Chính sách phát triển kinh tế bền vững đối với dân tộc thiểu số trên địa bàn tây nguyên TT tieng anh

Purpose and mission of the research 2.1 Purpose The general purpose of the dissertation is to propose scientific solutions to finalizing the policies on economic development for ethnic

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NATIONA ACADEMY OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

THAI THI MINH PHUNG

POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN

THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS

Specialization: Public Administration Code: 9 34 04 03

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

HA NOI, 2021

The dissertation was completed at: National

Academy of Public Administration

Supervisors: 1 Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Hoang Hien

2 Dr Nguyen Đang Que

This dissertation will be defended before the Doctoral

Dissertation Examination Committee of the Academy

Venue: Room for doctoral dissertation defense- Room:

………Building…… National Academy of Public Administration-

Add: 77 - Nguyen Chí Thanh street - Đong Đa district - Ha Noi

Time: at ……… … on date … month … year ………

This dissertation can be found in the Vietnam National

Library or the library of the National Academy of Public

Administration

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Sustainable economic development is the goal of many nations However, the socio-economic development process has been impacted greatly in such a volatile world The impacts have emerged significantly, especially on the vulnerable social groups which consist of ethnic minorities According to the

2013 Viet Nam Constitution, “The State shall implement a policy of comprehensive development and create the conditions for the minority ethnicities to fully utilize their internal strengths and develop together with the country”

In the Central Highlands as well as other regions of Vietnam, the ethnic minority community is an inseparable part

of the nation With respect to the strategic location of the Central Highlands, economic development policies for ethnic minorities are essential for the socio-economic development

process The research topic of “Policies on sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands” is selected based on the following reasons

- The role of economic development for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the relationship to the overall socio-economic construction and development in the Central Highlands

- The requirements of sustainable development Sustainable economic development is the current goal of many nations

- The global and domestic changes having impacts on the life of ethnic minority groups as a whole and the ones in the Central Highlands in particular

- The problems in the existing situation of policies on economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands

- The real-life situation of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands which contains the threats of unsustainability

2 Purpose and mission of the research

2.1 Purpose

The general purpose of the dissertation is to propose scientific solutions to finalizing the policies on economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to fulfill the sustainable development goals, and to improve the material and spiritual life of the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands with an orientation to 2025 and vision of 2030

The specific purpose of this dissertation is to build a theoretical framework on Policies on Sustainable Economic Development (PSEDs) for the Central Highlands, to study the directions and solutions to finalizing policies on economic development (PEDs) for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve sustainable development goals in 2020 with an orientation to 2030 and the followings

2.2 Mission

- First, to provide a review of the researches on the relevant issues that are composed by scientists and authors both domestically and internationally

- Second, to clarify the theoretical basis of PSEDs for the ethnic minorities

- Third, to evaluate the implementation outcomes of some PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands

- Fourth, to evaluate the impact of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in the approaches of sustainable development

- Finally, based on the viewpoints of the Party, the policies and law of the State, and the personal opinion of the author, this dissertation proposes a solution to finalizing PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve sustainable development goals

3 Subjects and scope of the research

3.1 Subjects of the research

Subjects of the research are the PSEDs for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands

3.2 Scope of the research

- Content:

This dissertation's approach to PEDs from the perspective that policy tools and to approach sustainable development is the goal of the policies The policies studied in this dissertation are policies on residential land, land for production, and policies on forest land allocation and protection; policies on construction and development of infrastructures; credit policies; and, policies on assistance to developing agricultural production

In the capability of the dissertation, the author focuses on studying and evaluating the impacts of policies on the life of the ethnic minorities in Central Highlands based on the implementation outcomes of the policies and the criteria

- Locations of the study: The dissertation studies the 5 provinces of the Central Higland (Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Kon Tum, and Lam Dong)

- Time of the study: The study is conducted from 2011

to 2020 (This period is also the implementation period of the Socio-economic development strategy from 2011 to 2020 and the Vietnam sustainable development strategy in the period of 2011-2020), with an orientation to 2025 and vision of 2030

4 Theoretical and research methodology

4.1 Theoretical methodology

This dissertation is based on the theoretical methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism Therefore, the study subject of the dissertation is paled on the interaction with the contemporary events and historical context that are in accordance with the construction and implementation of the ethnic policies in general and PEDs

for ethnic minorities in particular The theory of public management and development are used in the principle of combining theory and practice

4.1 Research methodology:

Classification and systematization of theories; Synthesis, analysis, and statistical methods; Questionnaires; Interviews;

5 Hypotheses and research questions

5.1 Hypotheses

This dissertation is conducted to confirm the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: The impact of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG); Hypothesis 2: The content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics

of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, and does not focus on the pillars of sustainable development; Hypothesis 3: Reasons for the fact impacts of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the SGD: The content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, and does not focus on the pillars of sustainable development; The mobilization, management and ussage of the resources of the polices are limited; The background of the ethnic minorities are not high, the will to develop of the majority of ethnic minorites are not strong, etc

- What are the causes that make the implementation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands unsustainable?

- What policy solutions should be proposed in order to achieve sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands?

6 Contributions of the dissertation

This dissertation is the result of an independent scientific research of the author, that have the following contributions

- This dissertation strengthen and supplement some definitions and contents in an academic manner: sustainable economic development, policies on sustainable economic development, PSEDs for ethnic minorities; the role of policies and the influence factors to ethnic minorities; the criteria to evaluate the impact of PSEDs on ethnic minorities

- Based on the analysis and evaluation of the implementation outcomes of some particular PEDs, the dissertation evaluates the policy impact on ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands The author has proven that the impact

of PEDs on the life of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands does not achieve the SGDs and the content of some PEDs are not appropriate to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands In addition, the author has pointed out some causes of the situation and the arising policy issues

- As a result from his researches, the author proposes some direction and solutions to finalizing PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve the SGDs This dissertation proposes three main groups of solutions: a solution

to transforming the approach to PSEDs for ethnic minorities; solutions to finalizing some particular PEDs in accordance to the characteristics of ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands; and, solutions to ensuring the implementation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands

7 Scientific and practical significance of the study

- Scientific significance

This dissertation supplement and finalize the scientific basis of PEDs for ethnic minorities and PSEDs Moreover, this dissertation plays as a theoretical source for the supplementation and finalization of the theory, viewpoints and direction of the party and the orientation of the State on the PEDs for ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general and on PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in particular in order to achieve SDGs

- Practical significance: This dissertation contributes to the implementation of the Government's direction on reviewing, modifying, constructing, and finalizing the system of PEDs for ethnic minorities in general and for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in particular in the contemporary period as well as the coming ones; The outcomes from this dissertation collected from the process of approaching, evaluating a number

of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, the findings of the policy issues in the demand of sustainable development, and the proposal of policy solutions provide some practical scientific evidence for the reference of relevant authorities to plan and organize the aforementioned policies

8 Structure of the dissertation

The dissertation is structured into 3 parts: Introduction, Content, and Conclusion and Appendices

The Content is divided into 4 chapters:

Chapter 1: Literature Review

Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and practice experiences

on PSEDs for ethnic minorities

Chapter 3: The situation of PSEDs for ethnic minorities

in the Central Highlands

Chapter 4: Viewpoints, directions, and solutions to finalize PSEDs for ethnic ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands

Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the related studies on public policies, economic policies and policies on sustainable economic development

1.1.1 Related studies in the world

1.1.2 Related studies in Vietnam

1.2 Review of the related studies on ethnic policies and policies for economic development for ethnic minorities

1.2.1 Related studies in the world

1.2.2 Related studies in Vietnam

1.3 Review of the studies on economic development polices

in the Central Highlands

1.4 Issues for study

To study the theoretical basis of PEDs for ethnic minorities

in a comprehensive manner; To study to systemize, classify, and review comprehensively the PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands; To study and evaluate the requirements for polices and the implementation of PEDs for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands in a comprehensive manner; To study the relevant policy solutions for the ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands to achieve the SDGs;

Sub-conclusion of chapter 1

The review of related studies both in theoretical term and the practical term has allowed the Ph.D candidate to acquire the resources for the process of writing the dissertation In addition, the author is able to identify the research area As a result, the dissertation "Policies for sustainable economic development for ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands" has a unique approach independent from other published studies

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICE

EXPERIENCES ON POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC

MINORITIES 2.1 Ethnic minorities and the characteristics of ethnic minorities

2.1.1 Ethnic minorities

In Vietnam, the definition of ethnic minorities is

stipulated in Clause 2 Article 5 Decree No.05/2011/ND-CP dated 14/01/2011 of the Vietnamese Government as follow

"Ethnic minorities are ethnic groups with population smaller

than that of the ethnic majority group within the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam"

2.1.2 Characteristics of ethnic minorities in Vietnam

First, ethnic minorities have small population, unequal size, and reside; Second, ethnic minorities live mostly in remote areas, and frontier areas; Third, ethnic minorities are unequal in term of socio-economic development levels; Fourth, each ethnic minority has its own language and culture; Firth, some ethnic minorities have a transnational kinship with those in the neighboring countries; Sixth, some ethnic minorities have close tie with religions

2.2 PSEDs for ethnic minorities

2.2.1 Definition, classification and role of PSEDs for ethnic minorities

2.2.1.1 Definition of PSEDs for ethnic minorities

Sustainable economic development is the constant and comprehensive progress in the economy, politics, and society

of a nation (or a local region) by means of exploiting and employing resources in an appropriate and effective manner to develop and restructure the economy into a modern orientation, ensuring the equality in allocation and sharing of

economic development outcomes without compromising the ability of future generations

- Criteria for evaluating sustainable economic development

On 10/09/2015, the Prime Minister issued Decision No.1557/QD-TTg on approval of some criteria for implementing the Millennial Goals for ethnic minorities which are in close relation to sustainable development goals after

2015 Accordingly, there are 5 criteria: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; Universalization of primary education; Promoting gender equity and woman empowerment; Reducing child mortality; Strengthening health of pregnant women; Preventing HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other epidemics; Ensuring environmental sustainability The aforementioned criteria are the basis for the author to build a set of criteria to evaluate the implementation outcomes of PSEDs for ethnic minorities

- Policies on Sustainable Economic Development

+ PEDs are understood as all decisions and activities of the State to control the behavior of the economic entities, to promote the constant progress and integrity in every aspect of the economy, politics, and society of a nation (or a local region) in order to achieve the goals of growth, stability, and equality

+ PSEDs are understood a set of all decisions and activities

of the State to promote the constant progress of the national economy (or local economy) by mean of exploiting and employing resources in an appropriate and effective manner without compromising the development of other entities in the future

- Policies on Sustainable Economic Development for Ethnic minorities

PSEDs for ethnic minorities can be understood as all decisions and activities of the State in order to stably and constantly promote the economic development for ethnic

minorities in a region by means of subsidies, investments, encouragement, motivation, and stimulating the creativity and the will of the ethnic minorities, exploiting and using resources

in an appropriate and effective manner to improve the income, the material, and spiritual life; preserving the cultural identity; ensuring security and political stability; without compromising the development of other ethnic minorities in the future

2.2.1.2 Classification of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.2.1.3 The role of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.2.2 Content of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.2.3 The influence factors in PSEDs for Ethnic minorities 2.2.3.1 The external factors: The nature of PSEDs for Ethnic

minorities; the conditions of the implementation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.2.3.2 The internal factors: the subjects of PSEDs for Ethnic

minorities, the stakeholders in the implementation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities, the awareness, attitude and developmental potential of the ethnic minorites

2.3 Evaluation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.3.1 Theoretical methodology of evaluation of PSEDs for Ethnic minorities

2.3.2 The criteria for evaluating PSEDs for Ethnic

minorities

First, the ability to maintain sustainable income for ethnic minorities; Second, sustainability in approaching the basic living and social service conditions; Third, sustainability in preserving and promoting cultural values of ethnic minorities; Fourth, sustainability in terms of ensuring security - defense in the resident area of ethnic minorities; Fifth, sustainability in terms of environment and the economical and effective utilization of natural resources

2.4 Experiences of Vietnam and other nations in PSEDs for ethnic minorities, and the lesson for the Central Highlands

According to the study of the PEDs in China, Thailand, Australia, and in the Vietnam's provinces in Northern Midland and Mountainous region, and Mekong Delta, the author draws six important lessons for the Central Highlands

Sub-conclusion of Chapter 2

Chapter 2 systematizes the theoretical issues related to PSEDs for ethnic minorities in Vietnam, and supplements some new definitions Moreover, this dissertation defines 5 criteria for assessing the impact of PEDs on ethnic minorities

in Vietnam These criteria are the scientific basis for the author

to identify, compare, analyze, and assess the impact of PEDs to ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands The analysis and interpretation in chapter 2 partly clarify the theoretical basis of the dissertation and shape the theoretical framework for the author to implement the dissertation topic in the right path with

a solid scientific basis Besides, the chapter mentions the experiences of some nations and Vietnam's regions in terms of PSEDs for ethnic minorities, the study draws 6 important lessons to partly strengthen the reference for the solutions proposed in the dissertation

Chaper 3 THE SITUATION OF POLICIES ON SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS 3.1 Overview of the typical factors related to ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands which influence PSEDs

3.1.1 Nature

Central Highlands is a broad plateaus region that consists of 5 provinces (Lam Dong, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, Gia Lai, and Kon Tum) located in the Southwest of Central Vietnam It has a total area of 54,64km2 (16.5% of Vietnam) The Central Highlands is located to the west of the Truong Son range, with various topographic features, and lies on series of contiguous plateaus Its complex terrain has significantly gradient characteristics The Central Highlands has two distinct seasons (rainy season and dry season) The Central Highlands has rich hydraulic resources Soil is considered the fundamental resource of the region that consists of many types, the majority is gray soil Basalt soil is a fertile type suitable for high-valued plants The Central Highlands is one of the regions characterized by rich biodiversity in Vietnam It possesses substantial forest reserves (36% of the total forest area of Vietnam) with species diversity However, the quality of its forests is declining The natural characteristics of the Central Highlands create favorable conditions for economic development, especially agricultural development, in which industrial plants are the majority, forestry economy, animal husbandry, and mining However, the nature of the region also contains unfavorable conditions for socio-economic development such as steep terrain

3.1.2 Demographics

According to the 2019 Population and Housing Census, the total population of the Central Highlands is above 5.8