Literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders

Literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders Literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders Literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders luận văn tốt nghiệp,luận văn thạc sĩ, luận văn cao học, luận văn đại học, luận án tiến sĩ, đồ án tốt nghiệp luận văn tốt nghiệp,luận văn thạc sĩ, luận văn cao học, luận văn đại học, luận án tiến sĩ, đồ án tốt nghiệp

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Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines

LITERARY AND RHETORICAL DEVICES USED IN SPEECHES

OF SELECTED WORLD LEADERS

A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major in English

by

NGUYEN THI HONG MINH

2015

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APPROVAL SHEET

This dissertation entitled “LITERARY AND RHETORICAL DEVICES USED IN SPEECHES OF SELECTED WORLD LEADERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI HONG MINH in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been

examined and is recommended for Oral Examination

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ABSTRACT

OF SELECTED WORLD LEADERS

Summary

This study analyzed the literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches

of Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama and the implication of their ideologies to the thinking of young people and their appreciation of literature Likewise, this paper aimed to identify the ideologies reflected in the speeches of the selected world leaders; the themes of existence, patriotism, humanism, inner peace and moral principle as manifested in the selected speeches of the foregoing world leaders; the rhetorical devices and literary techniques used in their speeches; and the implications of their ideologies to the thinking of the young people and their appreciation of literature

The study employed the qualitative method of research in analyzing the literary techniques and rhetorical devices used by the selected world leaders in

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the representative literary works chosen Likewise, this analysis used the

analysis The study was supported by John L Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Herbert Paul Grice’s Conversationalist Doctrine

This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message handling The text analysis in this research centered on pattern seeking and the extraction of meaning from Ho Chi Minh’s, Margaret Thatcher’s and Barack Obama’s selected literary narrative or image data Substantial effort was focused on the task of recording texts or making notes through concepts and categories; linking and combining abstract concepts; extracting the essence; organizing meaning; analyzing and interpreting the quoted lines; and drawing conclusions

The essential features in the treatment of materials were considered in the study The general norms by which all literary pieces can be measured for evaluation and analysis served as the researcher’s guide in the selection of works that were included in this study

The representative literary works analyzed were: Ho Chi Minh's Selected

Articles and Speeches, Margaret Thatcher's Collected Speeches and Barack

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Obama in His Own Words The said selections were chosen because of their

correlation with the aforementioned theme and subthemes and the literary and rhetorical devices that were utilized in the speeches Moreover, the study drew the implications of the ascertained ideologies to the thinking of young people, and also in their appreciation of literature

Findings of the study revealed that Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama all share a common ideology of building a peaceful and prosperous country for their fellowmen as gleaned in their selected works The said world leaders share some common themes in their speeches, which confirm their existence, show their patriotism and humanism towards their countrymen The selected world leaders' speeches reveal to the world the fulfilment of their aspirations, as reflected by inner peace and likewise understood in their messages that contain their moral principles All themes mentioned above, as can be seen in their work, were established by the world

leaders as methods of educating their people

Likewise, they have employed rhetorical devices namely ethos, logos and pathos in order to persuade their audiences Likewise, they have utilized a number of literary techniques such as figurative language, symbolism and flashback in their speeches in order to gain access to the public’s beliefs

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The study also revealed that the ideologies of these world leaders, as manifested in their speeches, have great potential to influence young people and guide them in building and shaping their thinking Their speeches illustrated the manner by which various literary and rhetorical devices help them attain their objective of sharing their messages to others, and influence their own thoughts, beliefs or ideology as well as motivating the Vietnamese

youth’s appreciation of literature

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Dr Dang Kim Vui, the President of the Thai Nguyen University, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Tuan Anh, Assoc Prof Dr Dang Xuan Binh, Prof Dr Nguyen The Hung, the former Directors of the TNU International Training and Development Center, Dr Hoang Thi Bich Thao, the current Director of TNU ITDC, Dr Prof Pham Hong Quang, the Rector of Thai Nguyen University of Education and Dr Prof Do Hong Thai, for their kind assistance during the preparation of her dissertation and for their motivation that helped hasten the completion of this study

Dr Maria Luisa A Valdez, the Dean of Colleges and Head of the Graduate School of the Batangas State University ARASOF Nasugbu

encouragement, guidance, and support which motivated the researcher to finish this study

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Dr Matilda H Dimaano, the Chairman of the Panel of Examiners, for her thorough dissection and candid remarks that drew up the essential and relevant dimensions in this research

Dr Amada G Banaag, Dr Felix M Panopio, and Dr Myrna G Sulit, the Members of the Panel of Examiners, for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism which motivated her to analyze conscientiously all the inputs during the conduct of this study

Dr Remedios P Magnaye, the Recording Secretary and Ms Le Quynh Anh, the ITDC Administrative Staff, and friends, for their words of encouragement and kind gestures

The authors whose works were included in this study, for their wisdom in every page of this dissertation

The researcher also wants to express her heartfelt thanks to her parents and sister who are always there to cheer her up and stand by her side with their unquestioned support

Last, but not least, she is deeply indebted to her husband, Nguyen Hai Son, for his patience and for his unlimited support and love Without him, she would not have been able to complete this long journey

Nguyen Thi Hong Minh

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DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to my beloved parents, Nguyen Van Luong and Trinh Thi Kim Anh, my dear husband, Nguyen Hai Son and my two precious daughters, Nguyen Ha Chi and Nguyen Ha Linh for their immense encouragement, tireless support and most especially their enormous love

Nguyen Thi Hong Minh

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……… i

APPROVAL SHEET ……… ii

ABSTRACT ……… iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……… vii

DEDICATION ……… ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… x

LIST OF FIGURES ……… xii

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction ……….… 1

Statement of the Problem ……….… 8

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study … 10

Significance of the Study ……… 12

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Conceptual Literature ……… 15

Research Literature ……….……… 47

Synthesis ……… 57

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Theoretical Framework ……… 64

Conceptual Framework……… ……… 70

Definition of Terms ……… 73

III RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE Research Methodology ……… 77

Treatment of Materials ……… 78

IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 83

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings 243

Conclusions 252

Recommendations 253

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 256

APPENDICES 269

Speeches of Selected World Leaders……….……… 270

CURRICULUM VITAE ……… ……….…… 273

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of feelings, ideas, images and symbols, which underpins their private, social and political lives

The present civilization is grounded on communication The humanities including, arts, cultures, histories, and languages hinge on and flourish through

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a complex set of emotional, intellectual, moral, social and symbolic considerations It utilizes the ordinary means of communication like language, stories, images, symbols, and codes but employs them with more complexity and subtlety than is typical in daily communication Language is a dynamic

views It is a subtle tool whose inappropriate usage can distort or mar the speaker’s opinions, views, and feelings

Nowadays, as before, world leaders, politicians and even activists try to bring in ideology into literature and language They deliver a good deal of speeches like official statements, press conferences, parliamentary debates, platform speeches at demonstrations, televised addresses, songs, cheers and jeers A lot of those speeches undoubtedly are full of clichés literary and rhetorical devices as well as other typical catchphrases But not all of these discourses are like this, and none of it has to be Every so often, speeches and

a turn of phrase they use can delineate an entire situation in such a memorable and effective way that it contributes to historical change Instead of discussing questions such as socialism and communism, democracy and fascism, in terms of the relevant problems raised by those issues, they want to

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bring in a discussion of such issues into their discourses or speeches They seek to think through, to deliberate and to teach people in an indirect, tilted, or even casual manner as regards the sternest problems which humanity faces

It is but fitting for people to be discerning about speeches particularly political ones and to be cautious so as not to get carried away However, influential political rhetoric is not referring to one person enthralling a crowd It

is a collective experience in which the speaker and audience can both share declarations of political victory, series of rules and procedures, debates on policy, affirms one’s party culture, conducts conferences as moments of

‘poetry’ to ‘inspire the faithful party, ease the worries of the doubters as well as advocate an ideology and many more

Today, although communication is dominated by broadcast and print media as well as online and mobile technologies, the speeches remain a fundamental medium of political communication worldwide The rhetoric of television news reporting, the “opposite the editorial page" or op-ed columns and blogs is important and can be influential But the speech retains a potency and intimacy that gives it the power to reshape the feelings and opinions of those who are present to hear it If people are to understand how politics works, and if they are to support and strengthen any political group, then one

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of the things they need to do is appreciate the place within it of such political rhetoric

The scholarly study of rhetoric and literature can convey much about how politics works and how people think politically People can learn about the different reasons they provide in political argument and see if these change over time, or if some kinds of argument are more often found in association with one ideology or political position rather than another (British Political Speech Website, 2015)

To share one’s ideology is to find good reasons for people to think and feel something, and of the best and most convincing way to communicate these to them That is why rhetoric and literature are the fundamental components of political life in a free society and one that when exercised well should be celebrated Thus, world leaders and politicians employ rhetorical

ideologies as well as share their concepts about existence, patriotism, humanism, inner peace, and moral principle

A rhetorical device is a technique used by an author or speaker to convey to the listeners or readers a meaning with the aim of persuading them towards considering a topic from a different perspective, using sentences

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designed to encourage or provoke a rational argument from an emotional display of a given perspective or action These include: ethos, logos and pathos According to Farrell (2002), it is one article of trade in politics of which there has never been a scarcity On the other hand, a literary technique is a recognizable structure employed in writing which can be identified and used for literary analysis These tools are used by the authors to enliven and provide voice to their writing These literary techniques include: figurative language; symbolism, flashback and many more Likewise, they produce a specific effect, especially a figure of speech, narrative style, or plot mechanism (Lostpedia.wikia.com Website, 2015) Rhetorical devices and literary techniques are closely interrelated to tone and style In effect, an author’s style relatively consists of selecting and using certain devices and an author’s tone

is partially determined by the type of techniques an author uses

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Biography.com Website, 2015) It is significant to note that the success of Vietnam's August Revolution of 1945 can be attributed in part to Ho Chi Minh's reconstitutive rhetoric This form of rhetorical discourse gave the Vietnamese people a new sense of identification In turn, this rekindled identity stirred up a renewed demand for independence and nationalism He utilized the cultural heritage of the Vietnamese people as a means of creating his persona or the powerful aspect of his ability to persuade In understanding his unique form of discourse, readers may see how he was able to unify his country in order to sustain a long-drawn-out conflict with the goal of securing national independence (DeCaro, 2003)

Margaret Thatcher was the first female prime minister of Britain and became Britain's Conservative Party leader As the elected prime minister in

1979, she battled the country's recession by initially raising interest rates to control inflation She was renowned for her destruction of Britain's traditional industries through her attacks on labor organizations such as the miner's union, and for the massive privatization of social housing and public transport (Margaret Thatcher Biography.Com Website, 2015) It is noteworthy to mention that one facet of her legacy that deserves attention is her use of rhetoric and

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the way in which, to a great degree, helped reshape the language of British politics as well as the substance of policy Historians divide about when the original term Thatcherism really started Certainly, her brand of low tax, anti-union, pro-middle class politics had antecedents in the 1950s or earlier However, if her economic ideas were borrowed from others, her discursive

Barack Obama is the 44th and current president of the United States of America and the first African American to serve as U.S president Before pursuing a political career, he was a community organizer, a civil-rights lawyer and a teacher He was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996 and to the U.S Senate in 2004 Likewise, he was first elected to presidency in 2008, and won re-election in 2012 against Republican challenger Mitt Romney (Barack Obama Biography.Com Website, 2015) A view at his deft rhetorical strategies, readers may explore how Obama’s speeches have addressed substantive issues, such as globalization, the American dream, political gridlock, and the legacy of racism and religious bigotry (Abraham, Matthew and Erec Smith, 2013)

The study highlighted the literary and rhetorical devices used in the speeches of Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama to show how

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they appeal to the politically engaged, intelligent readers, scholars of rhetoric, and readers who are interested in understanding how the strategic use of language in highly charged contexts or how the art of rhetoric can shape the world, unite and divide people, and create conditions that make social change

rhetorical performances function as sites for intervention and political agency and how rhetorical actions both enable and limit social change

With these thoughts in mind, the researcher, who is an English teacher

at the Thai Nguyen University of Education is deeply motivated to explore and analyze how these world leaders’ use of literary and rhetorical devices are reflected in the identified speeches and gain honest implications of their ideologies to the thinking of the Vietnamese youth and their appreciation of literature

Statement of the Problem

This study is an analysis of the literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders and the implications of their ideologies to the thinking of young people and their appreciation of literature

Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions:

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1 What are the ideologies reflected in the speeches of the following selected world leaders:

3 What devices were used in the speeches of world leaders with reference to:

3.1 rhetorical devices

3.1.1 ethos;

3.1.2 logos; and 3.1.3 pathos

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3.2 literary techniques

3.2.1 figurative language;

3.2.2 symbolism; and 3.2.3 flashback?

4 What are the implications of their ideologies to the thinking of the young people and their appreciation of literature?

Scope, Delimitation and Limitations of the Study

This study is an analysis of the literary and rhetorical devices used in speeches of selected world leaders and the implication of their ideologies to the thinking of young people and their appreciation of literature Likewise, this paper aimed to identify the ideologies reflected in the speeches of Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama; the themes of existence, patriotism, humanism, inner peace and moral principle as manifested in the selected speeches of the foregoing world leaders; the rhetorical devices and literary techniques used in their speeches; and the implications of their ideologies to the thinking of the young people and their appreciation of literature

This study employed the qualitative method of research in analyzing the literary techniques and rhetorical devices used by Ho Chi Minh’s, Margaret

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Thatcher’s and Barack Obama’s in the representative literary works chosen Likewise, this analysis used the thematic, historical, sociological and

by John L Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Herbert Paul Grice’s Conversationalist Doctrine

This paper also involved content analysis, which is a systematic technique in analyzing message content and message handling The text analysis in this research centered on pattern seeking and the extraction of meaning from Ho Chi Minh’s, Margaret Thatcher’s and Barack Obama’s selected literary narrative or image data Substantial effort was focused on the task of recording texts or making notes through concepts and categories; linking and combining abstract concepts; extracting the essence; organizing meaning; analyzing and interpreting the quoted lines; and drawing conclusions

The essential features in the treatment of materials were considered by the researcher in the conduct of this study The general norms cited by Garcia (2000) by which all literary pieces can be measured for evaluation and analysis served as the researcher’s guide in the selection of works that were included in this study

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The representative literary works analyzed were: Ho Chi Minh's Selected

Articles and Speeches, Margaret Thatcher's Collected Speeches and Barack

Obama’s President Barack Obama in His Own Words The said speeches

were chosen because of their correlation with the aforementioned theme and subthemes and the literary and rhetorical devices that were utilized in the speeches Moreover, the study drew the implications of the ascertained ideologies to the thinking of young people, and also in their appreciation of literature

Other speeches of Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama which have undertones of their ideologies were not included in the study Likewise, other approaches in literary criticism that may be employed in the analysis like the Biographical Criticism, Gender Criticism and Psychological Criticism and other literary devices that may be present in the selections were not included in the analysis

Significance of the Study

The relevance of literary analysis is highlighted in terms of its significance to a number of individuals Thus, it is vital to expand on how this study is beneficial to academic managers, working professionals, college

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instructors of literature, students of literature, the researcher, and future researchers

Academic Managers This dissertation will inspire the academic

managers to adhere to the ideologies espoused by Ho Chi Minh, Margaret Thatcher and Barack Obama as epitomes of culture and letters in the highest order and to disseminate their values in the academe

Working Professionals This study will be beneficial for the working

rhetoric, and anyone interested in understanding how the strategic use of language in highly charged contexts can make a significant contribution to the study of contemporary public rhetoric and political discourse that may motivate them to organize workplace initiatives inspired by the selected world leaders

College Instructors of Literature This dissertation will be helpful in the

College instructor’s methodology in teaching literature specifically the use of appropriate theories, approaches and devices in literary analysis as well as the linkages between persuasion and identity in Vietnam, Britain and contemporary U.S and global politics

literature as a work of art notable from other texts through content and form,

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and eventually intensify their appreciation of articles and speeches and inspire them to engage in literary analysis as an academic activity

Researcher The researcher will be benefitted by this study in the sense

that this analysis will serve as her modest contribution to both the growing body of literature on Ho Chi Minh’s, Margaret Thatcher’s and Barack Obama’s rhetoric and literature

reference when they conduct researches about literature as a form of communication

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of conceptual and research literature with the end view of identifying the constructs of the study Likewise, the synthesis of the literature reviewed, the theoretical and conceptual as well as the conceptual and operational definitions of terms were included

Conceptual Literature

The topics discussed under the conceptual literature include the following constructs, which are utilized in the analysis and interpretation of the dissected literary pieces: speech as a form of literary work, literary and rhetorical devices, significant works of the selected world leaders, thematic approach in literature, and historical, sociological and philosophical criticism

Speech as a Form of Literary Work From being a means of

transferring man’s basic thoughts, language was developed into being used as

a tool of artistic expression: literature, by which man’s deepest and most complex of feelings is manifested However, according to Sapir (2000), while art is an expression of the artist and is therefore not to be bound by predetermined rules, language as a medium must be used by the artist in a

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way that he is able to express himself artistically while also giving consideration to the fact that he is bound by the limitations of whichever language he uses as a medium For example, when his work is translated to another language which has its own distinct style: sounds, accents, intonations, esthetics, or manner by which it appeals to the native speakers of that language, his original work will then be subject to a different set of standards; how much of his of his work’s identity and integrity will remain after being translated will define his mastery of his craft One example of this is speech, which refers to the ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by sounds, and gestures In literature, speech is commonly delivered in the form

of an address or discourse (Genresofliterature.com Website, 2015)

The speech act and the philosophy of language's performative function emphasized that almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention There is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience, according to Bach (2015)

The reference to the word performative can be traced to J L Austin's (1962) speech theory, and the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary

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acts, which includes in the speech act such executory verbs as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting, and congratulating According to him, the speech act can be analyzed by its locutionary act, perlocutionary acts and illocutionary acts Locutionary acts refer to the actual utterance that includes phonetic acts or acts of pronouncing sounds, phatic acts or the act of pronouncing words according to the phonologic and syntactic rules, and rhetic acts or the acts of uttering a sentence with sense and a definite reference Perlocutionary acts are the acts attributed to the effect of uttering a sentence

The differences among the three acts were explained by Austin: in uttering a

sentence, a speaker is performing an illocutionary act which has to have force,

unlike the locutionary act of uttering a sentence, which has to have a meaning, and the perlocutionary act performed by uttering a sentence, which has to

achieve certain effects

Austin further classified illocutionary acts into five types, which is according to the type of illocutionary act one can perform in uttering a

sentence, like when one exercises judgement or verdictive, exerts influence or

exercitive, assumes an obligation or commissive, adopts an attitude or

expresses feeling or behabitive , and makes clarifications, or reasons or

expositive

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Speech act theorists who followed Austin’s lead adopted his theory, and tried to expound on the definition of the speech acts John Searle was a major proponent of Austin’s speech act theory, but in 1979 deviated from Austin’s concept of illocutionary act when he defined the performance of an illocutionary act as an expression of an illocutionary intention This is entirely at odds with Austin’s concept that a sentence’s meaning cannot be explained by

a single criterion To Austin, the total speech act must be described in the total speech situation, as opposed to Searle’s attempt to define illocutionary acts in

a limited sense by ascribing intention with it Not long after, Searle and Vanderveken (1985) expounded to explain illocutionary force in a formal model which is compatible with the formal analysis of propositional contents

Literary and Rhetorical Devices To convey their messages in a

simple manner to the readers, writers used typical structures in their works called literary devices When employed properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work Figures of speech, narrative styles or plot mechanisms are just few examples of literary devices that are utilized in linguistic techniques to produce a specific effect Literary devices have long since played a key role in man's history of storytelling The utilization of literary devices have undergone a significant

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development along with narrative elements like character, plot and tone, with the range and complexity of techniques becoming more varied in the course of

the millennia, much to the advantage of the authors

Figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect Figures are sometimes described as primarily poetic, but they are integral to the functioning of language and indispensable to all modes of discourse (Abrams and Harpham, 1999)

A language utilizing a usage of words or expressions that is a deviation from the literal interpretation is what is referred to as figurative language This deviation from the use of a language in its literal sense make a linguistic point

by way of exaggerations or alterations, most of which are common in poetry, but can also be seen in prose and non-fiction as well

In literature or poetry, symbolism refers to the usage of an object or objects that represent or are “symbolic” of something else It refers to the usage of symbols in literature to help readers understand a literary work, that although the said word may previously refer to something concrete such as an object, action, character, or scene, when used symbolically, that word is

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intentionally made to symbolize or represent something more abstract (Patterson, 2010)

The literary symbol, according to Kant (1790), is an aesthetic idea used

as a substitute for logical presentation, but with the proper function of animating the mind by opening out for it a prospect into a field of kindred representations stretching beyond its ken In the simplest sense, anything that signifies or suggests a representation that is beyond, but usually an idea conventionally associated with it, as with the symbolic function of a flag or a

cross In the Semiotics of C S Pierce, the term denotes a sign that bears

neither semblance nor connection with its referent, only a conventional one: this is the case with words

Flashback refers to a form of anachrony by which some of the events of

a story are related at a certain point in the narrative after successive events in the story have already been recounted It is commonly referred to as retrospection or analepsis and it enables a storyteller to fill in background information about characters and events A narrative’s chronological progression is interrupted by an insertion of an account of events preceding the point at which the story began The narrative’s present flow is temporarily interrupted by flashback so that the reader can witness past events, commonly

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in the form of the character's memories, dreams, narration, or commentary It also allows the author to fill in certain important aspects about a place or a character, or it can be used to delay details until a point in the story just before

a climactic moment (Web.cn.edu/kwheeler/ Website, 2015)

This transition of a story to an earlier time as seen in a movie might show particular events in the past when a character was younger, which may add to a better understanding of his present character and motives

Writers or speakers utilize a number of techniques in order for them to deliver their message clearly and for the readers or listeners to be eventually persuaded into viewing the message from their perspective The styles and techniques that will be used by a speaker are learned from experience and research, and through exhaustive practice and modification, a speaker will be able to develop a particular style that suits him perfectly The interrelatedness

of meaning and form, the psychology of grammar, metaphor and diction, all of the nuances of speech will assist him in delivering his message

In addition to the literary devices, the utilization of rhetorical devices is common in the act of persuasion Rhetoric is a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form It refers to the act of discourse which employs a variety of methods in order to please, convince or

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even influence an audience It is a tool of persuasion that is used in religious sermons, political speeches, television commercials, product presentations and advertisements, to name a few

The use of rhetorical devices, though diverse and covers a broad range, can be summarized into three interrelated principles that the Greeks refer to as ethos, logos and pathos:

Ethos, or the ethical appeal, is a Greek word which means "character" Usage of ethos in a message relies on the author's credibility, or a speaker's character which gives him the authority to address a certain topic In ethos, the audience sees him as a credible source of information, and therefore, he can

be a credible source of opinion as well Ethos is further strengthened by the speaker's skill in using appropriate language, timely topic and a good command of the vocabulary One must first maintain an aura of respectability, control, and discipline, and must project the image of being unbiased in order for ethos to be effective in persuading those in the audience who would have not listened in the first place had ethos not been established initially The impact of ethos is often called the argument's ethical appeal or the appeal from credibility (Ramage and Bean, 1998)

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Logos refers to an appeal to the audience's logic By using historical facts, current statistics, literal analogies, and certain events, all of which appeal

to the audience's reason, a speaker's point of opinion or stand on an issue is given a chance to be considered Logos is dependent on the background of the recipient of the message or the audience, hence, the success of the speaker in getting the attention of his audience with logos relies on his choice

of facts or statistics that he presents to them The impact of logos on an audience is sometimes called the argument's logical appeal (Ramage and

Bean, 1998) Aristotle’s Rhetoric as cited in the Stanford Encyclopedia of

Philosophy Website (2015) distinguishes logos as the element of persuasion that pertains to the argument per se, or the thought that is being conveyed The paper’s author explains logos’ essence as being part of a triumvirate of persuasive elements, and thus can be defined as the idea or thought that is used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic

Pathos refers to the emotional appeal, and is utilized as a technique to persuade an audience by appealing to their feelings (Pathosethoslogos.com Website, 2015) Sympathy, when invoked, can make an audience become receptive to what the speaker wants to say When a speaker is able to draw

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pity from his audience, he puts them in a situation where they will want to take his side, and agree with him Another example of pathos is the way a speaker agitates or draws the anger of the crowd on certain issues with the use of strong, emotive language: an emotional recollection of past events that remind the audience of how they felt in the past, with a sympathetic style of delivery that says to the audience that the speaker is on their side, is one common way

of winning the favor of an audience Pathos, thus, refers to both the emotional and the imaginative impact of the message on an audience, the power with which the writer's message moves the audience to decision or action

Significant Works of the Selected World Leaders Ho Chi Minh was

born Nguyen Sinh Cung on May 19, 1890, the second son to a family of farmers from a small village called Kim Lien, in Annam, Central Vietnam He adopted the name Ho Chi Minh, which means “He who enlightens” later in his life At the time of his birth, Vietnam was under French rule and was composed

of three separate states: Cochin China or South Vietnam, Annam or Central Vietnam, and Tonkin or North Vietnam France combined the three states with Cambodia in 1887 to form Indochina and in 1893 Laos was also incorporated into Indochina Vietnam, as part of French Indochina, became the milking cow

of the French colonials with its rich natural resources and abundant cheap

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labor Ho Chi Minh grew up with the knowledge of the struggles of the peasants in his province who endured the French colonials' heavy taxation, forced labor, and dispossession of their land In 1905, he studied in Hue, and later on trained in Saigon, and it was then clear to him that the kind of education in Vietnam allowed by the French for natives like himself was designed to produce a subdued nation of Vietnamese people of service to the French crown This drove Ho Chi Minh to aspire being educated outside of Vietnam, and this was realized when he worked in the galley of a French ship and was able to visit France and several parts of Europe as well as other

French colonies in Africa

In 1919, Ho, who was known as Nguyen Ai Quoc or Nguyen the Patriot, founded the Association for Annamite Patriots, an organization composed of Vietnamese nationals living in France who opposed the French colonial occupation of Vietnam He became a founding member of the newly created

French Communist Party in 1920 He founded the journal Le Paria or The

Pariah in 1922, which served as a venue for anti-colonial activists to express and disseminate their views about the French colonial regime, and in it Ho Chi Minh wrote articles about the crimes of colonialism During this time he also

wrote on colonial questions for Humanite, for the trade union journal La Vie

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Ouvriere and for the international communist press His pamphlet French Colonisation on Trial was also released around this period

He traveled to Russia for the first time in 1923, became acquainted with the most influential Soviet leaders Nikolai Bukharin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin While in Russia, he trained as an agent of the Comintern He studied Marxist and Leninist thoughts as well as organizational and revolutionary techniques In 1924, he went to China, where he formed the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League and the League of Oppressed Peoples It was

during this period that he issued The Road of the Revolution, a revolutionary manual, and Youth, the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League's paper

The revolutionary movement took a great strides starting in 1927 with a successful countryside development which involved the peasants' participation

in numerous demonstrations, resulting in the founding of Indochinese Communist Party in North Vietnam, the Annamese Communist Party in South Vietnam, and the Tan Viet Communist League in Central Vietnam in 1929 Ho Chi Minh led the culminating unification of the three parties into a unified Indochinese Communist Party in Hongkong in 1930, serving as adviser to the Central Committee of the Party while based in China He went to the Soviet Union in 1933 to train in the Lenin School and returned to China in 1936

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In 1941, Ho returned to Vietnam for the first time since he left the country in 1911 and founded the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh or League for the Independence of Vietnam”, later known as simply the Viet Minh, an organization composed of Vietnamese nationalist and communist groups committed to Vietnamese independence Throughout the Japanese occupation

of Vietnam, the Viet Minh fought against both French colonial authorities and the Japanese forces occupying Vietnam He was arrested in 1932 by Nationalist Party or Guomindang authorities in his return to China and was briefly imprisoned Ho began to use the pseudonym Ho Chi Minh by which he

is now remembered

In 1946, Ho Chi Minh signed an agreement with the French for Vietnam

to be recognized as an Independent state, under the condition that it allowed a small French military presence as a member the French Union The agreement was not enough to end tension between French colonists and Vietnamese nationalists and soon after, the French and Vietnamese were at war Vietnamese forces finally defeated the French in 1954 The Geneva Conference with the nod of American influence saw a still divided Vietnam, with the Northern region under Viet Minh control and the Southern region still under French control until the establishment of a new South Vietnamese

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government Ho Chi Minh remained as the country's heart and soul for the more difficult part of Vietnam's history as the nation waged war against repeated attempts by France to reoccupy the territory, and later on against a more violent U.S aggression, until his death on September 2, 1969 For a national hero who never lived long enough to see the end of his life's work, the former capital of South Vietnam that was Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his memory after its capture by North Vietnamese forces in 1975

The writings and speeches of Ho Chi Minh first appeared in the English Language in Hanoi in a four-volume edition of his Selected Works which was released in 1960 The 1,269 page compilation covered his works from 1920-

1960 In 1967, a 152-page volume of his speeches against US aggression was issued, again in Hanoi (Woddis, 1970)

Margaret Thatcher was born in October 1925 at Grantham, eastern England She attended Oxford University to study Chemistry and Law in 1940, where she first experiences politics as president of the Oxford University Conservative Association She ran and lost as MP for Dartford in 1950, and got married to Denis Thatcher the following year She was elected MP for Finchley in 1959, was appointed junior minister of pensions and national insurance in 1961, and was appointed secretary of state for education and

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