Evaluation and proposed solutions for electronic government development at provincial level in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY --- TRINH KIM CHI EVALUATION AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM MA

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY -

TRINH KIM CHI

EVALUATION AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM

MASTER'S THESIS

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY -

TRINH KIM CHI

EVALUATION AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM

MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY

SUPERVISORS:

Prof Dr MORITO TSUTSUMI

Dr VU HOANG LINH

Hanoi, 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof Vu Hoang Linh, Vietnam Japan University, and Professor Morito Tsutsumi, Tsukuba University Professor Tsutsumi was the one who helped me to formulate and perfect my idea of thesis during the internship at Tsukuba University, Japan In addition, by asking questions professor pointed out the problems I lacked Dr Vu Hoang Linh is the person I need to thank very much and also apologize very much

He taught me what I need notice in my thesis, encouraging me He gave the correct advice, paid close attention to the situation of my thesis Thank you for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge They inspired me in all aspects of academic study and helped me to hurdle all the obstacles in the completion of this thesis This thesis would not have been possible without their guidance and advice

In addition, I would like to thank the other professors both Vietnamese and Japanese, especially Prof Okamoto Naohisa, Prof Nguyen Thuy Anh, Prof Katsura Ryotaro, Prof Kawashima, for the value advices

I am thankful to Vietnam Japan University in general; especially master program in public policy gave me good conditions to complete my thesis At the same time I would like to thank Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for their financial and supporting during the study time I am also grateful to University of Tsukuba (Tsukuba City, Ibaraki prefecture), particularly School of Systems and Information Engineering, Office of Global Initiatives, which was the internship site

I would like to dedicate my concluding words to all, Mrs Phuong, Office of Global Initiatives Tsukuba, Ms Thu Ha, Office of Public Policy program; my tutor, Ohyama-san, Student in Master's Program in Policy and Planning Science and all students who took part in internship in Tsukuba, their kindly help, care, motivation gave me strength

Finally, I am grateful to my family, my parents, my brother, my grandparents and all of my classmates, Master of Public Policy Student for their supports and motivations

Sincerely,

Trinh Kim Chi

Place: Hanoi, Vietnam

Date: June 2018

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF TABLE vi

LIST OF FIGGURE vii

ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 Research background 3

1.1.1 International background 3

1.1.2 Vietnam e-government background 3

1.2 Problem statement 5

1.3 Purpose of the study 5

1.4 Research questions 5

1.5 Overview of research methodology 6

1.6 The structure of the thesis 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 8

2.1 Conceptual framework of electronic government 8

2.1.1 E-government definitions 8

2.2.2 E-government classification 9

2.2 The studies on factors affecting e-government development 10

2.3 The studies on e-government evaluation models 10

2.3.1 Evaluation at national level 10

2.3.2 Evaluation Model at local level 16

CHAPTER 3: THE CURRNET SITUATION OF E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM 18

3.1 Overview of e-government development at National level in Vietnam 18

3.1.1 Vietnamese administrative system 18

3.1.2 The legal framework of e-government 21

3.2 Overview of Electronic government development at provincial level in Vietnam 22

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 24

4.1 Overall of provincial e-government development evaluation model 24

4.2 The formula to calculate the indicators 25

4.2.1 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) 25

4.2.2 The human capital 26

4.2.3 E-government promotion 28

4.2.4 Public online services Index 29

CHAPTER 5: THE RESULTS OF THE PROVINCIAL E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM 2017 30

5.1 Overviews of Provincial E-government Index (PEGI) 30

5.2 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) of 63 provinces in Vietnam 36

5.3 Human Capacity Index 40

5.4 E- Government Promotion 46

5.5 Public Online Services Index 49

CHAPTER 6: POLICY IMPLICATION AND CONCLUSION 53

6.1 Policy implication 53

6.1.1 Promote Telecommunication infrastructure 53

6.1.2 Human capacity development 53

6.1.3 Policy environment improvement 54

6.1.4 Development of online public service delivery 54

6.3 Conclusions 54

6.3.1 The resolution for research questions 54

6.2.2 The limitation of research 56

6.3.2 Future research 56

REFERENCES 57 APENDIX

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

E-government Electronic government

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.1 E-government development indexes by UN of South East Asia Countries

(UN, 2016) 4

Table 2.1 The indicators in the e-Government development model of the UN (UN,2016) 11

Table 2.2 The four stages model of e-government development by UN (UN,2016)12 Table 2.3 Public online services selected for evaluation of EU e-Government Benchmark (Capgemini,2010) 13

Table 2.4: The main indicators and sub-indicators of Waseda Institute of Government Model in e-government Development (Waseda Institute of E-Governmen, 2014) 14

Table 2.5: Municipal E-Government Assessment in US (Montserrat,2010) 17

Table 3.1: The distribution of provinces by region in Vietnam 19

Table 3.2: The legal document related e-government in Vietnam 21

Table 4.2 Sub-indicators of Human Capacity Index 27

Table 5.1: Provincial e-government Index Ranking of 63 provinces by region 30

Table 5.2 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) of 63 provinces in Vietnam 36

Table 5.3: Human capacity of governmental provincial agencies 40

Table 5.4: The human capacity of society at provincial level in Vietnam 44

Table 5.5 The Human Capacity Index of 63 provinces in Vietnam 47

Table 5.6: The E-government Promotion Index of 63 provinces Vietnam 2017 46

Table 5.7: Public Online Services Index of 63 provinces 49

LIST OF FIGGURE

Figure 2.1 Example of G2G applications (Realini, 2004) 9 Figure 3.1: The eight regions of Vietnam (Source: Bui Tan et al, 2016) 18 Figure 3.2: Administrative system of Vietnam 20 Figure 3.3 Public online services in Vietnam 2016 (Ministry of Information and Communication, 2016) 23 Figure 4.1 Weight of Sub-indicators of the TII (UN,2016) 26 Figure 5.1: Provincial e-government Index of 63 provinces in Vietnam 35

ABSTRACT

E-government is the use of ICTs products in public administration for the purpose

of improving efficiency and value E-government development helps to increase efficiency in public administration and at the same time saves time, increases transparency for citizen and business transactions Therefore, electronic government has become central component of national strategies around the world At the same time, among the level government, local government plays an important role in dealing with the citizens and business The previous researches suggested 80% of transactions between citizens, enterprises and their governments are obliged to local government level, not at the central government level

E-government has become increasingly important as one of the key issues that the Vietnamese government has prioritized However, this process is not significantly The implementation of e-government at the local level is weak and incomplete In addition, there is the lack of information regarding e-government implementation at the local level, since most of the current e-government research and models have focused on national and state-level e-government practices Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the e-government development at provincial level toward improving e-Government in Vietnam

Based on the UN e-government development evaluation model as well as the structure of the administrative system and the e-government development situation

in Vietnam, a set of criteria has been introduced to evaluate the development of government in Vietnam By combining the use of secondary data, the study assessed and published the e-government development ranking of 63 Province in Vietnam in 2017

e-The results show that there is a large difference between localities and regions In overall, the Northwest province scores the lowest in most indicators; the most e-government development region is the Southeast of Vietnam Da Nang is the

leading province in the development of e-government in Vietnam, along with some other big cities in the top such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Quang Ninh New cities also received positive results

There are many reasons for this division It comes from the internal problems of each province such as geography, population, planning and policy implementation There should be a combination of different solutions to enhance the e-government development of each province

Research is still limited, to complete more detailed evaluation of each type of online services, study specific characteristics of each province to provide solutions to improve In the future, the sociological survey is needed to be included in an objective and comprehensive assessment

Keyword: e-government development, provincial level, UN model, provinces raking

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research background

1.1.1 International background

Over the last few decades, Electronic Government has become central component

of national strategies around the world E-government has potential for stronger institutional capacity building, for better service delivery to citizens and business, for reducing corruption by increasing transparency and social control (United Nations, 2001)

By 2012; Almost countries around the world implement e-government, specifically, there are 190 countries of 193 United Nations Member States, only three countries were not online, and have government websites available on the Internet (United Nations, 2012)

Electronic government is one of the top priorities that the governments are concerned about In addition, among these different levels of government, local government plays an important role in interacting with citizens as 50% to 80% of citizens‟ interactions with public bodies occur at this level (Heeks, 2008) Hence,

EG development at local level is very important

1.1.2 Vietnam e-government background

ICT has been being used in the Vietnam Public sector for more than 26 years (Ngo,

Ma & Gwangyong, 2015).E-government associated with the process of public administration reform (PAR) which started in 2001 According to a United Nations report published in July 2016, Vietnam ranks 89/193 in the world in EG development index (United Nation, 2016)

Table 1.1 E-government development indexes by UN of South East Asia Countries

On the other hand, in each province and city, e-government is built into their goals and plans In addition, corporate citizens with the globalization and technological

soar Thus, the development of e-government in Vietnam becomes more and more interest of all most objects of society

1.2 Problem statement

Even though most of the time the interaction between citizens and government occurs at the local levels, one can find very little research that describes or analyzes existing local e-Government models, since most of the current e-government research and models have focused on national and state level e-government

In Vietnam, until now the current e-government policies and plan is based solely on the EGDI of UN Besides, there are no studies that provide a formal model for assessing the development of e-government at provincial level This is one of the reasons that lead to the e-government development in Vietnam to be slow and difficult

Therefore, I choose the research named “Evaluation and proposed solutions for electronic government development at provincial level in Vietnam” to improve e-government at provincial level in Vietnam

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to propose solutions to improve EG at provincial level

in Vietnam In order to achieve this purpose, First of all the thesis bases on the theoretical framework and the provincial e-government development situation in Vietnam to identify suitable evaluation models of provincial electronic government Secondly, after secondary data collection process and data analysis, electronic government development of 63 provinces in Vietnam will be evaluated The results

of e-government development assessments at the provincial level will be the premise for the development of policy solutions in this issue

1.5 Overview of research methodology

In order to comprehensively and insightfully understand the research problem, this study employed both qualitative method and quantitative method

Qualitative method:

In qualitative method, based on existing theories and analyzed the experiences from different countries, the study will identify a suitable evaluation way for local e-government in Vietnam

1.6 The structure of the thesis

The rest of the thesis is organized into six chapters as below:

Chapter 1: Introduction – provides the introduction of research background and purpose of the study

Chapter 2: Literature review – presents an overview of international studies and Vietnam studies relating to e-government development at provincial level including conceptual of e-government, the factors affecting good EG and evaluation model of e-government development

Chapter 3: The current situation of e-government development at provincial level in Vietnam- in this part, general characteristics of Vietnam's administrative system as well

as the overall view of e-government development are given At the same time, Chapter 3 also points to the status quo of e-government development at the local level

Chapter 4: Methodology – This chapter discusses about the how to apply the UN model to calculate the indicators of e-government development for 63 provinces in

Chapter 5: The Results of the e-government development at provincial level in Vietnam 2017 – After conducting and calculating the e-government development for 63 provinces, the rankings of 63 Provinces are given and analyzed by region as well as by the characteristics of each index

Chapter 6: Policy implications and Conclusions – Firstly, this chapter propose some policy implications based on the results Then, the limitations of research as well as the research in the future are discussed

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEWS

Literature reviews will be divided into three main categories including studies on the conceptual of e-government, on the factors affecting good r-government and on the evaluation of e-government development In this outline I will mention the key materials which are associated with the proposed model for evaluating provincial e-government in Vietnam

2.1 Conceptual framework of electronic government

2.1.1 E-government definitions

So far e-government is defined in many different ways It is rooted in public administration and the development of information technology More previous researches have suggested that the origins of ICT adoption in the public sector derive from public values The use of ICTs will improve public values because it increases efficiency (.Walter Castelnovo and Massimo Simonetta, 2007)

Similarly, According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), E-government definition was adopted that the improvement

of efficiency and effectiveness of public administration through ICTs (OECD, 2009)

Meanwhile, World Bank said that “E-government refers to the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government” (World Bank, 2012) While UN said that Electronic Government is defined as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and its application by the government for the provision of information and basic public services (UN, 2001)

The definition of e-government is manifold in the research papers and publications

of large organizations but e-government can be understood as the use of ICTs products in public administration for the purpose of improving efficiency and value

2.2.2 E-government classification

E-government has a close relationship with public administration (David Brown, 2007) cited that e-government has had a significant impact on public administration, changing the environment in which public service operates, adding new concepts and methods to its operations and changing relative weights, the relationship between public administrative elements Therefore, key actors in governance include government, citizens, employees and business as one of the ways to access e-government classification (ITU, 2008) The same opinion, based

on using ICT to facilitate relationships between government and other key stakeholders, there are four types of e-government: Government to government (G2G), Government to Citizens (G2C), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Employees (G2E)

Figure 2.1 Example of G2G applications (Realini, 2004)

2.2 The studies on factors affecting e-government development

In Vietnam so far there are very few research papers on assessing the development

of e-government, especially at the local level

Ngo Tan Vu Khanh (2014) presented the developed model for e-government adoption in term of Vietnam case study which consists of 15 elements divided into

3 main sections technical factor, governing sector and social factors However, this research only gave the theoretical framework and it did not concern about evaluation at local level Meanwhile, Nguyen Ngoc Anh (2016) based on The Technology Organization Environment framework construct a framework to examine the impacts of various technological, organizational and environmental factors to the development of local e-government Although the research of Ngo Vu Tan Khanh (2014) interest at the national level, Nguyen focused on the provincial level but the factors that two researches indicated are quite similar

2.3 The studies on e-government evaluation models

There are more and more e-government development evaluation model around the world Dalal Ibrahem Zahran et al (2015) showed six models at national level of e- government around the world including The UN Model, The Brown University (West) Model, The Accenture Model, The Capgemini Europe Model, Scholars E-Government Models, municipal e-Government evaluation models and four models

EGDI = 1/3 (OSI normalized + TII normalized + HCI normalized)

(1) OSI (Online Service Index ) scope and quality of online services,

(2) TII (Telecommunication Infrastructure Index ): Development status of telecommunication infrastructure,

(3) HCI (Human Capital Index): Inherent human capital

In particular, each index includes several small criteria summarized in the table below

Table 2.1 The indicators in the e-Government development model of the UN

(UN,2016)

Online-service Index

Emerging presence Enhanced presence Transactional presence Connected presence

Telecommunication

Infrastructure Index

Individuals using the Internet (% population) Fixed-broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Wireless broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) Fixed-telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)

Index

Adult literacy (%) Gross enrolment ratio (%) Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Besides, the four stages of public online services supply which used by Vietnam to divide the levels of public service delivery is illustrate in the table below:

Table 2.2 The four stages model of e-government development by UN (UN,2016)

Enhanced Level 1+ online service allows users to download text samples, fill

out to complete the required documents The completed dossiers shall be sent directly or by post to the agencies or organizations providing the services

Transactio

nal

Level 2 + allows users to fill out and submit forms online to agencies and organizations providing services Transactions in the process of processing and providing services are carried out in the network environment The payment of fees (if any) and receipt of results shall be made directly at the agencies or organizations providing the services

Connected Level 3 + allows the user to pay the fee (if any) made online

Payments can be made online, sent directly or mailed to the user

Besides the advantages of UN model, it is worth noting that the paper also points to the shortcomings of the UN model- the model that Vietnam‟s e-government is based onto evaluate In particularly, it said that UN model only based on one side of the bow that does not care about the bridge In addition, this method does not really cover the economic and social factors, especially the legal basis Sometimes it is too general to offer the solutions and plans for improvement (Dalal Ibrahem Zahran et

al, 2015)

2.3.1.3 Benchmarking Digital Government in the EU

EU e-Government Benchmark was built on Lisbon 2010 agenda (Capgemini, 2010)

Of the four areas remain the core 20 which has the benefits of measurement, revenue-generating groups, group registration, the group returns set of permissions and licenses In order to progress the plan and tried to understand the aforementioned countries, the national portal 20 EU e-government Benchmark In which services, there are four indicators will be analyzed including online sophistication (5-stages), online availability, user centricity and national portals The 20 services selected for evaluation are shown in the following table:

Table 2.3 Public online services selected for evaluation of EU e-Government

Benchmark (Capgemini,2010)

5 Social contributions for

employees

15 Certificates

7 Declaration to the police 17 Health related services

2.3.1.4 The international digital Ranking Survey by the Institute of Digital

Government, Waseda University

The international digital Ranking Survey was conducted by the Institute of Digital

Government, Waseda University in conjunction with 10 other famous universities in

the world since 2003 This model consists of 10 indicators covering most aspects of

e-government development

Table 2.4: The main indicators and sub-indicators of Waseda Institute of

E-Government Model in e-government Development (Waseda Institute of E-Governmen, 2014)

2 Management

Optimization/ Efficiency

(MO)

2-1 Optimization Awareness 2-2 Integrated Enterprise Architecture 2-3 Administrative and Budgetary Systems

3 Online Services /

Functioning Applications

(OS)

3-1 E-Procurement 3-2 E-Tax Systems 3-3 E-Custom Systems 3-4 E-Health System 3-5 One-stop service

4 National

Portal/Homepage (NPR)

4-1 Navigation 4-2 Interactivity 4-3 Interface

4-4 Technical Aspects

5 Government CIO

(GCIO)

5-1 GCIO Presence 5-2 GCIO Mandate 5-3 CIO Organizations 5-4 CIO Development Programs

6 E-Government

Promotion (EPRO)

6-1 Legal Mechanism 6-2 Enabling Mechanism 6-3 Support Mechanism 6-4 Assessment Mechanism

7 E-Participation/Digital

Inclusion (EPAR)

7-1 E-Information Mechanisms 7-2 Consultation

7-3 Decision-Making

8 Open Government

(OGD)

8-1 Legal Framework 8-2 Society

8-3 Organization

9 Cyber Security (CYB)

9-1 Legal Framework 9-2 Cyber Crime Countermeasure 9-3 Internet Security Organization

10 The use of Emerging ICT

(EMG)

10-1 The use of Cloud Computing 10-2 The use of Internet of Things 10-3 The use of Big Data

2.3.2 Evaluation Model at local level

Although there is a lack of research on e-government development modeling at the local level, there are still a number of authors who have studied this issue in depth Arslan (2008) refers to local governments as municipalities or electronic cities, while Zevedeos (2006) distinguishes the term municipal electronic government, used in Europe, likely used in the United State So most of the models at the local level in the United States focus on the evaluation of the website and the public service products provided This can also be explained by the fact that the regime in the United States is a federated, independent state

Most of the frameworks evaluating municipal websites are based on Moon‟s work Moon (2002) has proposed a framework of five stages: information dissemination/catalogue, two-way communication, service and financial transactions, vertical and horizontal integration, and political participation

The Municipal E-Government Assessment Project

The Municipal E-Government Assessment Project is an assessment tool for US municipal websites emphasizing online service provision Initially, 38 cities with a population of between one and two hundred thousand were selected for the survey Since then, the rubric of public services has been formed Public services are divided into 12 types, including 51 services, each of which will be evaluated on a scale of 1-4 (information, contact, downloadable forms and transaction or interaction) that yielded an e-score corresponding to the stage model concepts (Flak

et al., 2005)

By 2005, the third version of this survey was launched, complete and systematic It has been used to evaluate e-public services in 68 cities (Montserrat, 2010)

Table 2.5: Municipal E-Government Assessment in US (Montserrat,2010)

Information

dissemination

City codes

Minutes Traffic information Municipal government directory

Interactive

functions

Bidder applications

Downloadable forms Building permit process Business license

E-Commerce

functions

Utility payment Tax look-up and payment

Code enforcement

E-Democracy

E-meetings E-forums User customization

CHAPTER 3: THE CURRNET SITUATION OF E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL IN VIETNAM

3.1 Overview of e-government development at National level in Vietnam

3.1.1 Vietnamese administrative system

Vietnam (official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam) is a country located in the eastern Indochina Peninsula of South East Asia Vietnam covers of 332,378 square kilometers in total In terms of land administration, Vietnam is divided into eight regions including North East, North West, Red River Delta, North Central, South Central Coast, West Highland, South East and Mekong River Delta, covering 63 provinces and cities

The distribution of provinces by region is shown in the following table

Table 3.1: The distribution of provinces by region in Vietnam

The names of the provinces in the region

Phuoc, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Ninh

In Vietnam, the administrative system is divided into the central administrative system and the local administrative system At the central level, the Vietnamese government consists of the dual structures of the Communist Party and the National Government The central apparatus consists of 18 ministries and 4 ministry-level bodies, in charge of various fields At the local level, Vietnam is divided into 63

provincial People's Committees corresponding to 63 provinces, including 713 districts (General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2017), of which 5 are centrally-administered cities and 58 provinces Each province and city has a very similar organizational structure consisting of departments

Figure 3.2: Administrative system of Vietnam

Thus, the interaction in the Vietnamese administrative system is two-way, vertically and horizontally Within the framework of this thesis, the focus will be on the provincial level, so the interaction between the provincial and the commune levels and interactions between the different departments will be taken into consideration

3.1.2 The legal framework of e-government

As mentioned in the introduction, Vietnam started using ICT in the public sector for

26 years, associated with the process of public administration reform (PAR) which started in 2001 Therefore, the use of ICT became increasingly important It led to a series of legal documents related to information technology was born However, it

is not until 2015 that the first direct legislation on e-government is introduced

2015 marked a milestone in the development of e-government in Vietnam as marking the official announcement of the first legal document on the e-government

of through the Resolution 36a/NQ-CP, dated October 2015

This resolution has set many goals and key tasks to promote e-government in Vietnam

In order to realize the objectives and tasks of Resolution No 36a / NQ-CP, the Prime Minister has also approved the National Program on Information Technology Application in state-run agencies 2016 - 2020 in Decision No 1819 / QĐ-TTg dated 26/10/2015 One of the key tasks is to promote the provision of online public services

at Level 3, Level 4 of state agencies serving citizens and businesses

Table 3.2: The legal document related e-government in Vietnam

Decree No 64/2007/NĐ-CP issued by

the government on the IT application

in the

operations of state agencies

Vietnam Government

Apr 10th,

2007

4

The decision of Prime Minister on the

approval of the national program on

ICT application in the state agency

government regulating the provision

of information and online public

services on websites or portals of

state agencies

Vietnam Government

Jun 13th,

2011

6

Circular No 22/2013/TT-BTTTT

promulgating technical standards on

IT applications in state agencies

Ministry of Information and Communications

3.2 Overview of Electronic government development at provincial level in Vietnam

Resolution No 36a/NQ-CP: about e-government lays the foundation for the development of the D government in Vietnam, with priorities to promote the development of online public services, IT infrastructure and human resources in 2015-2017.As a result, each province and city in Vietnam has strengthened e-government development at the local level and has good results

By the end of 2016, 58 out of 636 (92.06%) provinces and cities directly under the Central Government have provided at least one level 3 or level 4 online service (05 provinces have no active service Bac Lieu, Bac Kan, Cao Bang, Hoa Binh and Tra Vinh (Ministry of Information and Communication, 2016) By 2017, 63 out of 63 provinces and cities Online public service with 10,152 Level 3 services and over

Figure 3.3 Public online services in Vietnam 2016 (Ministry of Information and

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Overrall

PUBLIC ONLINE SERVICES 2016

Ministries Provinces

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1 Overall of provincial e-government development evaluation model

Up to now, most e-government plans and documents in Vietnam are based on EGDI

by UN In addition, the vertical structure of the Vietnamese administration model, that is, the central level will have a plan to map provinces and cities based on policy from the central level, with plans and policies in line with the provincial Therefore, The UN model will be selected as the main basis for the development of a provincial e-government assessment indicator set in Vietnam However, the model has been added or removed some indicator to fit the reality in Vietnam In particularly, the e-government promotion indicator has been added to measures to create an environment for e-government development This is similar to the introduction of legal framework as a criterion for evaluating online public services

in a European scale model or in a model developed by

In the context of e-government adoption, the significance of the government organization‟s policy and regulations framework play an important role in adopt e-government have widely mentioned by prior studies such as Moon (2002), Norris

& Moon (2005), West (2004), Srivatsava and Teo (2010) Therefore, the weight of EGPI is same with the other indicators

Table 4.1: The evaluation criteria for e-government development in Vietnam

No Indicators Weight Sub-indicators

2 Human

Human capacity

of governmental agencies

Ratio of Information Technology Officers Ratio of Safety information Officers

Human Capacity

of society

Adult literacy (%) Gross enrolment ratio (%) Rate of schools with informatics training

4.2 The formula to calculate the indicators

All indicators will be calculated under Norm-Score which gets the value from 0 to 1 following formula:

( )

( )

4.2.1 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)

TII including 5 sub-indicators, in which equivalent weighting of each sub- indicator,

it means that TII will be equal to average of Individuals using the Internet,

Fixed-broadband subscriptions (per 100), Wireless Fixed-broadband subscriptions (per 100), Fixed-telephone subscriptions (per 100) and Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100)

Figure 4.1 Weight of Sub-indicators of the TII (UN,2016)

However, that mentioned before after calculate the TII following the data, it will be normalized to the 0-100 scale score using the formula (1) The Norm-TII is the last index used to evaluate

4.2.2 The human capital

As mentioned, the UN model is the main basis for developing a set of indicators for assessing the development of e-government However, with the HCI index, in addition to the same indicators as the original model, the index of human capacity

of governmental agencies has been added At the same time, the expected years of schooling in UN model is used for each country around the world, however with the same education system this indicators quite similar in the provinces Thus, it is not put in HCI

Individuals using the Internet (% population)

Fixed-broadband subscriptions (per 100) Wireless

According to UN Adult literacy is the base for all education activities and human development That the reason why it accounts for a higher proportion than the other indices (1/3 of the four indices in the UN model) In Vietnam provincial e-government evaluation model the weight of this indicator is 2/5 in human capacity

Weig

ht in Total

Ratio of Information Technology Officers with university degree in information technology or higher degree

1/2

1/2 Ratio of

Safety information Officers

Ratio of Safety information Officers trained

Adult literacy is measured as the percentage of people aged

15 years and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short simple statement on their everyday life

Gross enrolment ratio (%)

Gross enrolment ratio is measured as the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio,

of the total number of students enrolled at the primary,

secondary and tertiary level, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population

of school age for that level

3/10

Rate of schools with informatics training

The percentage of schools (including elementary schools, junior high schools, upper secondary schools) that teach informatics

3/10

4.2.3 E-government promotion

Environmental contexts have a strong influence on government organizations because such organizations “must cope with the contingent of public opinion and change, rapid turnover of political leaders and their appointees, shifting political agendas and priorities, dramatic shifts in various policy fields, and a huge array of stakeholders and other interested parties who can demand a response from them” (M.M Brown & Brudney 2004)

This indicator includes legal institutional and IT policy Legal institutional can be understood that measure of the private sector‟s confidence in provincial legal institutions; whether firms regard provincial legal institutions as an effective vehicle for dispute resolution, or as an avenue for lodging appeals against corrupt

In this index, sub-indices will be calculated on an equal footing Therefore, the EGPI will be equal to the average value of legal institutional and IT policy Norm-EGPI will be accepted as EGPI

4.2.4 Public online services Index

In the UN Model POSI is calculated basing on sociological survey and scored for each service provided corresponding to each level achieved in four stages

However, in Vietnam Ministry of Information and Communication has measured the proportion of public services at each level This is similar to the UN scoring based on scoring 0 if not provided and 1 if public service provided at that level

As this result, Norm-POSI in this case will be calculated basing on POSI shown by MIC

CHAPTER 5: THE RESULTS OF THE PROVINCIAL

E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM 2017

5.1 Overviews of Provincial E-government Index (PEGI)

Based on the methodology including four indicators TII, HCI, EGPI, POSI, the final index named provincial e-government index (PEGI) is defined

The results show that most of the major cities directly under the central government are in the top 10 of the provincial government's e-government index as Danang (top 1), Hanoi (top 5), Ho Chi Minh (top 9), The provinces at the bottom of the rankings include Lang Son, Dak Nong, Lai Chau and Bac Lieu The results are indicated in the table below

Table 5.1: Provincial e-government Index Ranking of 63 provinces by region