The impacts of visual input on the quality of consecutive interpreting

17 4.1 Strategies applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” and dominant strategies used by Phùng Khánh in the translation ..... What strategies are ap

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

A STUDY ON METAPHORS IN “THE CATCHER

IN THE RYE” BY J.D.SALINGER VIA ITS VIETNAMESE VERSION TRANSLATED BY

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI

ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ ẨN DỤ TRONG TÁC PHẨM

“BẮT TRẺ ĐỒNG XANH” CỦA J.D.SALINGER QUA BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA DỊCH GIẢ

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I : Le Dieu Linh, group QH2013.F1.E16, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (English Linguistics) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited

in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Hanoi, 2017 Signature

Lê Diệu Linh

I would like to thank my best friend, Tran Hong Tham, for her support in the dark times of my studies and help me with special resources

I wish to express my deepest gratitude to all the people who have come across my thesis and have been willing to read it

ABSTRACT

Metaphor has been considered to be one of most important rhetorical devices which contributes to the success of literary works It embellishes the beauty of language and convey meaningful underlying messages to the readers However, linguistic and cultural differences, translation of metaphor is a real challenge, which brings difficulties and even loss in meaning

The study focused on English-Vietnamese translation through the English novel of “The Catcher in the Rye” written by J.D Salinger and its Vietnamese version “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh” translated by Phùng Khánh This research aimed to help students of translation and interpretation division of ULIS-VNU, new translators or readers have certain understanding about metaphor and metaphor translation The study achieved this purpose when a comparative analysis of 73 English metaphors and translation strategies applied by Phung Khanh indicated that metaphors were categorized into 6 types and translated by 7 strategies applied by Phùng Khánh according to Newmark’s framework Loss of meaning

in translated metaphor compared to original ones were also thoroughly analyzed The results showed that original metaphor was the most preferred by the author Among 7 strategies applied, reproducing the same image in the TL and converting a metaphor to its sense are more frequently used by the translator, which helped the translation smooth and natural than the others Most metaphors are translated accurately; however, there was still loss of meaning in some

equivalences, mostly on connotative meaning

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACCEPTANCE i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale for the study and statement of problem 1

1.2 Research objectives: 2

1.3 Research questions 2

1.4 Scope of the study 2

1.5 Significance of the study 2

1.6 Structure of the study 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Metaphor 4

2.1.1 Definition of metaphor 4

2.1.2 Classification of metaphor 4

2.2 Metaphor in translation 6

2.2.1 Definition of translation 6

2.2.2 Strategies of translating metaphor 7

2.2.3 Problems of understanding and translating metaphor 9

2.3 Meaning at word level in translation 9

2.3.1 Definition of meaning 9

2.3.2 Types of meaning 10

2.3.3 Loss of meaning in translation 11

2.4 Chapter summary 12

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13

3.1 Object- the book “The Catcher in the Rye” and the translation “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh” 13

3.1.1 “The Catcher in the Rye” 13

3.1.2 The translation of “The Catcher in the Rye” 15

3.2 Research methods 15

3.2.1 Procedures of collecting data 16

3.2.2 Procedures of data analysis 16

CHAPTER IV- RESULTS AND DICUSSION 17

4.1 Strategies applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” and dominant strategies used by Phùng Khánh in the translation 17

4.1.1 Classification of metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” 17

4.1.2 Translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh 19

4.2 Loss of meaning in the translation of metaphor 25

CHAPTER V- CONCLUSION 30

5.1 Major findings and implications 30

5.2 Limitations 31

REFERENCE 32

APPENDIX A 33

APPENDIX B 41

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study and statement of problem

Since the rise of globalization in the 21th century, translation is becoming more and more important in daily life Munday (2001) asserts “Throughout history written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in interhuman communication.” The more people get integrated to promote socio-economic and cultural development, the more they are in need for translations Obviously, thanks

to translation, languages are no longer barriers preventing people from communicating and connecting Citizens from all over the world can narrow down the gap between nations with diverse cultures

Translation of foreign works plays a crucial roles in people’s lives, especially when the reading demand has increased significantly In Vietnam, among various fields, foreign works in literature have received an extremely high demand from readers, posing the necessity of qualified translations But for translations for famous woks such as “Great Gatsby”, “The Catcher in the Rye”, readers would have never had chances to raise their awareness and acquire knowledge of different cultures, communities and peoples

As foreign books gained serious concern from readers, the quality of these books need to be assured People now pay more attention to translations of the literary works, but the translating process, especially from English to Vietnamese, is truly a challenging task Literary works are full of rhetorical devices and one of them is figurative language with metaphor commonly used As figurative language has two main functions: bringing aesthetic values and conveying meaning to the readers, it

is arduous to fully understand the meaning of figurative language and translate it without any loss

Metaphor plays an important role and can be witnessed everywhere to add more values to the book to define author’s writing style which contributed to success of literary works However, understanding and translating metaphors are not easy task Many translators early use their own experience and knowledge to reproduce equivalence for metaphor in the source text, without concerning much about applying strategies Therefore, the researcher decide to conduct a study on the topic

“A Study on metaphors in “The Catcher in the Rye” by J.D Salinger via its Vietnamese version translated by Phùng Khánh”

1.2 Research objectives:

The study firstly aims at researching and discussing metaphors translation in

“The Catcher in the Rye”, translator’s strategies application in Vietnamese version proposed by Newmark (1988)

Secondly, the study also conducts to investigate the loss of meaning basing on theory mentioned by Leech (1974), then discuss the effectiveness of applying these strategies in translating metaphors

1.3 Research questions

To achieve these objectives, the research answers the following questions:

1 What strategies are applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye”? What dominant strategies does Phùng Khánh use in the translation?

2 What linguistic phenomena of loss of metaphor's meaning at word level are found

in the Vietnamese version?

1.4 Scope of the study

The case study is about “the Catcher in the Rye”- a famous novel written by Salinger and translated by Phùng Khánh in 1965, then edited and published by Nha Nam Publishing House in 2008 Due to the limitation of time and knowledge, the researcher only focuses on metaphor and metaphor translation in the novel as it is a crucial part of a novel although there are many other rhetorical devices applied such

as simile, word play, oxymoron etc The research is conducted in all 26 chapters of this literary words and all metaphors are identified and carefully analyzed

In building literature review for the study, related theories of many scholars are mentioned However, in the limitation of a graduation paper, the researcher analyzes metaphor classification and translation strategies basing on Newmark’s theory and just mentions other scholars’ theory briefly

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is helpful for both students of translation and interpretation division

of ULIS-VNU, new translators who need more theory to apply for their translation

and anyone who takes interest in literary translation in general and metaphor translation in particular

Firstly, this study hopes to provide readers with a reliable reference to understand metaphors, its characteristics, equivalence as well as strategies frequently applied by an experienced translator, identifying her style in translating metaphor and learn from this

Secondly, the research helps the readers to raise awareness of meaning loss problems in translating process, then hope to assist translator to fully understand choose appropriate strategies to retain both images and meaning in metaphor when reproducing suitable equivalence

1.6 Structure of the study

The study conducts with 5 chapters; namely, chapter 1: Introduction, chapter 2: Literature review, chapter 3: methodology, chapter 4: Findings and discussion and chapter 5: Conclusion

Chapter 1: Introduction shows the whole study’s introduction including rationale, statements of research questions, research objectives, scope and significance of the study This chapter plays the role as the orientation of the research

Chapter 2: Literature review emphasizes on related studies and theories in details about translation and metaphors through definition, categorization and other related linguistic phenomina, which helps the study to be more evident and reliable

Chapter 3: Methodology focuses on research design, research methods of data sampling and data analysis

Chapter 4: Findings and discussion analyzes thoroughly translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The Catcher in the Rye” then draw a conclusion of the translation’s trends in adopting these strategies In this chapter, the researcher also finds out types of meanings of metaphor lost during translation process at word level basing on strategies chosen by Phùng Khánh Chapter 5: Conclusion summaries all the important findings of the research, providing limitations as well as further recommendations for future studies

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter gives fundamental concepts that relates to metaphor, metaphor translation and meaning

2.1 Metaphor

2.1.1 Definition of metaphor

Metaphor is a type of figurative language that can be found in literary works, movies and even in daily life For a long time, the term “metaphor” has been received from scholars and researchers Hoa (2004) regarded “metaphor” as one of the most important parts of figurative, originating from the Greek for “transference” implying an implicit comparison between relatively unlike objects, which means when someone gives a metaphor, he/she tries to imply that an object has some similarities with another basing on certain characteristics

Similarly, Newmark (1988, p.104) argues that metaphor can be defined basing

on resemblance between two objects He states that a metaphor consist of three parts:

- Topic: the non-figurative thing which is mentioned about

- Image: The second thing mentioned in order to be compared with the first object

- Sense: the point of similarity or the resemblance between two objects, making them comparable

The relation between these three parts is so close that metaphor cannot be created without having one of three part Topic and image are considered 2 sides of

a metaphor while sense is considered the link that connect both sides

Therefore, it is clearly seen that metaphor can be defined differently between scholars, but at least it refer to similarities of two objects basing on some aspects in the thought of the creator

2.1.2 Classification of metaphor

Classification of metaphor has been discussed by many scholars and linguists Each one has their own way of sorting metaphor basing on various criteria According to Newmark (1988), metaphor is divided into 6 types:

- Dead metaphor:

Dead metaphor is metaphor considered to be “dead” as people overused it in the past and as the time evolves, the users no longer recognize this type as a metaphor The image is lost which make dead metaphor lose its figurative meaning People use dead metaphor to convey its direct meaning rather than be aware of similarity between original object with the one it denotes

E.g: I didn't want to go home or anything till they got it and thoroughly

digested it and all

In this sentence, the speaker uses “digest” with the semantic meaning of understanding and accepting information rather than consider much about the word’

image (digesting food in stomach) to see the similarity The term “digested it”

(digest the information) becomes natural to be used There is no implication of comparison in this example

- Cliché

This type of metaphor refer to cliché expressions that are substituted for a clear thought emotively without any aesthetic sense

e.g: Then I started horsing around a little bit

Different from dead metaphor, this type of metaphor are frequently used by the readers but it does not lose all its figurative meaning The users still see hidden comparisons implied from sentences containing cliché

- Stock metaphor

Unlike dead metaphor, stock metaphor is used to reveal concrete or abstract concepts; it still remain figurative meaning which causes emotional impacts on the reader

e.g: had her glued to her seat

Recent metaphor is considered as new metaphor since it refers to new concept that appears widely in the source language

e.g "Innarested in a little tail t'night?"

- Original metaphor

This type of metaphor is invented by the author in particular context to show his/her own ideas, opinions and individual style This metaphor may be strange to the readers and translators as it is not frequently used or normally seen in many texts Original metaphor is only created and used by the author to show his own creativity and implications when he/she find the comparison between two unlike objects is meaningful

E.g He said, in this one part, that a woman's body is like a violin and all, and

that it takes a terrific musician to play it right

Another categorization of metaphor was proposed by Larson (1984) The scholars only mentioned only two types of metaphor: dead metaphor and living metaphors Hoa (2004) also reveal his own classification of metaphor, which were dead metaphor, living metaphor Both categorizations are generalized from Newmark’s viewpoint so that they were as detailed as Newmark’s Furthermore, Hoa (2004) showed metaphors’ classification without suggestion for translation so

it is difficult for the researcher to rely on this theory to conduct the research Therefore, the researcher decides to choose Newmark’s way of categorizing metaphor as it is clear and quite easy to understand, which is suitable for the study

Similarly, Nida (1969) asserted that in terms of meaning and styles, translation is a process of reproducing nearest natural equivalence of source text in target language Clearly, Nida emphasized that the results of translation process is transferring the message of source language clearly and its meaning in targeted language can be fully understood by readers

2.2.2 Strategies of translating metaphor

Metaphor becomes the matter that has been discussed seriously in Translation Studies for it translatability and translating methods Finding and translating metaphor are difficult for many translators and even experts Linguists have suggested various ways for reproducing an effective equivalence for metaphors in source text Newmark (1981) had a viewpoint in which translating metaphors should be prescriptive, so he proposed 7 strategies applied for metaphor translating process:

- Reproducing the same image in the target language

This is the best strategy that the translator can apply when he/she found an equivalence in the target text matching the target without losing imagery or meaning

- Replacing the image in the source text with a standard target text image: This strategy is applied when there is no suitable image is found totally fitting the source and sounds natural in target language culture Translator will use a different image to illustrate original metaphor, ensuring to convey the same message to the reader

- Translating metaphor by simile

When the translators cannot find image in target text for the one in source text, they tend to use simile to transfer both meaning and image They just translate the text literally then adding some comparison words such as “as”, “like” etc

- Translating metaphor by simile plus sense

This strategy is nearly the same with previous one The difference between them is the addition of sense with the purpose of making the target text clearer

- Converting a metaphor to its sense

This strategy is applied when the translator cannot find a metaphor in the receptor language for it in source text The translator will choose to explain the metaphor’s meaning to the reader and ignore the image

- Deleting

When the metaphor is redundant which means it has been mentioned before, the translator will omit the text

- Combining the same metaphor with the sense

In case the equivalence is not as emotive as metaphor appearing in the source text, the translator choose to use the same image in the target text but add some sense (emotive words) to clarify the meaning in the metaphor

Another linguist Larson (1984) suggests five ways to translate metaphors, which were:

- Metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits

- A metaphor maybe translated as a simile

- A metaphor of receptor language which has same meaning may be substituted

- A metaphor may be kept and the meaning explained

- Meaning metaphor maybe translated without keeping the metaphorical imagery

These ways are similar to Newmark’s strategies but less detailed than Newmark’s model Firstly, Larson suggests defining dead metaphor then literally translating them while just applying 5 strategies for live metaphor The relation of dead and live metaphor can be changed depending cultural and linguistic features of target language A metaphor can be dead in the source text but can be considered to

be live in target text vice versa This will make translator unclear and confused when applying just two types of metaphor

Secondly, compared to five strategies proposed by Larson, those proposed by Newmark are much more detailed as they add two important strategies: deletion and translating metaphor by simile plus sense This model gives the translators more choices to deal with metaphor translation

With reasons mentioned, the researcher considers Newmark’s 7 strategies of translating metaphor to be suitable for the study

2.2.3 Problems of understanding and translating metaphor

In the translation process, the translators find a lot of difficulties In his book, Larson (1984) discusses challenges that they may face One trouble is that the image used in the metaphor maybe unfamiliar with the speaker of target language He/she can interprets the metaphors mistakenly, which lead to false translation Similarly, sometimes the sense of metaphor is not clear enough which means the translator cannot find out the resemblance between 2 objects when they are compared or he/she is unable to understand what the author implies from the metaphor It normally happens when the metaphor is created uniquely by the author and in the case when the translator cannot contact with author to get more information, he or she will transfer it by using their own understanding

The key factor that makes metaphor shine in the source text is the comparison between two unlike objects The translator may find equivalence in the target language, but it may lose comparing characteristic and does not have emotive effect

on the readers as the source text does

In short, translating metaphor is a difficult experience Translators have to be aware

of these troubles and find appropriate strategies to ensure effectives of metaphor in receptor language

2.2 Meaning at word level in translation

2.3.1 Definition of meaning

Meaning is created when people use language to communicate with other A text or utterance contains meaning when the speaker or writer conveys a complete understanding message to the listener/the reader

“Meaning” which is derived from the word “mean” has been by various linguists Richard (1985) defined meaning as an implication from a language help people express the world, either real world or the world people imagine On a smaller scale, Lyons (1997) asserted that meaning was simply a word of English vocabulary In contrast, another scholar Howard (1988) argued that meaning is truly

a phenomenon found in any utterance, revealing the relationship between language itself, speaker’s thoughts and context where it is used

Considering all definition above, there have been variety theories about meaning’s definition; it can be denotation of an object that a speaker mentions but sometimes he or she discusses their minds, ideas in order to imply a different concepts

2.3.2 Types of meaning

Many scholars and linguists has defined and categorized meaning Among these ways, Leech’s framework is considered to be the most popular and widely used in teaching and learning semantics, particularly meaning According to Leech (1974), meaning is categorized into 7 types These types of meaning are presented

as follows:

- Conceptual Meaning:

It is also known as cognitive meaning which is the key factor of linguistic communication, functioning as denotation of a word in a real physical situation

E.g: House is a place built for people to live in

In this case, the word “house” is defined by showing its basic function and can

be fully understood by people in isolation

- Connotative meaning:

This type is defined as hidden value, ideas thought that can be implied from primary meaning already discovered Connotative meaning consists of both physical and psychological characteristics of the context

- Social meaning:

The meaning delivers basing on a close interrelation between situation and the utterance the speaker made From the text, reader can infer specific circumstances that the speaker/ author tries to convey

E.g: After shooting the cops, they ran away

After shooting the police, they ran away

In the first case, people can imply that the sentence could be robbers by the appearance of the word “cops” In contrast, the word “police” proves that the

speaker of the second sentence is an ordinary person and maybe he or she is reporting the incident

E.g: People never say “handsome girl” or “beautiful man” although both

“handsome” and “beautiful” denote “good-looking” It is much more common and natural to use the term “beautiful girl” and “handsome man”

- Thematic meaning:

Thematic meaning refers to the ways message was organized in term of ordering words through both active and passive forms to shows how the speaker or writer focuses and emphasizes on the information of the text

E.g It is the cake he hates the most

He hates the cake the most

The order of word in first sentence is changed, which means the focus of speaker

in two sentences are different leading to different implications in speaker’s utterance

2.3.3 Loss of meaning in translation

Loss in translation is a usual phenomenon happening in translating process as one principle is always proposed that sameness cannot be seen between two

languages Differences in culture and language characteristics mean that the translators sometimes unable to find appropriate equivalence for the source text According to Nida (1964), loss in translation happens when a number of certain features which already appear in sources language disappear in target text This means the translators somehow miss some details in translating process Loss in translation can be varied from words, concepts, phrases, syntax or even meaning Due to linguistic distance, loss sometimes contributes to the failure of the whole translation and shows shortcomings in the ability of a translator

In this study, the research focuses more on the meaning and loss of meaning at word, as it is one of the most important features in translating metaphors The loss

of meaning can be identified and categorized in the translation by the missing of important words or the addition of some words that makes the meaning confusing or irrelevant to the original metaphors

2.4 Chapter summary

In this chapter, the researcher aims at presenting some scholars’ related theories about metaphor, metaphor translation and loss of meaning during translation process Carefully considering all the theories, the researcher decides to conduct research basing on Newmark’s metaphor classification of seven types, which is clear enough for the translator to identify Newmark’s 7 translation strategies as well as Leech’s categorization of meaning are also main framework that the study base on because they are much more detailed and comprehensive than others’ Now

as the theories of the study has been clarified, next chapters will focus more on data analysis

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides a detailed description of the novel “the Catcher in the Rye” and its translation It also presents necessary information about data collection and data analysis procedures

3.1 Object- the book “The Catcher in the Rye” and the translation “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh”

3.1.1 “The Catcher in the Rye”

The researcher collects data by using purposive sampling as it is cost-effective and time-effective With the purpose of investigating in metaphor translation and loss in meaning in a literary work, this method is suitable for the study

The study chooses the sample “The Catcher in the Rye” written by J.D Salinger and published in 1951 Its Vietnamese version was translated by Phùng Khánh and firstly published in 1961 by La Boi Publishing house, then this translated version is owned by Nha Nam Publisher since 2008

“The Catcher in the Rye” is the novel telling a heady story of a teenager- Holden Caulfield who is expelled from a school called Pencey Prep in Agers town, Pennsylvania After meeting his old and history teacher who he dislikes, he wraps all his package with some money getting from his typewriter sold, leaving behind his room and a fistfight with her roommate he sorts of hates Holden conceals the fact of his expulsion from his family in order not to ruin their Christmas holiday Catching a train to New York, He starts his adventure, he experiences the life of a free teenager, trying to practice sex with prostitute then gives up He is soon drubbed after having underpaid for the sex His journey then continues with a date with an old flame, nearly gets sexually assaulted by his former English teacher Finally, he comes back home after being persuaded by his little sister and end up his adventure and rebellious period

By letting main character become the narrator and using a unique writing style with full of figurative language, slang and colloquial expressions, Salinger made the novel well-known all over the world The main theme of the story- teenager was angst and alienation, “The Cather in the Rye” soon gained worldwide concerned

and sold for around millions upon millions copies Every year, hundred thousand copies of this novel continues to be sold and translated to many languages including Vietnamese The novel won many prizes; one of them was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923 It was also recognized as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century according to American Library Association More successful, the novel was used for teaching in many English speaking countries

Apart from being blamed for influencing of readers for bad behaviors, “The Catcher in the Rye” has always attracted controversial comments All criticism of the book originates from its language and subject matter: Graham (2007) denounces the book’s “formidably excessive use of amateur swearing and coarse language,” which is not suitable for teenagers to read and learn from Meanwhile, the Christian Science Monitor also profiled it as “a nightmarish medley of loneliness, bravado and supineness … wholly repellent in its mingled vulgarity, nạveté, and sly perversion” (Silverberg, 2008) The open consideration of sex coming from a very young person like Holden Caulfield can cause adverse impacts on the youngster Both its content and subject can seriously affect and influence reader’s mind in bad ways “The Catcher in the Rye” has been said to inspire Mark David Chapman to kill John Lennon in 1980 and has been rumored to influence John Hinckley, Jr assassinate President Ronald Reagan a year later (Whitfield 1997, 571) Many places censored or even banned this book too often to keep readers affected (Whitfield 1997, 578) According to Yardley (2004), several high school even fired teachers who possess the books and teach the children using that books Therefore,

it came as no surprise to know that this novel is one of the most censored book in American history

However, at the same time, the novel was praised as “remarkable” and

“absorbing” by the Sunday Review in 1951 Similarly, the respected literary critic

Clifton Fadiman said that "That rare miracle of fiction has again come to pass: a human being has been created out of ink, paper, and the imagination" (Fadiman, 1951), which reaffirms the importance of the novel and its success

3.1.2 The translation of “The Catcher in the Rye”

Regarding the Vietnamese version, Phùng Khánh translated the novel under the name “Bắt trẻ đồng xanh” in 1961, and as time goes by, Nha Nam bought Phùng Khánh’s translation and published it again in 2008 The translation gained significant achievements and wide concerns by Vietnamese readers By a unique and cool translating style, Phùng Khánh’s translation fitted the original text and successfully conveyed the message that Salinger tried to deliver Therefore, this translation version is considered as a valuable source for reading and research The researcher decides to choose the novel “the Catcher in the Rye” because of the following reasons:

Firstly, the novel was well-known all over the world and became favorite of many young people With many lessons that can be learnt from “the Catcher in the Rye”, this book is a worthy one for everyone to read and think about a teenager’s life experience Therefore, the translation of the book, especially the translation of figurative language is carefully concerned

Secondly, the novel shows the talent of the author J.D Salinger To be honest, this is the most popular works of J.D Salinger showing his highly polished writing styles, from the ways he used slangs, figurative language to describe the character to the amazing plot All these things make “The Catcher in the Rye” become a very reliable source for research

Last but not least, translating a novel, particularly metaphor and meaning are different between translators Choosing “the Catcher in the Rye” as the case study helps the researcher discover and analyze new theories about strategies applied in translating metaphor and meaning loss

In short, originating from researcher’s own interest and the value of the novel for investing metaphors, its meaning and metaphor translation, the researcher chooses

“The Catcher in the Rye” and Phùng Khánh’s translation as the case study of the research

3.2 Research methods

Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method (the mixing of qualitative and quantitative) are three main methods for conducting the study Basing on the aims

of finding strategies applied by Phùng Khánh when translating “The Catcher in the Rye” and discussing the loss of meaning of translated metaphors compared with metaphors in the source text, the research takes mixed method as the main method for the study The figure of classification, application of translation strategies and type of meaning loss as well as chart description are given by applying quantitative data, author and translator’s intention of using metaphor, translation strategies and reasons for the loss of meaning

3.2.1 Procedures of collecting data

Phase 1: Collecting metaphors

The researcher had a close reading of “the Catcher in the Rye” in both English and Vietnamese versions, relying on definitions and characteristics of metaphors to recognize metaphorical expressions that appeared in the source text and their equivalence in the target text

Phase 2: Classifying metaphors

With a collection of metaphor recognized in the source text, the researcher put metaphors into six different types: dead metaphor, cliché, stock metaphor, adapted metaphor, recent metaphor and original metaphor (Newmark’s framework) Both metaphors, their translated versions and classification are put into the same table

3.2.2 Procedures of data analysis

Phase 1: Identifying translation strategies

The research analyzes translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh basing on the table of both metaphors and Vietnamese translated version according to Newmark’s seven strategies for translating metaphors Then, the finding elaborates more on the frequency of using strategies in general as well as for each type of metaphor After that, a conclusion about dominant strategies used by the translator

is drawn

Phase 2: Discussing meaning loss in the Vietnamese version

The research discusses types of meaning which are lost when Phùng Khánh translated metaphors and identifies what dominant strategies applied cause loss in the meaning and give some opinions on the effectiveness of translator’s application

CHAPTER IV- RESULTS AND DICUSSION

In the last chapter, the researcher has elaborated clearly about research design, subject description, sampling process, the procedures of data collection and data analysis Data which has been collected are thoroughly analyzed and discussed in this chapter to answer two research questions:

1 What strategies are applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye”? What dominant strategies did Phùng Khánh use in the translation?

2 What linguistic phenomena of loss of metaphor's meaning at word level are found

in the Vietnamese version?

The researcher found out 73 metaphors together with its translation in the book respectively Basing on the procedures in chapter III, these metaphors are sorted out and analyzed This chapter shows the results of applying Newmark’s frameworks The result and discussion are presented and analyzed as follows:

4.1 Strategies applied by Phùng Khánh in translating metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye” and dominant strategies used by Phùng Khánh in the translation

4.1.1 Classification of metaphors in “The catcher in the Rye”

The researcher divides metaphors into 6 groups basing on Newmark’s metaphor classification theory They are dead metaphor, cliché, stock metaphor, adapted metaphor, recent metaphor, original metaphor

Metaphor classification is shown in detail in Appendix A

The below figure demonstrates types of metaphor in the book “The Catcher in The Rye”:

Classification of metaphor

3 3

10

19 15

Figure 4.1 Classification of metaphors in “The Catcher in the Rye”

The chart sees a disproportion among 6 types of metaphor It is clear that the most striking feature is original metaphor with 23 metaphors in total of 73 metaphors, which means 31.5% of metaphors created by author are sorted out to be original metaphor Outnumbering the others, this figure shows the author’s creativity in describing characters in the novel as it bring figurative value, making the story more attractive

This type is followed by three other cliché, dead metaphor and stock metaphor respectively There are 19 clichés found in “The Catcher in the Rye”, taking up over 26% while dead metaphor is less likely to appear with 20.5% 10 out of 73 metaphors used in the novel is stock metaphor In contrast, the bottoms of the rank belong to recent metaphor and adapted metaphor Both types are barely chosen to

be used in the novel when they only account for 4.1%

From the figure, it is clear that the author does not miss any chance of bringing all 6 types of metaphor into his book Original metaphor is the dominating type preferred by the author As being mentioned in chapter 2, original metaphor, according to Newmark, presents author’s very unique and creative ideas that cannot

be appear in any words of other author’s words J.D Salinger makes his own name

by utilizing the effect of original metaphor, as the readers can enjoy a new fresh

wind in the comparison between two different objects as well as the figurative meaning hidden inside that comparison

Smaller percentages belong to cliché, dead metaphor and stock metaphor As Newmark has clarified, those types of metaphor are either deadened as time evolves

or having little figurative meaning by overusing However, the author still uses them wisely in describing characters, actions, etc The diversity of these metaphors attracts the readers as the aesthetic value and the beauty of the metaphor still remain unchanged

Lastly, recent metaphor and adapted metaphor just make up very small proportion since using recent metaphor and adapted metaphor skillfully requires the author’s ability of creating new concepts or changes basing on available metaphor

It is absolutely not an easy and it is explainable that the author is careful in using them Nevertheless, recent metaphor and adapted metaphor although taking the bottom ranks, it is undeniable that they contribute to the success of “The Catcher in the Rye”

4.1.2 Translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh

There are 7 strategies applied in translating metaphors in “The Catcher in the Rye” according to related theory presented in literature review chapter: (1) Reproducing the same image in the TL, (2) Replacing the image in the source with

a standard target text, (3) Translating metaphor by simile, (4) Translating metaphor

by simile plus sense, (5) Translating metaphor by combining the same metaphor with sense, (6) Converting a metaphor to its sense, (7) Deletion

The application of each strategy is presented in the following pie chart:

Figure 4.2 Translation strategies applied by Phùng Khánh

a Reproducing the same image in TL:

32.9 % metaphors are translated by producing the same image in TL- the most frequent used strategy As being discussed in literature review part, the translator uses this strategies when she finds out the denotative equivalence for the metaphor

in target language Phùng Khánh brings the same image appearing in the source text into the target text This strategies is considered to be the best strategy as the image

in the TL has meaning unchanged and is understood properly by the readers Mostly using this strategies for their translation, the translator shows her ability of

understanding both English and Vietnamese cultures, understanding the original context of the metaphor when she decides to keep the image appearing in the SL

E.g I had to sit there and listen to that crap

(The Catcher in the Rye, p.14)

Tôi phải ngồi lắng nghe thứ cứt đái đó

(Bắt trẻ đồng xanh, p 23)

The word “cứt đái” is the equivalence of “crap” The translator uses the same image in rendering a word meaning “nonsense” from English to Vietnamese In Vietnamese, “cứt đái” is also considered to be unimportant so in this context, the application of this strategies is properly Both words have the same effect on the readers

However, because the use of this metaphor bases mostly on the understanding of the translator about both cultures, sometimes the strategies is not appropriate in the context The translator believe that image which is remained unchanged is easy to understand in Vietnamese context In contrast, the readers are hardly understand if they find it strange in Vietnamese

E.g She's quite skinny, like me, but nice skinny Roller-skate skinny

(The Catcher in the Rye, p.75)

Em ấy khá gầy cũng như tôi, nhưng gầy kiểu đẹp Gầy lối pa tanh

(Bắt trẻ đồng xanh, p 108)

It can be seen in the example that Phùng Khánh translates “Roller-Skate skinny” into “Gầy lối pa tanh” literally and makes the translation short, simple but not

understandable “Roller-Skate skinny” can be familiar with English speaking

readers but in Vietnamese, the readers hardly imagine “skinny” in “Roller-Skate” way Even Roller-Skate is a strange sport to some readers and they do not know how to play it In this case, when the reader cannot understand the image that Phùng

Khánh conveys, they cannot explore the figurative meaning hidden in the metaphor

b Converting a metaphor to its sense

Covering 31.5%, converting a metaphor to its sense is a preferred metaphor of Phùng Khánh It is the safest for a translator when he/she cannot find suitable image for the original metaphor Although the image is ignored but the translator makes sure that the meaning is clearly explained The application of strategies shows that Phùng Khánh attach special importance to the understanding of the readers, giving the exact meaning that the author transmits

E.g She doesn't have all the marbles any more…

(The Catcher in the Rye, p.59)

Bà không còn minh mẫn lắm…

(Bắt trẻ đồng xanh, p 86)