Báo cáo thực tập tốt nghiệp tiếng anh (1)

Definition of aspects of phonetic system Chapter 2: The main similarities of phonetic system of English and Vietnamese... Doing this study give us a good chance to investigate main featu

I could not have completed my exercise without the enthusiastic help

and encouragement of my teacher, my friends, my parents, my mother’s younger sister, as well as my classmates, special my teacher Mrs Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam

I would like to express my great graduation to Mrs Nguyễn Thị Vân Lam, who gives useful advice for me to help choose suitable topic and initiate the idea for my exercise and my mother’s younger sister who gives introduction for me to complete this subject

I also want to thank my teacher and best friend for guiding me to find out necessary materials for my exercise

Vinh, May 2010

Tô Thi Thái

English pronunciation is one of the important aspects in communication, language teaching and learning In this study, I only contrast phonetic system between two languages generally So, I just focus on main similarities and differences and base on analysis segmental system and suprasegmental system

1.1 The reasons of choosing this subject

1.2 Aims of the study

1.3 Methods of study

1.4 Scope of the study

1.5 Design of the study

Part 2: content

Chapter 1: phonetic – phonology

1.1 Linguistic and position of phonetic-phonology in the linguistics1.2 Phonetic and phoneme

1.3 Definition of aspects of phonetic system

Chapter 2: The main similarities of phonetic system of English and Vietnamese

Speaker of one language can not communicate with a speaker of another one unless he had learned the other speaker’s language If anyone knows a foreign language knows its sound system well, it will help him or her in of process of communicating Like many other languages, phonetic system of English and Vietnamese is both different and similar to each other For example, Vietnamese mainly depends on level tones such as “la,

là, lá, lả, lã, lạ ”, like a song but English does not have English is called thelanguage intonation, which has particular intonation patterns, etc These differences make Vietnamese learners as well as English ones feel difficult

in using languages Doing this study give us a good chance to investigate main features of English and Vietnamese phonetic system so that we and other Vietnamese learners can overcome difficulties in English phonetic system and use its sound system well

1.2 aims of the study

The first aim of study is to analysis and compare the similarities anddifferences of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese

The second aim is to show some common problems that

Vietnamese learners meet when using English sounds

The third aim is to give some suggested practice to improve the learning of English phonetic for learners

1.3 Methods of study

1.3.1 Contrastive and comparative method

1.3.2 Statistic method

1.3.3 Analysis and systematic method

1.4 scope of the study

The study only focuses the main simlilar and diffirent points

between English and vietnamese phonetic system

1.5 design of the study

The study consists of three parts:

Part 1: introduction

Part 2: content

Chapter 1: phonetic – phonology

Chapter 2: the main similarities of the phonetic system of English and

Chapter 1: phonetics - phonology

1.1 Linguistics and the position of phonetic –

phonology in linguistics

Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language which includes:

Its sound – systems is called phonetics and phonology

Its word – structures is called morphology

Its sentence – structures is called syntax

Its word formation is called lexicology

Its word meaning is called semantics

Its social context is called socio – linguistics

So, phonetics is a branch of linguistics

1.2 Definition of phonetics and phoneme

1.2.1 Phonetics

Phonetic is the study of how sounds are produced and how position

of mouth can be changed to produce different sounds

1.2.2 Phoneme

Both phonetics and phonology study and describe the distinctive sound units or morpheme of a language and their relationship to one another

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can beused to distinguish words and word meanings

Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language

For example: Car and Cat differ only in ending sound - /r/ and /t/ are phonemes

1.2.3 Definitions of aspects in phonetics system

1.2.3.1 Articulators

Articulators are parts of the vocal tract that move and change shape

to make sounds

Both English and Vietnamese have articulators:

Nose (mũi ) upper teeth ( răng hàm trên )

Lower lip (môi trên ) lower teeth ( răng hàm dưới )

Lower lip (môi dưới ) alveolar ridge (lợi )

Tongue ( lưỡi ) hard palate ( ngạc cứng )

Soft palate ( ngạc mềm ) velum ( lưỡi gà )

Pharynx ( hầu ) larynx ( thanh quản )

1.2.3.2 Segmental

Means separated from the other parts, such as consonants, vowels, syllables.

1.2.3.3 Consonants

A consonant is a sound in producing it, the air streams from the lungs is stopped, impeded, constricted or other wise interfered with its passage to the outside air

A syllable is a speech unit consisting of a sound or a sound

sequence, one of which is heard to be prominent than the others

Example: In English: car / ka: / → one syllable

Mother /mΛðә/ → two syllable ðә/ → two syllable ә/ → two syllable

In Vietnamese: cô gái → two syllable

1.2.3.6 Suprasegmental

Means not being separated satisfactory, such as intonation, stress, rhythm

1.2.3.7 Stress

Stress is the emphasis given to a particular syllable within a word

or to a particular word within a group of words

Word stress has three types of stress: primary stress, secondary stress and unstressed

Sentence stress has four types of stress: major sentence stress, majorword stress, minor word stress and unstressed

1 2.3.8 Intonation

Intonation is the chaning of pitch pf speech, such as high, medium, low

1.2.3.9 Rhythm

Rhythm is defined as regular succession of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables.

There are two kinds of speech rhythm: syllable – timed – rhythm and stress – timed – rhythm

Chapter 2: The main similarities of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese

2.1 Segemental system

2.1.1 The relationship between sounds and spelling systems

The same letter represents different sounds

Example: In English: the letter “c” may represent /k/or /s/ sound Ex: Class / kla:s / ; cup / kΛðә/ → two syllable p /

Centre / sentә /

In Vietnamese:the letter “a” has three sounds

Ex: Xanh lao nhao rau day

/ε/ /а/ /а/ /ă/ /ă/

The letters may represent the same sound

Example: In English: the sound /f/ is represented by several letters Ex: Phone / fәυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /n / ; rough / rΛðә/ → two syllable f / ; fun / fΛðә/ → two syllable n /

Or the sound /u:/ is represented by other letters

Too / tu: / ; two / tu: / ; shoe / ∫u: /

In Vietnamese: the sound /k/ is represented by letters

Cá, cờ, kỳ, quen, quà, etc

Combinations of the letters may represent one sound

Example: In English: “oo”represents one sound / υn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn / /: cook/ kυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /k / good / gυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /d /

“ir” represents sound /з: /: bird/ bз:d /, girl / gз:l /

In Vietnamese: “ng” represents sound /ŋ/: nga, ngài,

Nasal ( âm mũi ): m, n, ŋ

Affricates (âm tắc xát ): t∫ in English and “c” in Vietnamese

Lateral ( âm kề ): l

Place of articulation

Bilabials ( âm hai môi ): p, b, m

Labiodental ( âm môi răng ): v

Velars ( âm vòm mền ): ŋ, k

Alveolars:t, s, l, n

Dental: θ

Palato – alveolar: t∫ in English, “c” in Vietnamese

State of the glottis

Voiced sounds: d, m, n, v, g, l

Voiceless sounds: t, p, k, s

Besides, English and Vietnamese have some similarities at some particular consonants

/p/ can stand at the and of a word

Example: In English: stop, cop, tip, sheep, etc

In Vietnamese: cọp cướp, xốp, etc

/ŋ/ can occur in final position of English and Vietnamese

Example: In English: spring, ring, wrong, etc

In Vietnamese: thung lũng, nắng, chàng, nàng, etc

In syllables, vowels are frequently the centre

Example: In English: rub /rΛðә/ → two syllable b/ ; duck /dΛðә/ → two syllable k/

In Vietnamese: bạn, đến, làm, năm

2.1.4 Syllables

Both English and Vietnamese have open and close syllables

Example: In English: open syllable: me /mi:/ ; Car /ka:/

Close syllable: back / bæk/

In Vietnamese: open syllable: ba /ba/ ; nga /ŋa/

Example: In English: a/ә/ ; ah/a/ ; err /з:/

In Vietnames: ô /o/ (umbrella)

u /u/ (mother in the north)

In English and Vietnamese, syllables have characteristics:

An onset before the centre and no termination

Example: In English bar /ba:/→ “b” is onset

Key /ki:/→ “k” is onset

In Vietnamese: me /mεm/ /, thu /θu/ → “m”, “θ” are onset

No onset but a termination

Example: In English: am /æm/, earth /з:θ/, earn /з:n/

In Vietnamese: em /εm/m/, ung /uŋ/

Both onset and termination

Example: In English: run /rΛðә/ → two syllable n/, Sat /sæt/

In Vietnamese: tin /tin/, tên /ten/

2.2 Suprasegmental system

2.2.1 Sentence stress

In a sentence, the stress is used to emphasize the important

informations and help to give special attention

Example: Emphasizing the subject which made action

She hates cat→ “she” is stressed

Chính nó đã làm vỡ cốc → “chính nó” is stressed

Emphasizing the state of the subject

She loves him → “loves” verb is stressed

Tôi ghét hắn→ “ghét” verb is stressed

2.2.2 Intonation

Intonation is important in two languages It is used to show differentcolours or shade of meaning or feelings, such as surprise, dislike, disbelief, belief or to distinguish communicative aims of sentence

Example: In English:Don’t you know it ? ( question

Don’t you know it ? ( exclamation )

In Vietnamese: Mẹ đi chợ ( statement

Mẹ đi chợ ( question )

Chapter 3: The main differences of phonetic system between English and Vietnamese

3.1 Segmental system

3.1.1 Sounds and letters

English: Sounds and letters are completely different

Example: book /bυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /k/

Chemistry /kemistri/

There are silent letters It means that there are letters which

represent no sound

Example: knap /næp/ ; climb /klaim/

Vietnamese: Sounds and letters are similar

Example: bạn, bút, bảng, kỹ sư, etc

The is no silent sounds The sound is produced by the combination

of total number of letters

 Initial 2 – consonant clusters: pl, pr ,bl, br, tr, tw, dr, kl, kr, gl, fl, fr,

sl, sp,st, etc

Example: play, blue, stay, bring, snow, grow, fly, fry, etc

 Initial 3 – consonant clusters: spr, spl, str, scr, etc

Example: spring, street, screw, splash, etc

 Final 2 – consonant clusters: mp, nt, nd, lp, ld, vt, rd, rl, rm, sp, st, ect

Example: jobs, bump, hand, cord, help, rent, etc

 Final 3 – consonant clusters: kθs, sks, lks, mpt, mst, nts, etc

Example: sixths, desks, tempt, etc

 Final 4 – consonant cluster: mpts, lfθs

Example: twelfths, tempts

3.1.2.3 Some particular consonants

English: /p/ can occur in initial position

Example: pen, put, pound, pet, etc

/r/ is a vibrated sound

Example: rich, rice, rose, run, etc

Letter “ th ” can produced two sounds

/θ/ truth /truθ/ ; thin /θin/

/ðә/ → two syllable / then /ðә/ → two syllable en/ ; there /ðә/ → two syllable eәr/ ; they /ðә/ → two syllable ei/

/ŋ/ does not occur at initial position of word

Vietnamese:

/p/ does not occur in initial position of the sound system It is only used in final position to end a word

Example: nháp, tấp nập, cọp, etc

Vietnamese replace /b/ or /t/ for /p/ when speaking English

Example: “put” can sound like as “foot”

“peter” can sound like as “beater”

/r/ does not a vibrated sound, it is a fricative sound It means the air is constricted causing friction when passing through the organs of speech It pronunced as / /,ex: rỗ, rá.ʐ/,ex: rỗ, rá

Letter “ th ” only produced one sound /θ/

Example: thu /θu/

/ŋ/ may appear in initial position of word

Example: nga /ŋa/, nghe /ŋεm//, ngô /ŋo/

3.1.2.3 Vowels

3.1.2.3.1 The number of vowels

English: there are 25 vowels, including: 12 vowels:7 short vowels: i,e, æ,

ә, u, Λðә/ → two syllable , ɔ ; 5 long vowels: i:, u:, з:, a:, ɔ: ; 8 diphthongs: Iә, eә, υn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /ә, eI, aI, ɔI,әυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /, aυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /; and 5 tripthongs: eIә, aIә, aυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /ә, ɔIә, әυә.ә

Besides, it has semi – vowels (w, j ), such as, would /wυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /d/, you /ju:/

Vietnamese: there are 13 vowels, including: 9 short vowels: i, e, εm/, u , , a,

, o, ; 4 long vowels: ǎ, , , ; 3 diphthongs ie, , uo

Addition to, there are two semi – vowels , , ex: đại hội, huy, tuy,chơi, túi, lấy

3.1.2.4 Syllables

3.1.2.4.1 The number of syllable

English: is called language of multi – syllables It means a word may have

one or more syllables

Example: pen /pen/ → one syllable

improve /impru:v/→ two syllables

dictionary /dik∫әnәri / → three syllables

Vietnamese: is called language of mono – syllable because syllables are

produced separately In a word, syllables exist isolation, a syllable can not stand alone

Example: giáo viên (not giáoviên) → two syllables

3.1.2.4.2 The relationship between syllables and morphemes

English: the number of syllable and the number of morpheme may be the

same or different The is boundaries between syllables and morphemes of word

Example: girls /gз:ls/: two morphemes - one syllable

Opening /зυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn /pәniŋ/: two morphemes - two syllables

There is no pause between syllables when producing sound and no space in writing

Example: table /teIbl/ not /teI bl/

Intelligent /intelidgәnt/ not /in tel li dgәnt/

Vietnamese: the number of syllable and morpheme is equal in a word (one

morpheme, one syllable in a word ) and there is no boundaries between syllables and morphemes of words (a syllable is a relationship of a

morpheme)

Example: học sinh: two morphemes - two syllables

3.1.2.4.3 Open and close syllable

English: almost any consonant sounds can occur in final position of a close

syllable

Example: bad /bæd/ ; tap /tæp/ ; back /bæk/

The voiceless consonant sounds occurring at the end of the syllables are always released

Example: beat/bi:t/ ; meat /mi:t/

Vietnamese: only the voiceless consonant sounds /p/, /t/ and nasals /m/, /n/

, /ŋ/,and /c/ are permitted in final position of closed syllables

Example: bạn, bác, bát, ngỗng( ŋ ) , tìm

The voiceless consonant sounds /p/, /t/ occurring at the end of syllable are

never released and much shorter than their English equivalence

Post- final

S, z, t, d

Example: “smork” is the word which has one syllable: s- pre initial, m-

initial, o- vowel(peak), r- pre final (coda), k- final(coda)

Vietnamese:

Tone

Initial rhyme

Inserted vowel( seni – vowels

or zero )

Main vowel Final

consonants (semi – vowel

or zero)Example: “Toàn”: T- initial consonant, o- inserted consonant, a- main

consonant, n- final consonant

3.2 Suprasegmental system

3.2.1 Word stress

English: almost words have stress

Syllable is stressed which spoken loudly and strongly, the syllable is not

stressed which is glided

Example: potato /pә′teitәυ/ the second syllable is stressed and the first andteitәυn / ; rough / rΛf / ; fun / fΛn // the second syllable is stressed and the first and

the third syllable is unstressed

Comfort /′teitәυ/ the second syllable is stressed and the first andcΛðә/ → two syllable mfәt/ the first syllable is stressed, the second

syllable is not stressed, and is spoken glided