N g u y e n T h i T r a m Trung tdm Ddo tao, Boi dudnggidng uien Li luan chinh tri - DHQGHN Bat van de: Tu tucing Ho Chi Minh la mot he thong quan diem toan dien va sau sac ve nhting
Trang 1Sa THONG NHAT BIEN CHLJNG G I D A
GIAI PHONG DAN TOO VA GIAI PHONG PHU NQ
TRONG TLi laONG HO CHI MINH
T h S N g u y e n T h i T r a m
Trung tdm Ddo tao, Boi dudnggidng uien
Li luan chinh tri - DHQGHN Bat van de: Tu tucing Ho Chi Minh la mot he thong quan diem
toan dien va sau sac ve nhting van de cd ban cua Cach mang Viet
Nam, t\i each mang dan toe dan chu nhan dan den each mang xa hoi
chu nghia; la ket qua cua sU van dung sang tao va phat trien chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao dieu kien cu the cua nUdc ta, dong thcfi la sU ket tinh tinh hoa dan toe va tri tue nhan loai nh^m giai phong dan toe; giai phong giai cap va giai phong eon ngUcii
1 QUAN H $ G I C A G I A I PHONG DAN TOC VA GIAI PHONG
PHU N 0 TRONG Tl/TUCiNG H 6 CHI MINH
Dan toe Viet Nam la mot dan toe c6 truyen tho'ng yeu nUdc, qu$t cUdng cho'ng giae ngoai xam, san sang xa than vi doc lap, vi tU do cua
To quoc Trong lich sit hang nghin nam dUng nUdc va gii3 nudc, ea dan
toe ta, trong do c6 vai tro to Idn cua phu nii da phai dUdng dau vdi nhutng ke thu xam lUdc manh hdn minh gap boi Nam 1919, sau khi
ban Yeu sack 8 diem khong dUdc eae ten tr u m de quoc eong nhan Ho
Chi Minh da n i t ra bai hoc: "Muon dUdc giai phong cac dan toe ehi eo the trong cay vao minh, trong cay vao lUc lUdng cua ban t h a n minh"
Nam 1920, dUdc doc Scf thao Idn thi2 nhat ve van de dan toe va thuoc
dia cua Lenin, Ho Chi Minh da t\i giac ngo dan toe den giac ngo giai
cap; tijf ngUdi yeu nUde trci t h a n h ngUdi cong san NgUdi da thUc hien dude sU ket hdp dung dan giUa dan toe v6i giai cap, giiia doc lap dan tpc v6i chu nghia xa hoi, giOa chu nghia yeu nUdc v6i chu nghia quoc
te NgUdi cho rang ehu nghia yeu nUdc la tinh t h a n dan toe, la mot
Trang 2dong lUc to Idn cua each mang Theo phan tich cua NgUdi, do kinh te chUa phat t h e n nen sU phan hoa giai cap ci Dong DUdng chUa triet de
Dau tranh giai cap diin ra b day khong gio'ng nhu d cac nU6c phUdng
Tay, vi ranh gidi giQa giau va ngheo con het sufc md nhat: " Cho nen, neu nong dan gan nhU ch4ng c6 gi thi dia chu eung khong eo von lie'ng
gi 16n; neu nong dan chi song b i n g cai to'i thieu can thiet thi ddi song cua dia chu cung ching c6 gi la xa hoa; neu thd thuyen khong biet minh hi hoc lot bao nhieu thi chu lai khong he biet cong cu de hoc lot cua ho la may moc; Su xung dot ve quyen Idi eua ho dUdc giam thieu Dieu do, khong the cho'i cai dUdc"^ NhU vay, giu!a cac giai t i n g trong
xa hoi Viet Nam luc bay gid v i n c6 sU tUdng dong r a t Idn: du la giai cap dia chu hay nong dan; dii la cong nhan hay tU san, ho deu la nhuCng ngUdi dan no le mat nUdc Chinh vi vay ma c6 phong trao chong thue; phong trao Dong Du va vua Duy Tan mUu tinh khdi nghia vao
nam 1917 Theo Ho Chi Minh, each mang giai phong dan toe d Viet Nam chi c6 the thUc hien dUdc tren cd sd "Chu nghia dan toe", nhan
danh "Quoc te Cong san" Xuat phat ttt dia vi cua ngUdi dan thuoc dia
mat nU6c, tiX truyen tho'ng dan toe Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh da danh
gia rat cao siic manh cua chu nghia dan toe chan chinh, coi do la dong lUc de nhiing ngUdi cong san nam lay va phat huy tren lap trUdng cua giai cap v6 san Ngon cd do khong the de rdi vao giai cap khac Con dUdng ciiu nUdc, giai phong dan toe cua Ho Chi Minh la con dUdng each mang v6 san Day la cot loi trong tU tUcIng cua NgUdi, la
sU tho'ng nhat bien chiing gifla dan toe vdi giai cap, dan toe vdi quoc
te, dan toe vdi chu nghia xa hoi: "Chi c6 chii nghia xa hoi, ehu nghia
cong san mdi giai phong dUdc cac dan toe hi ap hxlc va nhutng ngUdi
lao dong tren the gi6i khoi ach no le"^ Su g i n bo giOa doc lap dan toe
va chu nghia xa hoi trong tU tUcing cua ngUdi viia phan anh qui luat khach quan cua sU giai phong dan toe trong thdi dai each mang v6 san, vijfa phan anh quan he khang kbit giiia mue tieu giai phong dan
toe vdi muc tieu giai phong giai cap, giai phong eon ngUdi, trong d6 c6
phu nfl
1 Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 1, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.464
2 Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 10, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.l28
Trang 3Xoa bo ach ap bute dan toe ma khong xoa bo tinh trang boc lot va
ap btfc giai cap thi nhan dan lao dong v^n chUa dUde giai phong Chi
CO the thiet lap dUdc che do cong hiiu ve tu lieu san xuat thi mdi xoa
bo t&n goc tinh trang ngUdi ap biJtc ngUdi, ngUdi hoc lot ngUdi, mdi thiet lap dUdc Nh^ nUdc kieu mdi - cong cu dam bao quyen lam chu cua
ngUdi lao ddng noi chung va ngUcJi phu nuf noi rieng: "Neu nUdc doc \kp
ma d i n khong dUdc hudng h a n h phiic, tU do, thi doc lap cung ch^ng eo nghia li gi"^ Do v^y, theo Ho Chi Minh, gianh dUde doc lap roi phai di len chu nghia xa hoi Vi chu nghia xa hoi la moi ngUdi dUde an no, mac a'm, sung sUdng tu do Su phat trien dat nUde theo eon dUdng xa hoi chu nghia la mot dam bao vutng eh^c cho nen doc lap cua dan toe
2 VI TRf CUA PHU NlJ TRONG CACH MANG GIAI PHONG
D A N TOC
"Noi phu nut la noi phfin nrta xa hoi Neu khong giai phdng phu ni3 thi khong giai phong mot nika loai ngudi
N^'u khong giai phong phu nii la xay dUng ehu nghia xa hoi mot ntla"^ Van de giai phdng phu nut la mot bo ph^n tho'ng n h a t trong giai phong dan toe, xuyen suot trong tU tudng Ho Chi Minh NgUdi la nha
tu tUcing dfiu tien trong lich sut Viet Nam dat vi th§' cua ngUdi phu nH Viet Nam ngang Yikng vdi nam gidi Vdi tinh t h a n n h a n van cao ca va
dao dtic sang ngdi, Ho Chi Minh con la lanh tu tieu bieu cua the gidi
da di cao sU nghiep giai phong phu nii
Trong tac ph^m Di/dng kdch menh nam 1927, Ho Chi Minh cho r^ng phu nH chiem da so trong lUc lUdng dan toe, trong n h a n dan lao
dong Da so' ho deu chiu nhieu dau kho nen c6 tinh t h a n dau t r a n h each mang sau s^c P h u ni3 la lUc lUdng each mang to Idn An Nam each menh ciing phai c6 nQ gidi tham gia, khong c6 ho thi each mang khong the tha n h cong Su nghiep giai phdng phu nut khong phai la cong viec rieng cua phu nut, ma n6 g^n lien vdi giai phong dan toe, giai
phong giai cap, giai phong con ngUdi "Dan ba con gai cung nkm trong
3 Ho Chi Minh, Toan tSp, tap 4, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H 2000, tr.56
•* Ho Chf Minh, Tokn tap, tap 9, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 000, tr.523
5 Ho Chi Minh, To^n tap, tap 2, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.443
Trang 4nhan dan Neu ca dan toe dUdc tU do, dUdng nhien ho ciing dUdc tu do NgUdc lai, neu dan toe con trong canh no le thi ho va eon cai ho cung
se song trong canh no le d6 thoi."
Phu nijt chi c6 the dat dUdc sU binh dang vdi nam gidi khi dan toe
da gianh dUdc doc lap, tu do Su nghiep giai phdng phu ni3, theo Ho Chi Minh la "Mot cuoc each mang kha to va kho." Nhieu ngUdi lam tUcing do la mot cong viec de, chi: "Hom nay anh nau cdm, r i a bat, quet nha, hom sau em quet nha, nau cdm, riia bat, the la binh dang, binh quyen" Su nghiep giai phong phu nii bao gom trong gia dinh va ngoai xa hoi Day la mot nhiem vu c6 quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, khong nhiJng khong triet tieu nhau ma con tho'ng n h a t vdi nhau NgUdi phu nut dUdc giai phong ngay trong gia dinh khong c6 nghia la
ho thoat li cong viec gia dinh ma trai lai con to dieu kien tot hdn cho
ho thUc hien thien chdc lam me, lam vd trong quan he binh dang v6i nam gidi Vai tro cua ngUdi phu nii trong gia dinh vdi tU each la ngu6i chu chan chinh cua gia dinh, mot te bao cua xa hoi Gia dinh la mot cong dong xa hoi dac biet gan bo vdi nhau bdi quan he hdn nhan va
huyet tho'ng Theo Mac day la "Quan he thii ba tham gia ngay tit dau vao qua trinh phat trien lich sii la hang ngay tai tao ra ddi song cua ban than minh, con ngUdi con tao ra ngUdi khac, sinh soi nay nd, do la
quan he vd chong, cha me va con cai, do la gia dinh" Trong suot qua trinh lich stt, cac hinh thUc gia dinh c6 nhieu bien doi sau sac va chiu anh hudng quye't dinh cua nen kinh te - xa hoi khach quan Che do tU hiiu xuat hien, nam gi6i dong vai tro quan trong trong kinh te va lao dong Su bat binh d4ng trong xa hoi da d i n den bat binh d i n g trong gia dinh Dan toe dUdc giai phong la yeu to' quye't dinh de phu nii xay dUng gia dinh hanh phuc Quan tam den gia dinh la dieu kien de xay dung xa hoi ehu nghia Muon thuc hien dUdc sU nghiep giai phdng nay, phai diing vii luc cua cuoc each mang, do la sU tien bo ve chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, phap lu§t
Ho Chi Minh rat coi trong "nut quyen" Chinh vi v^y, viec giai phong phu nii trong gia dinh gan lien vdi giai phong phu nijt ve mat xa hoi Giai phong phu niS ve xa hoi la nh^m nang cao vi the eiia ngUdi phu nuE trong xa hoi Phu nii phai tham gia cong viec xa hoi, la ngUdi chu thUc sU cua xa hoi Day viia la quyen Idi, vua la trach nhiem cua
6 Cac Mac- Angghen Tuyen tap, Tap 1 Nxb Sil that, H., 1980 tr.288
Trang 5phu nii Ho Chi Minh noi "Xem tU tudng va viec lam cua dan ba, con gai thi biet xa hoi tien bo nhU the nao" Ban Hien phap dau tien do NgUdi lam trudng Ban soan thao da ghi ro "Dan ba ngang quyen vdi dan ong ve moi phUdng dien" NgUdi yeu eSu cac nganh, dia phUdng phai tao dieu kien de phu nU phat huy quyen cong dan cua minh: "Phu nut tham gia ngay cang dong va cang d^c lUc trong cac nganh kinh t§', chinh tri, van hoa, xa hoi; the la dudi ehe do tot dep ciia nUdc Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa, phu nii da thUc sU lam chu Nha nUdc."
Ho Chi Minh danh gia cao lUc lUdng chinh tri cua phu nii va r a t
quan tam giai phdng phu nH ve chinh tri Theo NgUdi, giai phdng
chinh tri cho phu nil phai b^t dau tu! viec trang bi cho ho cong cu li luan, to chiic ho tU giac tham gia tich cUc cac cuoc dau t r a n h chinh tri
de giai phong dan toe Gianh dUdc chinh quyen la muc tieu ciia moi cuoc each mang vdi each mang v6 san, viec gianh dUdc chinh quyen
m6i chi la giai doan dau tien Van de quan trong la phai sxi dung chinh quyen de cai tao xa hoi cu, xay dUng xa hoi mdi NgUdi phu nii tii cho
bi coi la "dan ba phai quanh quan ben hep", trong xa hoi mdi, phu nii dUdc tham gia vao cac to chiic chinh tri, trd th anh can bp lanh dao, quan li xa hoi, binh dang vdi nam gidi Trong suo't qua trinh d cUdng
vi la Chu tich nUde, Ho Chi Minh luon luon quan tam den viec tuyen truyen, giac ngo phu nii, dua phu nii tham gia tich cUc cong viec cua each mang NgUdi chu y neu gUdng cua phu nQ the gidi nhU phu nii Lien X6, Trung Quoc Tijf nhiing phu nii dau tien tham gia vao to chiic Hoi Viet Nam Caeh mang tha n h nien nam 1925, den doan the phu nut
ra ddi, trong qua trinh dau t r a n h each mang gianh chinh quyen, trong
cuoc tong tuy^n cvi bau Quoc hoi dau tien cua nude Viet Nam dan chu
cong hoa, phu nii da cd dai dien cua gidi minh trong cd quan quyen lUc cao nha't cua Nha nUdc Do la ket qua eua qua trinh n h ^ n thiic va to
chdc thUc hien tU tudng giai phdng phu nii ve chinh tri eua Ho Chi
Minh NgUdi cung da nhieu Ian phe phan nghiem kh^c thai do hep hoi, thanh kien vdi phu nii cua mot so can bo lanh dao doi vdi viec dao tao, boi dudng va srt dung can bo nii trong bo may Nha nUdc
Di doi vdi viec giai phong phu nut ve chinh tri la giai phdng phu nii ve kinh te Day la dieu kien cd y nghia quye't dinh de phu nii binh dang vdi n a m gidi, vi mot trong nhiing nguyen n h a n ma p h u nii p h a i
'^HoChiMinh, Toan tap, tap 11, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.256
Trang 6le thuoc vao n a m gi6i la do phu thuoc vao kinh te Ho Chi Minh danh gia phu nijt la mot lUc lUdng lao dong quan trong Do vay, trong tam cua giai phong phu nii ve kinh te la giai phdng siic lao dong phu nut: "Bay gid toan dan ta ai ciing muon xay dUng chu nghia xa hoi Muo'n xay dUng chu nghia xa hoi phai lam gi? N h a t dinh phai tang
gia san xuat cho nhieu Mud^n san xuat nhieu thi phai cd nhieu sxlc
lao dong Muon cd nhieu siic lao dong thi phai giai phdng siic lao dong cua phu nii"
Giai phdng phu nxi ve kinh te khong nhiing tao dieu kien, cd hoi
phat trien tai nang, tri tue cua phu nii ma con dap ling nhu cau kinh
te quoc dan ve nguon nhan lUc nii NgUdi nhdc nhd lanh dao cac ddn
vi thuc hien quyen binh dang trong lao dong san xuat cho phu nQ la phai phan cong lao dong phu hdp vdi siic lao dong cua phu nut, cham
lo ddi song hoc tap cho con cai ho de ho yen tam san xuat Phu nut ciing
la ngUdi chu nUdc nha De xdng dang la ngUdi chu thi phu nut phai ra sdc tang gia san xuat, thUc hanh tiet kiem "Tang gia san xuat va thUc hanh tiet kiem la con dUdng di den xay dUng t h i n g Idi chu nghia xa hoi, xay dUng hanh phuc cho nhan dan Tang gia la tay phai cua hanh phuc, tiet kiem la tay trai cua hanh phuc"
3 CAC GIAI PHAP D ^ GIAI PHONG PHU NlT
Giai phong phu nuf la mot cuoc each mang sau s i c va toan dien
Ho Chi Minh coi day "la mot cuoc each mang kha to va kho" Tu tUcing trong nam khinh nii da an sau vao y thutc cua con ngUdi Viec lam thay doi y thdc nay la mot cuoc each mang lau dai va "khong the dung vu lUc" Ho Chi Minh dac biet quan tam den cac giai phap de giai phong phu nut Giai phong phu nut khong chi the hien d dUdng 16'i, chu trUdng
ma con can phai thong qua tai to chute, nghe t h u a t lanh dao NgUdi quan tam thUc hien he thong cac giai phap, do la thong qua tuyen truyen, giao due, phap luat, dau tranh tU tu3ng, thong qua cac to chiic cua phu nut Theo NgUdi , phai ket hdp dong bo cac giai phap Dieu kien khach quan de phu nut k h i n g dinh vai tro cua minh la yeu to xa hoi vdi nhutng quan diem, dUdng 16'i, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nU6c
8 H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 9 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia H., 2000, tr.523
^H6 Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 11, Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia, H 2000, tr.257
Trang 7Dieu kien chu quan chinh la ban than phu nii, yeu to' tien quye't
de phu nut tU giai phdng minh: "Ve phan minh, chi em phu nvL khong
nen ngoi ch6 Chinh phu, chd Dang ra chi thi giai phdng cho minh, ma
tu minh phai tU cUdng, phai d^'u tranh" Vdi y chi vUdn len ciia ban than phu nut de ngang hang xa hoi vdi nam gidi, phu nii phai trai qua
cuoc dKu tranh thoat khoi tU tudng an ph^n, b i n g long vdi h a n h phuc
chat hep trong gia dinh, k h i c phuc tam li tU ti, dau t r a n h vdi chinh ban than minh, dam dam nhan trach nhiem lam chu: "Moi mot ngUdi
va tat ca phu nii phai hang hai nhan lay trach nhiem cua ngUdi lam
chu dKt nUdc, Muon lam trdn nhiem vu ve vang do, phu nii ta phai
xoa bo tam li tU ti va y lai, phai cd y chi tU cUdng, tU lap; phai nang cao len mai trinh do chinh tri, van hoa, ki thuat"
Phu nut muon vUdn len lam chu tren cac linh vUc kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hoi thi phai tich cUc hoc tap Ngay ngay dau tien sau khi doc ban Tuyen ngon doc Mp, sang ngay 3 thang 9 n a m 1945, Ho Chi Minh da dat ra hang loat cac van de ve van hoa - xa hoi nhU giai quyet nan dot, giao due nhan dan tinh than can, kiem, liem, chinh, Phong trao diet giac dot dien ra soi noi NgUdi cho rang "Mot dan toe dot la mot dan tgc yeu" Phu nii lai cang cSn phai hoc, cd nhU the phu nut m6i c6 the binh dang vdi nam gidi Phu nii tham gia cong tac xa hoi, tich cUc hoc tap, mot mat la sU the hien quyen binh dang, mat khac gop phan "chuta benh" thanh kien ciia ngUdi khac doi vdi minh Dinh kien v6i phu nut se d i n d i n thay doi neu vai trd cua phu nii ngay cang trcl nen nang dong, tU chu va quye't doan hdn
Ket luan: T\X dau t h e k i thd nhat, Hai Ba TrUng p h a t cd danh giac
cdu nU6c cUu dan Truyen tho'ng do dUdc phu nut Viet Nam ke'tuc, phat trien gop p h i n xutng dang eua minh vao sU nghiep giai phdng dan toe
Su thong nh^'t bien chutng giuta giai phong dan toe va giai phdng phu nii la he thong cac luan diem the hien tam nhin chinh tri, tinh cam dan toe va tinh nhan van cao ea ciia Ho Chi Minh Tu tUdng nay la mot cong hien to Idn cua NgUdi do'i vdi sU nghiep giai phdng dan toe noi chung va tien bo cua phu nii noi rieng Day la van de viia c6 y nghia
khoa hoc, viia cd gia tri thUe t i i n sau sic Phu nut la "phan niia xa hoi"
dang CO nhiing dong gop dac biet quan trong trong viec phat huy siic manh dan toe, thUc hien th a n h cong sU nghiep doi mdi dat nUde
10 Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 9, Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.524
11 /fd Chi Minh, Toan tap, tap 10, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H., 2000, tr.294 - 295