He use of sino vietnamese vocabulary in translation of business english by fourth year students of translation and interpreting division faculty of english language teacher education

Therefore, the paper concentrated on the appropriate strategies and procedures in order to translate economic terminology with Vietnamese Chinese-derived words in Vietnamese and proposed

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

THE USE OF SINO-VIETNAMESE VOCABULARY

IN TRANSLATION OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

BY FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS OF TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING DIVISION, FACULTY OF ENGLISH

LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Linh, M.A Student: Trần Hà Thu

Year: QH2008

HANOI – 2012

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

NGHIÊN CỨU VIỆC SỬ DỤNG TỪ HÁN VIỆT TRONG DỊCH THUẬT CÁC VĂN BẢN CHUYÊN NGÀNH KINH TẾ CỦA SINH VIÊN NĂM CUỐI NGÀNH TIẾNG ANH PHIÊN DỊCH, KHOA SƯ PHẠM

I hereby state that I: Trần Hà Thu, class 08E20, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Signature

Hanoi, April 30th, 2012

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would first and foremost like to express the deep gratitude to my supervisor, Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Linh, MA for her support, guidance and considerable encouragement which are decisive factors to the completion of the study

Secondly, I would like to show my gratefulness to my family who offered me continuous support through the past few years so that I could have the motivation to overcome the difficulty

In addition, words of thank are addressed to my friends in 08E18, 08E19, especially 08E20 for their contribution in my research

Overall, the exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translation of business-related documents has not been paid proper attention by the students This could be explained by the limited vocabulary of Sino-Vietnamese related to economics of the students Therefore, the paper concentrated on the appropriate strategies and procedures in order to translate economic terminology with Vietnamese Chinese-derived words in Vietnamese and proposed suggestions for the students to widen their knowledge of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary However, the study remained some limitations, which shed light on the further studies

iv

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

v

LIST OF FIGURES

1 The summary of frequency of using Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for

translating economic texts by the surveyed students

21

2 The summary of difficulties which the students meet when using

Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for translating specialized terms in

economic texts

22

3 The summary of the effects of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in the

translation of economic terms as perceived by the students

34

TID Translation and Interpreting Division

ULIS University of Languages and International Studies

vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

3 Structure of economic compound terms: Classifier/Epithet (Noun)

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale:

Undergoing a process of selection, adaptation and application during thousands of years, Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary has become one part of Vietnamese cultural heritage treasure They have been used to express the rhetorical nuances in different styles and functions Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is of great material for scholarly literature, popular literature or other forms of written documents It is acknowledged that Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary has a lot of effects

on the texts in terms of nuance of expression, for instance, formality, elegance, generalization or abstract and classic style

As the time passes by, the use of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in ordinary types of written texts or in communication has been less common; however, it is still made the most use in formal written documents Particularly, it is mostly utilized in the systems of professional terminology According to the survey and

statistics of Vietnamese terminology in different fields in the project Overall

Investigation into Languages Used in Vietnam conducted by Vietnamese Academy

of Social Sciences during the period from 2001 to 2005, Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary plays an important role in constituting scientific, technical and commercial terminology Ha (2009) claimed that among 4, 252 Vietnamese commercial terms, 46.73% of them are in the form of Sino-Vietnamese words Obviously, in the business-related terminology, Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary is taken advantage in Vietnamese equivalents of English terms As regards translation

of business-related documents, using Sino-Vietnamese words as equivalents of English terms is considered the tactics of many translators

A lot of researchers conducted studies on translation of economic terminology Most of them studied the translation methods applied in translating business-related terminology Citing the study of Hoang (2005) as an example, the researcher made a specific classification of economic terminology in the economic

2

textbook Business Law with the UCC Applications and presented methods as well

as strategies in translation of economic terminology at-word-level and level In addition, Dang (2007) investigated the extent to which metaphor use in economics discourse differs between English and Vietnamese Besides, Ly (2010) analyzed the translation of business-related documents of students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU; then, the researcher identified the common errors made by the students

above-word-in translatabove-word-ing texts above-word-in this field and suggested some solutions However, very few studies are carried out to examine the use of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translation of economic terminology Especially, the application of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translating economic terms in business-related documents of fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU has not been investigated For theses above reasons, the use of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary by fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU for translating specialized terms

in English business-related documents has become the subject of this graduation paper

1.2 Aims of the study and research questions

Firstly, this research paper is expected to find out the frequency which Vietnamese vocabulary appearing in the sample target texts and the translation of students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU Secondly, the researcher also hopes to find the common difficulties of the students in applying business-related Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary to translate specialized terms Thirdly, a closer look will be taken at the use of Sino-Vietnamese words in translation of English economic terms

Sino-by specifying translation strategies and procedures which are commonly employed Afterwards, the study has implications for translators in using Sino-Vietnamese words when translating economic terms In brief, those objectives could be summarized into three questions as follows:

1 What is the proportion of the use of business-related Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in the translation of economic documents by fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU?

3

2 What are the difficulties faced by fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU when using Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for translating economic terms?

3 Which translation procedures are employed to translate economic terms with the exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary?

4 What are the implications/suggestions for fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU to utilize Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary when translating English economic terms?

1.3 Scope of the study

As the title implies, this research paper focuses on the exploitation of Vietnamese vocabulary in the translation of English business-related documents Therefore, the paper places a stronger emphasis on the utilization of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in the translation of economic documents and its effects in interpreting the meanings of the source terms

Sino-Moreover, the participants in this research paper are restricted to fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU Thus, the results of the research paper will reflect the frequency, difficulties, and strategies of those students in employing Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in order to translate specialized terms in English business-related texts

1.4 Significance of the study

This research would benefit those who work in translation, those who are being trained to be future translators, and researchers working on related studies

As for translators and students whose major is translation, this study raises their awareness of using Sino-Vietnamese words as equivalents in translation of Business English, specifically economic terminology Based on the findings, they can draw some conclusions of the effectiveness of exploiting Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translation of economic terminology Therefore, present translators as

on this research to find reliable and useful information for their related studies in the future

1.4 Methodology

Articles and reports of World Bank (WB) and United Nations Development

Program (UNDP) In addition, the books English for Finance and Banking compiled by Nguyen Xuan Thom (1999) and Principles of Economics (Third

Edition) written by the famous economic researcher Nicholas Gregory Mankiw are also used to study the Vietnamese equivalents of economic terms in this research papers

To address the research questions, a questionnaire was designed according to the anticipated responses to the research questions

Fourth-year students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU were invited to involve in completing the questionnaires

As this study is carried out for the sake of the use of business-related Vietnamese words in English - Vietnamese translation of economic text, both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied

Sino-With reference to the procedure, economic terms in the source text and their Vietnamese equivalents were collected Then, they were classified into two main categories: one-word terms and compound-word terms based on their grammatical compositions Economic terms in each category which are translated in the form of Sino-Vietnamese words in the target text are filtered to be used as examples in the questionnaire The questionnaire would be delivered to the students to get their opinions on the exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translating economic terms in English and Besides, the questionnaire also included some examples to see

5

how the students deal with Sino-Vietnamese words in translating the given terms related economics

6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2 1 Sino-Vietnamese words

2.1.1 Origin

Both Chinese and Vietnamese are languages experiencing a long history Since the invasion of Han Dynasty in 111 BC, the contact of these two languages had begun During the Chinese domination, Vietnamese vocabulary received a huge amount of Han vocabulary; however, this process varied in different periods and in variable forms and degrees In Tang Dynasty, Vietnamese vocabulary systematically received a large number Han words through books, these words were adopted to Vietnamese vocabulary in the form of Tang phonetics Generally, Sino-Vietnamese words are elements in Vietnamese language derived from Chinese According to the statistics on the occurrence of Sino-Vietnamese words (Britannica), they account for 60% of Vietnamese vocabulary, not including naturalized words borrowings from China

Since then, Vietnamese feudal dynasties chose Han words in their national official language Although Chinese words were modified in each Chinese dynasty, they were still pronounced according to Tang phonology by Vietnamese Nowadays, this pronunciation has been maintained, it is called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation Specifically, it is the pronunciation of Chinese words in a Vietnamese distinct way In comparison with Chinese phonology in Tang Dynasty, the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation has been modified to be more natural in Vietnamese in order to comply with the Vietnamese phonological system Notably, all modern written Vietnamese are in the form of Latin-based alphabet which was adopted in the early 20th century; therefore, Sino-Vietnamese words are now written with Latin alphabet instead of Chinese characters (Tran, 2010: 2)

Sino-Vietnamese words are frequently used in written documents in formal context rather than in daily life They are widely used in various fields such as medicine, politics, literature, science, education, philosophy, economics, etc

7

2.1.2 Classification

Vietnamese vocabulary consists of two groups of words which are native and non-native (Le 2010) Non-native group in Vietnamese refers to words borrowed from other languages such as Indian, Japanese, French, etc, including Chinese-derived words In the long history of the contact between Chinese and Vietnamese, there are two remarkable periods which are the early Tang Dynasty (8th century) and the late Tang Dynasty (8th – 10th century) Mai, et al (1997) divided Chinese-derived words into two sub-groups according to these major periods: Old Chinese words and Sino-Vietnamese words

Firstly, Old Chinese words are Chinese-derived words adopted to Vietnamese in the first period After a long time of adoption, these words has become more familiar with Vietnamese language and culture; for instance: chè, ngà, chén, buồm, mùi, mùa, etc Obviously, in the modern time, Vietnamese frequently use those words in their daily communication; yet, they are not regarded as original Chinese words

Secondly, Sino-Vietnamese words are also Chinese-derived words imported

to Vietnamese vocabulary in the second period Basically, Vietnamese pronounce these words based on the Chinese phonology in Tang Dynasty; nevertheless, their pronunciation is gradually adjusted to be in accordance with Vietnamese phonology; for example: trà, mã, trọng, khinh, vượng, cận, nam, nữ, etc The name

‘Sino-Vietnamese words’ also involves words which Chinese borrowed from other languages, then Vietnamese make use of them and pronounce them like other Sino-Vietnamese sounds Particularly, several words are Japanese-originated such as trường hợp, nghĩa vụ, phục tùng, kinh tế , or European- originated like Mạc Tư Khoa, Anh Cát Lợi, etc

2.2 Translation

2.2.1 Definition

Translation is considered to be an ‘art’ which requires great effort and proficiency of the translators A lot of viewpoints were given on the definition of translation by linguistics in the world

8

Newmark (1981, pp.7) stated that ‘Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same

message and/or statement in another language’ Translation is a process consisting

of studying the lexicon, grammar and cultural context of a source language text, then analyzing the text to determine the suitable meaning, and finally reconstructing the meaning in the lexicon, grammar cultural context which were appropriate in the target language

According to Cartford (1965), translation is ‘the replacement of a text in one language (SL) by an equivalent text in another language (TL)’ Catford shared the same ideas with Newmark on the equivalence of the target text in comparison with the source text The target text is considered to be corresponding to the source text when the message is conveyed fully with the same form and meaning

Similarly, Bell (1991: 5) defined ‘translation is the expression in another language (or TL) of what has been expressed in another, SL, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences’ Accordingly, he put an emphasis on the stylistic equivalence of the target text; this meant the translation must convey the stylistic features to the readers in the language of the receptor Hatim & Mason (1990: 3), however, paid more attention to the communicative purpose of translation rather than the semantic and stylistic features by claiming that ‘translation is a communicative process which takes place within a social context’

All of these above definitions were introduced by different linguistics with variable viewpoints but the same focuses They implied that the translation of a source text obligatorily preserves the semantics, lexis, grammar and especially, the cultural context and the communicative purpose in some situations

2.2.2 Technical translation

2.2.2.1 Definition:

According to Newmark (1988), ‘Technical translation is one part of specialized translation; it is primarily distinguished from other forms of translation by terminology, although terminology usually only makes up about 5-10% of a text’

of technical language:

 Academic style associated with academic papers

 Professional style which refers to formal terms used by experts

 The popular one including familiar alternative terms

2.2.2.2 Translation method of technical translation

Newmark (1988a) suggested some useful procedures to apply in technical translation Foremost, reading the text thoroughly is very important to understand and evaluate it in terms of formality, intention, cultural and professional differences between the readership and the original one It is required that the translators must take every details in the source text into consideration Particularly, Newmark (1988a) advised translators to take notice of words with prefixes and suffixes, semi-empty words, verbs required a recasting of the TL sentence and pun words

 Transference

A SL word is directly taken in to the TL text with no changes in terms of word form in order to create certain stylistic effect

E.g:

10

- Names of newspapers: Financial Times, CNN

- Names of streets: Downing Street, Wall Street

- Technical terms related to information technology: internet, blog, Bluetooth

E.g: Names of organizations, diseases

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Hội chứng suy giảm miễn

dịch mắc phải

 Shift or transposition

This procedure involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL; for instance, change from singular to plural, the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an

SL noun group to a TL noun (Newmark, 1988b: 86)

E.g:

The information of the rise in petrol price are now common knowledge

Giờ thì ai cũng biết tin xăng tăng giá

 Modulation

Modulation means the variation in the message when it is translated into the

TL due to a change in the point of view

- One part ↔ another

E.g:

She cleared the throat before she began her speech

The vase is totally worthless

Cái bình này cũng có chút giá trị

 Cultural equivalence

A SL cultural word or expression is translated by a TL cultural word considered equivalent to it

E.g:

She graduated after obtaining the degree with high distinction

Cô ấy tốt nghiệp loại xuất sắc

 Functional equivalence

Functional equivalence is using a culture-free word or expression in a translation for a cultural word or expression in the SL

E.g:

Will the Pentagon decide to terminate the program?

Liệu Bộ quốc phòng Mỹ có quyết định ngừng chương trình này không?

 Descriptive equivalence

This means the meaning of the original word is explained by a phrase or sentence It is frequently used with transference to translate a cultural word or expression

E.g:

To attend the barbecue, you must have a student ID

Khi đi dự tiệc barbecue (bữa tiệc tổ chức ngoài trời, đồ ăn cũng được nướng ở bên ngoài), bạn cần mang theo thẻ sinh viên

2.3 Terminology

12

2.3.1 Definition

There are also a lot of definitions of terminology provided by linguistics In online Merriam Webster dictionary, terminology is defined as ‘the technical or special terms used in business, art, science or special subject’ Besides, terminology

is defined as ‘a word or a combination of words that denotes the concept precisely and its relationship with other concepts in a specific area Terminology is a specialized and restricted expression on things, phenomena, characteristics, and the

relationship in a specific profession.’ (Russian Encyclopedia, 1976)

This definition shares many common features with those approached by many Vietnamese linguists such as the one proposed in Do (1998) claims ‘Terms are specialist words used within a scientific field, a profession or any technological field’ According to Nguyen (1998), ‘Terminology is a section of special lexis of a language It consists of fixed words and groups of words which are accurate names

of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields of human beings’

Clearly, those definitions pointed out the typical characteristics of terminology Terminology consists of fixed expressions which are constituted by words or phrases in a professional field Despite the restriction of terminology in each area, it contributes to explain the concepts accurately

2.3.2 General features

2.3.2.1 Accurateness

The first feature of terminology is the accurateness because it is created to explain specialized concepts or definitions precisely in order to avoid misunderstanding one concept for another belonging to other field One term in a certain field denotes only one concept in that area as it probably has another meaning in the other one Luu (1977) claimed that each linguistic signal poses one basic nuclear meaning and vice versa; a concept also has a typical linguistic signal

in a concrete situation Newmark (1988) also mentioned that concept-words are notorious for their different meanings in various technologies Thus, in translation

of terminology, it is necessary to consider the homophones or the synonyms of terms to decide the appropriate meaning in the particular context For example, in

13

education, credit is translated as tín chỉ which expresses a unit of study at college or university Yet, in economics, it is understood as tín dụng in Vietnamese so as to

refer to the receipt of goods, services or money in advance of the requirement to pay

or repay In general, one-to-one equivalence is applied in translation of terminology

in any field

2.3.2.2 Systematicism

The second criterion of terminology is the systematicism This is considered to

be the most important feature of terminology, especially in English There exist certain terms having the relationship with others in the system of terminology in a specialized field If those terms are separated from their systems, their meaning may become ambiguous and difficult to find an equivalent in the TL In the system of

economic terms, suffixes such as –ee, -er, -or are used to refer to people; for instance, manager, transferee, creditor

2.3.2.3 Internationalism

In the global context, multilateral and diversified integration has been promoted in various fields such as culture, technology, economy, etc Therefore, there has been a need for internationalizing the terminology of each area This creates the consistency for specialized terms used globally and facilitates the exchanges among countries As a result, a lot of terms have been globalized, especially in the field of medicine, technology, climatology, etc In business, economic abbreviations such as GDP (Gross Domestic Products), GNP (Gross National Products), VAT (Value Added Tax), ATM (Automated Teller Machine), etc can be understood by people all over the world

2.3.2.4 Nationalism

As regards nationalism, terminology follows compulsorily the principles of the culture of one distinct nation and characteristics of its language Accordingly, terminology in Vietnamese should reflect the cultural and lexical elements of

Vietnamese For example, in economics, the term right certificate means a

certificate of one’s right to make their own decisions; it could be converted into

chứng quyền in Vietnamese Evidentially, that translated terms not only conform

14

Vietnamese grammatical and lexical rules but also accord the cultural features in Vietnamese language

15

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

In the previous chapter, the hypothesis is supplied for the paper Moving to the feasible area, the study strictly sticks by reasonable methods of data collection and analysis for ensuring its credibility and trustworthiness

3.1 Sampling:

Articles and reports of World Bank (WB) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) They are collected from official websites of WB, UNDP and IMF, namely: www.worldbank.org, www.undp.org.vn, www.imf.org All of these articles and reports were written by the native and covered many aspects of economic performance such as exports, stocks, finance, and so forth Therefore, these selected documents are considered to be significant to represent the common

topics of business In addition, the books English for Finance and Banking compiled by Nguyen Xuan Thom (1999) and Principles of Economics (Third

Edition) written by the famous economic researcher Nicholas Gregory Mankiw are also used to study the Vietnamese equivalents of economic terms in this research papers

All selected documents have both English and Vietnamese versions English versions are the source texts, and Vietnamese ones are the target texts The selection was decided when the English texts definitely had the corresponding versions in the

SL which is Vietnamese

3.2 Participants:

As previously mentioned, one of the target participants of this research was fourth year students in DIT; thus, the participation of those students played an essential role in this study

Fourth year students were selected because they were supposed to have knowledge of translation procedures through the lessons of Translation Theory and have some experience of translating business-related documents Actually, in the

16

training course, translation is taught at the beginning of the second year However, second-year students only get familiar with translation practice; thus, they have not had full knowledge of equivalences, translation methods or procedures Therefore, fourth year students were expected to have enough skills to employ the Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in the translation of English business-related documents based on their learning experience in Translation Theory In addition, some of those students are taking a partnership training course in University of Economics and Business (UEB), VNU Thus, this part of students had the background knowledge

in economic field, and that helped them positively in translating economic texts with a lot of specialized terms

Below is the graphic demonstration of the student participants, from both mainstream and fast track classes Below is the graphic demonstration of the student participants, from both mainstream and fast track classes

Mainstream

classes

08E18 17 08E19 16 Fast-track class 08E20 21

3.3 Data collection instrument

A questionnaire (Appendix 1) was designed to collect the written responses

of the students to the exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for translating economic terms from English into Vietnamese Some first lines served as the brief introduction to the research topic and the confirmation about confidentiality of any personal information as well as the instruction for answering questions On the following rows, both close-ended and open-ended questions were employed to facilitate the data gathering and comprehensive analysis of factual, behavioral and attitudinal information (Brown, 2001, cited in Hoang & Nguyen, Research Methodology, 2007, p.17) of the students involved in the survey about the

to the questions

The questionnaire was directly relevant to the research questions The two first questions were expected to specify the frequency of employing Sino-Vietnamese words by the students when they translate business-related documents Therefore,

they help to find out the answer for the first research question (What is the

proportion of the use of business-related Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in the sample target text and the translation of economic documents by the students in TID, FELTE, ULIS, VNU?) The third question was mainly to respond to the second

research question (What are the difficulties faced by students in TID, FELTE, ULIS,

VNU when using Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for translating economic terms?)

which was aimed at defining the difficulties faced by students when utilizing Vietnamese vocabulary to translate English economic terms As a response to the

Sino-third research question (Which translation procedures are employed to translate

economic terms with the exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary?), the

exploitation of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary by the students in translating some given terms in the fourth question would reflect some translation procedures and strategies applied in translating economic terms by using Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary In order to addressing the final research question, the last question in the survey questionnaire was intended to conclude some implications for the students of TID in exploiting Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary for translating specialized terms in business-related documents

by the native authors and officially translated into Vietnamese on the websites of

WB, UNDP, IMF In addition, documents in the two economic books namely

English for Banking and Finance compiled by Nguyen Xuan Thom (1999) and Principles of Economics (third edition) written by George N Mankiw (2003) The

texts in English were considered to be the ST, and its translated versions in Vietnamese are regarded as the TT Then, the researcher worked on the selected materials related to various aspects such as real estates, stock market, banking in order to collect economic terms in the STs and their Vietnamese equivalents in the TTs After that, English business-related terms which are translated in the form of Sino-Vietnamese words in the target texts were filtered to use as examples in this research Next, the researcher had a discussion with the supervisor about the drafted questions in the questionnaire and the schedule for distributing questionnaires

3.4.2 Phase 2

The final version of the questionnaire was completed Afterward, the timetable of the students was checked to arrange a convenient time for the students so as to avoid their unwillingness Before asking the students to fill

in the questionnaire, the research topic was fully explained to the students Moreover, the confidentiality of personal information was affirmed so that the students could have the freedom to answer all the questions To avoid any misunderstanding, the doubt of the students about the questionnaire was adequately answered while they were filling in it

3.4.3 Phase 3

In the last phase, the researcher eliminated the questionnaires which were not fully completed and kept ones which were done responsibly Finally, all the collected answers were synthesized and analyzed thoroughly and adequately to provide a full answer for all the research questions

19

3.5 Data analysis method

As this study was carried out for the sake of the use of business-related Vietnamese words in English - Vietnamese translation of economic text, the quantitative method and some other techniques were applied With the quantitative method, the data collected from distributing the questionnaires were calculated and transferred into the numerical form Some techniques of qualitative method were used to analyze the translation and strategies procedures applied to translate selected terms by making use of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary The contrastive analysis approach was also employed to identify the effects of using Sino-Vietnamese words

Sino-in translation of economic terms Sino-in English