tranh sinh hoc 7 sinh học 7 đỗ phương thảo thư viện tư liệu giáo dục

Common Spellings mortgage forget ‘or’ potato carrot ‘o’ mate intimate ‘ate’ march particular ‘ar’ character attend ‘a’ Strong Form Weak form.. Common Spellings could callous ‘ou’ though[r]

Lecture 4

Syllables

• Definition

• The nature of syllables

• The structure of English syllables

• Strong and weak syllables

• Phonetically, a syllable is a unit which consists of a

vowel as the centre and/or consonant(s) before and

The nature of syllables

• A minimum syllable is a single vowel in isolation

e.g are /å…/ or /ø…/ err /±…/

• Some syllables have an onset That is they have more than just silence preceding the centre of the syllable e.g my /maˆ/

• Some syllables may have no onset but have a coda (termination).

e.g on /Ån/

• Some syllabes have both an onset and a termination e.g meat /mi…t/

Syllable onset

• If the first syllable of the word begins with

• A vowel → Zero Onset

e.g ease our

• One consonant → initial consonant

e.g send church

• Two or more consonants together → an initial

consonant cluster.

e.g clear spring

Initial consonant clusters

1 Initial two-consonant clusters

• Pre-initial /s/ + initial consonant

e.g slight smoke

• Initial + post-initial /j, w, l, r/

e.g queue twin try

2 Initial three-consonant cluster

• Pre-initial /s/ + initial /p, k, t/ + post-initial /l, r, w, j/

Syllable coda (termination)

• If a syllable ends with:

• A vowel → zero termination

• A consonant → final consonant

e.g meal late

• More than one consonant → final consonant cluster

Final consonant clusters

Final two

Consonant

cluster

Final three Consonant cluster

Final four Consonant cluster

Final two consonant clusters

1 Pre-final /m, n, N, l, s/ + final Examples:

Final three consonant clusters

1 Pre-final + final + post-final Examples:

Final four consonant clusters

1 Pre-final + final + post-final 1 + post-final 2

Syllable division

Maximum Onset Principle:

• Consonants are assigned to the right-hand syllable

as far as possible within the restrictions governing syllable onsets and codas

Restrictions:

• No word begins with more than 3 consonants

• No word ends with more than 4 consonants

Strong and weak syllables

1 Strong syllables: Strong syllables are stressed They

are syllables that have as their centres one of the vowel phonemes or possibly a triphthong, but not /@/

Examples:

2 Weak syllables: are unstressed They are syllables that

can have only four types of centre.

a The vowel /@/: worker banana

b A close front unrounded vowel in the general area of /i:/

and / I /: / i /: money family

c A close back rounded vowel in the general area of /u:/

and / U /: /u/: arduous do

The / @/ vowel (schwa)

In quality:

• Mid (half-way between close and open)

• Central (half-way between front and back)

Common Spellings

mortgageforget

‘or’

potatocarrot

‘o’

mateintimate

‘ate’

marchparticular

‘ar’

characterattend

‘a’

Strong Form Weak form

Common Spellings

couldcallous

‘ou’

thoughthorough

‘ough’

mergeperhaps

‘er’

butterautumn

‘u’

settlementviolet

‘e’

Strong form Weak form

Close front vowel

• Phonetic symbol: / i /

• Common spellings:

9 Final ‘-y’ or ‘-ey’ : happy

9 Prefix ‘re-’ ‘pre-’ ‘de-’ : react

9Suffix ‘-iate’ ‘-ious’ : appreciate

9 Unstressed words : he , she , we9‘the’ preceding a vowel

Close back vowel

• Phonetic symbol: /u/

• Common spellings:

9 Unstressed words: you , to , who

9 Before another vowel within a word: influenza

Syllabic Consonants

• Definition:

A syllabic consonant stands as the peak of the syllable instead of a vowel It is usual to indicate that a consonant is syllabic by

means of a small vertical mark ( < )

• Phonetic symbols: /n§/, /l§/, /m§/, /˜§/

/m/ /˜/

Only occur as a result of processes such as

assimilation and elision

happen

thicken