Bai tham luan nay mudn dal miy eau hdi nidi chac khdng Ihl Ira Idi ngay vl quy hoach cua khu trung tam kinh dd Thang Long thdi Tran tren ca sd hai luan dilm lien quan din thill chl chinh
Trang 1CUNG THANH TU, CHE DO THUONG HOANG
VA KHU CUNG CAM CUA THANG LONG THOI TRAN
Momoki Shiro*
1 Cac cung dien va cong trinh khac trong khu cung cam thdi Tran
Quy hoach cua kinh dd TTiang Long thdi Ly da dugc nghien curu kha cong phu Trong khi dd kinh dd Thang Long thdi Trin dugc nghien ciru luang ddi so sai cho den gan day', mac du nha TrIn cd nhilu net mdi vl thill chl chinh Irj cung nhu nin kinh le - xa hoi va van hda - idng giao Tuy lai lieu thdi TrIn khdng ghi nhilu bing lai lieu thdi Ly vl nhtrng nam 1010, 1029, 1203 vl bd eye cua cac cung dien va cua cdng, nhung vice xay dyng va tu sira cd quy md Idn chic da diln ra vao nhimg nam 1230, 1243, 1288, 1363 - 1364, 1371 Bai tham luan nay mudn dal miy eau hdi nidi (chac khdng Ihl Ira Idi ngay) vl quy hoach cua khu trung tam kinh dd Thang Long thdi Tran tren ca sd hai luan dilm lien quan din thill chl chinh In thdi TrIn:
a) che dg thugng hoang va b) quy hoach kinh dd/uy quyin nha vua Trung Qude, dac
biet cua thdi Han
Dau nam 1226, nghi le len ngdi cua Tran Canh (Thai Tdng) da dugc cir hanh lai dien Thien An (TT-11/12/1225)^ vdn dugc Ly Thai Tdng xay lir nam 1029 va dugc dai ten Iheo ten chinh dien d Khai Phong cua BIC Tdngl Sau dd, cho din nam 1397 khi Hd Quy Ly ra lenh xay dyng Tay Dd, dien Thien An Idn lai nhu la chinh dien
* GS.TS, Dai hoc Quoc gia Osaka, Nhat Ban
1 Cin day, GS Nguyen Quang Ngpc (2012) va ThS Pham Le Buy (2012) da phan tich mpt each long hgp ve khu Cung Cam thdi Tran trong djp toa dam quy tin thac UNESCO
2 Tac gia bai nay goi tit Dgi Vi^t su ky' todn thu la TT Khi dan TT, tac gia sir dung ban hieu
dinh ciia Tran Kinh Hoa Vi TT la tai lieu rat quen thuoc,-tac gia chi bilu thj nam cong nguyen ciia ghi chep dugc dan nhu TT-1227 (bdt chSp kha nang cac ghi chep cu6i nam am lich CO khi dugc sap xep vao nam sau theo ducmg lich) Neu can thill thi tac gia viet them ngay thang nhu TT-1/1246 (thang 1 nam 1246), 3/5/1285 (ngay 3 thang 5 nam 1285), hoac thu tu ghi chep cua ban Tran Kinh Hoa nhu TT- 1356(4) (ghi chep thir 4 trong nSm 1356) Van djch ciia TT trong bai nay la do tac gia thirc hien
3 Ve cac ten goi chinh dien Dudng - Tong va Dai Viet, xem Pham Le Buy (2012)
Trang 2VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I T H A O QUOC T E LAN THlT TU
cua khu Cung C i m ' Thang Long (mac dii cd thI bj ddt pha trong nhumg cudc ngoai xam) Dien Dai Minh, nai vua ngy khi di vilng din Ddng Cd vao ngay 4 thang 4
hang nam de vua quan lam minh th? (TT-1227), cung la mot cung dien c^uan trgng
Vi vua quan ra ciira Tay thanh (thanh Thang Long) d l vilng din Ddng Cd, dien Dai Minh cd thI nlm d phia Tay khu cung elm Khi quan Nguyen Mdng danh vao Kinh thanh, quan Chudng In da vdi vang gilu In bau tren rudng dien Dai Minh roi di theo vua (TT-12/1257) Dilu dd cung cho thiy vj tri quan trgng cua dien Dai Minh Trudng hgp Khai Phong thdi B I C Tdng, dien Dai Minh la yin dien nlm d phia Tay
B I C trong khu Dai N g i l Sau dd di?n Dai Minh tilp lye tdn lai ra sao khdng ihay tu Ii?u nao ndi rd
Nam 1230, khi xay dyng cac cung, dien, llu cac va hanh lang Ddng Tay "trong
thmh"\ cung Quan Trilu (danh cho nha vua) dugc xay dyng d ben hum'' va cung
Thanh Tir (danh cho Thugng hoang) d ben ta^ Mot so kinh dd trong khu vyc cung
cd hai cung di?n chinh: chlng ban, Majapahit cd cung dign phia Ddng va cung dien phia Tay, Ayuthaya cd Tiln cung va Chinh cung Nhung trudng hgp Thang Long thdi TrIn thi khdng rd loan thI khu cung elm dugc chia hai hoac edn cd cac cung dien khac nua Dien Thien An khdng thugc cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir, ho$c thugc cung Quan Trilu? Vin d l nay tac gia sg khao sat sau
Ngoai ra, TT ghi chep v l mot sd cung dien va cac cdng trinh khac d khu Thanh Ndi nhu cung Lg Thien dugc ddi ten la cung Thudng Xuan (nam 1236;
1 Di?n Thien An xuat hi?ntrong TT vac nhung nam 1256, 1263, 1268, 1293, 1362 1371
TT-1397(8) viet ring Ho Quy Ly ra l?nh dd cac cung di?n D^i An X'-^ va Thyy Chuang, cho gach ngoi ve kinh do mdi Chic di?n Dai An nay la sy chep nham cua di?n Thien An J:^:
TT-1237(2) chep "xay di?n Thien An va cac Dean Minh" tren nui Yen JCr khi Thai Tong iron ve Yen Tir trudc sy noi day cua anh trai la Hien Dao vuomg TrIn Lieu Chac d kinh do Thang Long trong thdi ky do c6 cac Doan Minh d vj tri gan di?n Thien An
2 Di?n Dai Minh v6n duac goi la di?n Quang Chinh nhung dugc goi la Dai Minh tu nam Khai Bao thir 3 (962) va duac dli ten la dien Ham Quang trong thdi Thuan Hoa (990-994) roi doi
ten la Tap Anh vao nam Minh Dao nguyen nien (1032) Xem Tdng sir {quy^n 85: dja ly chi 1,
muc dien Tap Anh)
3 Khu "Thanh Noi" trong thdi Ly-TrSn c6 nghia la khu vuc ben trong thanh Thang Long nam
1010 va Long Thanh nam 1029 (sau do c6 kha nang dugc md rgng ve phia Tay nhu Hoang thanh thdi Le sa) chir khong c6 nghTa la ben trong thanh Dai La Mat khac khu Thanh Noi rong han khu Cung Cim (cac hoc gia Vi?t Nam thudng goi la Cam thanh) Thuat ngu D^i Noi" thdi Ly TrSn cung c6 nhilu trudng hgp chi khu Thanh Noi Xem Momoki (.008; 2012a)
4 Sau do cung Quan Trilu dugc ghi chep trong TT vao nhung nam 1325, 1332 va 1344
5 Cung Thanh Tu xuSt hien trong TT vao nhung nam 1258, 1259, 1261, 1294, 1320 1325, 1344,1357
Trang 3CUNG THANH TU" CH^ DC) THLTONG HOANG
1238), dien Bat Giac (1238), dien Dien Ililn (1264), cira Dai Hung (1273), cung Van Thg (1277), cua Ducmg Minh va dien Tap Hiln (1281), ao Thuy Tinh (1283), them Dien Hdng (12/1284), lang Thj Ve (4/1288), cung Nhan Thg (1290), Long Tri (1293; 1351), Bai Aug (1296), vien Tam Ty (1313), vudn Tan Lang (1320)', clu
Ao Tay Thau (1324), Ndi nhan van eye (1327), cua VTnh Xuang va eye Thugng Lien (1330), dudng Binh Doan (1332), cOra VTnh An (1335), dien Thyy Chuang (1337; 1391) va dinh At Van (trong dien Thyy Chuang) (1337), cung Kiln Xuang (1341), cira Trieu Nguyen^ va hiru djch mdn (1355), cung Bao Nguyen (1357), dudng Luang Phong (1361), dien Song Q u i (dien Lac Thanh) va ao Lac Thanh d hau cung (10/1363), lang khach d Tay Dien va cira Hoang Phuc (1364), cung VTnh An (1363), trudng lang (hanh lang dai) tir gac Nguyen Huyin din cira Tay Dai Trilu (1368),
c l u mdi (20/9/1370), cira Canh Duomg (1388), dien Hoang Nguyen (1389) ^
Trir mgt sd cdng trinh da xull hien trong thdi Ly nhu dien Thien An va Long Tri (san trudc chinh dien) va cua Dai Hung (cira phia Nam ciia thanh Thang Long),
vj tri chinh xae cua cac cdng trinh khac khd cd Ihl bill dugc Nhung chiing la cd
I h l suy doan vj tri ciia mot cdng trinh mot each gian tilp Chlng ban, Hiln hoang Tran Lieu, ngudi "tri" Thanh Tir cung"*, thdng dam vdi ngudi phi cu ciia nha Ly tai cung Le Thien trong khi vao chlu Cung Lg Thien chic la cung di?n trong hau cung thdi Ly nam d phia B I C ciia khu Cung Cim, va cd thI nlm giira cung Thanh Tir
1 Pham Ngu LSo mit d phii d? vua cho tai vudn Tan Lang (vudn cau) d khu Thinh N6i
(TT-11/1320) Van bia Thi ti b^nh diin bi (ban rap Vi?n Han Norn mang ky hi?u 29097) dugc
khic trudc nhung n3m 1380 tai nui Non Nude (Ninh Binh) noi den mgt tong ca 5jc^ la con
gai ca (?) cua nhap noi lieu bao d vudn tan lang ben trong hao kinh thanh
psMM-l^^UUM-Vudn Tan Lang c6 the la khu vuc tap trung c6 cac phii de ciia quy tgc cao cap
2 Sir gia Nguyen Mong da xem gac Trilu Thien ^ ^ ^ tren cira Duong Minh TT c6 the chep nham thanh cira Trieu Nguyen ^jicPI
3 Ngoai ra TT-1237 chep ring: ddi dung dien Linh Quang den ben Dong (Dong Bp dau), goi
la dien Phong Thiiy Dien Linh Quang dugc xay dung vao nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge) va
dugc su dung nhu la yen dien va nai to chirc le dua thuyen Dien Linh Quang c6 the nSm tren bd song Hong nhung cung c6 the nlm trong khu Cung Cam (Momoki 2012a: 377-378 ghi chu 21; Pham Le Huy 2012: 56-57) Con theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai
(Phan van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chu bien) 2002: 433 Tam to ihuc luc
va De nhi dgi to hi cung chep mot each tucmg tu), vua mdi su Phap Loa cho Hoang Thai phi
Chieu Tu (me vua Minh Tong) gidi bo tat va chi cac cung nhan gidi bo de tam tai dien Dong Thien vao n3m Khai Thai thir 3 (1326) Co le dien Dong Thien la nai d cua Hoang Thai phi Chieu Tu trong khu hau cung
4 Sau khi Thugng hoang Thai To mat vao n3m 1234, anh trai ciia Thai To la Hien Hoang Lieu
"tri" cung Thanh Tu cho den nam 1236, khi do Lieu bi giang Khain Minh dai vuang Xet ve tcin hieu la Hien Hoang, c6 kha nang la Lieu da trd thanh Thugng hoang, mac du TT-1234 chi viet cho Lieu "phu chinh" (xem Momoki 2011: 290)
Trang 4VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQl THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
va cung Quan Trilu Dien Bat giac, d dd vua ban yIn cho quan tir ngii pham trd len
(IT-1238) cd Ihl la dien Thien Khanh xay nam 1030 (TT, Dgi Viet sir luge) cd hinh bat giac hoac dien Hd Thien Bat giac xay nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge) Va khao cci
bgc da phat hien dugc mat bIng cua mot llu bat giac lai khu C cua di chi 18 Hoang Dieu Cira Hoang Phuc chic d phia Tay khu cung elm vi cua dd dugc ndi vcVi lang khach cua Tay dien (TT-1364) Trudng lang dugc xay lir gac Nguyen HuyIn din cira Tay Dai Trilu "dl lien cho cac quan vao chlu Iranh mua ning" (TT-3/1368) ham y cac quan vao chlu d khu cung elm tir phia Tay nhu thdi Le so trudc ddi Le Thanh Tdng (Yao Takao, 2012: 246), mac dii gac Nguyen HuyIn (nai coi chlu cua vua Dy Tdng?) cd thI nlm giCra khu cung elm Dien Dien Hiln (d dd Thugng hoang ban yIn TT1264), Ihim Dien Hdng (Thugng hoang mdi cac phy lao trong nude -TT-I284), lang thi ve (Thugng hoang lam ngy sau khi danh giac Nguyen Mdng vi cung dien bj ddt pha - TT-1288), cira Canh Duomg (qua dd sir gia Trung Qudc vao trong thanh - TT-I388) diu cd kha nang nlm trong cung Thanh Tir Cdn dudng Luang Phong, d dd vua Dy Tdng ngu trua (TT-1361), chic nlm d khu sinh boat cua
Hoang dk Dien Hoang Nguyen, noi d Hoang hau cua Thuan Tdng (TT-13 89), chac
nlm d khu hau cung cua Hoang de
Dilu dang chu y la trong khu cung elm cd mot sd ten ggi "cung" khac vdi cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir Chlng han, Thugng hoang Thai Tdng mat d cung Van Thg (TT-1277) va Thugng hoang Thanh Tdng mil tai cung Nhan Thg (TT-I290) Thugng hoang Minh Tdng thi mil lai cung Bao Nguyen (TT-1357) Khdng bill cac cung Van Thg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ba cung khac nhau hoac chi la mgt cung nhung moi khi cd Thugng hoang mdi la lai dat ten mdi Dii sao,
cd kha nang ring cac cung dd (la nai sinh boat cua Thugng hoang) nam d ngoai cung Thanh Tir Tham chi cd kha nang la cac cung dd khdng nlm trong khu Thanh Ndi vi Thugng hoang Thai Td (cha cua Thai Tdng) mil d cung Phy Thien d khu ITianh Ngoai mac du cung Thanh Tir da dugc xay dyng' Cung Thanh Tir cd Ihl chi mang chirc nang hanh chinh Dilu dd khiln chiing la nhd lai quy hoach cua kinh dd Trudng An thdi Tay Han, d dd ngoai hai cung chinh la cung Trudng Lac va cung Vj LTomg cdn cd may cung khac nhu BIC Cung, Qui Cung, cung Minh Quang, cung Kiln Chuang (d ben ngoai
thanh), v.v (xem Hinh 1) Dilu dd cd nghTa la: trong kinh dd (thanh) khdng phai chi
cd mgt khdng gian Cung d m (Cim thanh) duy nhll Nhung, theo TT-1357, Fhugng hoang Minh Tdng ndi vdi vg ca cua minh la Hoang TTiai hau Hien Fir rang: "Sau khi
1 Sau khi Thai Tong len ngoi, cha Thai Tc'yng la Thira lam Thugng hoang (1226-1234) nlumg ban dau d cung Phu Thien d phudng Hac Kicu "Nude c6 vice Idn thi vao trong (khu Cung Cam) quyet djnh" (TT-1226) Vi Thira (Thai T6) mat tai cung Phu 'I'hien (IT-1234), c6 le sau khi cung Thanh Tir (xay tir nSm 1230) dugc khanh thanh, ong la van d cung Phu Thien
Trang 5CUNG THANH TU", CHE OO THUONG HOANG
ta chet, hau hay d cung Thanh Tir, dimg vao niii" (nghTa la dimg xull gia) Phai chang dicu dd cd nghTa la ngudi quan ly cung Fhanh Fir ihuomg d dd? Cho nen cung c6 Ihl la cung Van Fhg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ten ggi ciia be) phan danh cho sinh boat trong quiin the kicn Iriic khu vyc cung Fhanh I ir
Hinh 1: Trudng An thoi Tay Han (Ohji 2011: 205)
Trucmg hgp vua Hien Tdng mat lai chinh lam thi tam quan d cung Kien Xuang (TF-6/11/1341) Cung Kien Xucmg cd the la bd phan chinh trong quan the khu Quan Trilu" Cdn mgt cung nira la cung VTnh An xual hien trong ghi chcjp ciia 'n"-1364
V ill ring: "ggi chinh chudng phung ngy cung VTnh An la Biii Khoan ciing udng rugu
Nguyen Quang Nggc (2012: 9-10) cung ding quan diem nhuvay
Trang 6VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THll TtT
(ciira VTnh An dugc ghi chep trong TT-1335 cd the la cira chinh ciia cung VTnh An) Xet v l ten ggi thdi Han - Nam B I C trilu cua Trung Qudc, cung VTnh An cd the la cung dign cua Hoang Thai hau' Neu vay thi cung dd chic nam d phia Ddng Bac
trong thanh (ve vj tri cung VTnh An d Lac Duomg, xem Hinh 2)
un
mn
Hinh 2: Lac Duong then Dong Han (Mukai 2012: 250)
1 Khi Hiln De len ngoi Ha Hoang Thai hau chuyen ve cung VTnh An tai Lac Duang {Hgu
Hdn thu, quyen 9, ban ky 9) Nguy Minh De len ngoi, ton me lam Hoang Thai hau, gpi la
VTnh An cung {Nguy Chi, quyIn 5, ban ky 5) Khi Muc Dk ciia Dong Tan mat va Ai De kc
vi, Ha Hoang hau ciia Muc Di dugc goi la VTnh An cung {Tdn thu, quyen 8, ban ky 8) Co le
VTnh An cung thdi do da trd thanh nai d ciia Hoang Thai hau Sau do nha Bac Nguy (Thai Nguyen), Tuy va Dudng (Trudng An) deu c6 cung VTnh An, c6 le vdi vai tro khac nhau
Trang 7CUNG T H A N H TLf, CH^ OO THLfONG HOANG
T rong thanh cdn cd may trung lam tdng giao quan trgng: Theo IT-10/8/1226, Fran T hii Dc) giet Ly Hue Fdng d chiia thien Chan Giao (ducrc xay dyng vao nam
1024 trong thanh) va khoct thanh phia Nam lam cua d l dua linh ciru ra phudng Yen Hoa dc thic^u Cd le chiia Chan Giao nam gan buc thanh phia Nam cua khu thanh ndi FT-1248 chep rang, " 6 chiia Chan Giao lam clu Lam Ba, qua ao Ngoan Thilm den quan Thai Thanh cung Canh Linh" Quan Thai Thanh (cung xull hien trong TT vao nam 1255 va 1256) chac la trung lam Dao giao dugc sang lap vao nam 1011 lai
ben la d khu thanh ndi (TT, Dai Viet sir luge) va sau dd dugc sip xip lai trong cung Canh Linh (xual hien trong nam 1166 nhu la noi lam ll llm Dao - Dgi Viet sir luge) Theo Dgi Viet sir luge, vao thang 10 nam 1137, "ban dem rdng vang tir cung Thai
Thanh bay vao cam ndi" Cd Ihl quan (cung) Thai Thanh nlm sal khu cung elm d phia Ddng Nam cua khu thanh ndi Cdn chiia Dien Hyu dugc triing tu nam 1249 chic nam phia Tay trong thanh Va trong thanh cdn cd mgt chiia Phat quan trgng Dd la chiia Tu Phuc Theo TT-5/1299, khi Thugng hoang (Nhan Tdng) d Thien Trudng v l tham vua Anh Tdng, vua say rugu va khdng ddn tilp, Thugng hoang gian va trd v l Thien Fruomg "Vua sg hai, ra ngoai cung mdn, khdng thIy ai coi giir, qua chiia Tu Phuc, ihly bgc sinh la Doan NhOr Hai " Khi Nhan Tdng mil tai nui Yen Tir, xa Igi dugc mang ve chiia Tu Phuc d Kinh su (TT-I308) Chic chiia Tu Phuc nlm gin khu cung cam va cd chirc nang chiia la Phat hoang gia' Nhung ddng thdi, chiia
Tu Phuc dugc sir dyng nhu la nai giam giii Vi am muu ciia bgn TrIn KhIc Chung, Qudc phy thugng t l la Qudc Chin bj giam Idng d chiia Tu Phuc va bj gilt (TT-3/1328) Ph i d l cung bj giam giCt d day rdi bj Hd Quy Ly gilt (TT-6/12/1388)
2 Sir gia Nguyen Mong dS vao cung n^o trong th^nh?
Ngoai cac tai lieu cua Vigt Nam ra, edn cd mgt sd tai lieu ciia Nguyen Mdng cung cung cap thdng tin ve kinh do Thang Long thdi Trln'^ Vao nam 1284 chlng ban, theo thdng tin ciia quan Nguyen da danh chiem kinh dd Thang Long, "Cung thil
ma vua d cd nam cira, bien viet Dgi Hung chi mdn, td hiru dich mdn Chinh dien
9 gian viet Thien An ngu dien, cdng chinh Nam viet Trieu Thien ede {Nguyen sir
1 Theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chii bien) 2002: 429), su Phap Loa den chua Tu Phiic d Dai Noi va lay xa Igi ciia Dieu Ngu (tire Nhan Tong) roi xuong phu Long Hung vao n5m Hung Long thir 18 (1310) Nam 1312 va nSm 1325 Thugng hoang Anh Tong va vua Minh Tong mdi su den chua Tu
Phiic d Dai N()i giang sach Phat giao, roi nam 1326 Thugng hoang Minh Tong (?) mdi su
den chiia Tu Phuc d Dai Noi de lam le quan dinh cho Thugng hoang (Sdd, tr 430, 433)
Tam td thire luc va De nhi dgi to bi cung chep cac su kien do
2 Pham Le Huy (2012) da phan tich rat cong phu, nhung khong chii y den van de cung Thanh Tir nhu tac gia bai nay da trinh bay
Trang 8VI$T NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU
quyIn 209, An Nam Iruyen) Tir Minh Thien da tham gia sir doan den Thang Long vao nam 1289 chep lai: "vao vuomg thanh din dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mgt cdng
la dien Tap Hiln {Thien Nam hanh ky) Ghi chep nay phii hgp vdi TT-1281 ndi ve
dudng vao cung ciia sir gia nha Nguyen la Sai Xuan nhu "Xuan kieu ngao vd le cudi ngya di thing vao cua Duong Minh Khi den dien Tap Hien mdi chju
xudng ngya" Dien mdn trong Thien Nam hanh ky (d dd sir gia phai xudng ngya) chac
la cira Duong Minh (Pham Le Huy, 2012: 49)
Ngay 24 thang 3 nam 1292, Thugng thu bd L I la Truomg Lap Dao lam chinh
sir nha Nguyen din Thang Long Theo "Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc" trong An Nam chi luge (quyIn 3: phy lye), sir doan "Tir gid ngg mdi vao thanh bao jP Afe!(Pl
cung Thanh Tir (?) ^ [ ^ ] "g ', qua clu Ngoan Nguyel, llu Trudng Minh, rdi din cua Chinh Duomg, Lap Dao xudng ngya, rude chieu (ciia Hoang de Nguyen Mdng) qua cira Minh Duomg (Duomg Minh?) Dam tiiy lung vao cua Van Hdi, dam thugc lieu An Nam vao cua Nhat Tan Cho din dudi cac Minh Ha, trai tham tren dudng
va ddt huomg ThI tu (Nhan Tdng) va chii la lilm Thai su Chieu Minh Vuomg (TrIn
Quang Khai), em la Ta Thien vuomg (Dire Viep), Thilu bao (Dinh Cung Nienlf,
Ngy su^ Han Mm tit ca tam ngudi len dien Thg Quang ThI tir bai chilu Le xong
ra gac Trilu Thien, rdi xudng dien Tap Hiln dat yIn tiec Din nam 1293, su doan nha Nguyen do Thugng thu bd Lai la Luang Ting lam chanh su va Lang trung bd
Le la TrIn Phu lam phd sir lai din Thang Long Theo liet Iruyen cua Luang Ting
{Nguyen sir, quyIn 178), "Thang gieng nam (Chi Nguyen) 30, din (kinh do) An
Nam Nude (lire kinh dd) cd 3 cira: giira la cua Duong Minh, trai ggi la Nhat Tan, phai ggi la Van Hdi B I tdi ciia vua An Nam ra ddn sir Nguyen mudn mdi qua cua Nhat Tan Ting gian dO, ndi ring: "Rude chilu ma khdng qua cua giua la tdi vIp phai xiic pham m?nh vua (Nguyen Mdng) vay", lap tire ve sir quan Sau dd (phia
An Nam) md cira Van Hdi mdi vao Ting lai cd chip khdng ddng y Vi the mdi cho
qua cua Duomg Minh ddn chilu" TrIn Phu cung dh lai ghi chcip: "Tir su quan di 60
dam, qua clu An Hda, lai di mgt dam nira la din phia Bac cau Thanh Hda Tren clu lam dc 19 gian Din nai d cua lii trudng (hJrc vua TrIn), cOra ggi la cua Duomg Minh Tren dd cd gac ggi la gac Trilu Thien Cira nhd ben trai ggi la cua Nhat Fan cira nhd ben phai ggi la cira Van Hdi, Irin trong cira rdng va cao may chye trucmg Di len
1 Mac dii ban Tir khd todn thu chi chep ^ " S , cac ban khac deu c6 mot khoang trong giua chu
^ va chCi- H (.xem ban Trung Hoa thu cue xuat ban nam 1995, U 72 ghi chii 5 Rat c6 the ddo von CO ch\s "|^"
2 Theo TT-2/1292, Vien dircrc bo nhiem lam Thai tu Thilu bao (Theo 11-1282 va 1284, Vien
CO ham Han lam hc?c sT, va tu 1284 - 1286 lam Bac cung Noi sat vien su)
3 Theo T'F-9/1290, Do Quc^c Ke dang lam Ngu sir dai phu Ke c6 the du le don ta chieu Nguyen Mong vao nam 1292
Trang 9CUNG THANH TU", CHE D Q THLfONG HOANG
tir bac them phia Ddng, ben dudi gac cd biln vill 'Tap I liln dien', tren cd gac ggi la gac Minh Linh Ben phai dudng cd hanh lang din dien IcVn ggi la dien Dire Huy Cira ben trai (cua dien Dire ITuy?) ggi la cira Ddng Lac, cira ben phai ggi la cua
Kieu ling, bien deu viet chii: vang {Tran Cirang Trung thi tap, quyIn 2: An Nam tire sir)
Cac sir gia nha Nguyen phai qua hai cdng de vao cung dien nhu ghi chep ciia
Thien Nam hdnh ky ("vao vuomg thanh den dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mc)t c6ng
la dien Tap Hien) Cdng thu hai rd rang la cym cua Nhat Tan (trai) - Duong Minh (giira) - Van Hdi (phai), tren cua Duomg Minh cd gac Trilu Thien Cym cua dd la
"Chinh Nam mdn" {Nguyen sir An Nam Iruyen) ciia khu chinh dien ma trung lam
cua no la dien Thien An Vay cdng thir nhll la cua nao? Khi quan Nguyen danh chiem Thang Long, chung cd the qua cira Dai Hung (chac ciia cd ba con dudng song song va hai ben cira cd ta hiru djch mdn) la cira Nam cua thanh Thang Long sudl lir thdi Ly cho din thdi Le Nhung theo TT-1389 (9), khi cac sir gia Trung Qudc den thi din vao cira Tuomg Phii, rieng nam dd vao cira Canh Duong Cira Tuomg Phil la cira Ddng cua thanh T hang Long lir thdi Ly Su gia nha Nguyen lir phia Ddng vao trong khu Thanh Ndi rdi vao khu Cung Cim lir phia Nam
Ben trong cym cOra Nhat Tan - Duomg Minh - Van Hdi (tren dd cd gac Trilu Thien), cd cac dien Tap Hien (tren dd cd gac Minh Linh) la nai dat yIn tiec cho Truang Lap Dao va di?n Thg Quang (tren dd cd gac Minh Ha?) la nai Truang Lap Dao chuyen td chilu ciia Hoang dl Nguyen Mdng cho TrIn Nhan Tdng NIU di?n Tap Hiln dugc lam lai d vj tri trudc nam 1029, nd cd thi nlm d ben trai (phia Ddng) cua chinh dien la dign Thien An Cdn ben phai dudng (tu phia Nam di len dign Tap Hien) cd hanh lang den dien Icim mang ten Due Huy Chic dien nay cung
la dien quan trgng va nlm d phia Ddng khu Cung Cim Trudng hgp dien Thg Quang va gac Minh Ha thi vj tri khdng rd, cd the nlm d phia Tay khu Cung Cam
Vay sir gia nha Nguyen da vao cung nao? Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da dat
yen tiec cho su gia nha Nguyen la Lang trung bd Le Manh Giap d cung Thanh Tir
(TT-6/I26I) Va theo md la ciia Nguyen sir, vua An Nam hdi dd la Quang Binh
(dugc phong lam An Nam qudc vuomg vao nam 1261), con trai ca cua Nhat Canh (TTiai long) da nhucmg ngdi vao nam 1257 va Quang Binh thdng In dat nude cho den
1277 Nhung, theo khao ciru cua Yamamoto Talsuro (Yamamoto, 1950: ty thien) nhan vat Quang Binh ihyc le la Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da nhucmg ngdi cho Thanh Icing chu khdng phai la ban than Thanh Tdng, va "The tu" Nhat Vien dugc
ghi chep trong Nguyen sir tir nam 1277 den 1290 mdi la Thanh Tdng (lam IToang
c!l lir 1257 din 1278 va lam Thugng hoang tir 1278 din 1290), rdi Nhat Ton dugc
ghi chep trong Nguyen sir lir 1290 trd ve sau la Nhan long (lam Hoang de tir 1278
Trang 10VIET NAM HQC - KY Y 6 U HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU
din 1293 va lam Thugng hoang lir 1293-1308) Khi cd Thugng hoang thi Thugng hoang da dam nhiem cdng vice ngoai giao vdi nha Nguyen, cd le de bao ve tinh tdn nghiem cua Hoang dl trudc sue ep ciia de che Nguyen Mdng Qua nhien, theo
An Nam chi luge {Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc) thi Truomg Lap Dao rat cd the vao
cung Thanh Tir (xem ghi chii 18) Dilu dd cd nghTa la dien Tap Hien va dien Thg Quang
cd Ihl thugc cung Thanh Tir Sii gia nha Nguyen da din gac Trieu Thien d cira chinh Nam tren dudng di vao dien Thien An, nhung hg khdng ghi chep gi ve dien Thien
An (ghi chep cua Nguyen su vl dien Thien An la do quan Nguyen de lai khi danh
vao Thang Long) Cho nen chiing la khdng Ihl doan dugc mgt each dan gian la sir
gia nha Nguyen da din cac cung dien xung quanh dien Thien An, neu ca khu vyc
ciia Duomg Minh - gac Trilu Thien cung nhu khu vyc dien Thien An khdng thugc cung Thanh Tir Khi cac sir gia Truang Lap Dao va Luang Ting - TrIn Cuomg Trung din (Hie nam 1292-1293) thi khdng cd Thugng hoang, nhung cac nghi le ddn liep
sii gia va ddn chilu Hoang di nha Nguyen vIn cd the dien ra tai cung Thanh Tir khdng dh cho nha Nguyen bill trong cac ddi trudc cd hai vua (Hoang de va Thugng
hoang) va Thugng hoang dam nhiem ngoai giao
v a lai, chung ta cin chu y din mdi quan h? giira Hoang d^ \a Thugng hoang
An Nam chi luge (quyIn 13: Tran thi thi gia) chep vl cac vua TrIn tir nhll the din
luc Ihl, rd rang tuomg duomg vdi cac vua tir Thai Td den Minh Tdng (Yamamoto, 1950: 6-11) cac van bia thdi TrIn trudc nhimg nam 1330 cung dim so vua tir Thai
Td cho nen Thai Tdng dugc ggi la d? nhj dl, Thanh Tdng la de tam dl, Anh Tong la
dg ngu dk, Minh Tdng la dg lye dl va Hiln Tdng la d? Ihll d% (Momoki, 2011: 288)
Dilu ly Ihii la Minh Tdng dugc ggi la d^ lye dl trong nhumg nam 1320^ 1327 va 1328" (thdi gian lam Hoang dl) cung nhu nam 1335^ (sau khi nhudng ngdi cho
1 Yamamoto (1950: 28-30) chi ra la sau nSm 1258 (cuoc khang chien Nguyen Mong Ian thu nhat) nha Tran giu gin quan h? ngoai giao vdi nha Tong vdi danh nghTa ciia Uy Hoang tire Thanh Tong va Thanh Tong dugc phong lam An Nam quoc vuang nhu cac Hoang de trudc (ke ca Tran Thai Tong) Theo y kiln ciia co giao su Yamamoto, viec Thai Tong nhudng ngoi cho Thanh Tong va sir dung ten gia la Quang Binh la nghe thuat vira duy tri quan he ngo^i giao vdi nha Tong vua thiet lap quan h? vdi nha Nguyen trong hoan canh chua ro long va Nguyen ben nao se thing
2 Minh van chuong chiia Siing Quang (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trinh A Tai ( Fong chu bien), 2002: 137-138
3 Bia chiia Dai Bi Dien Minh (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A 1 ai (Iong chu bien), 2002: 193-194
4 Bia vien Dien Phuc (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A T ai (Fong chu bien), 2002: 217-218
5 Ma nhai ky cong van (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chii bien), 2002: 287