luận văn thạc sĩ các thủ thuật được áp dụng trong việc dịch anh việt ẩn dụ ý niệm trong tiểu thuyết tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã​

After that, based on the adaptedanalytical framework on the translation procedures of conceptual metaphors proposed by Al-Harrasi 2001, the study found various translation procedures, in

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATION STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

NGUYỄN TUẤN MINH

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES APPLIED

IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

OF THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE NOVEL

“THE CALL OF THE WILD”

(Các thủ thuật được áp dụng trong việc dịch Anh-Việt ẩn dụ ý niệm trong tiểu thuyết “Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã”)

M.A MINOR PROGRAM THESIS

Field:

Code:

HANOI – 2019

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATION STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

NGUYỄN TUẤN MINH

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES APPLIED

IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

OF THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE NOVEL

“THE CALL OF THE WILD”

(Các thủ thuật được áp dụng trong việc dịch Anh-Việt ẩn dụ ý niệm trong tiểu thuyết “Tiếng gọi nơi hoang dã”)

M.A MINOR PROGRAM THESIS

Field:

Code:

Supervisor: Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn

I hereby declare that this thesis represents my own work and has not beenpreviously included in a thesis or dissertation submitted to this or any other institutionfor a degree, diploma or other qualifications

Signature

Nguyen Tuan Minh

June, 2019

First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn,

my teacher and supervisor, whose inspiring and full-of-fun lectures on CognitiveLinguistics and conceptual metaphors had given me inspirations to choose and keepworking on this research Also, he provided me with useful advice on researchdirection and encouragement during the work

Also, I am extremely grateful to Ms Vương Thị Thanh Nhàn, lecturer ofTranslation & Interpreting Division, Faculty of English Teacher Education, ULIS,

VNU, whose paper on the translation procedures and equivalence on Quan họ terms

had enlightened me on my research goals and who had kindly offered me invaluableadvice and materials on translation equivalence and metaphor translation

My deep appreciation also goes to my father, my mother and my youngerbrother who provided me with money, food, care and encouragement while I wastotally devoted to reading materials and writing this paper

The translation of conceptual metaphor from English to Vietnamese has beenlargely ignored In the world, some studies have dealt with the treatment of conceptualmetaphors from Arabic to English and from Russion into English, etc However, nostudies on the English-Vietnamese translation of conceptual metaphors can be found.Therefore, this paper examines some conceptual metaphors available in the novel “TheCall of the Wild” and the translation procedures used to translate them from English toVietnamese Based on the conceptual theory of metaphors proposed by Lakoff andJohnson (2003), a number of conceptual metaphors have been uncovered in the Englishversions such as DOGS/WOLVES ARE HUMAN, NATURE IS A HUMANBEING/AN ANIMAL, TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT, STATES ARE LOCATIONS,etc together with some 230 linguistic realizations After that, based on the adaptedanalytical framework on the translation procedures of conceptual metaphors proposed

by Al-Harrasi (2001), the study found various translation procedures, includingkeeping the same conceptual metaphor, using another conceptual metaphor, deletingthe conceptual metaphor, and converting the conceptual metaphors

Keywords: conceptual metaphors, translating conceptual metaphor, translation

procedures

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.Rationale

2.Aims and objectives

3.Research method

4.Scope of the study

5.Significance

6.Structural organization of the thesis

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW .

1.Metaphors and conceptual metaphors .

1.1.Traditional view of metaphors

1.2.The conceptual metaphor in the cognitive view

2.Conceptual metaphors in literature

3.Translation and translation procedures .

3.1.Translation

3.2.Translation procedures

3.3.Translation of metaphors and conceptual metaphor

3.4.Previous studies

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

1.Research questions

2.Description of data

3.Data collection and data analysis procedures .

4.Methods of the study

5.Analytical framework

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .

1.The conceptual metaphors and their linguistic manifestations in the novel 1.1.Knowledge-based metaphors

1.2.Image-schema metaphors

2.The procedures applied in translating the conceptual metaphors .

2.1.Keeping the same conceptual metaphor

2.3.Using a different metaphor

2.4.Converting the conceptual metaphor

2.5.Deleting the expression of the metaphor

3.Discussion

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION

1.Recapitulation of main ideas

2.Implications

3.Limitations

4.Suggestions for further research

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Percentage of translation procedures………41

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the reason for choosing the research topic and highlights the purposes and the methods of the study Also, the structure and the scope of the research are also discussed.

1 Rationale

The world today has been much closer together thanks mostly to the advances oftechnology that has helped bridge the great physical distance that seems at firstdaunting between different places in the world Besides, it would be a great mistake toignore the crucial role taken by translation, the key player that bring people spirituallyand emotionally closer, by boosting the understanding among cultures, “aiding theunderstanding of an increasingly fragmentary world” (Bassnett, 2002)

The cultural aspects of translation have been a constant emphasis in translation(Bassnett, 2002) Normally, when thinking about the relationship between culture andtranslation, one may immediately think of cultural words, which are particularlyassociated with a particular language and cannot be translated literally (Newmark,1988) and wonders how these culture-rich concepts can be rendered into the targetlanguage Therefore, not surprisingly, a large body of research in translation study hasbeen dedicated to this area It does not take one much time to search for a few studies

on translation of culture-specific terms To name a few, Hapsari and Setyaningsih(2013) in their study “Cultural Words and the Translation in Twilight” worked with 100cultural words related to food, house, artifacts, transportation, clothes, communicationsuch as “madrone trees”, “pelicans”, “crib” and “ravioli”, etc, and various translationprocedures applied to render these terms into Indonesian Nhàn (2015) studied the

translation procedures in translating terms used in “Quan họ”, a traditional way of

singing and performing songs in Bắc Ninh, a northern province of Vietnam In thisresearch, she discussed a great number of cultural words, their

translation procedures and their equivalents such as “áo the”, “khăn xếp”, “liền anh”,

“liền chị”, “hát thờ”, “hát canh”,etc

However, another equally important part in culture but often ignored intranslation is the pattern of thoughts and ways in which people of different culturescategorize things A famous theory that summarizes the relationship betweenlanguages, thought and culture is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Proposing the idea oflinguistic determinism, Sapir and Whorf argue that language determines thought andlanguage is a reflection of culture (Yule, 2006)

Therefore, under the light of cognitive linguistics, there is something more thanjust cultural terms Evan and Green (2006) maintained that patterns of thought orconceptualization are reflected in language Different groups of people (differentcultures), speaking different languages have their own ways of understanding,perceiving and construing their physical environment around them and otherexperiences In other words, each culture will perceive and understanding reality indifferent ways or thought is also a product of culture

“The metaphor is probably the most fertile power possessed by man” (JoseOrtega y Gasset, 1948) Metaphors have long been a focal interest for the academicworld and widely studied from many perspectives, including traditional views,philosophers’ view and cognitive view, etc Studying metaphors from the cognitiveapproach and their translations will present certain benefits and new insights as theconceptual metaphor, with its basis in basic physical, physiological and culturalexperience of human beings, serves as a powerful tool in revealing these differences inthe thinking patterns, allowing the possibility of examining and comparing differentways of construing reality of different groups of people

To some degree, conceptual metaphors have some properties that are the same

as cultural words Although sometimes, two cultures share the same expressions, most

of the time, the expression in a particular language is culture-specific For example,there are numerous “cultural thoughts” in the English language such as THE SUN IS A

HUMAN (the sun-kissed valley) or STATES ARE LOCATIONS (they went from bad

to worse) (phrases taken from The Call of the Wild) What does a translator, as a

traveler from one source to another (Michel Cronin, cited in Bassnett, 2002), do whenthey work with such metaphors/images? Do they keep the same metaphors; create anew metaphor or what else?

2 Aims and objectives

The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment of conceptualmetaphor, in other words, the translation procedures used to translate the conceptualmetaphors in the novel “The Call of the Wild”from English to Vietnamese

To achieve this aim, the following objectives are set: (1) identifying theconceptual metaphors present in the English novel and their linguistic expressions; (2)comparing the conceptual metaphors in the English source text and the Vietnamesetarget text to reveal the translation procedures used

3 Research method

This research adopts both qualitative and quantitative methods to achieve the desiredoutcomes First, basing on the description offered by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) onconceptual metaphor, the paper investigates the English version to identify theconceptual metaphors available and their linguistic manifestations After that, based onthe adapted framework by Al-Harrasi (2001), the Vietnamese translations of theselinguistic realizations are examined and compared to the source text to reveal whattranslation procedures are adopted to deal with those conceptual metaphors Next,quantitative research method will be applied to reveal which translation procedures arethe most used

This research aims at answering two questions:

1 What are the conceptual metaphors and their linguistic manifestations in the English novel “The Call of the Wild”?

2 What translation procedures are applied in translating the conceptual

metaphors from English to Vietnamese?

Research question 1 aims at identifying the conceptual metaphors in the Englishnovel and their linguistic realizations Based on the results in question 1, question 2 isdevoted to deal with the issue of translation procedures

4 Scope of the study

This study closely examines all the seven chapters in the English adventurenovel “The Call of the Wild” by the American writer, Jack London to list someconceptual together with their linguistic evidence This study classifies the conceptualmetaphors, by their nature, into knowledge-based and image-based metaphors Inimage-based metaphors, there are two sub-types, image-schema and image metaphors.This paper focuses on knowledge-based and image-schema metaphors only

This paper deals only with the translation procedures applied to treat theconceptual metaphors in the process of translation from English to Vietnamese Inother words, this study does not aim at making systematic quality assessments on thetranslation quality but only discusses and argues on the treatment of conceptualmetaphors in translation when the translator moves between the two modes of thinking

5 Significance

Normally, when conducting research in conceptual metaphors, one is likely toexamine only one type in depth, for example, LOVE IS A JOURNEY However,adopting the cognitive approach to the study of metaphors, this research investigates awide range of conceptual metaphors that underlie the language expressions in the novel

“The Call of the Wild” Furthermore, the paper hopes to contribute to the largereservoir of translation research by approaching translation from the view of cognitive

linguistics, which is still under-researched compared to other approaches to the study

of metaphor in general Hopefully, this paper will be beneficial to students, teachersand translators who are interested in looking at metaphors from the cognitiveperspective, especially in a single work of literature Finally, this paper is an attempt toinvestigate the translation procedures adopted to deal with the conceptual metaphorduring the translation process from English to Vietnamese Therefore, it is extremelyuseful for those who have the intention of developing their own procedures that arepeculiar to the English - Vietnamese translation of conceptual metaphors

6 Structural organization of the thesis

This paper is organized into five chapters Chapter I is responsible forintroducing the research gap and the problems the research set out to solve and thepossible contributions Chapter II provides the theoretical foundation for the paper bybringing many approaches to the study of metaphors into discussion, placing thearguments against other theories of metaphors made by cognitive linguists at the center.Besides, the writer will review some related studies in this chapter Chapter III presentsthe methods for collecting, analyzing data for this research Chapter IV is reserved forthe discussion of results and findings by presenting the answers for the two researchquestions made at the beginning, together with its implication Finally, Chapter V,Conclusion, summarizes the main findings and arguments in this study, highlightingsome of its limitations and proposes some suggestions for further research

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

The following chapter deals with the theoretical background of this research It provides the conceptual grounds of metaphors, conceptual metaphors and some related issues in translation such as translation procedures used for metaphors Besides, some previous works on conceptual metaphor translation are also discussed.

1 Metaphors and conceptual metaphors

The issue of metaphor has been a constant concern for centuries Galperine(1981) states that metaphors have been discussed since the time of ancient Greek andRoman literature, resulting in the definition of metaphor as a transference of meaningfrom one word to another Furthermore, Jakel (1997) also maintains that “For aboutthree hundred years now, various, mostly European philosophers and linguists havebeen anticipating the central tenets and findings of the cognitive theory of metaphor”

“What’s a metaphor?” sometimes becomes a difficult question, even to scholars

A somewhat amusing anecdote told by Glucksberg (2001) about a professor, RayGibbs, going to a conference on metaphors in Israel, when questioned by a check-insecurity guard what a metaphor is Failing to answer the question immediately, he gotinto one-hour interrogation at the airport before rescued by an Israeli conference host

According to Oxford Dictionary (1996), the word “metaphor” comes from theGreek “Metapherein”, which means “to transfer” (“pherein means “to bear”) From thatsimple definition, metaphors have come to mean many different things for manydifferent people Linguists, psychologists and philosophers may define metaphors intheir own ways

The Oxford Dictionary (1996) presented the definition of metaphors with twosenses The first sense considers metaphor as a figure of speech in which a name or aword is transferred to an object or action different from, but analogous, that to which it

is literally applicable The second sense regards metaphors as a form of conceptual

representation: “A thing considered as representative of some other (usually abstract)thing: A symbol.” In general, most of the contemporary metaphor definitions addressthese two senses from different aspects, either as a linguistic expression and a means ofcommunication or as a conceptual representation (Glucksberg, 2001).

Traditionally, metaphor is considered a figure of speech, just like simile, or inother words, a matter of mere language Philosophers think language is literal Somescholars think that the nature of metaphor is just presenting and matching similarities

in attributes of two different things It is widely believed so until George Lakoff andMark Johnson published their book “Metaphors We Live By” in 1980, in which theyproved that metaphor is not only a linguist issue but an important apparatus of humanunderstanding and cognition Since then, this view has been supported by numerousscholars such as Croft and Cruse (2004), Kovecses (2002), etc The following sectionwill present and discuss some common approaches to the study of metaphor, includingthe traditional view and the modern approach of cognitive linguistics

1.1 Traditional view of metaphors

According to Glucksberg (2001), Aristotle, one of the most ancient figure whoelaborated on the study of metaphor, in his work “Poetics” (Chapter 21) proposed fourtypes of metaphor, genus for genus, genus for species, species for genus and analogy.The common nature shared by the first three types of metaphors is that they involvesubstituting one word for another An example of the genus for genus type is “Somelawyers are sharks” Here, the word “sharks” is used instead of a word from the samesemantic domain, genus, as “lawyers”

Ma & Liu (2008), in their paper “A universal approach to metaphors”, discussedmany approaches to metaphor, including several prominent scholars in this field.Beardsley (1966) considered metaphor a fascinating phenomenon in language and

metaphors are not only present in poetic works According to him, metaphor has bothdenotative meaning and connotative meaning.

For example, in the sentence “The animal in the pen is a pig” Here “pig” gives

a literal sense (denotation) of an animal with four legs and a long nose However, theword “pig” in another situation, such as “The man over there is a pig” has somethingmore than the literal meaning “Pig” in the second sentence is interpretedmetaphorically (denotative meaning): The man is fat, dirty, lazy and so on

Compared to Beardsley, Richards (1967) presented a more profound analysis ofmetaphor In his paper called “The Command of metaphors”, he argued that the nature

of metaphor requires the comparison of more than two objects He also put forward thetwo terms for understanding the mechanism of metaphor: tenor and vehicle A tenor isthe term, concept, or object that is meant while a vehicle is a thing that carries theweight of the comparison For example, in the metaphor “A city is a beehive”, “city” isthe tenor and “beehive” is the vehicle Moreover, in this paper, Richards alsomaintained that a word can be both literal and metaphorical at the same time Forexample, “The man has a wooden leg” Here, “the wooden leg” can be understood as areal physical condition in reality that the man has to suffer from or it can be interpretedmetaphorically as a failure to perform some job properly as expected, for example

Searle saw metaphor as a type of indirect communication and metaphoricalsense comes from an expression in a specific linguistic and situational context, andtherefore, metaphors should be considered at the level of utterance: “The problem ofexplaining how metaphors work is a special case of the general problem of explaininghow speaker meaning and sentence or word meaning come apart…Our task inconstructing a theory of metaphor is to try to state the principles which relate literalsentence meaning to metaphorical [speaker’s] utterance meaning“ (Searle (1975) Tohim, it depends on the listener whether to understand an utterance literally or

metaphorically and metaphorical interpretation of an utterance requires the application

of conversation principles and speech act theory

Among the various definitions provided by the scholars who subscribe theirviews to the traditional approach, two summaries of this long-establishing strand ofmetaphor provided by two eminent cognitive linguists, George Lakoff and Kovecses,have captured them all To set a ground before criticizing the traditional approach tometaphor, Lakoff (1992) pointed out that “The word metaphor was defined as a novel

or poetic linguistic expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside

of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept”

Kovecses (2002) also summarized the conventional attributes of metaphor First,metaphor is simply a matter of language, not of thought Second, metaphor is used forartistic and rhetorical purposes Third, metaphor is based on resemblances between twoentities that are compared and identified Fourth, metaphor is a deliberate use of wordsand the ability requires special talents to do it well Finally, it is commonly held thatmetaphor is a linguistic phenomenon, a figure of speech that we can do without.Metaphor is used for special effects and not an inevitable part of everydaycommunication

1.2 The conceptual metaphor in the cognitive view

1.2.1 What counts as a conceptual metaphor?

Cognitive linguistics, a new linguistic field which can be traced back in theearly 1970s (Evan & Green, 2006), is an interdisciplinary enterprise because it involvesboth the study of human language and of the human mind Like other linguisticscholars, cognitive linguists try to describe the systematicity by providing varioustheories However, the reason behind is that they seek to reveal the links between thehuman mind and language, holding a belief that human language reflects the thinkingpatterns in the mind (Evan & Green, 2006)

Since Lakoff and Johnson published their influential book “The Metaphor WeLive By” in 1980, the study of metaphor in the direction of cognitive approach hasattracted many followers In their book, Lakoff & Johnson (2003) clearly presentedtheir view To them, metaphor is a powerful tool of human cognition: “The essence ofmetaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another”(Lakoff & Johnson, 2003).

This position is also shared by Hurford et.al (2007) in their book on semantics:

“Metaphors are conceptual (mental) operations reflected in human language that enablespeakers to structure and construe abstract areas of knowledge and experience in moreconcrete experiential terms” (Hurford et al, 2007)

According to this approach, to conceptualize an unfamiliar entity or a field ofknowledge, the speaker takes advantage of another already familiar one The formerone is known as the target domain and the latter one, source domain Normally, thesource domain is understood through the experience in the physical world and thereexists a conceptual mapping between the source domain and the target domain to helpstructure the unfamiliar entity so that the cognitive load will be lessened when humansare trying to conceptualize something new or unknown to us before (Hurford et al,2007) This modern view takes a wider approach that metaphors are not only present inliterary or figurative texts but ubiquitous in our daily life and metaphors do not onlyexist in language but also in the human mind in the way we experience, act and thinkabout a particular topic Our conceptual system is mainly metaphorical in nature.(Lakoff & Johnson, 2003)

Kovecses (2010), in agreement with the above-mentioned scholars, gave aconcise definition of conceptual metaphor as understanding one conceptual domain interms of another conceptual domain The conceptual metaphor is represented as thefollowing formula: CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN A IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN B A

conceptual domain is viewed as any organized experience of human beings such aslife, journey, time, money, etc The nature of a metaphor in the form of A is B is themapping of part of our structure of knowledge from domain A to domain B (Lakoff &Turner, 1989).

Lakoff & Johnson (2003) gave some typical examples on metaphors are used inthe daily language and how the language shapes people’s ways of thinking

AN ARGUMENT IS WAR

- He attacked every weak point in my argument.

- I’ve never won an argument with him.

- Your claims are indefensible.

- His criticisms were right on the target.

Normally, “attack” and “win” usually used when people talk about wars;however, in these examples, they are utilized to talk about arguments The analogiesbetween those two areas enable the speaker to make use of the familiar aspect of one todescribe another This relationship is called conceptual metaphors This metaphorallows humans to understand what an argument is by making use of another domainthat has been already available and satisfactorily understood: physical battle In thewild, wars are pervasive because animals, as well as human beings are usually involved

in fights for territory, food, sex, etc Therefore, our knowledge of fights is rich withdetails and this knowledge is transferred or mapped to another domain, less clearlyunderstood, verbal argument

In this example, AN ARGUMENT IS WAR is the conceptual metaphor (mode

of thinking) and one of its linguistic expressions is “Your claims are indefensible” It isnoted that linguistic expressions are not the only means of realizing conceptual

metaphors In other words, conceptual metaphors can be manifested in movies, acting,drawings, sculpture, etc (Kovecses, 2010).

Lakoff and Johnson further analyzed this example by considering a differentculture in which arguing is not viewed with respect to wars but to dance In theargument, the participants involved do not see themselves as taking sides, defendingpersonal viewpoints, losing or winning but cooperating with each other in a balancedand beautiful way Therefore, bearing the metaphor (ARGUING is DANCING) inmind, perhaps, they would think differently, act differently and talk differently aboutarguing In that way conceptual metaphors reflect and shape our pattern of thoughts

In short, the new view of metaphor is captured by the following main points asopposed to the traditional method First, metaphor is a property of concept, not ofwords Second, the major function of metaphor is to better understand a concept, notjust for artistic purposes Third, metaphor is often not based on similarity Fourth,metaphor is used in everyday language, not just by talented people Fifth, metaphor is acrucial apparatus of human thought and reasoning (Kovecses, 2010)

1.2.2 The cognitive mechanism of metaphors

Lakoff and Johnson (2003) hold that in conceptual metaphors, there are twoconceptual domains, source domain and the target domain Source domain is thedomain from which metaphorical understanding is drawn from to understand anotherconceptual domain The target domain is the conceptual domain that is understood viadomain To understand a conceptual metaphor requires comprehending the set ofcorrespondences (mapping) between the source domain and the target domain Onemajor feature of conceptual metaphor is that it highlights and, at the same time, hidescertain aspects of the target domain Therefore, one single concept can function as thetarget domain of a number of conceptual metaphors Take the concept of LIFE, forexample Many conceptual metaphors in which LIFE is the target domain have been

listed by Lakoff & Turner (1989), LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS A STAGE, LIFE ISBONDAGE, LIFE IS A DAY, etc., Each of these metaphors helps to conceptualize oneaspect of life, and therefore, constitutes a coherent system in the understanding of life.

If human thought is metaphorical in nature (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003), is itpossible for one to understand something non-metaphorcially? This question is partlyaddressed in the book entitled “More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to PoeticMetaphors” by John Lakoff and Mark Turner in 1989 Non-metaphorical terms are notstructured and organized in terms of another but in its own terms To argue, the twoauthors took the example of how human beings understand the concept of dog, whichcan be understood non-metaphorically and metaphorically at the same time depending

on which aspects According to them, the non-metaphorical understanding of dogsincludes human conceptualization of the dog’s physical features such as wagging tails,wet black nose and so on However, sometimes, it is possible to comprehend a dog’stail metaphorically as a flag, but this metaphor is not common and not autonomous.Metaphorically, humans understand dogs as being “loyal”, giving a human trait to adog In other words, we conceptualize some aspects of dogs in human terms and this ismetaphorical

There are certain things that we do not understand metaphorically, things thathuman beings think as straightforwardly physical, such as rocks, trees, arms, legs, etc,because we normally can use our physical body to experience them directly Thesesources often function as the source domain in a conceptual metaphor Of course, thereare also certain sources of concept that are mostly structured metaphorically by makinguse of or referring to other concepts (metaphorical understanding) such as life (LIFE IS

A JOURNEY, LIFE IS A PLAY, ), death (DEATH IS DEPARTURE, DEATH ISBREAKING FREE OF THE BONDAGE), and time (TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT,TIME IS A THEIF, ) love (LOVE IS A JOURNEY, LOVE IS SICKNESS, ) and so

on The reason is that we structure less clearly delineated and vaguer concepts (and

usually less concrete) in terms of more concrete concepts and more clearly delineated

in our experience (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003)

Kovecses (2010) listed some common source and target domains that are ofteninvolved in the creation of conceptual metaphors Some common source domains arethe human body, health and sickness, plants, heat and cold, light and darkness, forces,and so on Some common target domains include emotion, desire, thought, nation,human relationship, life, death, religion and so on It is easily noticed from thesecommon source and target domains that they are in line with the explanation providedabove by Lakoff and Johnson on why some experiences are structured andcomprehended via another The source domain experience and concepts seem to beconcrete and clearly outlined in our thought or experienced directly by our body whilethe concepts in the target domains appear to be vaguer and less clearly delineated

1.2.3 Kinds of conceptual metaphors

Kovecses (2010) presented certain ways in which conceptual metaphors can beclassified: according to the conventionality, function, nature, and level of generality

a) By conventionality

According to conventionality, conceptual metaphors together with theirlinguistic manifestations can be categorized into conventional and non-conventionalmetaphors Conventionality refers to the degree of how well-established or how deeplyentrenched the metaphors are in every day thought and expressions If a conceptualmetaphor is said to be highly conventional, people use it to think and talkunconsciously and without effort Kovecses (2010) gave the following examples:

ARGUMENT IS WAR: I defended my argument

LOVE IS A JOURNEY: We’ll just have to go our separate ways

THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS: We have to construct a new theory

IDEAS ARE FOOD: I can’t digest all these facts.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE PLANTS: The company is growing fastSome examples of non-conventional conceptual metaphor mentioned inKovecses’s discussion are LOVE IS A COLLABORATIVE WORK OF ART and

LIFE IS A MIRROR

b) By the cognitive function of metaphors

According to the cognitive function, conceptual metaphors have threecategories: Structural metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors.These three types often overlap and coincide in certain cases

First, structural metaphors are defined as the metaphors that structure oneconcept in terms of another, for example, AN ARGUMENT IS WAR By employingthe concepts of WAR, the human mind can structure and conceptualize ARGUMENT

to some certain extents

Second, orientational metaphors “organize the whole system of concepts withrespect to another” (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003) This type of metaphor is calledorientation because they deal with special orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, and central-marginal Orientation metaphors give the mind somehints on how to conceptualize abstract ideas with respect to special directions For

example, the metaphor “HAPPY IS UP” is the basis for the expression “I’m feeling up

today” or in contrast, “UNHAPPY IS DOWN” gives rise to the sentence “I’m feelingdown today.”

Third, ontological metaphors imply that human mind takes advantage of thetangible and already in existence and visible to visualize and conceptualize theintangible and abstract entities, moving the source domain (physical world) to thetarget domain (usually the non-physical world).In other words, this type of metaphors

allows us to experience a wide range of invisible things as visible substances andentities so that the tasks of categorizing, grouping and quantifying can be madecognitively easy and convenient.

Lakoff and Johnson (2003) give numerous examples on how ontologicalmetaphors are employed in our daily life to facilitate our cognitive tasks in referring,quantifying or identifying entities that are not visible or touchable to us

INFLATION IS AN ENTITY

Inflation is lowering our standard of living.

If there’s much more inflation, we’ll never survive.

c) By nature of metaphors

Metaphors can be based on knowledge or image By the nature of metaphors,there are three categories: knowledge-based metaphors and image-based metaphors Inthe latter type, there are two sub-types: image-schema metaphors and image metaphors

Knowledge-based metaphors are based on the knowledge mapping from thesource domain to the target domain and the knowledge is very rich in details Forexample, consider the conceptual metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY People experienceand knowledge tell them a lot about what it means by a journey, a starting points, apath to travel, a destination, a means of transportation, a companion and obstacles onthe way, etc.,

In case of the image-schema metaphor, consider the image schema of in-outsuggested by the word “out” in “out of order”, “ out of money”, “pass out”, and so on.Very little is mapped from the source to the target domain This type of metaphor is

16

based on our direct contact with the physical world Some more examples of schema metaphors are given by Kovecses (2010):

front-back He’s an up-front kind of guy.

contact Hold on, please (“Wait”)

motion He just went crazy.

force You’re driving me insane.

Unlike structural and image-schema metaphors, image metaphors (Image-basedmetaphor) maps one image to another image Here is an example cited in More thanCool Reason by Lakoff & Turner (1989), in which the image of a slowly walkingwoman to mapped onto the flow of a river, “Now woman-river, Belted with silver fish”(The Peacock’s Egg)

The scope of this thesis does not cover image metaphors (as stated in the scope

of the study)

d) By level of generality

According to the level of generality, metaphors can be either at a specific level

or generic level Specific level metaphors are comprised of specific concepts, whichare rich in details, such as life, death, journey, etc., while generic metaphors are made

of general concepts with a small number of properties Here are some examples ofthese two types of conceptual metaphors given by Kovecses (2010):

Specific level: LIFE IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS WAR, TIME IS AMOVING OBJECT, etc.

Generic level: EVENTS ARE ACTIONS, GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, etc

2 Conceptual metaphors in literature

Lakoff & Turner (1989) demonstrated the relationship between ordinaryconceptual metaphors in everyday language with those used in novels and poetries.They found that most metaphors uncovered in poetries are based on conventional,ordinary metaphors However, poets have manipulated these ordinary metaphors indifferent ways to generate effects for their works or they rework the metaphors, such asextending (to include an uncommon element in the source domain), elaborating (toelaborate a usual element in the source domain in an unusual way), questioning (toquestion the appropriateness of conventional metaphors) and combining (to combinenumerous conceptual metaphors at a time)

Besides the creative use of ordinary conceptual metaphors, personification isalso widely employed in literature Personification allows for the comprehension of adiversity of experiences with non-human entities in terms of human activities,characteristics This example is given by Kovecses (2010, p.56)

TIME IS A PURSUER

But at my back I always hear

Time’s winged chariot hurrying near

(Marvell, “To His Coy Mistress”)

Another characteristic of conceptual metaphors in literature is that the imagemetaphor, which brings two images together, is quite common This type has beendiscussed in the section of kinds of conceptual metaphors

Finally, literary works usually involve what is called the “mega-metaphor” orextended metaphor, which means that some metaphors that run through the whole textand makes every micro-metaphor that surfaces coherent (Kovecses, 2010) The micro-metaphor can be told from linguistic expressions.

3 Translation and translation procedures

3.1 Translation

There is a wide range of attempts to capture the nature of translation, resulting

in hundreds of definitions However, there are two popular approaches: Linguisticapproach put forward by Catford (1965) and functionalist perspective by Nord (1991)

Adopting the linguistic point of view, Catford (1965) considered translation anoperation performed on languages: translation is the replacement of textual material inone language (Source language/SL) by equivalent material in another language (Targetlanguage/TL) This view is also supported by Newmark (1988) when he definedtranslation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that theauthor intended the text.”

The other view is proposed by Nord (1991), who connected the theory oftranslating with the theory of action From that point of departures, Nord discussedvarious aspects of translating, such as translation as a translational interaction,translation as an intentional interaction, translation as an interpersonal interaction,translation as a communicative action, translation as an intercultural interaction andtranslation as a text processing action

For example, stating that translation is a communicative action, Nord (1991)argued that communication involves the use of signs and meaning and the producers ofthe message need not use the same signs when communicating Therefore, the job ofthe translator is to create sings that are comprehensible by the target reader

Another facet of translation is that it is an intercultural interaction Translationtakes place in a particular setting and involves members from different cultures.Moreover, because language is an inherent part of a culture, translators need to beaware of the rich points, which are differences in behavior causing culture conflicts andmiscommunication.

3.2 Translation procedures

According to Newmark (1988), while translation methods apply to the wholetext, translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller unit of language Heproposed sixteen translation procedures, including literal translation, transference,naturalization, modulation, etc These procedures are the general ones However, totranslate metaphors, Newmark (1985) offered another set of translation procedures, inorder of preference

In Newmark’s framework, Object refers to the concept or things described in the metaphor (tenor, target domain), while Image refers to the item in terms of which the object is described (vehicle, source domain) Besides, Sense refers to the literal

meaning of the metaphor or aspects of similarities between the object and the image(point of similarity, mappings)

Reproducing the same image in the target language: This procedure is

used to translate a source language metaphor into a target languagemetaphor with the same image, which is only possible when the sourcelanguage metaphor is universal For example, “Silence is golden” canben translated in to “Im lặng là vàng”

Replacing the image in source language „with a standard target language image which does not clash with the target language culture‟: For example, “As poor as a church mouse” is translated into

“Nghèo rớt mồng tơi”

Translating the metaphor by a simile, „retaining the image‟: For

example, “He is a lion” Nó, như một con hổ, or “In a flash, hestruck” is translated into “Nhanh như chớp, nó tấn công”

„Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense: It helps to

explain to both laymen and experts For example: “He is a lion” istranslated into “Nó có sức mạnh như một con hổ”

Conversion of the metaphor to sense: For example, “He is a lion” is

translated into “Nó có sức mạnh vô địch”

Modification of the metaphor: This procedure is applied when the

metaphor is too bizarre in the target language and the translator uses asynonym to it This is an example by Newmark (1985) In the Italian

language, “bruciare all' altare “, which means to burn at the altar, is

translated into “to sacrifice” in English

Deletion: In this procedure, the metaphor together with its sense is

omitted from the translation If the metaphor is redundant (themetaphor’s role has been taken by other expressions in the text), thetranslator can opt for leaving the metaphor out of the translation togetherwith its sense

Using the same metaphor combined with the sense: This procedure is

employed when the translator wishes to sure the power of the metaphor

on the target language reader and makes sure the readers understand the

metaphor The following example is provided by Newmark “The tongue

is a fire” and the translator adds that “A fire ruins things and what we say also ruins things.”

Another point to note in the translation of metaphor is simile Simile andmetaphor have a very close relationship in that a metaphor is considered an implicitsimile, according to the traditional views However, simile is supposed to be more

logical than metaphor because simile shows the similarities between the two domains(Al-Harrasi, 2001) In translation, according to some scholars, simile plays animportant role in translating metaphors in such a way that it is the most effective way(Nida, 1964), and closest, most preferred ways (Al-Harrasi, 2001) in dealing withmetaphor translation.

In addition, Al-Harrasi (2001) offered another treatment of conceptualmetaphors in translation In this framework, “rich image” means a particular imageexample/instantiation evoked to a person’s mind when encountering an image schema.For example, when one thinks of the MOVEMENT schema, which involves a startingpoint, a path and a destination, etc., it is possible that one might think of a specificexample that instantiates that image schema, for example, a child crawling, a bikemoving and so on The MOVEMENT that involves a starting point, and a path, etc iscalled the image schema The image of a child crawling is called the Rich Image thatmanifests or instantiates the image schema of MOVEMENT

Instantiating the same conceptual metaphor

 Same Image Schematic Representation: In this procedure, the

translator keeps the same image schematic metaphor in the source

language and realizes it in a similar way in the target language

 Concretising an image schematic metaphor: Al-Harrasi gave an

examplethat the Arabic version is: “Iraq was hit in the center of its entity” and theEnglish translation word for “center” is the heart, which is an image-richdomain However, heart and center evoke to the mind the same imageschema

 Instantiating in the target language only a functional aspect of the image schema: According to this procedure, the source text employs

a metaphor whose source domain is an image schema However, after the

translation, only a functional aspect of that schema is preserved For

22

Arabic source text uses the image schema of core-peripheral, the Englishtranslation made it into “essence” and “essential”, which is some aspects

of function that are assumed to be played by the CORE However, thesefunctional aspects still bring the image schema of CORE to the readers ofthe target text

 Same image schema and rich image domains: In this procedure,

the source text uses an image-schema metaphor and the metaphor is

realized by an image-rich domain The target text does the same Forexample, the source text creates a conceptual metaphor, OMAN IS ASOIL with political activities are viewed as planting seeds In the Englishversion, the image of soil and plants are reproduced

 Same rich image metaphor but alerting the reader to the mapping: This procedure is similar to the last one but the translator adds

more words to signal to the reader that it is a metaphor, eg “so to speak”

 Using a different rich image that realizes the same image schema realized by the rich image in the source text: In this procedure,

the source and target texts agree on the image schema but are different in

the rich-image linguistic realizations For example, to describe the powerstruggle between superpowers, the Arabic text uses the image of “tug-of-war”, but the target text uses “the upper hand” However, both of themsuggests the image schema of pulling

 From the rich image metaphor to image schematic representation: The source text uses an image schema and realizes it with

a rich image linguistic realization However, the target text uses only theimage schema but not the rich image For example, to describe anunderdeveloped city, the source text uses the image of sand dunespreventing movement However, the target text only mentions thesituation by the word “stagnation”

 Same mapping but a different perspective: In this procedure, the

source and target text both realize the same metaphor but from a different

perspective For example, talking about the benefits of universityeducation, the Arabic source texts mention the “fruit of science” received

by the students However, the target text makes it what the universityprovides

Adding a new instantiation in the target text: In this procedure, the

source text does not realize the conceptual metaphor but the target textchooses to realize it For example, to talk about the political concept ofpeople, the English target text uses the “family”, which is familiar to theArabic community, but the Arabic source text does not realize it

Using a different conceptual metaphor: In this procedure, the source

and the target text make use of different conceptual metaphors, thoughthey are equivalent of each other in two different languages Forexample, the source text uses the conceptual metaphor AMERICA ISTHE CORE OF DISBELIEF, but the translation uses the image schema

of POSITION

Deletion of the expression of the metaphor: In this procedure, the

whole metaphor is deleted because the ideological ideas provoked by thesource text might be considered negative by the target audience

These two frameworks share some similarities First, they both mention,perhaps, the most preferred procedure, which is keeping the same metaphor in thesource text Also, the procedure of deleting the metaphor is also discussed However,there are some differences between the procedures proposed by Newmark and the one

by Al-Harrasi First, while Newmark’s procedures is more likely to be applied totraditional metaphors with the mention of “sense” and “simile”, which gives morefocus to words rather than the conceptual or understanding mechanism, the frameworkoffered by Al-Harrasi is exclusively used for conceptual metaphors Another major

difference is that Al-Harrasi’s framework does not mention the case when theconceptual metaphor in the source text is translated but its equivalent target textexpression gives rise to no conceptual metaphor at all, whereas Newmark mentionedthis case with the procedure of converting metaphor into sense Besides, Al-Harrasiframework is proposed after he studied only the translation of political discourse fromArabic into English.

3.3 Translation of metaphors and conceptual metaphor

Metaphor translation has been a concern of research by many scholars Forexample, Kloepfer (1967) argued that the bolder and more creative the metaphor is, theeasier it is to transfer the metaphor into another language However, Dagut (1976)defined metaphor as a one-off image and a violation and the translatability ofmetaphors does not depend on boldness and originality but the degree of sharedcultural experience between the source and target cultures Since the arrival of newfindings on the nature of metaphors offered by cognitive linguistics, more scholarshave been drawn to this new aspect of translation of metaphor and as a result, moreresearch and books, though under-researched, are produced Mandelblit (1995) arguedthat the difficulties in translating conceptual metaphors lie in the different mappingsbetween source and target language If the two languages make use of differentmappings, the translation problems are not just linguistic but mainly cognitive ones.Kovecses (2005) discussed the influences of contexts and different conceptualmappings that lead to translation problems when dealing with conceptual metaphors

3.4 Previous studies

Al-Harrasi (2001) investigated the conceptual metaphors in Arabic and theirtranslations into English in the politic discourse and proposed several procedures fordealing with translating conceptual metaphors such as Keeping the same conceptualmetaphors, Adding a new instantiation in the target text, and Using a differentconceptual metaphor, etc Another study conducted on the translation of conceptual

metaphor is by Burmakova and Marugina (2014) The framework used is the CognitiveTranslation Hypothesis proposed by Maldelblit (1995) This theory suggests twoschemes for translating conceptual metaphors, which are similar mapping conditionand different mapping conditions The two researchers explored the rendering ofconceptual metaphors, especially the mappings between MAN and NATURE, fromRussian into English with the data being a collection of short stories by a famousRussian writer Vasily Shukshin They found that there were three procedures used:switching source domains (16%), saving key formula NATURE IS MAN but withmore specified source domain (30%), and saving the perspective and the sourcedomain (54%) In addition, Megantara (2017) investigated the procedures employed intranslating the conceptual metaphors from Indonesian into English in the novel “TarianBumi” The paper is basing on the analytical framework presented by Larson (1998)that there are three procedures used to translate a metaphor, metaphor into metaphor,metaphor into simile, and metaphor into figurative language The result is that around70% of the conceptual metaphors were translated using the procedures of metaphorinto metaphor The procedures of metaphor into non-figurative language and metaphorinto simile account for about 25% and 4%, respectively.

Despite the popularity of studies of conceptual metaphor in translation in theworld, almost none of translation studies have dealt with this issue regarding theVietnamese and English languages Therefore, this study hopes to set the stage forfurther studies into the translation of conceptual metaphors from English to Vietnameseand vice versa and to contribute to the general literature of the translation of conceptualmetaphors, especially those found in a literary work

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

This chapter is concerned with the methodology of this research First, the research questions are raised and explained Next, the procedures for data collection, data analysis and the methods applied to conducting this study are presented Finally, the analytical framework used for analyzing conceptual metaphor translation is discussed.

1 Research questions

This research aims at answering two questions:

1 What are the conceptual metaphors and their linguistic manifestations in the English novel?

2 What procedures are applied in translating the conceptual metaphors from English

to Vietnamese?

The first research question sets the basis for the whole study as the answer tothis question presents the conceptual metaphors available in the source text and theirlinguistic manifestations From that point of departure, more work such as examiningthe translations and comparing conceptual metaphors in the source and target texts isconducted to reveal the answer to the second research question The second questionseparately deals with translation procedures to reach the research aim

2 Description of data

“The Call of the Wild” is an adventure novel by Jack London, a famousAmerican writer, set in Canada in the 1890s(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild) The novel features a dog calledBuck with his adventure and adaptation to survive in the harsh, violent nature Afterbeing stolen, he became a sled dog and passed many hands until he completely left thehuman civilization to be the leader of a wild wolf pack

The electronic English version of the novel is achieved from:https://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/London/Call%20of%20Wild.pdf

The Vietnamese version is translated by Hoàng Hà Vũ under the title “Tiếng gọinơi hoang dã”, published by the Literature Publishing House in 2016

3 Data collection and data analysis procedures

First, the English novel is thoroughly read to identify the conceptual metaphorsand their linguistic manifestations by applying the model of conceptual metaphor byLakoff and Johnson (2003) Second, the Vietnamese equivalents of these metaphorsand linguistic expressions are extracted from the Vietnamese version Next, theVietnamese linguistic expressions obtained in step 2 are examined to identify theconceptual metaphors that underlie the Vietnamese linguistic expressions, if any bymaking use of the model by Lakoff and Johnson, again Finally, the English source textand the Vietnamese target text are paired to investigate which procedures have beenapplied to treat the conceptual metaphors in the source text

In this paper, the conceptual metaphor is written in capital letters while theirlinguistic realizations are noted down in normal characters

Conceptual metaphor: TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT

The linguistic manifestations: Summer arrived

4 Methods of the study

This study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods

The qualitative method is employed to examine the English source text and theVietnamese translation to identify the conceptual metaphor available After that, thedata collected is brought into comparison to identify the treatment of the conceptualmetaphor in the source text or in other words, how they are dealt with by the translator

to identify the relevant procedures

The quantitative method is deployed to make statistics on the most commonprocedures used by the translator in working with conceptual metaphor translation inthis single literature work.

5 Analytical framework

First, regarding the identification of conceptual metaphor, this paper adopts themetaphor model offered by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) In the novel, the conceptual

metaphors manifest themselves via linguistic means, which include nouns (e.g bite,

pride), verbs (e.g hate, fell), adjectives (e.g ashamed, hot) or a combination of words

(e.g went from bad to worse) Therefore, all the words and expressions in the seven

chapters of the novel are closely read and investigated to see whether there is anyconceptual metaphor underlying them For example, from the linguistic expression “the

roaring fire” and especially with the adjective “roaring”, it is possible to conclude that

the fire is viewed as an animal that is making a long, loud, deep sound Therefore, theconceptual metaphor that underlies this expression is FIRE IS AN ANIMAL

Second, in terms of translation procedures, this study chooses the frameworkproposed by Al-Harrasi (2001) to analyze the translation of conceptual metaphors fromEnglish into Vietnamese However, it is clearly noticed that Al-Harrasi focused heavily

on image-schema metaphors and the data are majorly taken from political discourses.Therefore, to suit its purpose, this research reconsiders the specific procedures to dealwith image-schema metaphors and opts for the general framework with four majorprocedures to expand it to another type of conceptual metaphors under the scope of thisstudy: knowledge-based metaphors The procedures include 1) Keeping the sameconceptual metaphor, 2) Adding a new instantiation in the target text, 3) Using adifferent conceptual metaphor, 4) Deleting the expression of the metaphor

After having analyzed the data, the writer noticed that these procedures do nottotally suit the English-Vietnamese translation For example, consider the conceptual

metaphor A FIRE IS AN ANIMAL and its linguistic expression, “the roaring fire” In the translation, “ngọn lửa rừng rực”, none of the aforementioned procedures are

present in this translation Simply, the conceptual metaphor in the source text isconverted into simple, non-figurative language Therefore, this paper offers another

procedure for analysis, which can be called Converting the conceptual metaphor (from

metaphor into no metaphor (the term is borrowed from Newmark’s procedures) In this

procedure, no conceptual metaphors are found in the target text but the meaning of thesource text metaphor is converted, not deleted Some other modifications are presented

in detail below

Therefore, the analysis of data will be based on the following procedures:

1) Keeping the same conceptual metaphor

In this procedure, the conceptual metaphor in the source text is kept intact withlittle modification Some sub-types of this procedure are presented below

1.1 Keeping exactly the same conceptual metaphor

In this procedure, the conceptual metaphors found in the source text are kept intactwithout any modification For example, “He felt ashamed” (He refers to the dog Buck)

is translated into “Nó phát ngượng” Both the English expression and its Vietnamesetranslation suggest the same conceptual metaphor DOGS ARE HUMAN and nomodification is added to the metaphor in the Vietnamese translation

1.2 Keeping the same conceptual metaphor but adding more details

In this procedure, the metaphor in the Vietnamese translation is decorated with moredetails For example, “Buck smiled” and “Buck nhe răng cười” both give rise to theconceptual micro-metaphor of “DOGS ARE HUMANS” However, the Vietnamesetranslation adds more details to the image of “smiling” with another detail, “nhe răng”

1.3 Keeping the same conceptual metaphor but using a different image

According to this procedure, the Vietnamese translation uses a different imagecompared with the source text, despite the fact that both the source and target

expressions share the conceptual metaphor For example, “It (the Yukon river) ate

away from the beneath” is translated into “Nó chuyên tâm đào khoét băng bên dưới”.

Here, “ate away” became “đào khoét”, but both of them can suggest the sameconceptual metaphor RIVERS ARE HUMAN

1.4 Keeping the same conceptual metaphor but switching perspectives

This procedure keeps the source text metaphor but changes the perspective For

example, “He was become wise” and “Buck chẳng thiếu kinh nghiệm” are both based

on the same conceptual metaphor of DOGS ARE HUMAN and both refer to theattribute of being sensible However, the perspective changes from “being positive” to

“being not negative

1.5 Keeping the same conceptual metaphor but adding another conceptual

metaphor

This procedure maintains the original metaphor but adds another conceptual

metaphor in the translation For example, “But in spite of this great love he bore for John Thornton” is translated into “Dẫu mang nặng một tình yêu lớn lao nhường ấy đối

với John Thornton” Both of these linguistic expressions suggest the conceptualmetaphor DOGS ARE HUMAN because the dog is able to show his “love” However,the target piece in Vietnamese creates another metaphor, which is LOVE IS ABURDEN with the phrase “mang nặng”

2) Using a different conceptual metaphor

In this procedure, the idea or meaning of the conceptual metaphor in the sourcetext is conveyed through a different metaphor in the target text For example, “The

sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley”, manifesting THE SUN IS A HUMAN, became “Thung