Day la mot trong nhflng trgng tam ddi hoi ngudi giao vien phai thiet kc' cac boat dgng tao dieu kien cho sinh vien cd the phat buy dugc tinh ticb cue cua minh.. Viec phat trien tinh ticb
Trang 1PHAT HUY TINH TLJ CHU CUA NGUOI HOC TH(!)NG QUA CAC HOAT D O N G P H A N HOI BAI VIET
NGUYEN MAI HOA
Hoc vien Khoa San Dai hoc - DHNN
Dat van de
Trong tbdi gian qua, ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la mot trong nhflng ndi dung quan trgng trong qua trinh nang cao chat lugng giao due Dae biet trong viec giang day cac mdn thuc hanh tieng, trgng tam cua ddi mdi phuong phap giang day la nbam nang cao vai trd va tinh chii dgng ticb cue ciia ngudi hgc Day la mot trong nhflng trgng tam ddi hoi ngudi giao vien phai thiet kc' cac boat dgng tao dieu kien cho sinh vien cd the phat buy dugc tinh ticb cue cua minh Theo Harmer (2004) phat buy tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc se tao dugc nhflng tien bd thuc su
Viet la mot boat dgng san sinh ngdn ngfl, ddi hoi ngudi hgc can cd mot trinh do ngdn ngfl va tu duy nbat dinb Viec phat trien tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec nang cao kha nang ngdn ngfl va tu duy Tuy nbien, van de nay chua dugc chu y tdi trong cac boat dgng phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien Tren thuc te' dudng nhu cac gid hgc viet trgng tam vao san pham viet cua sinh vien
va viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien la cdng viec giao vien Ngudi giao vien danh nhieu tbdi gian va cdng sflc phan hdi cac bai vie't cua sinh vien va sinh vien cbd dgi va tie'p nhan su phan hdi cua giao vien mot cac thu dgng Tuy nbien, viec phan hdi nhu vay cung kbdng mang lai bieu qua nhu mong dgi Sinh vien van lap lai nhflng Idi minh da dugc sua
Chinb tfl thuc te do chung tdi nghl rang can phai cd mot each tiep
Trang 2can nao do de phat buy tinh tu chu cua sinh vien trong viec phan hdi thi viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien kbdng nhflng se giup cac em chfla Idi ma con dem lai dgng luc viet va nang cao ky nang viet, va hon ca la ky nang ngdn ngfl Do vay, trong pham vi bai viet nay chung tdi xin gidi thieu mot sd boat dgng phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien nbam phat trien tinh tu chu cua sinh vien
Quan niem va vai trd cua phan hdi
Penny Ur (1996) cho rang phan hdi la qua trinh truyen tai thong tin cua ngudi phan hdi den ngudi hgc ve viec hoan thanh mot nhiem
vu hgc tap nao do Nhu vay, viec phan hdi bao gdm nhflng tbdng tin danh gia ve ket qua cua viec thuc hien nhiem vu dd va viec chfla Idi cua ngudi hgc Viec danh gia ket qua cua ngudi hgc cd the chi cho ngudi hgc bie't viec ngudi ay thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap tdt bay chua td't, cd gia tri nhu the nao Trong khi dd, viec chfla Idi giup ngudi hgc
cd the thuc hien nhiem vu dd td't ban Ndi each khac, viec chfla Idi trong qua trinh phan hdi nbam muc dich tao nen su tie'n bd trong hgc tap cua ngudi hgc
Nhu vay, ve co ban, phan hdi bai viet cua ngudi hgc la danh gia bai viet cua ngudi hgc, chi cho ngudi hgc biet bai viet cua hg da dat va chua dat dugc nhflng dieu gi va quan trgng ban la hg can phai lam gi
de viet td't ban Phan hdi bao gdm bai ndi dung chinb la nhflng tbdng tin danh gia bai viet va tbdng tin giup ngudi hgc viet tdt ban Nhu vay, phan hdi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec danh gia va nang cao kha nang ngdn ngfl Ben canh dd, phan hdi cd bieu qua con cd tac dung khuyen khich va thuc day qua trinh hgc tap
Tuy nbien, neu chung ta nbin nhan viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien chi don thuan la mot boat ddng giang day ngdn ngfl va ky nang ngdn ngfl do ngudi giao vien dam nhiem thi chua phat buy dugc vai trd cua ngudi hgc Ngudi giao vien mdi chi dflng lai d mflc do truyen tai tbdng tin den ngudi hgc va ngudi hgc ddng vai trd thu ddng trong qua trinh nay va chua phat buy dugc tinh tu chu
Quan niem va vai trd cua tinh ti/chu cua ngudi hgc
Khai niem ve tinh tu chii cua ngudi hgc da dugc de cap den nhieu trong nhflng nam qua va trd thanh de tai gay nhieu chu y trong qua
Trang 3trinh day va hgc ngoai ngfl Cd nbidu y kien khac nhau ve tinh tu chu
Cd y kie'n cho ring tinh tu chu ddng nbat vdi kha nang tu hgc Trong khi, mot sd ngudi khac lai cho rang tu chu trong lap hgc cd ngbia la ngudi day trao bet quyen cho ngudi hgc va trd thanh mot bd phan du thfla trong qua trinh hgc Trong mot mflc do nao dd, tinh tu chu va tu hgc cd mdi quan he tuang hd vdi nhau Tuy nbien, quan niem cho rang
tu chii tflc la ngudi hgc cd the tu hgc vin cdn nhieu ban che, dac biet trong dieu kien hgc tap d Viet Nam, noi ma qua trinh hgc phu thudc rat nhieu vao ngudi day Do vay, chung ta can nbin nhan khai niem nay mot each tdng the hon de' tranh cd nhflng nbin nhan chua chinb xac va gdp phan ddi mdi phuong phap giang day, nang cao chat lugng giao due mot each bieu qua
Chung tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua Houghton, Long and Fanning (1998) cho rang tinh tu chu kbdng chi la tiem nang thuc su ma cdn la kha nang dam nhiem qua trinh hgc tap cua ngudi hgc Qua trinh dd bao gdm viec tu quyet dinb hanh ddng cua minh, tu hoan thanh nhiem
vu hgc tap cua minh va tu danh gia Phat buy tinh chu ddng cua ngdi hgc se lam cho qua trinh hgc trd nen cd muc dich va bieu qua ban do chinb ngudi hgc tu nhan thuc danh gia va chu ddng tim tdi nhflng phuong phap de nang cao hieu qua hgc tap cua minh Tuy nbien day khdng phai la mot qua trinh tu do nen phai cd sir hudng din va to cbfle ciia ngudi giao vien Nhu Hurd (1998) cho ring "chung ta khdng the cho ring tat ca hgc sinh deu san sang va cd the hgc mot each thuc sir" Chinh vi vay, ngudi thiy cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao dieu kien
va CO hdi cho ngudi hgc nang cao kha nang dd Ngudi hgc phai dugc hudng din lam the nao de tu nang cao bieu qua hgc tap cua minh, tu danh gia va tu thuc hien nhflng thay ddi can thie't trong qua trinh hgc cua rieng minh
Tom lai, viec phat buy tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec ap dung phuong phap giang day lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam, dac biet trong cac gid day vie't va viec phan hdi bai viet ciia sinh vien Tuy nbien van de dat ra la phat trien tinh tu chu cua ngudi hgc nhu the nao Do vay trong pham vi bai viet nay chung tdi ggi y mot sd cac boat ddng nhim nang cao tinh chu ddng ticb cue cua ngudi hgc tbdng qua viec phan hdi bai vie't
Trang 4Hoat dgng phan hdi bai viet
Dudng nhu tfl trudc de'n nay, viec phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien
la cdng viec cua giao vien Dieu nay lam cho giao vien gap rat nhieu khd khan va nhieu trudng hgp sau khi phan hdi sinh vien cung khdng tie'n bd dugc nhieu Do vay nang cao vai trd cua sinh vien trong viec tu danh gia va tu sua bai viet cua minh se tao ra nhflng tie'n bd thuc sir, tao dieu kien cho sinh vien phai chu ddng trong qua trinh hgc tap cua minh De giup sinh vien phat buy tinh ticb cue va chu ddng, ngudi giao vien cd the tie'n hanh cac boat ddng phan hdi bai bie't nhu sau:
Chua Idi cho nhau - Peer correction activities
Theo Dornyei (2001), Penny Ur (1995), Harmer (2004), viec tao
CO hdi cho ngudi hgc cung chia se trach nhiem trong viec lap ke' hoach
va td cbfle nhflng boat ddng day va hgc se lam cho ngudi hgc tham gia mot each chu ddng vao boat ddng hgc va nhu vay hg se hgc tdt ban Viec td chu'c phan hdi bai viet theo cap va theo nhdm cung kbdng nim ngoai y tudng dd
Chfla Idi theo cap - Pair work correction activities: Sau khi sinh vien viet bai, giao vien yeu cau sinh vien chfla Idi cua nhau Giao vien luu y sinh vien mot sd tieu chi danh gia bai vie't cua ngudi khac Vi du nhu khi chfla bai khdng chi quan tam tdi Idi ngfl phap, cau true cau,
ma cdn nen xem bd cue, cac y cd sip xep Idgic kbdng v.v va v.v Sau khi da dgc bai cua ban va neu nhflng danh gia cua minh, giao vien gianh mot it tbdi gian de sinh vien vie't bai va sinh vien chfla bai, trao ddi vdi nhau Trong cac boat ddng nay ngudi giao vien ddng vai trd nhu mot ngudi trg giup trong qua trinh hgc cua sinh vien Muc dich cua boat ddng nay nhIm nang cao y thflc lam viec chia se, kha nang danh gia va tu phan ticb van de cua sinh vien Sinh vien lam chu qua trinh phan hdi bai vie't cua ban va tu lam chu qua trinh tu sfla Idi cho minh Ben canh dd, de giup viec phan hdi bai viet cd bieu qua, ngudi giao vien cd the dua ra mlu danh gia bai viet cho sinh vien, giup sinh vien cd nhflng dinh hudng cu the trong viec phan hdi bai viet cua nhau (Xem mlu danh gia)
Chua Idi theo nhdm - Group correction activities
Giao vien yeu cau hgc sinh viet doan theo nhdm rdi trao ddi vdi nhdm khac Giao vien cd the bien boat ddng nay thanh mot writing
Trang 5game Gilo vien ra mot topic va yeu cau cac nhdm viet doan van ve de tai dd trong khoang mot tbdi gian nbat dinb Sau dd bai cua-cac nhdm
se dugc mot nhdm "trgng tai" sinh vien khac danh gia Nhdm trgng tai
se thio luan vdi nhau de quyet dinb bai vie't nao se dugc danh gia cao nbat Nhdm trgng tai cung phli dua ra nhflng luan diem cu the khi danh gia doan van cua cic nhdm khac
Chua Idi cho cd Idp - Whole class correction activities
Sau khi yeu clu hgc sinh viet bai, gilo vien cd the' ggi mot hoac bai hgc sinh len bang viet bai cua minh de' ca Idp cung chfla Cd the gilo vien tu chep mot bai cua sinh vien bang, kbdng neu ten sinh vien
dd de sinh vien dd ngai khi bai ciia minh dugc neu len lap Khi tie'n hanh boat ddng nay ddi hdi ngudi giao vien phai kheo leo, Idi cudn su tham gia cua ca lap, tranh su mat mat cua sinh vien viet bai dd
Cac liogt dgng tu chua Idi - Self-correction activities
Theo Reid (1993, p 225), "cIc sinh vien hgc tieng Anb nhu ngdn ngfl thfl bai hay tie'ng nude ngoai rat cin va danh gil rat cao pbin hdi cua giao vien ve bai viet cua minh trong qui trinh hgc, ca vd ndi dung
va binh thflc cua bli vie't" Tuy nbien, giao vien cln phat buy tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien trong viec tu dinb gil bai vie't cua minh Ve van de giao vien phan hdi bai viet cua sinh vien, mot sd nghien cflu gin day cho thay ring cIc thu thuat dua ra Idi nhan xet giln tie'p cua gilo vien nhu dInh dlu, gach chan giup sinh vien phit trien kha nang tu chfla Idi cua minh (Ferris va Hedgcock, 1998) Chung tdi cung cho ring khi tie'n hanh chua bli cho sinh vien, gilo vien khdng sfla bli vie't tflng cau, tflng tfl ma chung tdi chi gach chan dudi nhflng tfl hay cau true, bay nhflng y didn dat chua dat yeu cau Sau khi trI bai cho sinh vien chung tdi yeu clu sinh vien tu dgc bli minh va tu chfla lai nhflng cbd gach chan
Sau khi chfla bli cho sinh vien, giao vien cd the tdng ket mot so nhan xet chung va gbi lai nhflng cau true, cau van chua hgp ly, hoac nhflng y kien chua cd sflc thuye't phue dudi dang mot bai tap de sinh vien tu chfla de cung cd bai vie't Gilo vien cd the lay ngay mot bai vie't cua sinh vien ma tap trung nhieu Idi phd bien nbat khdng nhflng ve cich hanh van ma cdn bd cue, cicb sip xep y v.v de ca Idp cung chfla
Trang 6Ket luan
Theo Harmer (2001), phIt buy tinh ticb cue cua hgc sinh trong hgc tap tflc la lam cho hgc sinh cd nhu cau va co hdi hgc tap trong va
el ngoai Idp Nang cao tinh tu chu trong cac hoat ddng phan hdi bai vie't la can thiet va cd bieu qui trong qui trinh nang cao chat lugng day va hgc Phat buy tinh ticb cue cua sinh vien trong viec phin hdi bai vie't khdng nhflng cd the gilm dugc mot phan cdng viec cua gilo vien ma quan trgng hon ca la sinh vien cd the chu ddng va lam chu qua trinh hgc tap cua minh
Phieu danh gia
Your name:
Peer evaluation sheet
Paragraph title / topic:
A Organization and content
1 Topic sentence: Is there a clear topic
sentence? Does it have a controlling
idea?
2 Supporting sentences: Is the main
idea clear? Does the writer need to add
more details to explain it?
3 Concluding sentence: Is there a
concluding sentence? Does it begin
with an appropriate end-of-paragraph
signal?
4 Unity: Do all of the sentences
support the topic sentence?
5 Coherence: Do the sentences flow
smoothly? Are there any inconsistent
pronouns? Are transition signals used?
B Sentence structure
6 Are there any unclear sentences?
7 Can you suggest a way to improve
them?
Trang 7C Grammar and Mechanics
8 Are there any errors in grammar and
mechanics?
D General comment
9 What do you like best about this
paragraph?
10 What aspects of this paragraph do
you think need improving?
Tai lieu t h a m khao
Dornyei, Z.(2001) Motivational strategis in the language classroom
Cambridge: Cambridege University Press
Ferris, D and Hedgcock J S (1998) Teacher response to student
writing: Issues in oral and written feedback In Teaching ESL compositions: Purpose, process and practice (pl23-141) Mahwab,
New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Ferris, D.R (1997) The influence of teacher commentary on student
revision TESOL Quarterly,3\ (2), p 315-339
Haimer, J.(2004) The practice of English Language teaching London:
Longman
Reid, J M (1993) Responding to student writing In teaching ESL writing (p 205-225) Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall Regents
Tu, T C (2005) Giving learner-friendly written feedback to students of intermediate level in their writing process College of
Foreign Languages
Ur, P (1996) A course in language teaching: Practice and theoiy
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press