Nghiên cứu khả năng tích lũy chì trong cải bẹ xanh khi bón bằng phân compost được sản xuất từ rác thải sinh hoạt

HO LIEN HUENGHIEN CUtJ KHA NANG TICH LUY CHI TRONG CAI BE XANH KHI BON BANG PHAN COMPOST Dl/OC SAN XUAT TlT RAC THAI SINH HOAT KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP... K/wa limn tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha

ThS BUI THI MAI PHUNG ThS HO LIEN HUE

NGHIEN CUtJ KHA NANG TICH LUY CHI

TRONG CAI BE XANH KHI BON BANG

PHAN COMPOST Dl/OC SAN XUAT TlT

RAC THAI SINH HOAT

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

Nguyln Ha DuyenSinh viSn thuc hien

Khoa luan tot nghiep clcii hocSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

LOT CAM ON

Trade tien, em vo cimg sau sic bilt on ba me da nuoi duong, day d emnen ngirdi Ba me la diem tira, la nguln dong vien va tao nghi lire cho em vuotqua mpi khd khan trong suot qua trinh hoc tap

Bac biet, em xin chan thanh gtii loi cam on den:

Traong Bai Hoc An Giang, Ban Chu nhiem Khoa Ky thuat Cong nghe Moi traong cung cac thdy co trong Bo mon Moi traong va Phat trien Ben viing

-da tao di^u kien va giup do em hoan thanh t6t Khoa luan tot nghiep -dai hpc.ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung da tan tinh hudng dan, giup d&, trayen dat nhttngkiln th^c, chia se kinh nghiem hit sue bl ich trong qua trinh thuc hien de tai nay.Cac anh chi can bo d Trang tarn Quan trie va Ky thuat Tai nguyen - Moitradng da nhiet tinh hudng dan, giup do em hoan thanh khoa luan

Tit ca ban be da dong vien, giup do, chia se va ciing toi vuot qua nhungkho khan trong suot qua trinh lam de tai ndi rieng va qua trinh hoc tap ndi chung.Mac du da co nhilu cl ging, nl luc nhung chic chin khong tranh khdinhung khuyet diem, thieu sot, em rat mong dugc su cam thong va gdp y cua quythay co Nhung gop y do doi vdi em la vo ciing quy bao giup em cd them nhieukinh nghiem cho qua trinh hoc tap va lam viec sau nay

Em xin chan thanh cam on!

GVHD: ThS Bid Thi Mai Phung

Bui Thi Mai Phung

Long xuyen, ngay4^.thang.^ nam 2013Khoa luan tot nghiep dai hocSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HlTdNG DAN

Long xuyen, ngay thang nam 2013Khoa hum tdtnghiep ttai hocSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN

GVHD: T/iS Bui ThiMaiPhung

Khda luan tdt nghiep did hocSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

The care regulations: watering two times a day, cleaning worms, and following height, number of leaves, leaf size and death rate of Brassica juncea (L.) once a week until harvesting In the process of analyzing data, the software SPSS (version 11.5) was used to analyze of variance (ANOVA) to find the difference from the growth and the accumulating of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.) among four treatments After harvesting (35 days), the results showed that:

The volume of compost was used in basal fertilizing period is directly proportion

to leaf size and inversely proportion to the rate of death The height of Brassica juncea (L.) in NT1, NT2, NT3 treatments was directly proportion to added compost volume in this period Particularly, the height of Brassica juncea (L.) in NT4 treatment increased very slowly from 28' to 35' days after seeding This may be lead concentration accumulated relatively high in Brassica juncea (L.).

The analysis results showed that composting, experimental soil and Brassica juncea (L.) were steady accumulated lead In that lead concentration in Brassica juncea(L.) was from 0.0311 mg/kg to 0.3317 mg/kg It is lower than the allowed limit in freshvegetable of the Health Ministry (in 1998)

The rate of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.) infected from experimental soil is 0.254% (NT1 treatment) The rate of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.)

in NT2, NT3 and NT4 treatments is 0.116%, 0.139% and 3.544% respectively.

In NT3 treatment added 400 grams composting in the basal fertilizing period is not only the highest yield but also low lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L).

Thi nghiem dupe bd tri ngdu nhien gdm 4 nghiem thuc, moi nghiem thuc lap lai 3 Ian Ty le N, P, K trong phdn dung de bon cho cdi be xanh d ede nghiem thuc Id nhu nhau Nhung khdc nhau ve khoi lupngphdn compost phoi tron vdo hdn hop phdn, trong

do khoi lupngphdn compost aNT3 vd NT4 gap tic 2 den 3 Ian khoi lupngphdn dNT2.Nghiem thuc NT1 bon hodn todn bang phdn vd cd Cdi dupe bon thuc theo chu ky 10,

15, 20 vd 25 NSKG, khdng sic dung thudc bdo ve thuc vdt.

Che do chdm soc: Cdi dupe tudi nude 2 Idn/ngdy, bat sdu, theo doi chieu cao, so

Id, klch thudc id vd ty le cay chit (7 ngdy/ldn) cho din khi thu hoach Trong qua trinhphdn tick sd lieu, phdm mim SPSS 11.5 dupe icng dung di phdn tich phuong saiANOVA lim su khdc biet ve su tang trudng vd ham lupng Pb tich luy trong cay giua ede nghiem thicc Sau 35 ngdy trong, ket qua thu dupe nhu sau:

Khoi lupngphdn compost bon cho cdi be xanh ty le thudn vdi kich thudc Id nhung

ty le nghich vdi ty le cdy chit Chiiu cao cdy d ede NT], NT2, NT3 ty le thudn vdi lupngcompost dupe bon d ticng nghiem thicc Rieng NT4, chieu cao bi ice che d giai doan tic

28 NSKG den 35 NSKG, cd the Id do ham lupng chi tich luy trong cdi die Idn gay ice chesinh trudng chieu cao Ket qua phdn tich ham lupng chi trong mdu ddt, mdu phdn vd cdi be xanh cho thdy ham lupng chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh d tdt cd ede nghiem thuc dao dong tic 0,0311 -0,3317 mg/kg thdp hem gidi han chophep trongrau tuai cuaBoY

ti (1998) Ty le chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh tic ddt Id 0,254% (nghi^m thicc NT1) vd ty

le chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh cd nguon goc tic phdn compost d NT2, NT3 vd NT4 IdnluptldO.116%, 0,139% vd 3,544%

Nghiem thuc 3 (cdng thicc bon 400 g compost + 4,6 g ure + 32,6 g super Idn + 6,3 g KCl) khdng nhung dat muc tieu ve ndng sudt cao ma con cd ham lupng chi thdp.

K/wa limn tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

MUC LUC LOT CAM ON

ABSTRACT

TOM TAT

MUC LUCi DANH SACH BANGiv DANH SACH HINHv DANH MUC VIET TATvi CHUONG 1: Md DAU1 CHtTONG 2: LITOC KHAO TAl LIEU2

2.1.Tinh hinh xii ly rac thai thanh phan compost tai tinh An Giang vanhirng mo hihh ling dung phan compost trong viec trong rau mau22.1.1.So lucre ve cac nha may xii ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan composttai tinh An Giang22.1.2.Lgi ich va mot so nghien ciiu ring dung phan compost trong canh tac rau mau92.1.3.Mot so nghien ciiu ve ham lugng kim loai nang tich luy trong mot soloai rau va cai xanh102.2.T6ng quan ve kim loai nang va chi112.2.1.So luge vS kim loai nang va chi112.2.2.Qua trinh xam nhap kim loai nang vao thuc vat122.2.3.Cac yeu to ahh huong den kha nang hap thu nguyen to vi lugng trongnude, dat cua thuc vat'.142.2.4.Anh huong cua kim loai nang dSn thuc vat va tinh doc cua chi152.3.Gioi thieu vl cai xanh172.3.1.Nguon goc cai xanh172.3.2.Dae tinh va gia tri dinh dudng cua cai xanh172.4.Ky thuat trong cai be xanh182.4.1.Thai vu182.4.2.Lam dit19

Khoa luan tdt ngliiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

2.4.3.Ky thuat tr6ng19 2.4.4.Chamsoc va bon phan192.4.5.Quan ly dich hai212.4.6.Thu hoach21 2.5 Vai tro va tinh hinh sir dung phan hfiu co' trong san-xuat rau sach 21 2.5.1.Vai tro cuaviec sir dung phan huu co trong san xuat rau sach212.5.2.Tinh hinh phat triin va ling dung phan hOn co trong san xuat rau sach

25 CHITONG 3: PHUONG TIEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CU"U27

3.1.D6i tuo-ng nghien cuu'.273.2.Tlioi gian va dia diem nghien ciiu273:3 Muc tieu nghien ciru273.4.Noi dung nghien ciiu273.5.Phirffng tien va vat lieu nghien ciru283.5.1.Vat lieu thi nghiem 283.5.2.Dung cu va thigt bi do - phan tich.mau28 3.5.3.Hoa chat phan tich mau283^6 Phu'irng phap nghien ciru293.6.1.Phuongphap thu thap s6 lieu thiicfip293.6.2.Phuong phap bo tri thi nghiem293.6.3.Phirong phap tinh ham ltrcmg N, P, K trong phan compost va phan voca313.6.4.Phtrong phap thu va bao quan mau rau323.6.5.Phtrong phap do cac chi tieu tang tnrdng va tinh nang suat323.6.6.Phirong phap phan tich mau dat, phan compost va rau333.6.7.Phirong phap xtr ly so lieu36

CHlTONG 4: MET QUA THAO LUAN38

4.1 Chat Iuong phan compost va ham Iiiong Pb trong dat dung trong thinghiem38

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phungii

Khoa I nan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

4.1.1.Ham lirongN, P, K trong phSn compost38 4.1.2.Ham hrcmg chi trong phan compost va trong dat trong rau38 4.2.Sir sinh truong va pliat trien cua cai be xanh39 4.2.1.Chi^u cao cay39 4.2.2.So la va kich thirdfc lacai be xanh42 4.2.3.Ty le cay chet, trong luong cay va nang suat cay trong454.3.Sir tich luy chi trong cai be xanh sau 35 ngay trong494.4.Moi lien he gifra ham luong chi va nang suat cai51

CHlTONG 5: Kt LUAN VA KIEN NGHI52

5.1.KSt luan1525.2.Kien nghi52

TAl LIEU THAM KHAO

PHU LUC

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Pltung

Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyen

DANH SACH BANG

Bang 2.1: Ham lugng N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu ly rac xa AnHao huyen Tjnh Bien3Bang 2.2: Thanh phSn cac chat dinh duang trong phan compost a nha may xu lyrac xa Hoa Binh, huyen Cher Mai 4Bang 2.3: Ham lucmg N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu: ly rac xa BinhThanh, huyen Chau Thanh8Bang 2.4: Thai gian va ham lugng phan bon bon thuc cho cai xanh20Bang 3.1: Ty le phoi tron phan compost vdi phan vo ca30Bang 4.1: Ham lugng N, P, K trong phan compost dung trong thi nghiem38Bang 4.2: Ham lugng chi trong dat va phan compost39Bang 4.3: Chieu cao cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trien41Bang 4.4: S6 la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trign43Bang 4.5: Kich thuac la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trien 44Bang 4.6: S6 lugng va ty le cay chgt a cac nghiem thirc tai thai di&n thu hoach

.^46Bang 4.7: Nang su^t cai be xanh sau khi thu hoach47Bang 4.8: Bang thong ke tong hgp cac chi tieu tang trudng cua cai be xanh taithai diem thu hoach49Bang 4.9: Ty le tich luy chi trong cai be xanh tir dat va phan compost50Bang 4.10: Bang tong hgp ham lugng chi va nang suat sau khi thu hoach51

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

DANH SACH HINH

Hinh 2.1: Xucrng xu ly rac thai va san xuat phan compost xa Binh Thanh, huyenCh^u Thanh:5Hinh 2.2: Quy trinh cong nghe u phan compost cua nha may xur ly rac thai xaBinh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh:6Hinh 2.3: Do kha dung thuc vat cua cac nguyen to vi luong13Hinh 2.4:M6 hinh cac nguyen to vi krpng kha dung trong dat14Hinh 2.5: Kim loai thiSt ydu va khong thiSt y^^u'.16Hinh 3.1: Cach thu mau rau theo duang cheo32Hinh 3.2: He th6ng may quang ph6 h^p thu nguyen tit (AAS)35Hinh 4.1: Bieu do the hien sir tang truong chieu cao cay qua cac giai doan40Hinh 4.2: Bieu do the hien sir tang so luqng la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan 42Hinh 4.3: Bieu do the hien sir tang kich thirac la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan 43Hinh 4.4: Sau an tap hai cai be xanh45' Hinh 4.5: Cai bi benh vang la,46Hinh 4.6: Bieu do the hien trong luqng cai 6 cac nghiem thuc sau khi thu hoach

-;47

Hinh 4.7: Bieu do the hin ham luqng chi tich luy trong cai be xanh sau khi thuhoach:49

GVHD: ThS Biii Thi Mai P/tung

Bao ve thuc vat

Cong tac vien

Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyen

CHirONGl:MdfiAU

Ke tir nam 1994, viec su dung phan ttr chat thai hiiu ca da cho hieu quacao ca ve nang suat Ian hieu qua kinh te doi vdd mot so loai rau qua trong can nhu cai bong, cai bap, ca chua va dau phong Hon nua, viec sir dung phan duqc u tirchat thai do thi hoan toan co the thay the phan chuong Boi phan u lam dat toixop - co tac dung cai tao dat, tang nang suat vaphamxhat la dau tarn.

Ngay nay, viec sir dung phan hOu ca de trong rau sach ngay cang phat trienrong rai Tuy nhien, doi vdi phan him- ca - compost duac u tir rac thai sinh hoat ngoai chda cac nguyen to da lugng N, P, K, Ca, hun ich cho cay trong con co cac nguyen to vi luang nhu kim loai nang nhu Pb, Cd, Ni va mot so VSV co hai trong phan Cac kim loai nang nay neu tich luy vao thud vat (rau, cai, )dung lam thiic an cho con nguai va dpng vat co the se gay ra nhung can benh captinh hay man tinh, nguy hiem cho sue khoe va tinh mang con ngudi

Be co the tai sur dung nguon phan huu ca — compost tir rac thai sinh hoat detrong rau mau Vai cau hoi dat ra la kim loai nang trong rau trong co vugt tieuchuan cho phep hay khong de nguai tieu dung yen tam tieu thu? Truac thue trang

do, chiing toi da thuc hien de tai "Nghien cieu khii nang tich lily chi trong cai bexanh khi bon bSng phan compost dwffc san xuQt tu rac thai sinh hoat" nh5mxac dinh muc do tich luy chi trong cai be xanh

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

CHtTGNG 2: LlTOC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1 Tinh hinh xii Iy rac thai thanh phan compost tai tinh An Giang vanhfrng mo hinh ling dung phan compost trong viec trong rau man

2.1.1 So' liruc ve cac nha may xir Iy rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan composttai tinh An Giang

Tren dja ban tinh An Giang hien nay co 5 khu xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat dattai 5 huyen Do la, khu phan loai va xil Iy rac thai sinh hoat xa An Hao (HuyenTinh Bien) co cong suat xd Iy 5m3/ngay; tai xa Hoa Binh (Huyen Chg Mdi) vdicong suat 10 m3/ngay, xu Iy rac cho hai xa Hoa Binh va Hoa An; tai xa BinhThanh (Huyen Chau Thanh) vdi cong snk 5 m3/ngay, xil Iy rac cho xa BinhThanh; tai xa VTnh Phu (Huyen Thoai Son) vdi cong suit 5 m3/ngay xu Iy raccho xa VTnh Phu va mot phan xa VTnh Trach; tai xa VTnh Lpc (Huyen An Phu)vdi cong suat 5m3/ngay, xd Iy rac cho xa VTnh Loc {So Tai nguyen va MditrudngAn Giang, 2011)

Cac khu xd Iy rac co ban dap dng dugc yeu cau giai quyet viec xd Iy lugngrac thai tai cac dja phuong nhung van con han che la viec phan loai rac tai nguonchua triet de, mot so thiet bi trang bi chua phu hop va dja phucmg gap khd khan

vg kinh phi, (Mai Thi Van Anh, 2012)

a So' luoc ve nha may xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost d xa

An Hao, huyen Tinh Bien

Nha may xd Iy rac thanh phan compost tai xa An Hao, huyen Tjnh Biendugc van hanh thd nghiem cong nghe xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat theo phuong phap

d yem khi tuy nghi goi tat la cong nghe A.B.T vao dau nam 2008 vdi cong suat

xd Iy la 5 mVngay va chinh thdc di vao hoat dpng vao nam 2009

Cong nghe A.B.T cd nhieu dac tinh noi bat: khong phan loai rac tai nguon;

xd Iy triet de rac huu co; khong phat sinh nude ri rac; phan him co sinh hoc chebien td mun rac cd chat lugng "rat cao; chi phi dau tu va van hanh thudng xuyenrat thap, it ton di^n nang; cd the dng dung xd Iy rac d mpi quy mo cong sudt khacnhau (cum, khu dan cu den cac do thj loai trung); cd thd xay dung khu xd Iy rac dgan noi phat sinh rac (trong khu dan cu, chg, ), do do giam chi phi van chuydn

va xay dung (>oan Van Nha, 2012)

Td kdt qua phan tich N, P, K trong phan compost cua nha may xd Iy racthai sinh hoat d xa An Hao, huyen Tjnh Bien cho thiy, lugng Ian di tieu la rfitthap so vdi tieu chuan nganh (Bang 2.1)

GVHD: ThS BUi Thi Mai Phung2

(Ngudn: NguySn Thi Am, 2010 va NguySn Thi Thu Thdo, 2011)

b So1 \attc vg nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost it

xa Hoa Binh, huyen Chu Moi

Khu xu ly rac thai sinh hoat xa Hoa Binh (Cho Mai) khanh thanh vao thang

06 nam 2011 Khu xu ly rac rong gan 2,8 ha, co cong suat 10 m3/ngay ap dungtheo cong nghe A.B.T, gom cac hang muc: khu nha xuang,.ham li rac, san thao tac, kho chua mun, nha chua hoa chat va thiet hi, Tong kinh phi tren 1,7 tydong tir nguon kinh phi sir nghiep moi trucmg va khoa hoc cong nghe cua tinhcimg ngan sach huyen.

Cong trinh hoan thanh gop phln xu ly luang rac thai sinh hoat nong thon xaHoa Binh va cac xa lan c^n tren dia ban, gop phln bao ve moi trucmg; d6ng thdilucmg mun thu duac sau xu ly dung lam phan bon trong san xuat nong nghiep(Hanh Chau, Phong Mieng va Gia Khanh, 2011)

Bang 2.2 cho thay, ham lugng cac kim loai nang trong phan compost cuanha may xu ly rac sinh hoat cr xa Hoa Binh, huyen Cher Mai la kha thdp (dangvet) va dat tieu chuan nganh Nita tong dat 7,39% cao han tieu chuan nganh (>.2,5%).

10,20%o1,0512,377,06Thao, 2011Nguygn Thi Thu

luffng (mg/g)

9,03 %o0,981,736,30

Khoa luan tdt nghiep SVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

Bang 2.1: Ham Itrang N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu ly rdc xaAn

Hdo huyen Tinh Bien

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung

(Nguon: Scr Tai nguyen vd Moi truang An Giang, 2011 trich tit Hitynh Thi Triing

co miii ammoniacMui miin, khongMau nau, sam

Tieu chuannganh

lxl03-lxl0*

< 3 MPN/4g

- -

-<171,0-2,0

-30 - 406,5-8,5him co yem khihoac mui tir phan

co miii ammoniacMui mun, khongMau nau, sam

Tieu chuanComposthityen Cha Mai

3x10*

Khongphat hien

96,1419,9515,231,027,397,5135-456,3rat nheammoniac

mun,

Co mui

Mau nau samMSu

CFU/g /25g mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg

>Vitri nha may: Nha may thupc ap Thanh Hung, xa Binh Thanh, huyenChau Thanh, tinh An Giang chinh thuc hoat dong vao thing 6 nam 2011 Khu xu

ly co t6ng dien tich la 3.172 m2, dp dung cong nghe u hi^u khi kSt hop chS phfimsinh hoc, cong suit xu ly la 5 m3/ngay (Le Hai Nhi, 2012)

>Quy trinli san xuatphan compost

Rac dupe thu gom tir chp va cac ho gia dinh (co the dupe phan loai tainguon) bang xe thu gom rac co ngan phan each rieng biet, tai day rac dupe thugom, phan loai lai mot Ian nfia, rac co the tai che hay tai su dung cho vao baodung rieng.

Rac dupe van chuySn ve san thao tic d khu phan loai, tai day ric dupe phanloai thanh ric him co, ric vo co (tii ch^ hoac khong tii ch^), xe cic tui dung ricbang dao chuyen dung thd cong va bam nho cic chat huu co co klch thudc ion denang cao hieu qui cho qui trinh u

Hinh 2.1: Xwang xic ly rac thai va san xudtphdn compost xa Binh Thanh, huyen

Rac co thS tai che: ducrc ban cho cac ca sa thu mua ph^ lieu;

Rac khong tai che duoc: mang di chon lap;

Rac him ca con lai: dura vao 6 u de tien hanh cong doan u tiep theo

Rac sau khi cho vao 6 u compost (duac thiSt kg thoang khi xung quanh vaben trong 6) duac u trong thai gian 40 - 45 ngay, trong 6 li rac duac chia thanh

-Kilm soat nhift: 50 - 70C

-Do im: 40 - 60%, tuoi am bing

San thao tac

Phan loai lln 2

Thu gom rac

(die, ho gia dinh) phan loai scr bo

SVTH: Nguyin Ha DuyenKhoa luan tdt nghiep

Khoa luan tSt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

tung lop, m6i lop day 0,2 m dugc phun chlphim sinh hoc Nhiet do trongham u

co thS dat tu- 60 — 70C sau 2 ngay u, do am 40 - 60% Trong qua trinh u sinh ranude ri rac, lugrig nude nay co thS hoan hru dung de tudi lai 6 u

Sau khi tien hanh u 40 - 45 ngay, lugng rac nay dirge dem ra 6 chura va tienhanh li chin trong thai gian khoang 7-10 ngay Lugng rac sau khi li chin dugcdua ra sang quay motor de phan loai San pham thu dugc gom: mun him ca, rachim co khd phan huy va rac vo co con lai

Rac huu co kho phan huy dugc tiep tuc u d me u tiep theo;

Rac vo ca con sot lai dugc mang di chon lap;

Mim huu co - phan compost thu dugc cho vao bao chua va dem di tieu thu.Thong thudng khoi lugng mun him ca thu dugc sau khi u chiem khoang20% khoi lugng chat huu co ban dau

> Thwc te van hanh cua nha may

Van hanh: Cong nhan chua thuc hien thao tac dung theo quy trinh thiet kehudng dSn

Lugng rac tiep nhan thuc te: Hang ngay lugng rac tiep nhan khoang 1tan/ngay Chu yeu dugc thu gom tir khu vuc chg va khu vuc dan cu cap cac tuyen

16 giao thong xung quanh

Thanh pham: Me u hon 60 ngay van chua phan huy thanh phan compostnhung theo quy trinh la 40 ngay thi phan huy thanh phan compost Co the do su"dung che pham sinh hoc chua phu hop,

Phuong tien: Su dung 2 thung xe keo rac theo du an Xe van chuyen, may sang, bang tai, thiet ke cong kenh (da so la tu che) va van hanh chua dam baocan phai cai tien them Cac thiet bi thudng bi hu (chay dong co dien) lam hudngden qua trinh hoat dong cua khu xu Iy

Dpi ngu cong nhan: Bao gom 5 cong nhan thu gom rac Tuy.nhien, hien nayvan thu gom chua het cac tuyen do lugng rac phat sinh nhieu (Le Hdi Nhi, 2012).Chat lugng phan compost cua nha may xu ly rac thai d xa Binh Thanh rattot, co ham lugng dam, Ian va kali trong phan compost luon dat tieu chuan nganh(Bang 2.3)

(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)

d.So' luoc ve nha may xir ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost 6'

xa Vinh Phii, huyen Thoai Son

Phong Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg huyen Thoai Son da trien khai xay dung

va chinh thiic cho hoat dong nha may xis ly rac theo cong nghe A.B.T voi congsuat 5 m3/ngay tai xa Vmh Phu (Sff Tai nguyen vd Moi truang An Giang, 2011).Nha may duoc xay dung tren tong dien tich 2.000 m2, trong do khu nha u 300 m2,nha chua mun, dung cu 60 m2, nha lam viec 30 m2, voi tong kinh phi xay dung

700 trieu d6ng (Nguyin Tri Phuang, 2011) Sau 12 thang thi cong, Phong Tainguyen va Moi truong Thoai Son dua vao sir dung khu xu ly rac thai tai xa VTnhPhu vao thang 6 nam 2011 Uu diem cua he thong nay la rac sau khi qua cackhau xu ly tao ra phan vi sinh phuc vu san xuat nong nghiep (Sa Tai nguyen vdMoi truong An Giang, 2011)

Theo quy trinh xu ly, rac dugc li 30 ngay, sau khi phan loai, ngoai lucmgphan dugc san xuat, so rac khong phan huy nhu bao nylon, vo chai dugc tai sudung, cac loai khac dugc chon hoac dot Moi ngay, nha may xu ly tren 1,2 tan rac

va san xuat 240 kg phan huu co phuc vu nong dan dia phucrng {My Hanh, 2012).e.So' luoc ve nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost 6' xaVinh Loc, huyen An Phii

Thang 6 nam 2011, nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat dugc chinh thuc duavao hoat dgng tai xa VTnh Loc, huyen An Phu ap dung cong nghe u phan theohinh thuc li yem khi tuy nghi A.B.T vdi cong suat 5 mVngay (So Tdi nguyen vdMoi truong An Giang, 2011) Udc tinh lugng rac phat sinh hang ngay tai khu vuc

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung8

>2,5

Khda luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Bang 2.3: Ham luong N, P, K trongphdn compost d nhd may xu ly rac xa Binh

Thanh, huyen Chdu Thanh

Thanh phSnHam iuong (mg/g) Tieu chudn nganh (%)

>2,5

9,084,525,698,02

Kali t6ng s6

Lan dli tieu

Lan tong s6

Nito tong so

Khoa (mill tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

xa Vihh Loc khoang 4,5 tan/ngay (Trung tdm Dich vu cong huyen An Phil, 2011trich tic Nguyin Van SSc, 2011)

2.1.2 Lot ich va mot so nghien cun ung dung phan compost trong canh tac rau mau

a.Lot ich cua phan compost

Mot s6 loi ich cua viec bon phan compost: Tang do toi x6p, miin him cocho dlt; giix am, tang thai gian luu nude; thlm loc tot, tranh bac mau cho dat; nhaduong chat ttr tir, tang hap thu khoang chat; chong xoi mon; chong chai hoa dat;cai tao tinh chat co ly hoa ciia dat; cai tao dat, giup dat toi xop, bo sung nguondinh duong; bo sung dam, Ian, kali cho cay trong {Phan sink hoc hitu co cduDiln, 2007 trich tic Nguyin Thi Thu Thdo, 2011)

b.Mot so nghien cuu ling dung phan compost trong canh tac rau mauNghien cuu ung dung phan compost duoc u tir rac thai sinh hoat trong khoqua a tinh Hau Giang KSt qua cho thiy bon 10 tin phan/ha se cho nang suat cao

va dat hieu qua kinh te {Dang The Nhon, 2009 trich theo Vo Thi Ngoc Nua,

2012).

Trung tam ling dung TiSn bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe (So Khoa hoc va Congnghe An Giang) da thuc hien du an su dung phan compost tir qua trinh u rac thaihim co vao san xuat hoa mau vao nam 2012 6ng V6 Bat Giao, ngu ap ThanhNhon, xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh la mot trong nhung nong dan gidi ciia

xa da trong thi diem cai tua sai ydi dien tich 2.800 m2, mot phan sit dung phancompost vdi dien tich 1.400 m2, phln con lai trdng khong suf dung phan compost

de doi chiing Sau 43 ngay xuong giong va cham soc, ong thu hoach tren miengdat co su dung phan compost dupe 3,5 tan cai, mieng dat khong sii dung phancompost 2,5 tan cai Qua theo doi va so sanh, Ong nhan thay su dung phancompost cho cay cai tua sai dat nang suit cao hon 1 tan/cong, dOng thai chi phigiam dang kl Cu thi, nlu san xult theo each truyen thong, ong tin chi phi 2,5trieu dong/cong, con sir dung phan compost ket hop them mot it phan va thuockhac ong ton 2 trieu dong/cong {True Pha, 2012)

Ben canh nhung hieu qua cua cay cai tua sai duoc ong Vo Bat Giao trongthi diem, ong Nguyen Van Dung, ngu ap Thanh Hung, xa Binh Thanh cung rathai long ttr viec trong thi diem bau Ong trong 500 m2 bau co su dung phancompost, 500 m2 con lai khong su dung phan compost de doi chiing Ket qua ongthu hoach dugc 1.300 kg blu tren milng dlt sii dung phan compost, 500 m2 conlai chi thu dugc 320 kg biu Nang suit tang gin 1.000 kg/500 m2 Ben canh viec

Khda hum tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

tang nang suat va giam chi phi san xuat, phan compost con co tac dung cai taodat vi trong thanh phan phan compost khong chiia hoa chat gay hai ma con chuanhieu chat huu co tu nhien bo sung cho dat Hon nua, khac vdi cac Ioai phanthuong la bon vai, khi bon phan compost phai xdi dat len roi tron deu phan vdidat, nhd vay da tao dp tai xop cho dat Dae biet, lupng dinh duong tir phancompost sir dung trong vu dau van con thtra, trong lai hoa mau mua sau.van chonang suat cao va chat lupng tot (7>zic Pha, 2012)

Nghien cuu khao sat hieu qua cua phan compost san xuat tir rac thai chpnong thon d6i vdi su sinh trudng, phat triln va nang suit cay cai ngot tai xa BinhThanh, Chau Thanh, An Giang Ket qua cho thay khi bon 10 tan phancompost/ha cho san pham cai sinh trudng va phat trien tot, dong thai cho nangsufit cao va dat hieu qua kinh tS {Vo Thi Ngoc Hiiu, 2012 "duac trich bdi Vo ThiNgoc Nua, 2012)

Nghien ciiu ung dung phan compost co tron duong chat de trong cai be xanh tai xa Long Giang, huyen Chp Mdi cho thay cai be xanh dupe bon bangphan compost co tron duong chat cho nang suat cao va kha nang chong chiu benhchay la cao hon khi khong bon compost hay bon vdi ty le thap (Vo Thi NgocNua, 2012)

2.1.3 Mot s6 nghien ciru vi ham hrpng kirn Ioai nang tich luy trong mot

so Ioai rau va cai xanh

Ham lupng kim Ioai nang trong rau cung la mot trong nhung chi tieu canhan che trong san xuaf rau sach -Khi ham lupng kim Ioai nang dupe con ngudihap thu qua nguong cho phep se gay anh hudng xau den siic khoe, thi du hamlupng Asen cho phep trong ca thS la 0,006 - 0,007 mg/kg thi trong, qua nguongtren se gay doc hai cho ca thi, con tang len 20 mg/kg thi trong se gay tu vongtrong 24 gib (Bui Cdch Tuyin, 1997)

Khao sat mot s6 Ioai rau d Da Lat cho thiy ham lupng ding trong rau caogap 1,5 lln va ham lupng kem cao gfip 2 - 9 lin muc cho phep eiia Bp NN & PTNT (Bui Cdch Tuyin, 1997)

Ket qua nghien cuu kha nang chlng chiu va tich luy chi cua cay cai xanhtrlng tren dlt 6 nhilm cua Luang Thi Thuy Van va ctv (1998) cho thly kha nanghap thu chi cua cai xanh tang dan theo kha nang tao sinh khoi cua cay Khi sinhkhoi cang tang nhanh theo thai gian thi chi tich tu trong cay cang cao Sinh khoicai xanh giam dan khi ham lupng chi vupt qua 1.500 mg/kg dit thi nghiem Khanang hap thu chi cua cai xanh trong tren dat 6 nhiem tang dan theo ham lupng chi

Kfwa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyin

trong dat va thai gian thi nghiem Khi ham luang chi la 3.500 mg/kg dat, sau 48ngay sinh tnrdng cay co the hap thu 343,67 mg chl tren 1 kg vat chat kho

Nghien cuu "Hien trang 6 nhiem kim loai nang trong rau xanh & ngoai 6 TP

Ho Chi Minh" cua Nguyen Thi Ngpc An va ctv (2006) cho thay rau cai dupetrong tren dat 6 nhiem co kha nang tich luy mot so kim loai nang cu the nhu sau:Ham luang Cu trong raucai a xa Dong Thanh, huyen Hoc Mon la.6,963 mg/kg;ham luang Zn trong rau cai a xa Tan Phu Trung, huyen Cu Chi la 23,06 mg/kg;ham luang Cd trong rau cai a xa Da Phuac, huyen Binh Chanh la 118,40 pg/kg.Ket qua dl tai nghien ciiu "Danh gia hien trang 6 nhilm chi trong rau xanh

a TP H6 Chi Minh" cua Nguyin Thi Ngoc An (2007) cho thiy ham luang chi

tich luy trong cai be xanh dupe trong tren nen dat 6 nhiem a xa Thai Tarn Thon,huyen H6c Mon, TP H6 Chi Minh la 0,106 mg/kg, a xa Tan Phii Trung, huyen

Cu Chi, TP H6 Chi Minh la 0,038 mg/kg thSp han muc giai han cho phep viham luang chi trong rau cua Bo Y ti (0,5 -1,0 mg/kg)

Theo ket qua nghien cuu cua Nguyen Xuan Cu (2008), luang Cu, Pb, Znthem vao dat co anh huang ro ret den sinh truang va nang suat cua rau cai xanh,trong do anh huang cua chi la the hien rd nhat 6 cac luang bon Ian luat la 50ppm, 100 ppm va 200 ppm chi chiiu cao cai xanh giam tuang ung 25%, 31% va44% so vai doi chiing (khong bon chi) D6ng thai nang sudt cai xanh cung giamtuang ung 27%, 51% va 56% so vai d6i chung Ben canh do, luang bon chi-vaodat cung lam tang rat nhanh su tich luy chi trong cay, luang chi tich luy trong caixanh tang len han 5 ISn, 9 18n va 10 ldn (Nguyin Xuan Cu, 2008)

Ket qua nghien cuu ham luang kim loai nang trong mot so loai rau (raumuong, cai xoong, cai ngong, ).a khu vuc Ha Npi cua Le Lan Anh va cpng su(2010) cho thay kim loai nang tap trung vao phan re va phan than gia (phankhong an dupe), phan an dupe chi co khoang 20 den 50% so vai phan khong andupe Phan goc va phan ngpn co ham luang xap xi nhau.

2.2 Tong quan ve kim loai nang va chi

2.2.1 So lupc ve kim loai nang va chi

Kim loai ndng dupe dung chi ten nhom cua cac kim loai va a kim, no ganlien vai su 6 nhilm va tinh doc Nhung cung co mot s6 nguyen t6 cin thilt cho

ca the sinh vat khi d nong dp thap Kim loai nang doi khi cung dupe gpi la kimloai vlt

Kim loai nang con co thuat ngu khac la "Kim loai doc" de chi nhungnguyen t6 khong cdn thilt, dl gay kich ung nhu: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, No khong

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung12

Khoa hum tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Buy en

dung chi cac nguyen to thiet yeu cho co the sinh vat nhu: Co, Cu, Mn, Se va Zn.Sir phan loai kim loai doc dua tren ty trong nguyen tu (d > 6 g/cm3) nhung nocung bao g6m cac nhom nguyen t6 khong lien quan khac, xong vln chua ro (H6Thi My Trang, 2005)

Quan diem phan loai theo ty trong cho rang: kim loai nang la cac kim loai

co ty trong (ky hieu d) Ion hon 5, nghTa la-chung nang gap 5 Ian hoac hon nOa sovdi kh6i lupng rieng ciia nuac, bao g6m: Pb (d = 11,34), Cd (d = 8,6), As (d =5,72), Zn (d = 7,10), Co (d = 8,9), Cu (d = 8,96), Cr (d = 7,1), Fe (d = 7,87), Mn(d = 7,44), Trong so cac nguyen to nay co mot so nguyen to can thiet cho cay trong, vi du: Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Fe Cac nguyen to nay cay trong can vai hamhrang nho, gpi lit nguyen to vi luang, neu ham luang cao se gay doc cho caytr6ng {Prasad, 1974 trich theo Phan Thi ThuHdng, 2008)

Theo quan diem doc hoc: kim loai nang la cac kim loai co nguy ccr gay nencac van de ve moi trirong, bao gom: Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, Ag,

Sn, As, Se B6n nguyen to dupe quan tam la Pb, As, Cd va Hg Cac nguyen tonay hien nay chua biet duoc vai tro sinh thai cua chiing, tuy nhien neu du thiramot luong nho thi tac hai rlt ldn {Phan Thi Thu H&ng, 2008)

Chi trong bang tuan hoan hoa hoc co ky hieu la Pb; s6 thii tu: 82; kh6iluong nguyen til: 207,2 dvC; ban kinh ion: 1,26A va do am dien (theo paoling):2,33 (Pham ThiLuu, 2010)

Chi la kim loai mau xam thSm, kha mem dl bi dat mong Nhiet dp nongchay: 327,46C Nhiet dp soi: 174C Kh6i lupng rieng: 11,34 g/cm3 Chi va cachop kim cua no deu doc va nguy hiem do tinh tich luy cua no, nen kho giai dockhi bi nhiem dpc-lau dai Chi hap thu tot cac tia phong xa {Pham ThiLuu, 2010).2.2.2 Qua trinh xam nhap kim loai nang vao thuc vat

Khi dupe trong trong moi trucmg bi 6 nhiem, thuc vat tro thanh moi de doatiem tang doi voi she khod con ngupi va dpng vat khi chiing co tich luy cacnguyen t6 doc chlng han nhu kim loai nang trong td bao, didn hinh la benh Itai -Itai gay anh hudng nghiem trong den siic khoe ciia nong dan an lua co nhiemcadmium trong mot thai gian dai

Thuc vat co the bi lie che sinh trudng do tich luy mot lupng Ian cac nguyen

to doc trong te bao, do do lam giam nang suat cay trong, gay thiet hai ve kinh techo nong dan.

Hinlt 2.3: Do kha dung thuc vat cua cac nguyen to vi luang

(NguSn: Jean-Louis Morel, 1997)

Kha dung thuc vat co the dinh nghia la so luang cua nguyen to co thechuyen vao te bao trong mot miia trong So lupng nay duac xac dinh bang eachxac dinh ham lupng kim loai trong te bao cay trong sau khi thu hoach

Dp kha dung thuc vat dupe khong che bdi mot so yeu to bao gom dang hoahoc cua nguyen to, thanh phan nude, dat, thai tiet va kha nang hut thu, chuyenhoa va tich luy kim loai trong cay trong Be quan ly dat 6 nhilm mot each thich

Bicn phap canh tac Thoitiet

Thiycvat

g cap + V3n chuyln +Hut thu

Khii dung thire vatI

Khi kim loai tich luy trong dat, mot so loai khong co kha nang tieu thu kimloai nang nay se chet nhung co mot so loai lai rat ira thich nhn cac loai thuc vathut kim loai (metallophyte)

Khi moi trudng dat, nude bi 6 nhiem thi chat 6 nhiem se tich luy trongchuoi thiic an va gay doc cho thuc vat Chung lien he chat che vdi dp kha dungcua nguyen to doc (thi du: kha nang di vao cac bac dinh duang khac) va su huudung cua chung doi vdi thuc vat

SVTH: Nguyin Ha DuyenKhoa Iu(in tdt nghiep

Hinh 2.4:M6 hinh cac nguyen to vi luang kha dung trong dat

(Ngtwn: Jean-Louis Morel, 1997)

Tong ham lupng cua nguyen to trong nude, dat khong the phan anh hamluang co the dupe dich chuyen vao re cay Bdi vi chi cd mot phan la kha dungcho thuc vat (Hinh 2.4 a) Mat khac, ham lupng cac nguyen td vi lupng trongdung dich dat la rit thfip so vdi ham lupng cd thi dupe hfip thu bdi thuc vat Do

do, phan kha dung da so nam tren pha ran Theo tinh di dpng cua no trong he

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung14

Kim loai khongkhadung Kim loai kha dung

Ion kim loai j HSp phu jPhongthich , ionkimloaikh6llgdid6ng

hdatan | ylu(trongthotgian • tronathdigian ^y sinhtruerng

IIcaysinhtruongr ' "

b) Tinh di donij cua kim lo^i

Kim loai trongKim loai d pha ran

dungdich |

— Iontudo—*•!•^f Kim loai lien k^t diat

a) Tinh trang kim loai

^|Tong kim loai

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

hpp, con dudng chuyen vi cua nguyen to vet pbai dupe xac dinh (Hinh 2.3){Jean-Louis Morel, 1997)

2.2.3 Cac y^u t6 anh hirdng din kha nang hip thu nguyen ti vi Inpngtrong nirdc, dat cua th^c vat

Sir gia tang ndng dp cac nguyen t6 vi lupng trong nude, dit cung lam tangsir hap thu cua re cay Cay hap thu cac nguyen td vi hrgng tir dung dich dat adang ion thong qua cac phan ung khac nhau, bao gom ca hap phu, trao doi, phanung oxy hoa - khii va sir hda tan kit tiia Miic dp phan ling phu thupc vao cackhoang trong nude, dfit (ldp silicat, cacbonat, oxit va hydroxit), cac chat huu cotrong nude, dat (axit humic va fulvic, polysaccharides va axit huu co), pH, theoxy hda khu, nhiet dp va dp am

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

th6ng cua dSt va nude, nguyen t6 vi lupng trong dit co th^ dugc phan thanh bonnhdm (Hinh 2.4 b):

Hai nhom dau tien la cac ion co phan ling ngay lap hie (cac ion trong dungdich dat va cac ion hap phu yeu doi vdi pha ran) va co tinh di dong tuong tir nhucac ion hoa tan.

Nhom thii ba dai dien cho cac ion lien ket vdi pha ran nhung co the hoa tantrong dung dich va co dp kha dung trong suot qua trinh tang trudng ciia cay.Trong nhom thii tir la nguyen t6 khong kha dung trong su6t qua trinh tangtrudng ciia thuc vat, co lien ket ben vung vdi cac phan hi dat hoac tich hop trongcac khoang chat hay cac hop chat huu co.

Nhung nguyen to vi lupng kha dung trong nude, dat cd mat trong ba nhomd^u tien va miic do cua chiing phu thuoc vao tinh chit ciia nude, dat, kha nanghap thu cac nguyen to do cua thuc vat va sir thay doi mdi trudng nude, dat (Jean-Louis Morel, 1997)

2.2.4 Anh Inning cua kim loai nang den thuc vat va tinh doc cua chi

a Anh hufrng cua kim loai nang den thuc vat

Mot kim loai khi dupe coi la thiet yeu, khi khong co kim loai do thi vankhong anh hudng den sinh vat (cham sinh trudng hay diet) Tuy nhien, kim loai

do cung co the trd nen doc hai khi nong dp ciia no vupt miic can thiet ciia co thesinh vat.

Sir can thiet cha kim loai tren dupe bieu dien bang mot dudng cong tir diemkhdi dau vdi ham lupng thieu hut den diem co ham lupng toi uu Trong khoangnong dp toi uu dupe md ta bang doan nam ngang, du nong dp kim loai tich tutiep tuc gia tang nhung qua trinh phat trien ciia sinh vat van dien ra binh thudng.Khi nong dp kim loai tang den mot muc nao do thi kha nang sinh trudng cua sinhvat lai bat dau giam gpi la khoang nong dp gay doc Dudng cong ket thuc tainong dp cuoi cimg, do la nong dp gay chet (Hinh 2.5 A)

Ngoai cac kim loai thidt ygu, mot sd kim loai khong cd lpi cho qua trinhphat trien ciia sinh vat, deu coi nhu khong thiet yeu va dupe mo ta bang bieu do(Hinh 2.5 B) Du sir cd mat ciia no trong co the sinh vat den mot nong dp nhatdinh nao do thi sinh vat van con kha nang dung nap dupe, nhung nong dp kimloai nay tidp tuc tang len thi ty le sinh trudng cua smh vat giam, gpi la nong dpgay doc, bieu do cung ket thuc tai mot diem do la nong dp gay chet (Hinh 2.5 B)(H6 Thi My Trang, 2005)

GVHD: ThS Bui ThiMaiPhimg

Hlnh 2.5: Kim loqi thiityiu va khong thiityiu

(Ngudn: H6 Thi My Trang, 2005)

b Tac dung sinh hoa va tfnh doc cua chi

^Tac dung sinh hoa cua chi

Tac dung sinh hoa chii yeu cua chi la tac dong lam pha va hong cau Chi ticche mot so enzyme quan trpng cua qua trinh tong hop mau do sir tich luy cua cachap chat trung gian ciia qua trinh trao d6i chat Chi pha huy qud trinh tdng hophemoglobin cung nhu cac sac to ho hap khac can thiet trong mau nhircytochromes.

Chi cung can tra viec sir dung oxy va glucoza dg san smh nang luang choqua trinh sfing Sir can tra nay co thl nhin thdy khi ndng do chi trong mau namkhoang 0,3 ppm (3 cac nong dp cao han (> 0,3 ppm) co the gay hien tuong thieumau (thieu hemoglobin) Neu ham luang chi trong mau nam trong khoang 0,5 -0,8 ppm gay ra sir roi loan chuc nang cua than va pha huy nao.

>Tilth doc cua chi ddi v&i sinh vat va con ngudi

Dang t6n tai cua chi trong nuac la dang co hoa tri 2 Cung nhu phan Ian cackim loai nang, chi dupe tich tu lai trong ca th^ thuc vat s6ng trong nuac Vai cacloai thuc v^t bac cao, he so lam giau co the len tdi 100 Ian, & beo co the dat taitren 46.000 Ian Cac vi sinh vat bac thap bi anh huang xau ngay ca d nong dp 1 -

i DAI HOC

GVHD: ThS

Khoa luiin tSt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

nhom hoat dpng chura hydro Nguai bi nhiem doc chi se bi roi loan bo phan taohuyet tuy xuong.

Tuy theo miic dp nhiem doc co the gay dau bung, dau khap, viem than, caohuyet ap, tai bien nao, nhiem doc nang co the gay hi vong Dae tinh noi bat la saukhi xam nhap vao ca the chi it bi dao thai ma tich tu theo thai gian roi mai gay

doc.

Tir nuac uong chi di vao ca the con nguai, ho hap va thiic an (rau xanh, traicay, ) bi nhiim chi Chi tich tu a xuang, kim ham qua trinh chuySn hoa canxibang edeh kim ham sir chuyen hoa vitamin D

Tieu chuan toi da cho phep theo WHO nong dp chi trong nuac uong: 0,05

mg/ml {Nguyin Thi Kiiu Phuong, 2010).

Xuang la nai tang tru, tich tu chi cua ca the Sau do, phan chi nay co thetuang tac cung vdi phosphate trong xuang va the hien tinh doc hai khi truyen vaocac m6 mem ciia ca the Chi nhiem vao ca the qua da, ducrng tieu hoa, ho hap.Nguai bi nhiem doc chi se mac mot so benh nhu thieu mau, dau dau, sung khapchong mat {Pham Thi Luu, 2010)

2.3 Gioi thieu ve cai xanh

2.3.1.Ngu6n goc cai xanh

Cai xanh hay cai be xanh co ten khoa hoc la Brassica juncea (L.) thupc hoBrassicaceae (Trdn Thi Ba, 2008) Cai xanh da dupe tr6ng a chau A va chau Aueach day hang nghin nam, hien nay dupe gieo trong khdp miln Nam va mienDong chau A, dac biet la a Trung Quqc, no dupe trong nhu mot loai rau ram la amien Tay va Nam Chau Phi me {Schippers, RR andMnzava, NA, 2007)

Cho d^n hien nay vln chua xac dinh dupe chac chic ngu6n g6c cua cay caixanh Tuy nhien, nhiSu tac gia nhit tri ring trung tam da dang cua cdi xanh laTrung A (Trdn KhSc Thi va Trdn Ngoc Hung, 2002)

Nhung giOng cai xanh ngon co the ke den nhu cdi xanh la vang, cai xanhThanh Mai, VTnh Tuy, {Nguyin Van ThSng vet Trdn Khdc Thi, 1996) Ngoaigiong dia phuang co the su dung giong nhap cua Trung Quoc, Thai Lan, {Administrator, 2011 trich tie Vo ThiNgocNua, 2012)

2.3.2.Dac tinh va gia tri dinh dvo'ng cua cai xanh

a Dac tinh thuc vat cua cay cai xanh

Cai xanh la cay than thao hang nam, hoan toan nhan, cao 40 — 60 cm hoachan, r^ tru it phan nhanh La mpc tu goc, hinh trai xoan {Wiki, 2011 trich theo Vo

GVHD: ThS Bui Tin Mai Phung18

Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Thi Ngoc Nita, 2012) Cudn la nhd va hai trdn, philn la nhd va hep co rangkhong deu, ban la mdng (so vdi nhdm cai be va cai thia) co mau tir xanh vangdin xanh dam {Nguyin Van Thing va Trdn KMc Thi, 1996); cac la phia trenhinh dai - ngpn giao dai 5 cm, rong 5-10 mm Hoa vang nhat, kha Ion, cao 1,5

cm, canh hoa dai 6 - 10 mm, dai hoa hinh chir nhat, dai 4 - 6 mm me {Schippers,

RR andMnzava, NA, 2007)

b.Dae tinh sinh hoc cua cay cai xanh

Cai xanh co thai gian sinh trudng ngan, rat man cam vdi phan hoa hoc, sir

km gift cac hoa chit va vi sinh vat tren cay thubng nhieu va lau (Nguyen ManhChinh, 2007) Cai xanh phat trien t6t tren ddt cat pha hoac thit nhe co dp pH tir5,5 - 6,5 (Trdn Khac Thi va Trdn Ngoc Hung, 2002) No co thi chju dung dupelupng mua hang nam tir 500 - 4.000 mm, thich hap vcri nhiet dp tir 6 - 37C do

do phu hop vdi cac vimg dat thap, dieu kien khi hSu mat me (Schippers, RR andMnzava, NA, 2007).

c.Gia tri dinh dirdng cua cay cai xanh

Theo Dong y cai xanh co vi cay, tinh on, co tac dung giai cam han, thongdam, lpi khi Trong cai xanh cd chua rlt nhiiu cac loai vitamin A, B, C, K, axit nicotic, carotene, abumin Cai xanh dupe cac chuyen gia dinh duong khuyendung vi co nhieu lpi ich doi vdi sue khde cung nhu co tac dung phong chongbenh tat nhu: chong lao hoa da, chua benh gout, tri viem hong (Administrator,

2011 trich theo Vd Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)

Trong 100 g khau phan an cai xanh cd chua 90,8 g nude; 26 kcal; 2,7 gprotein; 0,2 g chat beo; 4,9 g carbohydrat; 3,3 g chit xo; 103 mg Ca; 32 mg Mg;

43 mg P; 1,46 mg Fe; 0,2 mg Zn; 0,08 mg thiamin; 0,11 mg riboflavin; 0,80 mgniacin; 187 mg folate va 70 mg ascorbic acid (Schippers, RR and Mnzava, NA,2007)

2.4 Ky thuat trong cai be xanh

2.4.1 Thai vu

Theo Trin Khic Thi va Trin Ngoc Hung (2002), cai xanh cd thi trdng vao

vu Dong Xuan (gieo hat tir thang 8 din thang 11) va vu Xuan He (gieo hat tirthang 2 ddn thang 6) Neu trong vao thang 12 hoac thang 01 se cho nang suat caonhung de bi sau hai Mua mua khd trong nhung ban dupe gia cao

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

2.4.2.Lam &k

Chuan bi dat ky tai xdp, nhat sach co dai, tan du cay trdng vu trirdc, neu codieu kien phai khd dat khoang mot tuan va dao lop mat xudng dudi de thoang khicho cay trong sinh tfudng tot, dong thai han che cac sau benh cu trii trong dat Khoang 5-6 thang, nen xu ly dat chdng sau benh mot Ian, bang each bon 50 -60.kgvdi/1.000m2dfit

Len liep cao 20-30 cm trong mua mua de chong re khong bi ling va lacung khong bi dat, cat dinh vao dl nhilm cac benh th6i g6c va phong la Muakho len Ii6p can dS giu dm cho cay (Trdn ThiBa, 2008)

2.4.3.Ky thuat trdng

a.Gieo sa: Gieo hot true tiep ngoai dong se nhe cong cay, nhrmg ton hotgiong va cong tia Luang hot gieo sa cho 1.000 m2 khoang 500g Hot giong ngamtrong nude am (ty le 2 soi + 3 lanh) sau 3-4 gid vdt ra de rao nude u am motdem roi dem gieo hot se nay mam nhanh va deu han gieo hot kho Hot cai nhd,muon gieo cho deu nen chia hot nhieu phan va trpn vdi bpt trang de de dieuchinh hot gieo

Khi cay con dupe 10-15 ngay nho tia chira khoang each 10 x 15 cm Tudi

am liep trudc khi gieo, sau.khi gieo rai ldp tro trau mdng phu hot (mua mua nenrai trdu) va rac thudc trtr kidn, cac sau hai khac (sau non, bp nhay, dg, kign, sgnnhdt, 6c nhi) Tren mat liep phu ldp ram mdng va tudi du am (Trdn Thi Ba,

2008).

b.Gieo cay con: Luang hot gi6ng cdn thigt dg du cay con cdy trgn 1.000 m2khoang 100 - 150 g Ligp can cao rao cd day du anh nang Cay con co 3 - 4 la' that khoang 15-20 ngay tu6i dem cdy, mat dp tir 25.000 - 30.000 cay/1.000 m2.Trdng khoang each (15-20 cm) x 15 cm, 1 hoc 1 cay dg rupng thong thoang hanche sau benh Ligp rpng 1 m cay dupe 6-8 hang cai, cay day, cay cao, than lanho, nang suit cao (Trdn ThiBa, 2008)

2.4.4.Cham sdc va bon phan

a Tudi nude

Cay cai xanh la cay ngan ngay va rat din nude dd sinh trudng nen phSi giu

km thudng xuyen sau khi trong, mdi ngay tudi 2 ldn Nhat sach cd dai va xdi xaovun gdc tir 1 - 2 Idn (Trdn Khac Thi vd Trdn Ngoc Hung, 2002)

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung

(Nguon: Trdn Thi Ba, 2008)

Vuan uam: Khong can thiet cung cap phan, neu cay con phat trien hai kem

co th^ tai thuc nhe 1 ldn khoang 10-15 ngay sau khi gieo blng nuac phan hnhop NPK 16 - 16 - 8 pha Ioang (20 - 30 g/10 lit nude) Cay con 18 - 20 ngaytuoi co the cay, cay tung dot rieng, cay tot va xau de tien cham soc.

20 T6ng

4 1

- -

-2 3 3 2 10

2 2 1

TuaiTuaiTuaiTuaiRai

Bang 2.4: Thdigian vd ham luangphdn bon bon thuc cho cdixanh

Luong phan bon (kg/1.000 m2)

SVTH: Nguyin Ha DuyenKhda luan tot nghiep

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

Rugng trdng: Bon phan dua theo su sinh trudng ciia cay, do cai xanh ratngan ngay nen chia phan ra nhieu Ian tudi se co hieu qua hon

Phan ca u pha loang tudi them trong thai gian gan thu hoach, co the sudung phan bdn la chung 2 Ian (10-15 ml/8 lit nude) trong 1 vu cai xanh {TrdnThi Ba, 2008)

2.4.5.Quan ly dich hai

Cai xanh thudng gap nhirng loai dich hai chu yeu sau: Bo nhay (Phyllotretastriolata), sau an tap (Spodoptera litura), sau to {Plutella xylostelld), sau duengon (Hellula sp.), benh ch^t cay con (do Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp.,Scleostium sp.), (Trdn Thi Ba, 2008).

Cdn dung cac loai thudc trir sau benh nhu: Sherpa 25 EC 0,15 - 0,20% hoacthudc tru sau sinh hoc BT 3% de phun, can ket hop vdi bien phap phdng tru tonghop khac nhu ve sinh dong rugng, co che do ludn canh hgp ly (Trdn Khac Thi

2.4.6.Thu hoach

Sau 4 tuan trong la cd the thu hoach dugc (Schippers, RR and Mnzava, NA;2007) Khi thu hoach cdn loai bo cac la gdc, la gia, la bi sau benh, chu y rua sach,khong de giap nat cho vao bao bi sach de sir dung Neu lam dung quy trinh tren

cd the dat 15 - 20 t^n/ha (Trdn Khdc Thi vd Trdn Ngoc Hung, 2002)

2.5 Vai tro va tinh hinh sii' dung phan lifru ca trong san xuat rau sach

2.5.1 Vai tro cua viec su dung phan hfl'u co' trong san xuat rau sach

a D6i vdi 33t trdng

> Cai thien tinh chCit vQt ly cua dat

Lam tang do xdp ciia dat: Chat huu ca lam tang do xop ciia dat bazan matsue san xu^^t ttr 59 - 63,4% (Trinh Cong Tit, 2006);

Lam tang kha nang giu am va tham nude cua dat: Trong chat huu ca cdchua nhieu nhdm chuc, trong do cd nhdm cacboxyl la nhdm quan trpng nhat

Khoa ludn tot nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyentrong viec hip thu nude {Trinh Cong Tu, 2006) KM tang 1% chit huu ca thi khanang gilt am cua dat Ma tang 1,7% va 2,5% d dat d6c {Jo, 1990);

Lam tang nhiet dp cua dat: Do cd mau xam nen phan huu ca thuang hap thutoan bp lupng biic xa mat trdi nen lam nhiet tang cao nhanh (Ngo Ngoc Hung vactv, 2004);

Lam giam xdi mon dat: Chat htiu ca cung co kha nang han che sir rira troi,xoi mon dat nhd kha nang gan ket cac hat dat cua chat hiru ca tao thanh cac doanlap lam cho dlt tra nen co cSu true {Pham Tiin Hoang, 2003)

>Cdi thien duac nltiiu ho a tilth cua Jilt

Dieu hoa dinh duong trong Ait, lam tang hieu qua sir dung phan dam KMbon dam kem vdi phan chudng thi dSu cho thiy tich luy dam kha han so vdi bondam khong co phan chuong {Trinh Cong Tu, 2006);

Cai thien chat Ian trong dat, phan hiru ca co the lam giam su co dinh Ian cuadfit Thi nghiem d6t chit huu catrong dlt blng H2O2 cho thiy kha nang c6 dinhIan ciia dlt tang vpt len va Ian di tieu chi tim thiy duai dang vet khi dat bi mathit hiru ca {Trinh Cong Tu, 2006) Dilu nay cho thay co m6i tuang quan thuangiira ham Mang chat hiru ca va Ian de tieu trong dat;

Hoan tra lai cac nguyen t6 vi Mang cho dlt, phan hiru ca cung cap toandien cac nguyen to va cac vitamin cho dat {Nguyen My Hoa va Cao Ngoc Diep,

2006 trich theo Vo Thi Ngoc Nica, 2012)

Tuy nMen, neu bon qua nhieu phan hiru ca cho dat se lam giam dp hirudung cua cac nguyen t6 vi Mang, nhir dlt than bun va dat Ma chua han 3%cacbon him ca cay trong deu bi thieu kem {Phan Thi Cong, 2005)

>Gift can bang quan the vi sinh vat trong Jilt

Trong dieu kien giau chat hiru ca thi quan the vi sinh vat doi khang se phattrien phong phii du sue khong che vi sinh vat gay benh {Nguyen Tho va Le VanHung, 2004) Do do thuang xuyen bo sung chat hiru ca trong dat de tao dieu kienthuan lai cho bp re phat trien han che mam benh {Nguyen Dang Nghia va ctv,

2005).

b Doi vai cay trong

^ Cung cap chat dinh du&ng trite tiep cho cay trong

Trong phan huu ca co chira dly du cac dang dinh duang da Mang, trungluomg, vi luping va cac enzyme kich thlch sinh trudng cay tr^ng nen se la ngudncung dp dinh duong true tilp cho cay tr^ng {Cao Ngoc Diep, 2005)

GVHD: ThS Bid Thi Mai Phung22

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Cac che pham phan hiru co se lam toe dp khoang hoa chat htru co trong dattang hon so vdi chi su dung don thuan phan NPK {Vo Thi Guong vd Trdn BdLinh, 2002)

>Giant benh hai cho cay trong

Khi dat dugc bon nhieu phan huu ca thi cac benh hai tir dat dugc kiem soat

do moi trudng sdng giau huu ca khong la dieu kien thuan lgi cho mam benh phattriln {Nguyin Tho, 2004 trich tie Vo Thi Ngoc Niea, 2012)

>Tang nang suit cay trbng

Nang suat cay trong dugc xem la thudc do dp phi nhieu cua dat, khi dat co

dp phi nhieu cao thi nang suat se cao {Nguyen Xudn Hdi, 2000) Bon phan hiru co

se lam trong lugng cay tang hon so vdi doi chiing chi su dung NPK la 33% dmdng toi va 10% d rau xanh {Ldm Tit Minh vd ctv, 2003 trich tie Vo Thi NgocNiea, 2012)

Thong qua nguon phan him co bon vao dat hoac phun len cay trong co thecung cip cho cay cac hpat chat kich thich tinh khang benh cho cay trdng rit himhieu Ben canh do co the phdi trpn phan him co vdi mot lugng nhd phan hoa hgc

da lugng (NPK), trung lugng va vi lugng giiip phat huy tdi da hieu Iuc phan bon,dap ling nhanh nguon dinh duang cho cay trong {Nguyen Tho, 2004 trich tie VoThi Ngoc Niea, 2012)

Rieng doi vdi cay rau, cac chat dinh duang da lugng trong phan hiru ca covai trd nhu sau:

>Vai trd cua dam (N)

Bam rat can thiet cho cay rau phat trien than la, viec cung cap dam day dudam bao sir dinh trudng manh va pham chat rau ngon {Le Ngoc Nhdn, 2009).Tuy nhien, khong nen bon qua nhieu va bon qua cham vao hie thu hoach selam cay rau sinh trudng qua manh, de sau benh va khd bao quan {Nguyen VanThang vd Trdn Khdc Thi, 1996)

Nen kit thiic bon phan dam d thdi.diim 6 - 7 ngay trudc khi thu hoach didam bao rau co miic nitrate d miic an toan cho phep {Nguyen Thanh Binh, 2001)

>Vai trd cua lan (P)

Lan la thanh phan quan trong trong sir sinh trudng, can thiet cho su phanchia te bao, su tao hoa va trai, su phat tri&i cua rl Lan lien quan din sir ting hopdudng, tinh bpt vi lan la thanh phan ciia cac hqp chit tham gia vao cac qua trinh

GVHD: ThS Bid Thi Mai Phung24

Khoa luan tSt nghiepSVTH: Nguyln Ha Duyen

phan giai hay tdng hap cac hop chat huu ca trong te bao (Vo Thi Bach Mai,2003)

Lan la thanh phan quan trong trong ddi song cay trong la thanh phan quantrong trong cac acid nhan, cac enzyme, tham gia van chuyen nang lupng, (Nguyen Bao Ve vd Nguyen Huy Tai, 2004)

Lan kich thich qua trinh de nhanh, nay chdi, thuc day ra hoa sdm va nhieu,dac biet lan rat can thiet cho cac loai rau an cu, qua nhu khoai tay, ca chua, ca rot, (Trung tarn UNESCO pho Men Men thuc va van hoa gido due cong dong,

2005 trich tit Vo ThiNgoc Nua, 2012)

Nhung ddi vdi rau an la van can bdn phan lan de dam bao can ddi ngudndinh duong va giup phat huy duoc hieu qua phan dam (Nguyen Van Thdng vaTrdn Khdc Thi, 1996)

> Vai trb cua kali (K)

Kali lam tang kha nang quang hop va thuc day sir van chuyen glucid tirphien la vao cac co quan Kali con co tac dpng ro ret dSn trao d6i protid, lipid,den qua trinh hinh thanh cac vitamin Kali giup tang tinh chong chiu cua cay vdinhiet dp thlp, kho han va benh (Vo Thi Bach Mai, 2003)

Can chu y can doi giua cac nguon dam, lan, kali de giup rau tang nang suat,chat lurong nhdt va giup giam ham hipng nitrate trong rau (Trdn Thi Ba, 2008)

c Doi voi san xuat rau sach

D6 giam ham lupng nitrate tich luy trong rau c^n bon phan hun ca cho rau

Vi viec su: dung phan him ca gop phan lam giam luong phan hoa hoc su dungnen giup giam lupng nitrate trong rau mau.

CS mong tai khi bon phan him ca se lam giam ham lupng nitrate ddn 93,3%

so vdi khi bon bang phan vo ca (hie la tir 245,2 mg/kg giam xudng con 21,5mg/kg) Con d rau cai xanh giam den 79,1% da tao ra san pham sach va an toancho ngudi su dung (Lam Tu Minh vd ctv, 2003 trich tic Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)

• Giam du lupng thudc BVTV: Phan him ca co vai trd lam giam thiet hai dobenh va tuygn trung nen han ch8 thudc BVTV cho rau K6t qua thi nghiem tren

ca chua cho thay d cac cong thuc su dung phan him ca thi so cay nhiem benhsuang mai d mdc nhe nhieu han so vdi cong thuc bon rieng le phan hda hoc(Ddo Chdu Thu vd ctv, 2005)

Khoa ludn tSt nghiepSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyen

Giam ham luang kim loai nang: Phtrc hap huu ca - vo va trong dat giupngan can kha nang dong hda cua kim loai nang cua cay trong giup cho cac sanpham nong nghiep sach horn {Pham Anh Cuang va Nguyen Mqnh Chinh, 2010).2.5.2 Tinh hinh phat trien va ling dung phan huu co' trong san xuat rau sach

a.Tinh hinh phat trien va sir dung phan hfiu co

>Tinh hinh su dung phan him cfftren thigUfi

Trung Quoc duac xem la nude co truyen thong su dung phan huu co lau ddinhat vdi cac ngudn phan chu yeu la phan chudng, ram ra, phan xanh, tuangduang 9,8 trieu tin phan N, P, K nguyen chit/nam (Le Van Tri, 2003)

Nam 1982, d My da san xuat duac khoang 100 trieu tln/nam tir bun cong,mun cua, voi va da phosphate C5 Dai Loan thi phan huu ca bat dau san xuat tunam 1986 tir than bun, mun cua va Ian tu nhien (Juang, 1996)

>Tinh hinh su dung phan huu eff Viet Nam

Theo udc tinh neu gom het lucmg phan tir gia sue d Viet Nam thi hang nam

co the cung cap cho mi hecta canh tac khoang 11,7 tin phan chuong Hien nay,trong tong s6 chit dinh duang cung cip cho cay trdng thi phan huu ca dong gdpkhoang 25% va cac loai phan huu ca duac su dung pho bien d Viet Nam thudng

la phan chuong chiem 65 — 70%, phan xanh 18 - 20%, than bun va bun 3 - 4%,phan rac u 6 — 7% va cac loai khac 4 - 5%.

Tir nhung nam I960 pMn vi sinh cd dinh dam, phan giai Ian da duacnghiSn ciiu budc dau Nhung mai den nam 1980 mdi bat dau thii nghiem cho caydau nanh, dau xanh va dau phpng vdi cac che pham nhu vinada, vinaga,vinafo, (DdDinh Thuqn vaNguyin Van Bo, 2001)

b.Mot so nghien cfiu irng dung phan huu cu trong rau sach

Nghien ciiu ling dung phfin compost duac u tir rac thai sinh hoat trong caitua sai d tinh Hau Giang Ket qua cho thay bdn 10 tan phan huu ca/ha cai se chonang suit cao va dat hieu quakinh ti (LeNgocNhdn, 2009)

Nong dan tinh Sdc Trang tham gia mo hinh u phan huu ca vi sinh (phancompost) va ung dung vao thuc te san xuat tren rau mau nhu dt, dua leo, khoqua, dua hau, vira tilt kiem duac chi phi phan bdn va thudc BVTV ma nangsuat, hieu qua dat cao hern tir 10 - 15% so vdi each dimg phan hda hoc San phamdat chat luang va dam bao an toan ve sinh thuc pham (Due Todn, 2009 chtqctrich baiNguyin Thi Thu Thdo, 2011)

GVHD: ThS Bui Thi Mai Phung26

Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Nghien ciiu thil nghiem phan compost u theo phuong phap yem khi dtr6ng rau ban thiiy canh tai xa Hoa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh AnGiang Kdt qua cho thay n^u ham luqng bon phan compost cang nhi^u thi caycang phat triln nhanh va cho trong lupng cang Ian {Nguyen Thi Am, 2010)

Cac loai rac him ca ctuqc cho vao thung li, neu trong thung kho qua thi chothem mot it'mraacte tang do dm Rac-huu co se dupe phan hiiy va xep dan xuong,sau 60 ngay rac se phan huy thanh phan compost co do min, toi x6p, mau denkhong mui Phan nay dem bon cho cay, hoa, rau mau vo cimg tot, rau xanh mudt,hoa nfr to dep, cay mau Ion cho nhieu trai {Nguyen Xuan Die, 2011 trich ticNguyin Thi Thu Thao, 20IT)

Nghien ciiu xac dinh ham lupng tning giun san va vi sinh vat gay benh trencai xanh bon bang phan compost tren moi truong ban thuy canh bang so dira Ketqua cho thay ty le lay nhiem trung binh Coliforms va tning giun tir phan compostsang cay cai xanh tuong d6i thdp (dudi 6%) {Nguyin Thi Thu Thao, 2011)

Nghien ciiu sir tich luy nitrate trong cai xa lachkhi bon bang phan compostdupe u bang rac thai sinh hoat cho thay nang suat cai xa lach phu thupc vao ty lebon phan dam, dac biet co hi^u qua cao khi bon bang compost Mat khac, nghiemthuc chi bon phan vo co se cho san pham cai co ham lupng nitrate cao hon so voicac nghiem thiic bon phan compost kSt hop voi phan vo co {Huynh Thi TrungDuong, 2012)

Khoa limn tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

CHUONG 3: PHlTONG TEEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtl

3.1.Boi twang nghien ciin

Ham lirong chi trongphan compost ciianha may xcr ly rac thai sinh hoattaptrung xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang

Ham luang chi tich luy trong cai be xanh khi bon phan compost ciia nhamay nay.

3.2.Thoi gian va dia diem nghien cuu

Thoi gian nghien cuu: Tir thang 01 den thang 04 nam 2013

Dia diem thi nghiem: Thi nghiem duac thuc hien trong nha ludi thuoc KhuThuc nghiem - Tnrong Dai hoc An Giang

Dia diSm phan tich mlu: Phong Thi nghiem Hoa - Ly ciia Trung tam Quantrie va Ky thuat Tai nguyen - Moi truong tinh An Giang

3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu

Theo doi cac chi tieu sinh trudrng cua cai be xanh sau 35 ngay trong

Xac dinh ham luong chi trong phan compost va trong cai be xanh khi bonbang phan compost duac san xuat tu nha may xil ly rac thai sinh hoat a xa BinhThanh, huyen Chau Thanh Tir do tinh duac ty le phan tram ham luoug chi tichluy trong cai be xanh do bon phan compost

3.4.Noi dung nghien cuu

Thu thap so lieu thu cap ve dac tinh sinh hoc ciia cai be xanh, ky thuat trongcai be xanh dat hieu qua cao va tinh chat cua phSn compost a xa Binh Thanh,huyen Chau Thanh

Xac dinh ham luang chi trong phan compost va trong dat trong

Bo tri thi nghiem trong cai be xanh tren moi trucmg dat gom 4 nghiem thuc

va 3 Ian lap lai theo tieu chuan trong rau sach Cac dieu kien ve moi truang song,che dp cham soc, ham luang N, P, K la gi6ng nhau a cac nghiem thiic Chi thaydoi cong thuc phoi tron phan compost va phan vo ca a giai doan bon lot

Theo doi cac chi tieu tang truang v^ chieu cao, so la, kich thudc la hangtuan Sau 35 ngay trong tien hanh can va tinh nang suat cai d tung nghiem thuc.Xac dinh va danh gia kha nang tich luy ham luoug chi trong cai be xanh sau

35 ngay trdng