu Chuyin ngdnh, Trudng DHNN
Trong thuc te bgc tap va giang day, dac biet trong giang day va
bgc tap tie'ng nude ngoai, dgng luc hgc tap (motivation) ddng vai trd
quyet dinb den ket qua thu dugc Theo Ellis, R (1998), ddng life hgc
tap trong hgc tap ngogi ngu Id ede dgng thdi do, edc trgng thdi ed klid ndng tdc dgng di'n su nd lue ci'ia ngudi hgc trong khi hgc ngogi ngu
Ellis phan ddng luc bgc tap thanh bdn loai, trong tieng Anh ggi la:
instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation,
va intrinsic motivation
Ddng luc hgc tap dugc tao ra tfl nhieu yeu to, ca yeu to ben trong
va ca yeu to ben ngoai Cac ye'u to ben ngoai cd anh hudng den ddng luc hgc tap cua ngudi bgc gdm cd: ket qua hgc tap va su ghi nban danh gia cua giao vien ddi vdi ket qua bgc tap do, cac yeu cau ma giao vien de ra ddi vdi qua trinh bgc tap cua ngudi bgc, cac bai kiem tra, cac tai lieu va boat ddng bgc tap, tham chi la su tbi dua ve thanh tich hgc tap giua cac thanh vien trong Idp Yeu to ben trong cd tac ddng den bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap cua ngudi hgc chinb la quan diem cua ban than ngudi hgc, cua nhflng ngudi xung quanb, tham chi ndi rdng
ra la quan diem cua loan xa hoi ve su thiet yeu cua viec hgc tap do Cu the, trong mot mdi trudng xa hoi danh gia cao ve vai trd cua viec day
va hgc ngoai ngfl, ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl se cd bflng thu hgc tap Idn ban nhieu so vdi nhflng ngudi hgc trong mot xa hoi ma ngoai ngfl khdng
Trang 2dugc coi trgng Bdi vay, giao vien ngoai ngfl cd the tac ddng true tie'p vao cac ye'u td ben ngoai va gian tie'p vao cac ye'u to ben trong ndi tren
de thuc day ddng luc bgc tap ngoai ngfl cua ngudi hgc
O Viet Nam, tai cac trudng dai hgc va cao dang chuyen ngoai ngfl, ddng luc hgc tap ngoai ngfl duong nhien la ra't Idn va giao vien khdng nhat thiet phai dau tu qua nhieu cdng sfle de khuyen khich sinb vien trong qua trinh bgc mdn hgc nay Nbung ddi vdi giao vien cac trudng khdng chuyen ngfl, viec kich thich nang cao ddng luc hgc tap cho sinb vien la mot van de khdng de dang Tam ly chung cua cac sinb vien khdng chuyen ngfl trong cac trudng dai hgc va cao dang d Viet Nam la khdng coi trgng mdn ngoai ngfl trong trudng, coi day la mot mdn phu, khdng phuc vu cho chuyen nganh nen muc tieu
dat ra la hgc chi de "qua " trong cac ky tbi, khdng can qua cham chi
Thuc te cho thay ngoai ngfl ludn la mot cdng cu trg giup hflu ich trong mgi llnb vuc nghien cflu, va trong cac trudng dai bgc va cao dang khdng chuyen ngu, ngoai ngfl bd trg cho sinb vien rat nhieu trong qua trinh tu dao tao tbdng qua viec dgc va dich tai lieu tham khao chuyen nganh bang tieng nude ngoai De kbac phuc nban tbfle thieu toan dien cua sinb vien khdng chuyen ve hgc tap ngoai ngfl, giao vien ngoai ngfl d nhflng trudng dai hgc va cao dang khdng chuyen ngfl can thiet phai thuc day ddng luc bgc tap cua sinb vien qua viec tac ddng vao cac ye'u td ben trong va ben ngoai nbu da de cap tren day Trong bai viet nay tac gia xin phep chi de cap den viec nang cao bflng thu, ddng luc bgc tap ngoai ngfl cho sinb vien bang each tac ddng vao mot trong cac yeu td tren, do la tbdng qua cac bai kiem tra tien do trong qua trinh hgc
Theo Penny Ur, P (1996), "bdi kiem tra test dugc dinh nghia Id
mot logi hogt dgng vdi elide ndng chinh Id eung cap thdng tin vi mde
do ngudi dugc kiem tra ed khd ndng thuc hiin dugc mot ky ndng hay cdng viec ndo do Clidc ndng ndy giup phdn Met hogt dgng kiem tra vdi hogt dgng luyin tap vi muc dich cua luyin tap chi Id thudn tuy thuc hiin hogt dgng hgc tap Thdng thudng, edc bdi kiem tra chu yeu phuc vu cho muc dich ddnh gid trinh do cua ngudi hgc thdng qua diem
sd (tliang diem trong ede bdi kiem tra dugc thii't ki'sao cho diem sd cd
Trang 3khd ndng xde dinh mde do kii'n thdc eiia ngudi dugc kiem tra) Tuy nhiin thuc ti'eho thay muc dich viec su dung ede bdi kiem tra vd hogt dgng ddnh gid trinh do cua ngudi hgc chi triing khdp vdi nliau d mot mde do nhat dinh ndo do vi bin cgnh ede bdi kiem tra, gido viin ed the ddnh gid trinh do cua hgc viin bang nhieu cdch khde, vd nguge Igi, edc bdi kiem tra cdng cd the dugc su dung cho nhiiu muc dich khde elid khdng dan thudn elii de ddnh gid trinh do cua ngUdi hgc "
Theo Hughes, A (1989), cac dang bai kiem tra cd the dugc phan loai dua tren tieu chi la cac dang tbdng tin dugc danh gia qua cac bai
kiem tra ay Nbu vay cac bai kiem tra ed the chia thanh: bai kiem tra
miic do ky nang (proficiency tests), bai kiem tra miic do tiep thu kien thirc da hgc (achievement tests, loai nay con dugc chia thanh bai
dang cu the la kiem tra tie'n do trong qua trinh hgc - progress tests va
kiem tra cudi qua trinh hgc hay cudi mot giai doan hgc nbu hgc
phan, hgc ky - final tests), ngoai ra la mot sd dang kbac nbu cac bai
kiem tra phan tich (diagnostic tests) hay kiem tra phan loai (placement
tests) Cac bai kiem tra du la loai nao cung mang bieu qua eung cap
thdng tin Idn
Cac bai kiem tra tie'n do (progress tests) giup giao vien xac dinh
mot each thudng xuyen mfle do tiep thu bai cung nbu mflc do chuyen can cua sinb vien, tfl do cd nhflng dieu chinh phu bgp trong ndi dung
va phuang phap day Ddi vdi sinb vien, cac bai kiem tra dugc tien hanh deu dan chinh la yeu cau dat ra cho viec on tap va bd sung kien thflc thudng xuyen Chinh nhflng bai kiem tra tien do nay giup nang cao bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap cua sinb vien, luc dau chi don thuan la bflng thu dugc nay sinb mot each thu ddng nham dat ket qua cao trong kiem tra, nbung dan dan se tao nen thdi quen bgc tap ngoai ngfl thudng xuydn va bieu qua vdi bflng thu hgc tap cao, chu dgng tiep can tai lieu, tham gia cac boat ddng hgc tap trong gid bgc ngoai ngfl Dac biet, mdi bai kiem tra tien do con cung cap cho sinb vien nhflng thdng tin kip thdi ve nhflng kie'n thflc chua nam chac hay nhflng kien thflc can bd sung, giup sinb vien cd dinh hudng rd rang trong qua trinh tu cung cd, md rdng kien thflc Cac bai kiem tra tien do dugc tie'n hanh
Trang 4trong sudt qua trinh hgc con tao nen cho sinb vien nban dinh ve su thdng nhat xuyen sudt cua qua trinh hgc, mdi bai kiem tra la mot
"mde" danh dau cac giai doan bao ham trong ca mot qua trinh hgc
keo dai Nhflng bai kiem tra tien do dugc giao vien cham diem va nban xet chi tiet cung la ca sd giup sinb vien cd kha nang tu danh gia nang luc bgc tap cua minb trong tuong quan vdi cac thanh vien kbac trong lap, tfl do tao nen khdng khi hgc tap tbi dua ngay cang cao
De kiem cbflng tac dung cu the cua cac bai kiem tra tie'n do den bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap cua sinb vien khdng chuyen, tac gia bai viet da tie'n hanh dieu tra tai Idp 49CC nbdm 2 - Trudng Dai hgc Cdng nghe - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Nam bai kiem tra tien do dugc su dung trong sudt bgc phan 1 nam hgc 2004-2005 deu la nhflng bai kiem tra tap trung bam sat nhflng van de ngfl phap, tfl vung
ca ban, ky nang dgc hieu va viet d trinh do so cap (elementary) dua tren giao trinh New Headway Elementary Hai bai test 1 va test 2
dugc tien hanh trudc ky tbi van dap giua ky, test 3 dugc tien hanh sau kiem tra gifla ky nen cd khoang each thdi gian rat xa test 1 va tests 2 Test 4 va test 5 dugc tien hanh deu dan sau test 3 Ke't qua thu dugc nbu sau:
Hirng thu, ddng luc hgc tap the hien qua ty le
sinh vien cd ket qua tren 8 trong cac progress tests
Trang 5Sd dl tac gia bai vie't nay dung bieu dd ve sd sinh vien dat ket qua tren 8 de the hien qua trinh thay ddi trong bflng thu hgc tap cua sinh vien la do bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap va ke't qua hgc tap ludn cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, bflng thu hgc tap cao tao ra ket qua td't va ngugc lai
Bieu dd tren cho tha'y, vao dau hgc ky, bflng thu hgc tap cua sinb vien khdng cao nbung chi sau khi giao vien sfl dung progress test 1 tbi bflng thu bgc tap nay tang rd ret Sinh vien dau tu nhieu thdi gian
va cdng sfle ban cho viec bgc tap ngoai ngfl Chinh bdi vay, trong ke't qua cua test 2, sd sinb vien cd ket qua cao tang vgt Tuy vay, sau mot khoang thdi gian dai tap trung vao ky nang nghe, ndi chuan bi cho ky tbi van dap gifla ky, viec cung cd thudng xuyen cac ky nang va kie'n thflc ndi dung cua kiem tra tien do tam thdi bi tri hoan nen bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap cac ky nang, cac kie'n thflc tren khdng cdn dugc duy tri d mflc cao nbu trudc dd Dieu nay giai thich cho su giam sut ve thanh tich trong ke't qua d test 3 Ket qua test 3 giam sut cung cd tac dung phan anh cho sinh vien thay su thieu hut kien thflc va mdi lien quan chat che gifla su chuyen can trong hgc tap va ket qua bgc tap,
do vay gian tie'p tao nen ddng luc thuc day sinb vien cung cd lai ne ne'p va phuang phap hgc tap Do dd ket qua d test 4 va 5 dugc cai thien rd ret Ty le sinb vien dat ket qua tren 8 tang cao the hien bflng thu hgc tap dugc cung cd va day len mflc cao Cd the ndi viec tien hanh test 3, 4, 5 mot each deu dan va lien tuc da dem lai ket qua kha quan
Dua tren cac co sd ly luain va nhflng thdng tin thuc te thu dugc tfl thuc nghiem tren day, cd the' rut ra mot sd kinb ngbiem trong su dung cac bai kiem tra tien do de nang cao bflng thu hgc tap cua sinb vien nbu sau
• Cac bai kiem tra tien do can dugc bidn soan sao cho sat chuong trinh hgc, cd mdi lien quan chat che vdi nhau va vdi kiem tra cudi ky, tfl dd tao nen tinh he thdng rd net trong chuong trinh hgc, giup sinh vien nban thflc rd ve tinh thiet thuc cua cac bai kiem tra tie'n do la phuc vu true tie'p cho kiem tra cudi hgc phan Nbu vay viec
Trang 6tie'n hanh kiem tra tien do la su the hien gian tie'p yeu cau cua giao vien vdi viec dn tap viec dn tap kien thflc thudng xuyen cua sinh vien, tfl dd kich thich sinh vien tu giac tham gia hgc tap va lam cac bai kiem tra bet kha nang cua minb Day la mot yeu td quan trgng giup giao vien thu dugc tbdng tin xac thuc nha't va trinh do va bflng thu, ddng luc hgc tap cua sinh vien
• Cac bai kiem tra tien do can dugc tien hanh vdi khoang each deu dan nham giup sinh vien ludn gifl dugc tu tudng hgc tap pha'n dau khdng ngflng, duy tri bflng thu hgc tap cua sinh vien lien tuc d mflc cao, tranh tinh trang bai kiem tra qua each xa nhau lam loang tinh than hgc tap, giam sut ve bflng thu hgc tap (thuc te cho thay mot khi bflng thu hgc tap cua sinh vien giam sut tbi viec eung ed lai se rat ton thdi gian va cdng sfle cua ca giao vien va sinh vien)
• Cac bai kiem tra tien do can dugc nban xet chi tiet giup sinh vien cd dinh hudng rd rang khi cung cd va bd sung kie'n thflc, tfl dd
cd kha nang tu dn tap trau ddi kien thflc bieu qua, tao su tu tin va dam me trong bgc tap Dieu nay chinb la nban to ben trong tac ddng den bflng thu bgc tap cua sinh vien
• Cac bai kiem tra tie'n do can dugc cha'm diem va ket qua dat dugc sau mdi bai kiem tra can dugc giao vien cdng bd rd rang Dieu nay giup sinb vien cd kha nang tu nban thflc, danh gia ve su tie'n bd hay sao nbang trong qua trinh hgc tap cua ban than, ddng thdi tao ra khdng khi tbi dua bgc tap trong Idp Cac ke't qua nay cung can dugc giao vien luu lai nbu mot tai lieu xac thuc ve nang luc kie'n thflc, su chuyen can, tien bd va kha nang tiep thu cua tflng sinb vien tfl dd cd
su dieu chinb phu bgp ve phuang phap va boat ddng day Viec ddng vien khen nggi tinh than hgc tap cua nhflng sinb vien dat ke't qua td't
la vd cung can thie't trong trong viec tang cudng ban nfla bflng thu bgc tap cho nhflng sinh vien dd, ddng thdi tao nen ddng luc cho nhflng sinb vien khac cung cd gang Su nban thflc va khdng khi hgc tap nay la nhflng yeu td ben ngoai cd tac ddng vd cung tich cue den bflng thu hgc tap cua sinh vien
Trang 7Tai lieu tham khao
1 Brumfit, C.J., Johnson, K (1979) The Communicative Approach
to Language Teaching Oxford University Press
2 Doff, A (1988) Teach English Cambridge University Press
3 Ellis, R (1997) Second Language Acquysition Oxford
University Press
4 Mathews, A., Spratt, M., Les Dangerfield (1985) At the Chalk
Face British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
5 Ur, P (1996) A Course in Language Teaching Cambridge University
Press