University enterprise cooperation in international context and implications for vietnam

Dinh Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation ỉn International Context..Enterprises also have a role in developing policies, taking ap- propriate m easures in implement- ing the goal

University - Enterprise Cooperation

in International Context and Implications for Vietnam

D IN H V A N T O A N *

Abstract: University - enterprise cooperation is hecomiỉig a vơrv popular trend in the \i'ơrld II

tìveỉỵ qffect educatioỉh rescarch an d clcvelopmơnỉ acỉivịíiưs iti universitites a n d optim aìly uíilizư the

p a rtie s' resources Basecl on theoretical anỉitmơnt.s inícrnaỉional ưxpưricncơs an d scvcral chmcsíic

case síudies, the p a p e r analyses the current staíus, /imitaểioHs suhịective causcs o f universiíy - prise cooperation /rom both sides, anaìyze barriers thiơ to governm ent \s policics an d management;

and provides possible soỉiỉtions an d recom m endatiom to remove í he barriers in order to promote

operations and to enhartce the effectiveness q f universities in Victnam, thus contrihuting to socio-

economic devehpm ent.

Keywords: University - Enterprise Cooperưtìon: Vietnum.

1 University - Enterprise

Partnership in the wor!d

The idea o f connecting univer-

sity - enterprịse was initiated by

the German philosopher W illhelm

Humboldt According to Will-

helm Humboldt, besides educa-

tion, universities must also have

the íunction o f research and col-

laborate with Industries In 1810,

he íòunded the University o f Ber-

Iin with a difference from other

* {ỉniversity o f Economics I ietnam

N ational l 'niversity

universities at that time being that

it shiíted its focus to research and made research a vital factor tbr education activities that contri- huted directly to social and eco- nomic development especiallv the development o f the fields o f technology for both civilian and military purposes, contributed to Germany becoming the most po- werful countrv in the vvorld

Universitv- Enterprise partner- ship is detìned as the interaction and transaction betvveen higher

education institutions and busi- nesses to benefit both parties Sum m arized from the studies o f over 3,000 colleges on the content and m ethods o f cooperation the defínition o f university- enter- prise cooperation was constructed suitably for the present era and accepted by the European Com- mission Accordingly, it is every direct or indirect, individual or non-individual interaction be- tween universities and enterprises

to benefit both parties It includes:

N-7 (275) 2017 E cón òm ic R eview

Dinh Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation in ỉnternational Context

research and developm ent

(R&D) exchange o f personnel

(scliolars, students and experts),

com m ercialization o f R&D re-

sults, developm ent and dissem i-

nation o f education and training

programs, enterprise developm ent

and governance [1] These colla-

borations are, therefore, also con-

sidered as collaborations between

the academic sector and the pro-

duction sector

As technology contributes

more and more to econom ic de-

velopment, the cooperation be-

tween universities and enterprises

becomes the development trend

In developed countries, most o f the technological innovations that improve economic efficiency are related to universities through knovvledge sharing, R&D and technology transferring thus the importance o f universities to en- terprises continues to be highlv regarded The government has always piayed a crucial role in creating a legal environm ent and policies, íorm ing a trilateral al- liance: Government - University - Enterprise In this study, aspects related to university and

enter-prise as the main components o f this cooperation were examined

In the world, University - En­ terprise cooperation can be ob- served in many forms and levels The iowe rlevel and more C01T1- monly seen activities are: student admission to internships, field trips, financial support and teach- ing aids Higher level ones in- clude: experts exchange; know- ledge and technology sharing; investing in research to jointly own and transfer research tech- nology; investing in enterprise developm ent to commercialize

Table 1: FO R M S OF U N IVE R SITY - ENTERPRISE P AR TN E R SH IP ỈN SOM E C O U NTRIES

No Forms of partnership

Australia

UK German Itaỉy Sweden China Singapore Japan

1 Enterprise accepts university students as intems V ✓ ✓ ✓ s

2

Enterprise provides toois and resources,

technological equipment for university teach-

ing and leaming

3

Enterprise empỉoys scientists from universities

to work under fixed-term contract

4 Enterprise joins university advisory board V /

5

Enterprise exploits commerda! value from re-

searches under technology transíemng contracts

6 Constaiction of Science and technology parks V ✓

7

University establishes companies (vvholly or

partly owned) to invests in research, experi-

ment, manuíactunng test

8 University builds enterprise incubation centres y/ s ✓

Source: [4-6] and data collected by the author.

E conỏm ic R eview N^7 (275) 2017

-Unỉversity - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context Dinh Van Toan

the results o f scientiíic research

and provide Products and services

to society (Table l).U niversity-

Enterprise cooperation is complex

and integrates into each other, so

it is based Iess on short-term fi-

nancial gains and more on long-

term goals, especially on logical

thinking, attitude and vviliingness

o f the parties [1-3] Results o f

studies and reality showed that

there are difficulties and barriers

from both parties: limited aware-

ness, iníormation, knowledge and

beliefs; limited resources on im-

plementation, especially initial

investment; mechanisms and

processes in the cóordination o f

both parties In addition, there are

also barriers due to incom patible

legal and policy frameworks o f

the govemment that do not en-

courage cooperation

1.1 The roỉe o f each party in

promoting cooperation

Govemments in countries,

especialỉy developed countries,

are interested in policies íorm ula-

tion to promote research activities

at universities and link

ưniversities to Industries with

strategies for developing high

quality human resources and

technological innovation In

particular, policies that support

investment for R&D activities

and transíerring, comm ercializing research resuits in prioritized Science and technology areas are even more impotant

Along with a number o f European countries such as Germany, Italy and Sweden, the

UK government has started taking practical steps in the 1990s to encourage university- enterprise collaboration A typical example was the creation o f specialized agencies for university innovation and development, organizations such as higher education reíòrm funds and research councils to provide funding and m echanism s for these activities [7] ỉn Asia, in the 1990s„ íòreseeing the demand for Creative economy based on innovation, Singapore has estab- lished practical policies and management mechanism s stemmed from building a culture

o f interaction between universities and enterprises in training, research and develop- ment The policy have been ap- plied intwo o f the most presti- gious Asian Universities:

National University o f Singapore and Na Yang Technical University [8] In particular, the

breakthrough policies are concentrated in the form o f

intellectual propertv m anagem ent, licensing, technology transíerring, íĩnancial resources, tax incen- tives, etc to promote startup and cooperation between universitie- sand enterprises

ỉn general, depending on the socio-econom ic and cultural context o f each country, the policy system and the m easưres needed to promote university- enterprise cooperation have different characteristics, but in every country, the State plays the role o f the “midwife’\ creating the legal framework and providing support, catalyzing policies and implementation mechanism The State ensures the connection between the three parties: govemment - university - enterprise

is always strong and Interactive for development o f the country

Enterprises have the decisive role in creating connections and put specific co o p erativ e partner- ships from those connections into practice The first task is raisíng awareness, considering coopera- tion with universities as a m eans

o f contributing to the develop- ment o f enterprises and to the so- cio-econom ic development It is necessary to build long-tenn con- nections to share and develop new kno\viedge and technology

N-7 (275) 2017 Econỏmỉc Revieiv

Dinh Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation ỉn International Context

Enterprises also have a role in

developing policies, taking ap-

propriate m easures in implement-

ing the goals o f the partnerships

Large corporations and many

group o f companies around the

world often are interested in and

have strategies for R&D and in-

Iiovation In order to implement

thesc strategies, businesses often

associate them selves with re-

search-capable universities to

combine research and implemen-

tation A large enterprises that

have been actively investing in

R&D collaboration with universi-

ties is IBM As early as 1956, the

Zurich Laboratory was estab-

lished, directly organized and par-

ticipated in num erous cooperation

proịects with universities

throughout Europe And in 2011,

IBM along with Svviss Feđeral

Institute o f Technology in Zurich

(ETH Zurich) established the

B innig and R ohrer N anotech-

nology Center, with the main

research goal o f developing Na-

no structures to develop energy

technology and inform ation

technology [4]

For universities: the competi-

tive, integrative environm ent and

the rapid pace o f technology de-

velopment pushed universities to

modify their institutions and

management activities to meet society demands and cooperate with enterprises In addition to high quality human resources training, universities are also in- terested in commercializing re- search products and patents

Thus, the role o f universities is becoming increasingly important

in establishing a connection be- tween itself and entrepreneurs, organizations and Industries to achieve this goal

Traditional education experts suggested that emphasizing on commercialization will under- mine the quality o f education and reduce the ranking o f universities

However, the fact remains that most reputable universities are the leading institutions in research and technology transfer activities vvith enterprises The results o f a survey on 3,000 universities in Europe showed that the highest percentage o f respondents (48%) thought that the strongest motiva- tion for universities to increase their cooperation vvith enterprises

is to increase funding, followed

by supporting facilities for aca- demic and research activities [1]

University - enterprise coopera- tion is increasing at universities, even as competition between uni- versities in attracting students

research resources, human re- sources for research and coopera- tion vvith enterprises

Research by the Center for Science and Business Research of the University o f Miinster o f Applied Sciences, Germany (2011) shovved that: In the past few decades, the interest o f policy

m akers has shiíted dramatically to universities They considered universities an important factor in cooperation through creativity, transferring and exchanging o f new knowledge and technology

In recent years, the way in which universities contribute to society includes not only educational activities, enterprise development

or providing human resources forenterprises but also the full exploitation o f the role in cooperation with enterprises [1]

To carry out this task, similar toenterprises, universities have the responsibility to increase avvareness o f cooperation with enterprises, establish relationships and build long-term strategic cooperation At the same time, there need to be policies to encourage exchanges and appropriate mechanisms for

m anagem ent and coordination o f implementation

University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context Dinh Van Toan

1.2 Bene/ìts and motivations

for both sides: universities and

enterprises

Knovvledge and technology

are important íactors for devel-

opm ent Therefore, enterprises

need to constantly improve tech-

nology and apply new technolo-

gies into production and man-

agem ent to bring in the most prof-

it Enterprises must look for inven-

tions, technological Products that

are practical to raise their competi-

tiveness in the market and deveiop

sustainably [9] Universities as re-

search centers oíten own research

results, knowledge and new tech-

nologies that enterprises need

Upon studying the university-

enterprise cooperation in R&D,

Tran Anh Tai and Tran Van Tung

(2009) suggested that this activity

is usually carried out only by

large enterprises; small business-

es invest only a small am ount o f

Capital f o r research a c t i v i t i e s thai focus on product quai i ty con troi systems, Consulting services, or some small-scale laboratories

Therefore, for the purpose o f re- ducing research costs, broadening the activity scope, opening up new directions for technological development companies collabo- rate with universities to utilize technological innovation be the market leader in R&D or solve problem s o f technologv and envi- ronment in a short period o f tim e with reasonable costs and capable experts [10]

Through cooperation vvith universities, in addition to pro- moting their names and brands (through scholarships and tầcili- ties), having the opportunity to recruit high quality hum an re*

sources to meet the production requirem ents, enterprises also gain the revenue from the

com-mercia1ization o f research P r o d ­

ucts Hovvever, the more impor- tant and strategical beneíits are the com petitiveness and sustaina- ble developm ent o f enterprises when developing production - distribution based on new know- ledge technology and their ovvn craft secrets from work with high- level scientists and adm inistrators from universities

For universities, cooperation will prom ote and improve the quality o f research, realize the value o f scientiíìc works, enhance credibility and brand o f the uni~

versity The research works will

have a realistic environm ent for collation and testing, thus their applicabilitv in the production vvill further increase Collabora- tion with businesses is also a vvay for universities to mobilize re- sources for research; build capaci-

ty for staff, lecturers and

re-Table 2 : M O TIV A T ỈO N S FOR UNIVER SITY - E N T E R P R IS E C O O P E R A T IO N

Enhancing teaching technology Seeking source of modern technology

Increasing ĩinancial resources / tunding Using the laboratory

Veriíied source of knowledge and data Human resources / Cost saving

Poỉitical pressure Risk sharing in basic research

Enhancing credibility stabilizing long-term research proịects •

Job opportunities for graduates Recruitment channel

Source: Rohrberck and A rnold [12].

N-7 (275) 2017 E cốn ỏm ic R eview

Dinh Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context.

searchers through R&D activities

Through cooperation with enter-

prises, universities have the

chance to renovate their organiza-

tional structures and management

to bemore effective; adịust, up-

datc the program teaching and

research methods to suit the ac-

tual needs o f the enterprise - the

employer Reality has shown that

students alvvays want to study at

universities that have strong con-

necùons with enterprises to in-

crease their em ployability after

graduation; universities with

business-oriented m echanism s

and organizations also have better

opportunities to update advanced

teaching methods

The university gathers top

scientists, while enterprise has the

strength in capturing markets,

investing and launching commer-

ciaiization to transíer technology

and research results Thus, uni-

versity- enterprise cooperation is

considered a model com bining

research and production -

distribution successíully in the

current trenđ o f economic devel-

opment The fínal product o f the

collaborative process is m utually

beneficial ỉn this collaborative

prccess, enterprises beneíìt from

the íòrm ation o f new, highly

competitive Products [11], and at

the same ti me will be a major mo- tivator for university scientists

research units and teams in R&D activities and serve human re- sources training Rohrberck and Arnold (2006) in the study o f university-enterprise cooperation have shown that the basic inter- ests and m otivations o f the parties lead to the inevitable need for this cooperation (Tabỉe 2)

2 University - Enterprise cooperation in Vietnam

In V ietnam , the Party and the State have been paying special attention to the cooperation be- tvveen universities and enterprises for the past tvvo decades State-

m ents o f guiding principles af- firmed that universities must be centres for Science and technolo-

gy research, transfer and apply technology in production and life;

to closely link enterprises, em- ploying institutions, training insti- tutions and the State to develop hum an resources according to social dem ands (socio-economic developm ent strategy 2011- 2020); considering enterprises as the centres o f innovation, applica- tion and technology transíer, the

m ost im portant source o f demand

in the Science and technology

m arket (Resolution o f the 6th Plenum o f the XI Central Party

C om m ittee) Compared to other countries especially European countries and the USA, the changes in this issue is very slovv

in Vietnam, especially the prac- tical policies, mechanisms and solutions from governm ent and ministries still lack synchronism Research results in 8 universi- ties participating in the Profession

- Oriented Higher Education Proịect deployed by the M inistry

o f Education and Training (POHE) shovved that co-operation between universities and business has not been miich developed Most universities establish a net- work o f only about 10 strategic partners Ho Chi Minh City Nong Lam University vvas the only one that was able to establish strategic long-term cooperation vvith 120 enterprises Other universities have a sm aller number o f short- term, irregular partners such as: Hue University o f Agriculture and Forestry and Hung Yen Uni- versity o f Technical Education have 20 to 40 partners each; some have very few partners like Vinh University vvith only 4 [5] The results o f the survey o f nearly 1,400 alumni vvho participated in the project shovved that: 72.8% said they could meet the demands

o f employers; 75.5% said that

University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context Dinh Van Toan

"internship is extremely useíul for

the current job" This helps stu-

dents to be coníìdent energetic

and find the right jo b according to

their strengths and maịors aíter

graduation Hovvever, other colla-

borative aspects at deeper levels in

line with the trend of integration

and resource sharing in enterprise

cooperation are still limited

2.1 Results ()f cooperation in

a number o f universities

For the past 10 years stemmed

from the demand for innovation

in production - distribution,

demanđ for innovation in

university management and the

desire o f individual scientists,

many educational institutions in

Vietnam, especially the technical

sector, have developed models o f

ccx)peration and implementation

with enterprises and entrepreneurs

with varied results Some o f the

successíul examples o f university-

enterprise cooperation are:

- Vietnam National University,

Hanoi (VNU) is one o f the two

National Universities vvhich have

successfully deployed the part-

nership models at two levels:

connecting universities and insti-

tutes under the VNU system, la-

boratory model “phoi thuoc” link-

ing member universities with re-

search institutes and enterprises

outside VNU; connecting VNU and vvith enterprises and localities

to promote cooperation among

m em ber units and scientists with enterprises The laboratories un- der the "phoi thuoc" model at the University o f Technology, VNU has created better conditions for students to interact with realitv and enhance research capacity although the university has not got enough funding to build high- quality laboratories

ỉn the period from 2011 to

2015, through comprehensive cooperation signed vvith mạịor corporations (Petrovietnam, Viet- tel, VinGroup, AIC, BRG .) and màny organisations in the World,

on average, every year there are nearly 1,500 staff members and over 1,200 students exchanged with foreign countries, thousands

o f undergraduates awarded scho- larships from enterprises with a total value o f 5 billion; scientists and units from VNU carried out dozens o f large projects / pro- grams serving the comm unity and according to enterprises' orders

With the advantage o f high legal status, VNU receives large fund- ing for equipment, facilities and scholarships in 2011-2015 Hovv- ever, on average revenues from scientiíìc research proịects and

proịects ordered by enterprises account for less than 30% of the total revenues from cooperative activities [13] Cooperation vvith Petrovietnam in R&D reached the highest level in 2012, 2013 vvith 4 research topics, costing 10 biilion VND in total But all these topics vvere directly received by the in- dividual scientists from VNU through individual contracts

- C ooperation betvveen Hanoi Universitv o f Science and Tech­ nology (H U ST ), a m ajor universi-

tv vvith Rang Dong Light Sotirce and V acuum Flask Companv in R&D and technology transfer is a typical cooperation; proịects that increase research capacity, two mutual laboratories (one located

at Rang Dong and one at the Uni- versitv) have contributed to the rem arkable grovvth o f Rang Dong

in production and distribution A special exam ple is the model o f

BK H olding (B K H ) consists o f 8

m em ber com panies, 1 training cooperation program and 2 train- ing schools (college and high school) that HUST contribnted íounding Capital and has members

on the board BKH acts as a bridge for cooperation, calling for investment from enterprises and individuals for scientists and the universitv vvhen there is demand

N'-7 (275) 2 017 E con ỏm ic R e vit w

Dính Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context

íbr product developm ent COITÌ-

m ercialization or early investment

in technology research One spe-

cial íeature is that HUST o r other

units and individuals in the school

can contribute Capital to these

enterprises by "ideas, technologi-

cal process and intellectual prop-

erty" BKH's production and dis-

tribution results have increased

steadily since 2009 in term s o f

sales, dividends and revenue con-

tribution to the university from

proíìt In 2013, BKH paid over 3

billion VND in dividends, trans-

ferred over 5 billion VND as in-

frastructure expenses and over8

billion VND in proíỉt to the Uni-

versity [14]

- Hanoi University o f Industry

under the M inistry o f Industry

and Trade was established on the

basis o f the Industrial College in

2006 and has cooperated with

domestic and íoreign enterprises

since 2008 through the

establishment o f Centre for En­

terprise Partnership and

Vocational Skills Assessment

These are the nodes for receiving

and implem enting collaborative

development activities with

enterprises, short-term training

and vocational skills assessment

to close the cycle o f training

quality improvement and

high-quality human resources supplvunder the cooperation program with enterprises Human Resource Training and

established in 2000 is a ỉ 00%

state-ovvned one-member limited liability company operating mainly in the fields of: labor ex- port: short-term vocạtional training under contracts with enterprises and individuals;

abroad travelling and studying consultancy services

- National University o f Civil

cooperation agreements with Vietnam Expressway Corporation and Viglacera Corporation to bring advances in technologies and new materials to training and research Accordingly, students are able to visit and intern at the production facilities o f Viglacera;

lecturers are able tograsp the competency requirements for construction materials

opportunities for lecturers to util- ize their strengths in scientiíìc research activities; the two sides collaborated to develop training programs in line with International standards to meet the demand for hi-tech labor of enterprises Viglacera sponsors

the full cost o f the invitations, hiring o f experts, lecturers and íunding for training program developm ent, curriculum compi- lation and scholarships for students o f the program Further- more, in order to enhance business activities, provide consultancv and technologytrans- ferring services, the University o f Construction has established 13 scientific research institutes and 2 enterprises These institutes operate and do accounting activi- ties separately as business model Total revenue o f these units has decreased gradually from 2011: from 203 billion VND in 201 ] to

68 billion VND in 2015, but these units play the connection role in cooperation with enterprises

Hue University o f Agriculture and Forestry was one

o f the íirst universities selected for a pilot study o f the vocationaỉ training model from the POHE in

2005 Through this program, the University has cooperated with over 500 domestic and íbreign enterprises (Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, etc.), giving students the opportunity to directly participate in management, production and business activities

at the enterprise; increase

em ploym ent opportunities after

University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context Dinh Van Toan

graduating fổr students [5] In

addition, the University has

formed four centers and a

research institute to carry out ap-

plied research, cooperation and

development

- Thai Nguyen University is

one o f the three Vietnam Region-

al Universities that have streng-

thened their cooperation both

domestically and internationally,

including detailed cooperation

with foreign enterprises based in

Vietnam In 2015, Samsung Viet-

nam set up research and training

laboratories costing over $40,000

at the University o f Iníòrmation

and Communications Technolo­

gy, demonstrating its com m itm ent

to human resource developm ent,

helping IT students to access and

experience the latest technology

Enterprises such as Sam sung also

showed their efforts to cooperate

with universities, connecting

training to production and distri-

bution activities as a ỉong-term

businesses in Vietnam The part-

nership office o f Thai Nguyen

University and Minami Fuji

Company located in Thai Nguyen

University demonstrates the de-

termination to enhance long-term

cooperation between the two par-

ties in recent years The office is

responsihle for organizing

consul-tancy, training and career orienta- tion activities, providing em- ployment opportunities for stu- dents aíìter graduation, and facili- tating the comprehensive coop- eration schemes and programs between two parties

2.2 General assessment

University - enterprise coop- eration in Vietnam for the past few years is still unsystematic in term s o f methodology, duration and content Cooperations (if any), including comprehensive cooperation signed by maịor cor- porations and universities such as Vietnam National Universities are still short-term There has been no long-term success for both parties for the last 10 years A recent study by T & c Consulting also found that: most cooperations came from immediate needs, short-term business plans rather than from long-term strategic plans (78% to 22%); the degree o f cooperation is mainly at "early developm ental understanding"

and "short-term cooperations”; in more than 400 enterprises, only

47 considered universities as

"long-term partners" and "strateg-

ic partners" o f their university [3]

In term s o f the m ethodof co- operation, universities are mainly receiving grants from enterprises

Data for the past 5 years on VNU cooperation and other s u n e v e d cases showed that: funds co l- lected from íìnancial, mạterial support as well as scholarsbips for students accounted for o v er 70% revenue from technology transíer activities, while scientiíìc research on orders placed by En­ terprises only account for tess than 30% o f total revenue T h e num ber o f inventions, innovations and technologies transferred by universities to enterprises is atlso limited The num ber o f sgmed partnerships and partners of uini- versities tend to increase, hcwev-

er, the percentage o f enterprises

as partners is very low A t>piical exam ple o f cooperation and part- nership developm ent o f T hai Nguyen University recemtly shows that am ong over 200 iníter- national organizations and umits cooperating with the univsrsity (129 international organizfti«ons and 29 íoreign organizations* in Vietnam ), there are only 3 enrter- prises that have signed a fornnal cooperation [16]

In term s o f collaborative oon- tent, recently, partnerships of mni- versities are mostly in educa*ic>nal activities and supplying hưnnan resources for enterprises Co>ỉla- boration in Science and

technolo-N-7 (275) 2017 Ecốnòmic Revíeĩw

Dinh Van Toan University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context

gical research is limited and has

not been able to keep pace with

the vvorld (universities follow or-

ders from enterprises and the

m ark et, s c ie n c e -te c h n o lo g y P ro d ­

ucts are jo in tly o w n e d b o th sid e s

develop for com m ercialization)

According to Ha Van Hoang

(2011), these collaborations are

still spontaneous [9] The fact o f

cooperation at the above men-

tioned major universities shows

that thc ratio o f technology trans-

ferring, trial production and

commercialization contracts ap-

plying research results, produc-

tion - distribution is very low

compared to other activities Rev-

enue o f universities, including

BKH o f HUST, is still composed

niaịorly o f business and Consult­

ing services Enterprises in the

university have not yetutilized the

ađvantage o f holding new tech-

nologies and patent rights

2.3 Notabỉe issues and causes

- Universities and enterprises

have not yet considered the coop-

eration betvveen the two sides as

means and solutions that contri-

bute to the developm ent o f each

party's strategy

- The role o f prom oting coop-

eration still lies on the leaders,

especially enterprises leaders and

alumni, partnerships have not

been built on the basis o f long- term comm itm ent and sustainabil- ity betvveen the parties

- Many university ieaders are not aware o f the importance o f transíerring and comm ercializing nevv products and technologies to enterprises Furthermore, the funds collected from these activities are still limited, so the ieaders o f uni- versities are not active in promoting

cooperation vvith enterprises.

- On the other hand, for many enterprises, universities are not an attractive place to seek innovation and creativity; most enterprises

do not trust the results o f applica- tion in production - distribution practices from the ideas o f uni- versity scientists;

Causes for the prohlems above include:

- Most o f the university's ma-

jo r research and revenue pro-

grams are funded by the State

budget On the one hand, many research Products are not linked

to practical applications On the other hand, universities and scien- tists mainly focus on ordered re- search at the basic stage because there is no risk

- Startup activity, one o f the important driving forces for uni- versitv-enterprise cooperation, is currently íacing difficulties due to

shortcomings in the implementa-

tion o f C opyright and intellectual

property issues: weakness in im- plementation, lack o f clear rules

o f entitlem ent to successful incu- bation for the parties; lack o f ex- perts and proíessional services to support business incubation

- Enterprise leaders are not ready to share stocks (owner’s equity) and cooperate in business and invest in long-term R&D with universities

- Universities are not actively cooperating, sharing iníormation and patent rights for enterprises and entrepreneurs

2.4 Barriers and limitations

ìn implementation environment

- The ỉargest barriers to the de-

sired results from these partner-

ships are the lack o f infonnation and understanding from both sides Most enterprises say they have no point o f contact with the universities

- The law on civil servants and

officials (banning civil servants and officials from public universi- ties from participating in the

m anagement o f enterprises); other regulations o f the law and admin- istrative management mechanism

in public universities are still "ri- gid" and is "constraining" the in- itiative to seek business partners