_J Trong so nhung nhom ngon ngu Tang-M ien quan trong nhat, ta phai ke den nguoi Newari dinh cu 6 thung lung K athm andu Nepal; ngudi Bhutan; nguoi Tripuri, ng irdi Mizo, ngudi M anipu
Trang 1Di san van hoa phi vat chat : cac dan toe Tang-M ien
va cac dan toe thieu so o Viet Nam*
W I L L I A M LA NG DESSAI NT
C A C D A N T A N G -M IE N L A A I ?
N hanh Tang-M ien trong ngu he Han-Tang gom rat
nhi£u ngon ngu khac nhau d vung H im alaya, mi£n D ong
Bac An Do va D ong Nam Bangladesh, cung nhu d Tay
Tang va vung bien gidi D ong Tay Tang, phan Ion vung
Tay Nam Trung Q uoc, toan bo M yanm ar va mien nui bien
gidi Bac Thai Lan, Lao va Viet Nam
_J Trong so nhung nhom ngon ngu Tang-M ien quan
trong nhat, ta phai ke den nguoi Newari dinh cu 6 thung
lung K athm andu (Nepal); ngudi Bhutan; nguoi Tripuri, ng
irdi Mizo, ngudi M anipuri va nhung nhom N aga song r&'t
rai rac o D ong Bac An Do; ngudi l ay Tang, cung vdi cac
dan toe rat gan gui nhu ngudi K ham pa va A m dow a, ca
thay khoang nam trieu; cac dan toe Di (7 trieu ngudi),
Bach (Bai), Ha Nhi (Hani) Lisu, La Hu (Lahu), N axi la
nhung dan toe quan trong nhat d vung Tay Nam Trung
Quoc va vung bien gidi D ong Tay Tang ; ngudi M yanm ar,
trong do bao gom ngudi A rakan (co den 37 trieu ngudi,
tuc hon 3/4 tdng so dan cua M yanm ar); sau het con co cac
dan toe ft ngudi m ien nui thuoc M yanm ar, nhu la ngudi
Jingpo, thuong duoc ghep chung vao vdi nhung nhom
khac duoc goi la K atchin va nhi6u nhom Chin rieng biet
—I Cac dan toe Tang-M ien nay da tao ra duoc m ot di
san van hoa rat co gia tri Chdng han ngudi M ien da thira
hudng duoc mot di san van hoa gom nhung d£n dai nguy
nga, chung minh rin g ho co m ot qua khu sang ngdi: noi
tieng nhat la hang nghin d6n dai va chua chi£n, khong thua kern gi A ngkor Borobudur, ma ta con co the tham quan d Bagan Mac du vo cung phong phu, di san van hoa phi vat chat cua cac dan toe Tang-M ien rat ft duoc biet den Dac biet, van hoc truyen khiiu cua cac nhom ngudi noi tieng Tang-M ien con chua duoc suu t&m hoac da duoc sun tam nhung con thieu sot
□ De minh chung, chung ta hay xem xet qua ngudi Lisu, mot dan toe Tang-M ien, trong cac boi canh kinh te,
xa hoi, chinh tri va ton giao cua ho
D A N L IS U LA A I ?
Song d mien nui, ngudi Lisu co dan so chung m ot trieu (574.856 d Trung Q uoc theo di£u tra dan so cua nude nay vao nam 1990; co the den 400.000 d M yanm ar; 27.899 d Thai Lan, theo udc tinh chinh thuc vao nam 1995, va them
m ot so nho d An Do)
□ Theo truyen thong truyen khau cua ngudi Lisu, d- uoc xac nhan boi vai ghi chep hiem hoi trong sir bien nien cua Trung Quoc, to tien cua ho d thucmg ngudn song Ya lu zang bu Jiang, canh day nui Bayanhar Shan (tuc Bayen
K ara) d vung Dong Bdc Tay Tang (thuoc tinh Thanh Hai cua Trung Quoc hien nay) Tu do, ho di chuyen xuong vung ven song Ya lu zang bu Jiang va song Jinsha Jiang (song Kim Sa, thuong nguon T rudng G iang), roi xuong
m ien Tay Nam Tu X uyen va B ic Van Nam Ngay nay, ho
Trang 2chiem nhung sudn nui hoang vu cua cac rang nui
Gaoligong Shan va Nu Shan chay di tu phuong nam den
tan cung Dong Nam Tay Tang La mot dong thac bat
nguon tu cao nguyen Tay T ang, cuon cuon chay xuong
bien A ndam an, roi do ra An Do Duo'ng, song Salween
(Trung Quoc goi la No G iang) da dao ra nhieu hem vuc
(canyons) tham tham duoc xep vao loai sau nhat va dai
nhat the giai Ngudi Lisu d vung nay hau nhu hoan toan
doc lap ddi vdi cac nha cai tri Trung Quoc cho mai den
giua the ky XX Huyen tu tri Nou Jiang cua ngudi Lisu d-
upc thanh lap vao nam 1954, duoc m o rong va nang len
ca'p chau (zhou) tu tri vao nam 1957; huyen tu tri W eixi
cua ngudi Lisu duoc thanh lap nam 1985 Nhieu cong
dong Lisu khac song rai rac d cac noi vao thdi xa xua da la
vung trung tam cua ngudi Lisu, tuc mien Tay Nam Tu
Xuyen va Bac Van Nam
□ Vao the ky XIX, viec T rung Quoc thiet lap cac co
cau hanh chinh tai lanh thd ciia cac dan toe ft ngudi de
banh trudng d Van Nam va cac cuoc chien tranh giua n g
udi Han va ngudi Hoi da khien cho nhidu ngudi Lisu rdi
Van Nam chay xuong cac vung giap gidi M yanmar Dirdi
chinh quyen thuoc dia Anh, cac viing nay dupe goi la
“lanh thd ciia cac bo lac khong dupe cai tri” , nay thuoc
bang Kachin d M yanm ar N hieu nhom Lisu khac di cu tdi
Dire H ong d mien Tay Van N am va tdi bang Chan thuoc
mien D ong M yanmar
□ Trong may thap nien gan day, mot so ft ngudi Lisu
phieu luu ve phia nam , den tan lanh thd Thai Lan, va ve
phfa tay, den tan lanh thd An Do N hung gia dinh Lisu dau
tien vao Xicm La (tuc Thai Lan ngay nay) de dinh cu lau
dai vao khoang nam 1920 N gudi Lisu d T h a i Lan con lam
rdy, chii yeu d vung bien gidi giua Thai Lan va
M yanmar.Tir khoang nam 1947, mot so ngudi Lisu bat
ddu dinh cu d Arunachal Pradesh thuoc An Do, gan nhu tat
ca deu tap trung ven bien gidi giua An Do va M yanmar
□ Hau het lang mac ciia ngudi Lisu deu d viing cao, tir
1500 den 3500m Tai chau tu tri No G iang va huyen tu tri
Weixi ciia ngudi Lisu, cung nhu d phfa dong bang Katchin,
hp co khuyng hudng tao thanh cac cu dan thuan nhat song
tren nhung viing dat kha rong O nhung noi khac hp song
rai rac xen ke vdi cac dan toe noi ngon ngu khac
J It ra ve mat ngon ngu va van hoa, ngudi Lisu gan giii vdi ngudi Nosu mot nhom chiem uu the trong dan toe tru
dc day bi goi bang cai ten m iet thi la Lo Lo va hien nay co ten goi chfnh thuc la Di (Yi) Cd khoang bay trieu ngudi
Di song d Van Nam Tu X uyen Quy Chau va Q uang Tay thuoc mien Tay Nam Trung Quoc Chi co m ot so ft song d
M yanm ar, Lao va Viet Nam doc theo bien gidi chung vdi Trung Quoc O Viet Nam hp song tren vung nui ven bien gidi V iet-Trung, hau het cu tru d cac tinh Ha G iang, Lao Cai va Cao Bang (Dessaint, 1980 ; 1995 ; 1995-1996)
H O SO N G T H E N A O 1
Cd hop ly chang khi suy doan rang, trong qua khir xa xua, td tien ciia ngudi Lisu va ngudi Nosu la nhung cu dan chan nuoi du m uc song d viing thao nguyen chung quanh thupng nguon song Ya lu zang bu Jiang Dii the nao di nua, thi hien nay ngudi Lisu song bang nghe nong, va nhu the tir nhieu the he Nhirng nghe khac nhu doc tho rong, ke chuyen, lam sam an thp bac, thp ren, thp dan lat thp det chi la nhung nghe phu: hp cung phai canh tac ngoai ddng nhu moi ngudi khac Trong nhung viing ngudi Lisu sinh song lau ddi nhu mien Tay Nam Tu X uyen va mien Bac Van Nam, tuong ddi nhieu ruong nude bac thang; con d cac viing nui hai ben song Salween thi ft hon Rai rac do day cung cd m ot sd lang canh tac ruong nude, chang han chung quanh M yitkyina d bang Kachin va chung quanh Phrao d mien Bac Thai Lan Tai ta't ca nhung noi khac, ngudi Lisu van con lam ray Ho khong luan canh mot cach
cd he thong, nhung bd hoa cac dam ray cho den khi cay rung bat dau moc lai R ay lua dupe canh tac tir m ot den ba nam , trong khi cac loai ray khac co the dupe canh tac trong m ot thdi gian dai hon nhieu Cay trong chfnh thong thudng la kieu m ach hay lua, tuy theo dieu kien khi hau d dia phuong Nhirng loai cay trdng khac cd the gom lua mi, hat ke, cao luong, ngo cung vdi rat nhieu loai hoa mau nhu
dt ngot, cac loai dau, bau, bf, khoai tay, bap cai va hanh
Ho dao (walnut), tao, le, mo, dao, cam va cac loai trai khac chi dupe trong d cac lang dinh cu tuong ddi on dinh Con cay gai, thuoc la va thuoc phien thi dupe trdng tai nhieu noi khac nhau Tat ca cac lang deu cd nuoi nhieu lpn, ga vit, ngua, lira, ciru va de cung dupe nuoi d nhieu viing San bat va lay m at ong, nam, ho dieu, trai cay hoang
Trang 482 T a u nhac tro n g d a m ma (H o a B lnh).
© M ai Thanh S on
83 C a c con tra i cu a n g i/d i qu a co phai do i nun ram va
ch o n g gay ch iu ta n g c h a m e (H oa B inh)
© M ai T h a n h San
84 B ifa cam ta n g chu dai khach va nhCfng n g ifd i den
g iu p trong n g a y c if han h tang le (H o a Binh)
© M a i Th a n h S dn
86 Lam banh de p h u n g vie n g n g i/a i da kh u a t (H oa B inh)
© M ai Th a n h San
85 G ia banh d a y tro n g da m ta n g (H o a Binh)
© M ai T h a n h S an
87 Ho hang tu c trifc ben canh qu a n tai tro n g le cung cam
de tien hon n g i/d i c h e t (T h a n h H oa)
© Vi V£n An
Trang 688 Lam nha trin h ti/a n g (La n g Sdn)
© N gu ye n VSn Huy
89 D a n s o t (C ao B a ng)
© La C ong Y
90 G a n h gach lam nh a (Lang S d n)
© N gu ye n V an Huy
91 Lam nha m 6i (L a n g S dn)
© M ai T h a n h Sdn
Trang 892 Đi đón dâu (Hà Giang).
© Võ Mai Phương
93 Chú rể cắm hương trên bàn thờ (Hà Giang)
© Võ Mai Phương
94 Dệt vải (Tuyên Quang)
© Võ Mai Phương
95 Cách bày mâm cỗ cúng tổ tiên trong ngày Tết (Lào Cai)
© Mai Thanh Sơn
Trang 1096 Le cu n g to tie n tro n g n g a y T e t (L a o Cai).
© M ai T h a n h S on
97 B an th d cu a ngird i S an Diu th i/d n g d i/n g s a t va ch 6
g ian ch in h T re n do co 3 b at nh a n g , den, ch e n va dan g ia y d o (B a c G iang)
© Vi VSn An
Trang 11va cay duoc lieu cung kha quan trong Nguoi Lisu mua
ban vdi nhung ngudi buon theo doan va nhirng ngirdi buon
dao den tan lang, nhung thinh thoang ho cung di mua sam
d cac cua hang hay cho trong cac thung lung Tai M yanm ar
va Thai Lan nhirng ngirdi buon theo doan thudng ddi phai
tra bang thuoc phien khi mua hang cua ho (Dessaint
1972 ; D essaint va D essaint 1975 ; Dessaint va Dessaint
1982 ; D essaint va Dessaint 1992 ; Dessaint 1995-1996)
—1 To chuc xa hoi co sd thudng la gia dinh hat nhan
mot vo m ot chong va co them nhirng than nhan ldn tuoi
hay than nhan con tre chua lap gia dinh thuoc ben vo hoac
ben chong Neu duoc, ngudi con trai ut da lap gia dinh d
lai nha cha me, cham soc bo m e khi ve gia Neu gia
dinh khong co con trai, mot ngudi con gai co the giu vai
tro nay ciing vdi chong cua minh Mdi ngudi thuoc mot
toe ho phu he ngoai hon khong cu tru bat buoc va thudng
duoc goi theo ten thu vat hay ten cay Hon nhan giua anh
chi em ho chco duoc uru tien, vi vay mot ngudi dan ong
thudng lay con gai cua chi hay em gai cua cha hoac ngay
ca con gai cua anh em trai cua me anh ta Ket qua duong
nhien la co mot su trao doi ddi tac hon nhan trong hai the
he Ti6n thaeh cirdi tuong ddi cao, nhirng chang re co the
tra mot phan bang lao dong trong thdi gian d re Khong
nen xem dieu nay nhu la mot hinh thirc mua ban co dau :
cac phaim chat v£ the: xac, tri thirc va dao dire ciia co dau
khong bao gid duoc xet den D ung hon, day chi la sir den
bu nhung phi ton ma cha me da bo ra de nuoi co con gai
va cho viec mat di sue lao dong cua co ta trong nhirng nam
tdi Sau khi cudi xong, chang r6 thudng cu tru ben vo,
nhirng khi thdi gian d r6 da het va cap vo chong da co con
thi binh thudng ho cu tru d phfa ben chong Ngirdi chong
hoac ngudi vo co the xin ly di Cac ong hoac cac ba goa
thirdng tai gia Vi tri cua phu nu trong gia dinh va xa hoi
co the’ noi la kha tot
—I T heo truyen thong, moi lang la m ot don vj chinh tri
doc lap Hoi dong lang, gom dai dien ciia moi gia dinh
trong lang, bau ngudi dung dau lang Ngudi nay thudng
chi co quy£n hanh gidi han va chu yeu lam cong viec phat
ngon cho dan lang Tat ca moi quyet dinh quan trong deu
phai duoc sir ddng thuan ciia hoi ddng lang Trong trudng
hop co bat dong ve mot van de quan trong nao do, lang co
the bi chia tach Nhirng ngudi co anh hudng nhat chu yeu
la nhd nhan cach, nang luc va kinh nghiem rieng, nhirng cung nhd co diroe sir iing ho ciia nhung thanh vien gia dinh
va toe ho song ciing lang Ho thudng la nhung ngudi dan ong ldn tuoi, nhung ban than tudi tac khong phai la yeu to quyet dinh Mot ngudi phu ntr co the co anh hudng chinh tri dang ke do chinh minh gay dung, hoac, thong thudng, qua sir trung gian ciia ngudi chdng Khong ai co du quyen the de ap dat mot hinh phat m a ngudi bi phat chdng ddi quyet liet Neu tat ca nhung co gang hoa giai that bai thi ben bat binh nhat, hoac ben it duoc ung ho nhat trong lang, rat co the se bo lang ra di (Dessaint 1971 ; Dessaint
va D essaint 1982)
□ Muc dfch chinh cua ngudi Lisu la song hai hoa vdi moi trudng thien nhien ciia ho va vdi the gidi sieu nhien cung nhu vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh Ho rat ton trong mdi trudng thien nhien V ao mot sd dip, ho cung vai cau xin vi than nay hoac vi than kia trong sd rat nhieu than linh thien nhien, vi du than sam , than set, than ciia ngon nui nay hoac ciia con suoi kia, than da, than cay, than dong vat, va cac thfin lang Ngudi Lisu tin vao sir tai sinh,
ly tudng nhat la tai sinh vao trong cung gia dinh va ho ton kinh to tien, nhat la cha me va ong ba qua co ciia ho
□ Saman phai la nam gidi co than the va tinh than khoe
m anh, bdi vi vai tro ciia nhung ngudi nay het sue quan trong trong xa hoi Ho phai thu phap vdi nhung sam an co kinh nghiem Dan lang se n hd den ho khi co ngudi than bi benh hoac bi de doa vi mot ly do nao do Saman len ddng de’ tiep xuc vdi than linh, tranh thu sir giiip do can thiet ciia
than linh de lay lai mot hoac nhi6u tchoha (co nghla la
hon via hon la linh hon ) bi m at ciia benh nhan hoac nan nhan Saman cung duoc yeu cau tiep xuc vdi than linh d£
xin than linh giiip cac ha (tire la nhirng gi con lai tir cac
tchoha sau hoi thd cudi ciing) ciia m ot ngudi mdi chet tren
dudng di ve the gidi ben kia Doi lai cac cong viec ma ho lam cho dan lang, cac sam an thudng khong nhan cua cai vat chat hoac anh hudng chinh tri gi to ldn lam
D I S A N V A N H OA P H I V A T C H A T CUA H O LA G I ?
Di san van hoa vat chat cua ngudi Lisu duoc bieu hien qua kien true truyen thong, nhac cu, cac loai do thu cong,
y phuc va do trang sire thudng la tuyet dep ciia nu gidi, la