Potential reality and solutions to cultural tourism developing in dong anh hanoi

Some of them could be listsed like: Tourism Overview by Vu Duc Minh 1999, Tourism Overview, Education Publisher, Hanoi; Tourism Economy and Tourism Studies by Dong Ngoc Minh and, Vuong

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN DANH CUONG

POTENTIAL, REALITY AND SOLUTIONS TO CULTURAL TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT IN DONG ANH, HA NOI

MASTER’S THESIS

Major: Vietnamese studies

Ha Noi - 2012

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN DANH CUONG

POTENTIAL, REALITY AND SOLUTIONS TO CULTURAL TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT IN DONG ANH, HA NOI

Master's thesis Major: Vietnamese studies

Code: 60 31 60

Supervisor: Prof.Dr Truong Quang Hai

Hanoi - 2012

Contents

Page

1.2 Some other concepts relating to cultural tourism 20

1.3 Preserving and promoting cultural heritage 24

1.4.1 Systematic approaches 25

Chapter 2 The potential for cultural tourism in Dong Anh district 29

2.3 Situation of socio – economic development 31

3.1 Organization and management of cultural tourism 54

3.1.1 The patterns of organization and management on cultural tourism

54

3.2 Material facilities and human resources for cultural tourism 59

3.3 The cultural tourism in some typical cultural tourist attractions in Dong Anh

67

3.4 Some characteristics of cultural tourists in the typical cultural tourist destinations

74

3.6 The conservation of humanity tourism resources 78

3.7 Assessing strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges

80

Chapter 4: The orientation and solutions to the cultural tourism development in Dong Anh

84

4.2 The orientation for the cultural tourism development in Dong Anh

87

4.2.4 Diversifying tourism products and improving the quality of these products

89

4.2.5 Enhancing the technical infrastructure and human resources

of tourism

90

4.3 The solutions to the cultural tourism development in Dong Anh 91

4.3.2 Investment in infrastructure and technical facilities of tourism 95

4.3.6 The solutions to heritage conservation 102

Table 3 Status transporter tourists in Dong Anh 63

Table 4 The present situation of travel business in Dong Anh 64

Table 5 The educational level of human resources in the cultural tourism in Dong Anh

1 Theme’s imperative

Currently, cultural tourism plays an important role in tourism developingment in many countriesnations, especially developing countries that Vietnam belongs to Cultural tourism activitiesis basesd on the traditional cultural characteristics of thea community Thus, they are and promotesd them -

as an internal source to helpeliminate hunger, and reduce poverty and create alleviation as we as provide opportunities for the community to develop rapidly and sustainability develop communityly

Dong Anh is a locality with rich and distinctive traditional culture connected to the historical struggles for the Vietnamese’s national construction and defense Co Loa temple is a famous historical heritagerelic with special values in Vietnamese nation’s history and cultures At present, the cultural tourism destination not only attracts domestic tourists but also international ones Besides that, a system of cultural – historical relics there are many (temples, pagodas, shrines) which are in cultural – historical heritage system located around all the villages and have been ranked already is They become a precious resource in cultural tourism Moreover, this is the area storing historical heritagesrelics during the war for our independence, such as: Nam Hong tunnel

in the struggle against the colonial Francench colonists, ATK heritagesrelics linked to the revolutionary fighting of ourVietnam’s Communist Party leaders… They areIt is also an attractive humanistic resources useful for the developingment of cultural tourism in Dong Anh In addition, many interesting festivals and traditional typeforms of arts with pround national characteridentity such as Ca Tru, traditional theatre opera, Cheo, water puppet or freestyle wrestling in the towns of Thuy Lam, Kim Chung, Nam Hong, Bac Hong, Kim

No, Hai Boi, Lien Ha, Duc Tu, Uy No, Tien Duong, Co Loa, Vinh Ngoc and Viet Hung are also found in this area as: Ca Tru, traditional theatre opera, Cheo, water puppet or freestyle wrestling in many different towns such as: Thuy Lam, Kim Chung, Nam Hong, Bac Hong, Kim No, Hai Boi, Lien Ha, Duc Tu, Uy No, Tien Duong, Co Loa, Vinh Ngoc, Viet Hung Beside thatAdditionally, several traditional occupations such as carving, lacquer, furniture in the village of Van

Ha, Lien Ha, Thuy Lam and Duc Tu and bamboo handicraft in Van Noi and Mai Lam in different villages are stored, such as: carving, doing lacquer, furniture in Van Ha, Lien Ha, Thuy Lam, Duc Tu and bamboo handicraft in Van Noi, Mai Lam

Dong Anh wais located at the important strategic geographic position for Hanoi’sthe socio-economic developingment in Hanoi in particular and in theall the whole country in general It is the suburb district on the Northern gateway to Hanoi capital with two important railways going through: Hanoi – Thai Nguyen and Hanoi – Yen Bai Besides, the important overlandroad system with 7.5 km long plays a role in the lifeline as life-line traffic system in our country connecting Noi Bai Iinternational aAirlineport to Hanoi center as Highway 23ATwo, Three, Road No.18, high-speed way Thang Long – Noi Bai highway This traffic advantage makes good premise to promote the social,o- economic and cultural development of the district At present, in Being in the process of industrialization, big industrial zones have been built and rungone into workingoperation, (the Nothern industrial zone of Thang Long …) which made

a breakthrough step in the socio-economic development in of Dong Anh Based on the Decision No.1081/QĐ-TTg on approving The mMaster plan

of the socio-economic developingment in Hanoi till 2020 and , in the direction of

towards 2030 with the viewpoint of building and developing Hanoi into the motivation to the development promoteof the whole country, Dong Anh will be directly connected to the center of Hanoi Capital A system lot of big bridges (Nhat Tan, Tu Lien and Dong Tru) going throughover the Red River haves been planned and expected to be soon finished building (Nhat Tan Bridge, Tu Lien Bridge, Dong Tru Bridge) This direct connection to Hanoi’s Center will bring Dong Anh special advantages in socio-economic development However, in the situation that industrialization and urbanism is strongly taking place, several existing problems need to be solved, such as: How to quickly and sustainably develop in correlation betweenwith exploiting comparativeed advantages and cultural character preservingation and promotioning the cultural values and national identities? Is it possible for the diversified and unique cultural resources

in Dong Anh to strengthen its own cultural tourism development? If yes, how will the real situation of cultural tourism activities take place? From that issue,

we have choosen the theme named “Potential, real ity state and solutions for developing the cultural tourism in Dong Anh, Hanoi” in order to answer those

e above questions Concurrently, we recommend solutions for developingto the cultural tourism development in this area and scientific arguments on , helping to supply scientific arguments for policy planning tofor thedevelop socio-economic development in general and cultural tourism in particular

2 Researching situation

2.1 Domestic research ing situation

Cultural tourism is one of many tourism kinds belonging to researching subject in Tourism studies Therefore, researching cultural tourism, we could not ignore tourism the reseaching works on tourism in general and cultural tourism

in particular

works are plentiful as Tourism studies reseaches several differentthe themes of subjectstourism studies are at different viewpoints with indiversified and the interdisciplinary method Some of them could be listsed like: Tourism Overview

by Vu Duc Minh (1999), Tourism Overview, Education Publisher, Hanoi;

Tourism Economy and Tourism Studies by Dong Ngoc Minh and, Vuong Loi Dinh (2000), Tourism Economy and Tourism Studies, Youth Publisher, Ho Chi Minh City; Tourism Economy Handbook by Nguyen Van Dinh (2004), Tourism

Luu (1998), Tourism Market, Vietnam National University Publisher; Tourism

City Publisher; Resources and Tourism Environment by Pham Trung Luong (2000), Resources and Tourism Environment, Education Publisher, Hanoi; and

Skills for tourism instruction by Bui Thanh Thuy (2005), Tourism Instruction

Skills, Hanoi Cultu r al University ,… It’s these works that are useful documents

for references in for theis thesis executing process

Cultural tourism The research ing works Cultural tourism : Cultural

tourism is the separate researching subject subject of Tourism studies whose works are comparatively plentiful as below: Tourism Culture by Le Thi Van (2006), Tourism Culture, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi; Vietnam famous communal

Publisher, Hanoi; and Cultural Tourism – Issues of argument, skill and

professional knowledge by Tran Thuy Anh, (Editor in Chief – 2010), Cultural

Tourism – Issues of argument, skill and professional knowledge, Vietnam

Education Publisher, Hanoi.… In general, there are many researching works ofn

Tourism Studies and Cultural Tourism in Vietnam;, however, not many of them

research profoundly abouton cultural tourism, especially,the cultural tourism in

different areas wWhereas, Vietnam is a country of diversified cultures with

differentdistintive charactersfeatures

It is necessary to list all works in the collection named “Thang Long – One

thousand years” in when researching of Dong Anh cultural tourism Thisey are is

the researching works system ofon the several fields oflike socio-culture,

art-literature, history, geography, for policytics, – economy and Hanoi general

documents These works are useful references for my thesis as which shows that

Dong Anh is inportant a part of Hanoi Capital Some of these works are:Hanoi

the past and at present, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi; Education and Confucianism

Examination in Thang Long – Hanoi by Bui Xuan Dinh (2010) Education and

Trading Villages, Trading Streets on developing way in Thang Long – Hanoi by

Vu Quoc Tuan (Chief Editor – 2010), Trading Villages, Trading Streets on

developing way in Thang Long – Hanoi , Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi,; Hanoi –

Vu Khieu (Chief Editor - 2010), Thang Long Philology, Hanoi Publisher,

Hanoi; Hanoi – Landscapes and Monuments (Vol 2) by Luu Minh Tri (Editor in

Chief – 2010), Hanoi – Landscapes and Monuments (Vol 2), Hanoi Publisher,

Hanoi; the Sustainable Development in Hanoi by Nguyen Quang Ngoc (Chief

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Editor – 2010), Sustainable Development in Hanoi Capital, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi; Thang Long – Hanoi Education, traditional and mordern method by

Nguyen Dinh Huong, Thang Long – Hanoi Education, traditional and mordern

2010), Symbol world in Thang Long – Hanoi Cultural monument, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi; Hanoi in Hung Vuong – An Duong Vuong times by Trinh Sinh (Chief Editor – 2010), Hanoi in Hung Vuong – An Duong Vuong times, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi; and Thang Long – Hanoi’s Atlas by Truong Quang Hai (Chief Editor), Thang Long – Hanoi’s Atlas, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi…

It is said that “Thang Long – One thousand years” Collection, which indirectly refers to culture in general and Dong Anh’s cultural tourism in particularis, is a system of diversified works system relating to on severalvarious fields In addition, some research works researchingon the tourism development

in Hanoi such as Thang Long – Hanoi Tourism by Truong Sy Vinh (Editor in Chief – 2010), Hanoi Publisher and Hanoi Encyclopedia (Vol 15 – Tourism) by

Hanoi People’s Committee (2010), Publisher of Dictionary and Vietnam Encyclopedia, Hanoi partly referred to the cultural tourism in Dong Anh, such

as: Truong Sy Vinh (Editor in Chief – 2010), Thang Long – Hanoi Tourism, Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi People’s Committee (2010), Hanoi Encyclopedia (Vol

It is necessary to mention some Dong Anh’s specialized works inon cultural and socio – economic fields like as:such as Co Loa Monograph by

Nguyen Quang Ngoc and , Vu Van Quan (Co- Editor if Chief – 2010), Co Loa

thousands of years by, Dong Anh District Communist Pparty cCommittee – People’s Council – Dong Anh People’s Committee (2010) Dong Anh in Thang

Long – Hanoi’s thousands of years , Hanoi Publisher, Hanoi… These works which showed presented the culture and history as well as natural and socio – economic conditions of Dong Anh comprehensively and systematicaally is highly general and interdisciplinary Really, they are useful references materials

to complete the thesis

In short, althoughIn spite of no speacialized works researching abouton the tourism in Dong Anh, especially cultural tourism, the works ofn tourism studies in general and cultural tourism in particular together with the works ofn cultural and historical traditions, the works ofn the fightings for freedom and, the ones ofn the natural and socio – economic conditions in Dong Anh are all useful references materials in for me to performing the thesis

2.2 Oversea research ing situation

Some works onf Tourism studies in general and cultural tourism in particular researcheddone by oversea scholars are quite plentiful Some of typical ones can be listed as belowfollows: Sustainable development by Bernd Von Droste, Dana Silk and Mechtild Rossler, Sustainable development, P.6-8, UNEIndustry dan Environment, 7,12/1992, Vol 15, No3, Pari, 1992; Tourism

Inskepp, J.C, Tourism planning, An Integrated and Sustainable Development

Tourims and Environment, M.S.C courso Free University of Brussel Belgium, 1999; and Tourism planning by Taylor Francis, Tourism planning, Newyork Philadelphia, London, 1988 9377pp)…

In short, these above works are useful references materials in researching

the cultural tourism in Dong Anh

3 The thesis’s aims and tasks

- To present some basic issues about the theoryies of cultural tourism

- To evaluate the potentials and, the reality state of the cultural

tourism in Dong Anh

- To recommend some suggestionsdirections and solutions ofto

exploiting and, developing cultural tourism together connecting with

strenthening and preserving the culture in Dong Anh

4 Subject and scope of researching

- Research ing subject: Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritages to

serve tourism activities

- Researching scope: the Ssystem of Tangible and Intangible Cultureal

heritages as well as some activities of the cultural tourism exploitingon in Dong

Anh

5 Researching methods

Some methods that the author uses to assess the potential and analyze real

state of cultural tourism developing in Dong Anh can be listed as below:

5.1 Method of aggregate analysing

This method has been used in most of the scientific researching works to

evaluate the potential of humanistic tourism resources as well as organize the

territory in the tourism exploitingon in Dong Anh The cultural tourism is closely

connected with natural, socio – economic conditions Hence, using this method,

the author can assess the potential and the real state of cultural tourism

developingment as well as recommend the most feasible solution to the tourism

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development in theis area

5.2 Survey and interview method s

These methodsU are used in collecting more reliable information, this method which helps the researcherus check information’s the accuracy of information so that we can to recommend more credible conclusions Basically, the fielding aims at checking and adding documents about the resources and, infrastructure which directly support cultural tourism activities and other related materials At the same time, we; comparinge and listing the geographic names in details that are relatesd to tourism and initially evaluatinge some necessary factors in setting up, and organizing the cultural tourism space in Dong Anh

5.3 Method of outlining and mapping

This method plays an important role in researching any tourism space, especially the scientific foundation for developing cultural tourism in general and organizing its activities in particular Mapping is mainly used in analyzing the arrangement of cultural tourism resources (monuments of history, culture, festivals, folk arts…) as well as infrastructure system and, technological material facilities This method will be more effective when being in connectedion with GIS technology to analyze, evaluate the cultural tourism potential on the basingis onf the importance and territory arrangement of resources and related conditions

as well as in order to find out the relationships in the cultural tourism space

5.4 Material collecting

We use this method to collect figures, documents from such different sources: as books, newspapers, reports in the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Management board of monuments, Tourist zones, Dong Anh Economic Office, Hanoi Statistic yearbook, Websites from Central and Local agencies

5.5 SWOT analysis method

The method is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations,

Opportunities, and Threats in Dong Anh cultural tourism It allows tohelps

research conditions systematically in the process of classifying, choosing and

recommending strategies as well as solutions to develop the cultural tourism in

Dong Anh and in the wholeall country

5.6 Method of systematic analysis

Cultural tourism is a mobile, complicated system consisting of

severalvarious factors with different nature and these factors are often mutually

affectinged and , connectinged Hence, we use this method to analyze the

diversifiedmultiple dimension linking and multiple way one inside – between the

out oside and the insidef of theat system so that we could evaluate and

recommend reliable conclusions, arguments for the potential as well as real state

of the locality’s cultural tourism developingment

6 Some new scientific contributions of the thesis

The thesis’s researching outcome will contribute to evaluatinge the

potential and real state of Dong Anh’s cultural tourism in order to bring out some

suitable directions and solutions forto Dong Anh’s making process of cultural

tourism In addition, it also provides scientific arguments for strategic planning

of the socio – economic development in the area

7 Thesis’s structure

Chapter 1 Theoreetical tic baseis

Chapter 2.Chapter 2 The potentials of the cultural tourism in Dong Anh distrist

Dong Anh’s potentials of cultural tourism

Chapter 3 The real state of Dong Anh’s cultural tourism development

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Chapter 4 4The orientation and solutions to the cultural tourism

development in Dong Anh Some directionsuggestions and solutions fotor Dong

Anh’s cultural tourism development

Chapter 1 THEORETICAL BAS EI S

1 Some basic issues of cultural tourism

1.1 Definition of Cultural tourism

Nowadays, cultural tourism becomes the tendancy of tourism

developingment in many countries around the world, especially the countries

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with diversified cultural traditions and national identitiescharacters Cultural

tourism isIt mainly basesd on some cultural products to attract local tourists and

foreign ones all over the world

According to UNWTO: “Cultural tourism consists of the activities of

persons to research, discover cultures such like as: performing arts, festivals,

different events, visiting monuments and temples, researching ofn nature, culture

or folk arts and pilgrimaging” (UNWTO)1

As for ICOMOS: 3 Cultural tourism is the form of tourism whose

objective is the to discovery of monuments and sites It exerts on these a

verybrings about positive effects insofar as iton the contributesion to their

maintenance and protection This form of tourism justifiesproves in fact the

efforts that said in maintaining and preserving these relics and sites and

tenancesatisfying and protection the demand of the human community because

offor the sake of the socio-cultural and economic benefits (ICOMOS)2

Theorectically, in many countries, especially in South east Asia (as for

SEAMEO SPAFA3), Cultural tourism is arrangedclassified into Ecologyy

tourism as ecology contains human ecology

Vietnamese people like to live together with the nature so visiting

natural landscapes also visiting cultural monuments and heritage “Cultural

tourism is a kind of planning, programming and designing trips to visit

ancient cultural works”

According to Tourism Laws, 2005: “Cultural tourism means a type of

tourism that is based on the national cultural identity with the participation of

1 UNWTO: United Nation World Tourism Organization (Tổ chức Du lịch Thế giới)

2 ICOMOS: International Coucil On Monuments and Sites (Hội đồng Quốc tế các di chỉ và di tích)

3 SEAMEO SPAFA: Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization – Regional centre for Archaeology

anhd Fine Arts (Tổ chức các Bộ trưởng Giáo dục Đông Nam Á về Khảo cổ học và Mỹ thuật)

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communities in order to preserve and bring into full play their traditional cultural values”

Prof PhdDr Tran Duc Thanh said: “Cultural tourism is a kind of tourism that is based on cultural values of communities or an ethnic group, countries or

an area in order to educate and widen tourists’ knowledge and awareness” Prof PhdDr Nguyen Van Dinh said: “Cultural tourism is a type of tourism that is based on the foundation of humanistic tourism resources and its activities are mainly performed in human environment, especially in some cultural architectural works made by communities, which have a deep attraction

to tourists”

As a holeTherefore, cultural tourism aimings at changing cultural values into tourism activities and cultural tourism acts to traditional culture is both as the means medium and tourism trading the purpose to exploiting and trading tourism

1.1.1 Classification of cultural tourism

Based on many criteria, Cultural tourism could be divided into several kinds The following one is the most popular division:

+ Tourism in learning cultural identity: The tourists aim at visiting

architectural works, arts, and learning about the people’s manners and customs This group contains researchers and students

+ Tourism in cultural visiting: This type of tourism combines visiting

with researching and learning about cultures in a trip It consists of tourists both

to visit, research and to sightsee, and satisfy their curiosity Hence, they often come to the destinations with cultural tourism and recreationamusement centers, pastime activities This group contains the tourists interested in adventure,

looking for new feelings and they are often young people

+ Tourism combining cultural visiting with other purposes:

The tourists in this group consisting of people taking part in a conference, seminars, anniversaries, and exhibition in combineation with going on a business trip with visiting culture

1.1.2 Differentiation between Cultural tourism and Tourism Culture

Having a look at this following table, we can realize this difference:

It is a type of tourism It is a behavioural system in

tourism activities and trade

It is based on exploiting humanistic tourism

resources (resources of tangible and intangible

culture) for tourism activities

It is based on the principles

of communicatingion and behaviourings in tourism activities

1.1.3 Some factors affect ing cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism that is affected by natural and socio – economic factors From the point of view stance of tourism, cultural tourism is partly affected by climate factors, but it depends on demographic characters,features such as gender, age, academic standard,education background, career and, religion… of tourists

+ Sexual factor: affects tourism the motivation of going on holiday and cultural tourism is men’s one of the main reasons major motivation that menfor tourism because they are hardly tied with their family members and often have with high academic standardeducation background and high social position…

status like traveling because they are hardly tied by their families

+ Age factor: Those who Mmainly joining the cultural tourism trips are

aged tourists and young ones The aged ones have much free time and they are interested in studying cultural traditions Hence, they travel to study music, arts, and national dishes On the contrary, the young ones with a large quantity like discovering, testing their selvesmselves, going far way from their home, being free, and changing tourism destinations and often travel in small groups Therefore, they always ask for the newness with low price TFor the middle-aged tourists with high social standingstatus,, solvency and great self-control, they often combine going on a business trips and travelling

1.1.4 Cultural tourism resource s (humanity tourism resource s )

1.1.4.1 Cultural tourism resource (humanity tourism resource)

Tourism resources plays an important role – as adeveloping premise in tourism development in general and cultural tourism in particular In fact, the more plentiful, attractivespecial and highly focused the tourism resources isare, the higher themore attractive tourism activities areattract and the more effective they become

Beside that, Tourism resource is a historical category The exploitation is much up to socio-economic, scientific, technological and political conditions; hence, it is being much widened For that reason, Tourism resource contains the exploited, being exploited and unexploited tourism resource

Item 4 (Article 4 iIn Chapter I) of 2005 tourism law , article 4, No.4 saidstipulates: Tourism resources means natural landscapes, natural elements, historical or cultural relics, and works of creative human labor or humanity values that can be utilized to meet thetourist needs for tourism and constitute are

fundamental factors thatto form tourist resorts, tourist spots, tourist routes or tourist cities

In the researching scope of theis thesis, humanity tourism resources include cultural traditions; cultural factors; folk literature; historical, revolutionary, archaeological, and architectural relics; creative works by human beings; and other tangible and intangible cultural heritages that can be used for tourism purposes

The humanity tourism resources created by humans haves been affected

by time, nature and humans theirmselves Hence, itthese resources could easily

be destroyed, degraded and unrecoverable by itself even without man’shuman impacts; Humanity tourism resources isare clearly regional TheyIt has have itstheir own specific values in each region and each, country They are that was influenced by the natural and socio – economic conditions in each region and in each country They areIt is useful in awareness, atypical entertainment or hasare

of a minor meaning; TheirIts advantage is mostly unseasonable (except for festivals), independent of climate and other natural conditions; The hobbies of Different the people coming to coming to the humanity tourism resources haveare different and complicated hobbies…

1.1.4.2 Potentials of cultural tourism

The potentials of cultural tourism are the factors and conditions that are existing or will exsist in the future, but they haven’t been used or are rarely used

in the activities of cultural tourism

In this thesis, we define that the potentials of cultural tourism in Dong Anh consist of such factors as the location, natural and socio-economic conditions and cultural tourism rescources

1.1.5 Cultural tourism program s

TheyIt aims at directing tourists to have their own feelings and realize the

cultural values on which tourism was built and that isare constructed on the

baseds onof their demands of for visiting and, learning about cultures as well as

the values of humanity cultural tourism resources

1.1.6 Cultural tourism’s product s

Cultural tourism’s products areis athe cultural products of culture that are

is brought toput in use in the tourism business activities and They areit is thea

components of the cultural tourism programs aiming at satisfying the tourists’

demands Originally, theyit was are a cultural products, but cultural tourism’s

products mostly contains characteristics of the tourism ones They become goods

for business to make economic benefits In short, cultural tourism’s products

isare the tourism products exploited and used in the cultural tourism programs

1.2 Some other concepts relating to cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism; hence, it could not be researched

without referring to some other concepts like as tourism organizingation and

managingement, tourism’s technology and material facilities, tourism spot,

tourists…

1.2.1 Management and organization of tourism

Management and organization of cultural tourism belongs to the

management and organization of tourism Until now, there has not been a

unanimous definition about management Especially, from 21st century, concepts

of management have become more plentiful Several schools of scientific

management have shown different concepts as below:

-Taylor: “Being a manager, you should know: What you want others do Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0.5",Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.25" + Tab

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and pay attention to the best and most economical way that they perform”

-Fayel: Management is an activity that every organization (family,

enterprise, government) has to execute and it is formed by 5 components: plan,

organization, direction, adjustment and control Management is to perform the

plan, organize, direct, adjust and control the plan”

-Hard Koont: Management is building and maintaining an advantegous

environment helping people to reach their targets effectively

-Peter F Druker: “After all, management is reality Its nature is not in

awareness but action; verifying it is not in logic but outcome; its only right is

achievement”

In tourism management, Tourism law regulates the State administration

scope of tourism as below:

- To To Sstate administration agencies of tourism

Article 10 of the 2005 tourism law presents the contents of the State

management in tourism as follows:

+ To formulate, and direct the implementation of, tourism strategies,

master plans, plans and policies on tourism develop-ment;

+ To formulate, issue and direct the implementation of, legal

documents, economic and technical norms and standards in tourism activities;

+ To propagate, disseminate and educate laws and regulations, and

provide information on tourism;

+ To organize and manage the training of human resources, research

into and application of sciences and technology;

+ To conduct surveys and evaluation ofe tourism resources in order to

formulate tourism master plans and identify tourist resorts, tourist spots, tourist

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routes and tourist cities;

+ To undertake international cooperation in tourism and tourism promotion activities inside and outside Vietnam;

+ To provide for the apparatus of state administration of tourism and coordination among relevant state agencies in state administration of tourism; + To issue and withdraw licenses and certificates of tourism;

+ To monitor, inspect and settle complaints and denunciations and handle violations of tourism law

- To local authorities

People's Committees of provinces and centrally-run cities must, within the scope of their duties and powers and under decentralization of the Government, perform State administration of tourism in their localities; formalize tourism development strategies, master plans, plans, mechanisms and policies in conformity with local conditions; and take measures to ensure security, social order and safety, and environmental sanitation at tourist resorts, tourist spots, tourist routes and tourist cities

- To tourism business enterprises

To perform their activities and obey the Sstate regulations as well as operate under the management of the Sstate management agencies of tourism in that local

1.2.2 Technology and material facilities of tourism

Infrastructure, technology and material facilities of tourism plays an important role and directly affects the exploitingi ng resources as well asand meetssatisfying tourists’ demands It is evaluated in termsby of quantity, quality, synchronism, facilities in each enterprise with national standards

- In broad sense, the technology and material facilities of tourism refers to

all the material and technical means mobilized to participate in the eexploitationing of tourism resources, creatingte and conductingimplement services and goods in order to satisfying tourists’ demands in their journeys With this sense, the technology and material facilities of tourism includes both

of the technology and material facilities of tourism industry and other sectors

in the national economy joiningin the exploitation of tourism potentials such as roads, bridges, telecommunications… These factors are mentioned as the elements of social infrastructure In particular, they are considered as the factors

to ensure the general conditions for tourism development This also confirmsensure a close link between tourism withand other sectors in business connection

- In narrow sense, the technology and material facilities of tourism refers

to all material and technical means to organize tourism, create products, services and provide goods so as to satisfy tourists’ demands They, includineg the hotels system of hotels, restaurants, leisure centers, transportation, and especially, including architectural works These are the characteristics elements in the system of technology and material facilities of tourism industry Without these factors, tourists’ demands could not be satisfied Therefore, they are direct factors to make conditions for tourism services that are and provided for visitors The Ddivision forof the concepts of technology and material facilities of tourism in the broad and narrow sense is only relative in nature because it is, difficult to separate clearly elements of infrastructure that are necessary in tourism resorts and these elements of infrastructure such as roads, campuses or supporting architectural works in tourism resorts and even within a hotel could

be created by tourism enterprises For example, roads, campus or supporting architectural works in tourism resorts and even within a hotel

Technology and material facilities is one are of the important factors in the production and business process TheyIt ensures conditions to perform production and business activities To operate, every industry, and each sector of production and business activities, there requires a correlative system of material facilities, which is the compatibility between technology and material facilities and characteristics in each industry and each, sector The tourism industry also belongs to that general rule

1.2.3 Tourist destination

Giuseppe Marzano said: “A tourist destination is one of the cities, towns, and another area of the economy depending on considerabley extent on the accumulated from the revenues from tourism It may contain one or more attractive sightseeing spots” 5

In terms of geography, tourist destination is identified by the scope of territorial space It is a geographical position that visitors come to satisfy their demands basingbased on the trip’s purpose Two types of destinations are listed below:

Final destination: is often the farthest one from tourists’ starting place and (or) is the one at which they intend to spend most of their time

Intermediary destination or place to visit is the one at which that visitors spend less time to rest overnight or visit an attractive place

1.2.4 Tourist s

According to Tourism Law: “ Tourist means a person who travels for either tourism or for other purposes combined with tourism, except for those

who go to study, work or practice their professions to get paid at the places of destination”

Tourists are domestic tourists and internationalinternational tourists Domestic tourists are Vietnamese citizens; foreigners permanently residing in Vietnam travel around Vietnam

International tourists are foreigners; Vietnamese people settling in foreign countries come to Vietnam to travel; citizens and foreigners residing in Vietnam come to foreign countries to travel

1.3 Preserving and promoting cultural heritage

Vietnamese’s cultural heritage is a valuable asset belonging to the community of ethnic groups in Vietnam; it is also a part of the human cultural heritage and plays an important role in the national construction and defense of our people Cultural heritage includes intangible cultural heritage and the tangible one

Intangible cultural heritage is mentalspiritual products with historical, cultural, scientific values stored in memory or writing, handedpassed down from generation to generations orally, through jobs, performances and other forms that consisting of voice, writing, works of literature, art, science, oral language, folk performances, lifestyle, festivals, know-howtips of traditional handicraft, medical and traditional medicineal knowledge, cuisine culture, traditional costumes and other folk knowledge

Tangible cultural heritage is material products with values of history, culture, and science, including cultural - historical monuments, famous landscapes, relics, antiques and national treasures

The Cconservation of cultural heritage includes the following activities:

Collection; exploration and archaeological excavation, restoration of historical -

cultural monuments and landscapes; maintenance of historical – cultural

monuments and landscapes; preservation of historical – cultural monuments and

landscapes, relics, antiques and national treasures

Collection is a set of relics, antiques and national treasures or intangible

cultural heritage that are collected, maintained, arranged systematically and

based on common signs ofin terms of form, content and material to meet the

needs of studying natural and social history

Exploration and archaeological excavation isare scientific activities to

detect, collect, research relics, antiques, national treasures and archaeological

sites

Preservation of historical – cultural monuments, landscapes, relics,

antiques and national treasures ismeans the activities in order to prevent and

minimize the risks of damaging them but without not any change to the original

elements of these things

Maintenance of historical - cultural monuments and landscapes ismeans

activities to repair, reinforce and renovate them

Restoration of historical - cultural monuments and landscapes is the

activities to reconstruct them monuments and landscapes that have been

destroyed on the baseis of d on scientific data ofabout those historical – cultural

monuments and landscapes

1.4 Approac heshing viewpoints

1.4.1 Systematic approachesviewpoint

Developing cultural tourism connects to the general tourism system and

tourism system in an area, in a country and in the world The Ssystematic

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viewpoint in developing cultural tourism identifies the connection of tourism elements inside the same system and outside one The developingment process

of cultural tourism often exists and grows up in the mutual relationship among elements of each subsystem as well as subsystem in the same system and the surroundings environment; among tourism territorial systems at the same level and different levels; among tourism territorial systems and socio - economic systems

1.4.2 Approaches Viewpoin t of area studies

Cultural tourism has characteristics related to regional the cultural specific features in a specific region or even at the national level The viewpoint of area studyies shows that there are often different types of tourism resources in each territorial system, but there are often more plentiful and distinctive ones Therefore, this viewpoint requires interdisciplinary approachinges in order to identify and assess the region and promote the general strength of natural resources in identifying priority over investment in specific ones to create tourism products, both diversified and highly competitive

From the viewpoint of area studies approach, we have used many interdisciplinary methods (interview, sociological investigation and analyzation

of SWOT) in order to analyze, generalize and assess the inside as well as the outside conditions and learn about the outstanding factors in this district Then

we can recommend the implications and solutions to the cultural tourism development in Dong Anh

1.4.3 ApproachesViewpoint of preserving and promoting cultural value s

Cultural heritage is the national property that should be preserved by

different social sectors to promote cultural values for tourism However, the cost

of tourism commercialization, impatienthasty development viewpoint is too expensive and the lesson drawn from the economic development process is that everyone should be participatedinvolved in the preserving processation in order toand the promoteion of the nation’sal cultural heritages If everyone together does this, the effectbenefits from tourism busniess will be so much and will haveleave unforgetable specific ethnic marksimpressions Overall, tourism has contributed to creatinge jobs, and partly improveing people’s life Besides, tourism development also makes motivation for conservating, establishing and promoting intangible and tangible cultural heritages for tourism

In details, people’ benefit must be calculated clearly and whenever they get amount of money, they are willing to spend on investment then This is a reasonable way to promote the ressources in the our people community Conversely, if preserving and promoting cultural heritage startes one-step in advance in the tourism development strategy, this is also an action to stimulate tourists’ tastes On the other hand, the conservation process will re-establish and rebuild a live culture over the time If cultural heritage (intangible and tangible)

is not "awakened" or neglected, they will become insensitive and lose its own values

1.4.4 ApproachesViewpoint of sustainable tourism development

Currently, developing tourism is not only for growth the benefits for growth but also for sustainable development The viewpoint of sustainable tourism development is to minimize expenses and maximize tourism benefits for the natural environment and the local communitiesy and can be performed in a long time without badly affecting the benefit source on which it depends

Sustainable tourism development also manages all components that forming the

tourism industry to ensure balanced development and to gain stablye socio –

economic benefits without badly affecting the natural environment and national

cultural identity This process should be the harmonious combination of current

needs and future ones oforn both tourism production and consumption to

conservate and reproduce natural resources, preserve and promote the national

cultural identity

1.4.5 The general viewpoint

The general viewpoint is the one researching natural conditions, socio –

economic - cultural factors together with their distribution and change,

interactive and mutual - control relationships among component elements of

overall objects The combination, and coordination rules are used based onin

analyzing, detecting and identifying component elements of the tourism general

territories

Summary Primary end of chapter 1

In Chapter 1 of the thesis, some basic theoretical issues of cultural

tourism such as cCultural tourism concept; Cclassification of cultural tourism;

Tthe governing factors to cultural tourism, Ccultural tourism Rresources -

Tourism human resources In addition, it has also shown some other concepts

related to cultural tourism such as: Oorganizing and managing tourism,

Ttechnology and material facilities of tourism; Ttourist destination; Ttourist;

Ppreserving and promoting cultural heritage On the basis of aggregating

documents from many different sources, in this chapter, the author also

presents a number of approaching points such as Ssystematic viewpoint,

vViewpoint of area studies, vViewpoint of preserving and promoting cultural

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values, Vviewpoint of sustainable tourism development and, T the general

viewpoint made during the thesis performing process

Chapter 2 THE POTENTIALS OF THE CULTURAL TOURISM IN

DONG ANH DISTRIST

2.1 Geographical location

Dong Anh is Hanoi’s suburban district bounded by Soc Son in the North;

by Bac Ninh Province in the East, Northeast; by Gia Lam in the Southeast; by

Red River in the South and by Me Linh in the West Dong Anh was established

on May 31, 1961 according to the Decision of the Council of Ministers (now is

the Government) The district consists of 23 communes and 01 town with the

area of 18,230 hectares With the population of over 345,000 people, Dong Anh

becomes the 7th largest district in terms of the area and the 4th one regarding the

population out of 29 districts in Hanoi

Dong Anh is located in an advantageous position in the tourism

development in general and cultural tourism development in particular

Being a suburban district but very close to the center of Hanoi, Dong Anh is

on the Northern gateway of Hanoi This is one of the fundamental

advantages for cultural tourism development in the area because it is not

only bordered by Hanoi center but also acts as the transition area connecting

many important tours At present as well as in the near future, Dong Anh

will be connected directly to Hanoi centre with the system of bridges over

the Red River (Nhat Tan Bridge and Dong Tru Bridge), which provides great

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opportunities to directly access Hanoi’s large domestic tourism market with potentials and indirectly access the international tourism market Therefore, humanity tourism resources in Dong Anh will be awakened and exploited for tourism development in general and cultural tourism in particular

2.2 Natural conditions

Dong Anh’s topography is relatively flat with the sloping direction from the Northwest to the Southeast; the highest position is 14 m, but the lowest one is 3.5 m, and the average height is 8 meters above sea level In general, it is quite stable This topographical factor enables Dong Anh to construct large-scale companies with international standard to take inherent advantages for tourism development in general and cultural tourism development in particular

There has been a condense network of rivers, lakes and ponds in Dong Anh The Red River runs along the district from Dai Mach to Xuan Canh with the 16 km border with Tay Ho and Tu Liem The Duong River connected to the Red River flows through the South of the district between Dong Anh and Gia Lam with the length of 5 km from Xuan Canh to Mai Lam The Ca Lo River flows along the Northern boundary of Domg Anh with the length of 9 km; the water flow is not large and more stable The Thiep River - the river of the District originates from Tien Phong commune (Me Linh, Hanoi), flow through

10 communes to Dong Anh and feed into the Ngu Huyen Khe River Apart from the river system, Van Tri – a big swamp also belongs to Dong Anh with the area

of 130 ha; the average water level is 6 m, the highest of 8.5 m and the lowest of 5

m It is connected with the Thiep River and plays an important role in the water regulation in this area

With the variety of rivers, lakes, and swamps, it is clear that Dong Anh

can be developed plentifully in terms of forms and tourism products, which creates the ability to support and promote the development for tourism in general and cultural tourism in particular in order to meeting Hanoians’ tourism demands and the world’s as well Hence, Dong Anh will become an attractive destination for both domestic and international tourists if it has the right strategies for tourism develoment

Besides, the climate in this area belongs to the tropical and humid climate with monsoon and four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter The annual average temperature is 250C; the average humidity is 84%; and the average annual rainfall is from 1600 to 1800 mm with about 144 rainy days With such a climate, it is very advantageous for Dong Anh to develop its socio-economic activities in general and tourism in particular, including cultural tourism

2.3 The socio – economic development of Dong Anh

The economic growth speed in this area is quite high, about 19.0% / year

in the period of 2006 - 2010 Technology and material facilities are developing strongly with a synchronized traffic system, including roads, waterways and railways and many important routes such as Bac Thang Long - Noi Bai, Highway No 2 and Highway No 3 In addition, many arterial roads linking Hanoi with Northern provinces and foreign countries such as extending road No.5, the road from Nhat Tan bridge to Noi Bai international airport, Hanoi-Thai Nguyen highway are being bulit In addition, the national power and telecommunication systems have been impproved and the services of finance and banking develope rapidly The security situation is stable With such a socio-economic development, Dong Anh has a good chance to develop its socio-

economic activities in general and tourism in particular, including cultural tourism

2.4 Humanity tourism resources

2.4.1 Historical and cultural relics

Dong Anh with the density of historical and cultural relics has an advantageous opportunity to develop its cultural tourism These relics are evenly distributed not only in villages and communes, but also in groups of historical and cultural relics Each of them has its own traditional values and draws the great attraction from tourists Most of the historical and cultural relics have been ranked Of the the 108 ranked relics, temples and pagodas are of a large quantity The ones with the national ranks account for nearly two-thirds (67 monuments, 62%); the rest are the one with the city ranks Particularly, Dong Anh has only one relic with the rank A1 and it needs to be specially protected (Co Loa relic) It

is not only the especially important monument which represents the cultural traditions in our country but also a famous cultural tourism destination Therefore, this is one of the basic advantages for forming the cultural tourism spots and routes in this district

historical-In general, the richness of historical-cultural relics has brought Dong Anh great potentials for cultural tourism development Here are some popular ones:

• The group of Co Loa relics

Co Loa Relics have special historical and cultural values and an important role in the education of our national traditions A group of Co Loa relics is the most ancient Citadel in our country built by the king, Thuc An Duong Vuong (the 3rd century BC) in order to set up Au Lac’s Capital (Vietnam’s name at that time) The Citadel was built in the spiral shape (the so-called Loudspeaker) It is

said that there had been 9 rounds with the moat underwater to help boats travel Today, Co Loa remains 3 soil rounds: the outside one (perimeter of 8km), the center (polygon, perimeter of 6.5 km) and the inside one (rectangular with perimeter of l,6km) The Citadel’s body is about 4-5m high on average, some positions are 12m high and the Citadel’s pier is up to 20-30m wide The doors to the 3 round Citadel were arranged very cleverly: unstraightly but diagonally Therefore, the way connecting two gates in the same direction was a winding one with defensive posts on both sides, which caused many problems for the enemy to come in Through the village gate is the entrance to Co Loa village’s communal house The legend has it that it was the old foundation of Ngu Trieu Palace for Imperial audiences everyday; there was a Horizontal lacquered board named “Ngu trieu Imperial audiences (Ngu trieu di quy)" Next to the communal house, there was Ba Chua shrine (Princess My Chau) Going through My Chau Shrine was Thuong Temple – An Duong Vuong Temple, which was built above the inside Palace foundation Two stone dragons at the entrance were the relics

in the dynasty of Tran or the early dynasty of Le In front of the temple was the well – Ngoc, where Trong Thuy committed suicide in the legend With historical values in the fighting period of the national construction and defense Together with the ancient cultural space, the group of Co Loa relics has attracted more and more tourists In the future, it will become a tourism center of topics nationwide and a destination to rest, relaxation and tourism for Hanoians and the people in the whole country back to the Ancestors

• The group of Sai Temple Relics

Sai Temple (also the That Dieu mountains) is located on the Sai mountains, where there are seven sacred mountains, the largest one is called

Mother Turtle These seven mountains are located on the flat land in the North of Hanoi

The whole Sai Temple slopes gently along the Southern mountainside Tam quan (3-gate entry) is a grandiose architectural work with several steps up and down, including 3 main doors and 2 extra ones (called The Five - door Temple) The next place is the steeple that includes five small rooms with the bending roof This makes it anciently beautiful

Behind the steeple, Kinh Thien Temple is also a unique work with four supporting stone pillars at the bottom; the roof consists of two storeys and eight bending roofs In the middle, there is a square cylinder stone stele created in the year of Tan Ty dated Chinh Hoa (1701) recording the history of Sai Temple and the names of the temple makers Next to Kinh Thien Palace is Tien Te, Tien Duong, harem, and Sai Pagoda Sai Temple’s works are close to each other The former is higher than the latter sloping gently the mountainside They belong to the date at the late dynasty of Le and the early dynasty of Nguyen The works looks different in shape but they are located harmoniously in the wide-open space of the Temple Several relics, worshipping objects, especially the stone censer (Tan Ty year, 1701) and tiles with dragon vein of Le dynasty are kept in the Temple The Huyen Thien Tran Vu statue is the soil one but very strong, stable with a firm position, and carved into the shape of a Tortoise and Python at the sole to make a sacred appearance

• The group of To Pagoda - Temple Relics

To Pagoda - Temple is located on Cao Lu road next to To market in Uy

No commune - Dong Anh center The Temple is worshipped with the two Gods

of An Duong Vuong and Trieu Viet Vuong (Trieu Quang Phuc) The Temple’s