Tir cac so lieu ban dau, hai phuong an dupe dua ra de xu ly nude thai thanh pho Long Xuyen den nam 2020 la cong nghe be hoatdpng gian doan theo me SBR va cong nghe thiSu khi, hiu kill ke
Trang 1An Giang, 05/ 2013GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh Hung
KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP
Trang 2LOT CAM ON
Trudc tien toi xin chan thanh cam cm Ban Giam hieu Truang Dai hoc AnGiang, Ban Chii nhiem Khoa Ky Thuat - Cong nghe - Moi Tnrang da tan tinhgiup d9 toi trong suot qua trinh hoc tap va thirc hien khoa luan tot nghiep
Toi xin chSn thanh cam on quy thay co cimg cac'anh chi trong Khoa danhiet tinh giup da, dqng vien va chia se kinh nghiem giup em hoan thanh tot baikhoa luan tot nghiep
Xin chan thanh cam an quy thay Nguyen Thanh Hung da nhiet tinh giangday, hmmg dan phuong phap nghien civu, cung cap tai lieu nghien ciiu, kien thircthirc te, chia se kinh nghiem va giup do toi hoan thanh de tai
Cuoi ciing xin cam an gia dinh, ban be da luon ben canh giup da, dong vientoi!
Trang 3Ths Nguyen Thanh Hung
Long Xuyen, ngay.^thang.^^nam 2013
Giao vien huang dan
NHAN XET CUA GlAo VIEN HU^fNG DAN
Trang 4Than^
Long Xuy^n, ngayi^thang.^nam 2013
Giao vien phan bienNHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN
Trang 5Long Xuyen, ngay/^^.thangA^nam 2013
Giao vien phan bien
NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN
Trang 6TOM TAT
Thanh ph6 Long Xuyen la thanh ph6 trung tam cua tinh An Giang, la motthanh ph6 tre nang (long vdi toe dp do thi hda nhanh Tuy nhien, hien nay, nudethai sinh hoat cua thanh pho dupe xa thai true tiep ra song, kenh rach ma chua cd
he thong xu ly nude nen ngudi dan phai doi mat vdi van de 6 nhiem ngay cang
ban ve kT thuat.
Ket qua cua de tai la udc tinh dupe dan so thanh pho Long Xuyen den nam
2020 la 284.534 ngudi va luu lupng nude thai trung binh den thdi diem do la37.182 m3/ngay De tai xac dinh dupe thanh phan nude thai gom cac thong soquan trpng nhu BOD5, SS, Nitp Tir cac so lieu ban dau, hai phuong an dupe dua
ra de xu ly nude thai thanh pho Long Xuyen den nam 2020 la cong nghe be hoatdpng gian doan theo me (SBR) va cong nghe thiSu khi, hiu kill ket hop (AO).Sau khi tinh toan thidt kd va du toan kinh phi cho hai phuong an tren, phuong ancong nghe hoat dpng gian doan theo me (SBR) dupe lira chpn do dat tieu chuan
de ra va cd hieu qua kinh te hern vdi tong chi phi xay dung la 171.370.580.000VND, chi phi van hanh la 19.772.373 VND/ngay va chi phi cho xu ly nude thai
la 1.184 VND/m3 nude thai Cuoi cirng de tai the hien dupe cac ban ve chi tietcong trinh xii ly nude thai cho thanh pho Long Xuyen theo phuong an chpn gom:
ban ve quy trinh cong nghe, ban ve mat bang tong the, ban ve mat cat theo nude, ban ve chi tiet cac cong trinh don vi.
Trang 7The aims of this research are calculating domestic sewage flow of Long
Xuyen city up to 2020, determining the compositions of wastewater, producing
options of wastewater treatment system, designing and estimating the cost for each option then selecting the best option The effluent has to meet columns A in
QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT The best option is described with the technical
drawings.
The results of this research showed that domestic sewage flow of LongXuyen city up to 2020 was 37.182 mVday The research also determined some
important constituents of wastewater such as BOD5, SS, Nitrogen From
preliminary data, sequecing batch reactor (SBR) and Anoxic/Aerobic (AO) wereproposed as two methods to treat domestic wastewater of Long Xuyen city up to
2020 After designing and estimating cost for the two options, SBR were selected
because of effective treatment and economization The costs to use SBR as
followed: the total construction cost was 171.370.580.000 VND, the operating
cost was 19.772.373 VND/day and the wastewater treatment cost was 1.184
VND/m3 Finally, this research demonstrated teaniqual drawings of wastewatertreatment system for Long Xuyen city to 2020 base on selected methods (SBR)
It included technology process drawing, master plan drawing, level drawing and
detailed designed drawings for each unit
Trang 8MUC LUC
LCSICAmONi
TOM TAT.'ii
DANHSACHBANGvii
.DANH SACH HINHvii
DANH SACH CAC TIT VIET TATx
Chuang 1: M<3 DAU1 Chuang 2: LU0C KHAO TAI LIEU 22.1.Tong quan ve thanh pho Long Xuyen22.1.1.Vitridialy2
2.1.2.Dien tich - Bern vi hanhchinh2 2.1.3.Bac dimkhih|u-.3 2.1.4.Bac di&mthuy van4
2.1.5.Bac diem diahinh, dia chat42.1.6.Bac dilm kinh t5
2.1.7.Bac dilm xa hoi6
2.1.8.Hien trang cap thoat nude va 6 nhiem moi trudng do nude thai sinhhoat d thanh pho Long Xuyen8
2.2.Tong quan ve nude thai sinh hoat9
2.2.1.Nguon goc phat sinh nude thai sinh hoat9
2.2.2.Luqng nude thai sinh hoat9
2.2.3.Thanh phan va dac tinh nude thai sinh hoat112.3.Tong quan ve cac phucrng phap xu ly nude thai va xii ly can142.3.1.Xu ly nude thai blng phuong phap co hoc14
2.3.2.Xu ly nude thai bang phuong phap hda hoc152.3.3.Xu- ly nude thai bSng phuong phap hda - ly162.3.4.Xu ly nude thai bang phuong phap sinh hoc172.3.5.Xu ly nude thai miic dp cao (xu ly bo sung)20
2.3.6.Khu trung nude thai20
Trang 92.3.7 Xii ly can cua nude thai20
2.4 So do cong nghe xu ly nude thai21Chuong 3: PHl/ONG TIEN VA PHI/GNG PHAP NGHIEN CUtl25
3.1.Boi tuong nghien cuu25 3.2.Then gian nghien cuu25 3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu25
3.4.Npi dung nghien cuu25
3.5.Phucmg tien va vat lieu nghien cuu25
3.6.Phucmg phap nghien cuu25Chuung 4: TINH TOAN LUU LU'ONG, CAC CHI TIEU NU'CSC THAI VA
THIET KE HE THONG XII LY Nl/dC THAI27
4.1.Luu lugng, thanh phan va tfnh chat nude thai ciia thanh pho Long Xuyen
4.3.Tinh toan phucmg an 1354.3.1.Ngan tiSp nhan nude thai35
4.3.2.Muong dan nude thai36 4.3.3.Song chin rac36
Trang 104.4 Tinh toan phuromg an 266
4.4.1.B6 thigu khi/hiSu khi (AO)664.4.2.B6 ling lytamdgt 281
4.4.3.BS khu trung84 4.4.4.B6 chiia bun:84
Chuang 5: DU" TOAN CHI PHI VA LI/A CHON CONG NGHE865.1.Dir toan chi phi86
5.1.1.Phirong an 186 5.1.2.Phuong an 291
5.2.Lua chpn phuong an xir ly96
CHI/ONG 6: QUAN LY VA VAN HANH HE THONG XlTLY98
6.1.Giai ctoan kh^i dpng986.2.Van hanh he thing98
6.2.1 Thai gian van hanh98
6.2.3.Tudigukhi6n '.98
6.2.4.Nguyen tac hoat dpng99 6.2.5.Quy trinh van hanh99 6.2.6.Pha hoa chat100
6.2.7.Hoat dpng he thong100
6.3.Nguyen nhan va cac bien phap khac phuc su co trong van hanh he thong
xiily1016.4.To chiic quan ly va kt thuat an toan104
6.4.1.T6 chuc quan ly104 6.4.2.Ki thuat an toan105 6.4.3 Baotri,106
7.1.K8tluan1077.2 KiSnnghi107TAI LIEU THAM KH AO •
Trang 11DANH SACH BANGBang 2.1: Tiiu chuan mr&c thai tic cdc khu dich vu thuangmqi10
Bang2.2: Tieu chuan nu&c thai ticcongsd10
Bang 2.3: Tieu chuan nu&c thai tic cdc khu gidi tri11Bang 2.4: Tdi trong chat thai trung binh mot ngdy tinh theo ddu nguai13
Bang 2.5: Luang chat ban mot nguai trong mot ngdy xd vdo he thong thodt nu&c
13
Bang 2.6: Thanh phdn trung binh cua nu&c thai sinh hoqt14Bang 4.1: Thong so Met ke luu luqng nu&c thai sinh hoqt thdnhpho Long Xuyindin nam 2020:29
Bang 4.2: Nong do cdc chat 6 nhiem trong nu&c thai ddu vdo31Bang 4.3: Cdc thong so ddu ra cua nu&c thai sinh hoqt loqi A theo QCVN 14:200831Bang 4.4: Kit qua tinh todn thuy luc muang dan nu&c thai sau ngdn tiip nhdn 36Bang 4.5: Thong so Met ke song chdn39Bang 4.6: Kit qua tinh todn thuy luc muang dan nu&c thai tic song chdn rdc den
be langcdt39Bang4.7: Thongsd MilkibiIdngcat ngang42
Bang 4.8: Thong so Met ke bi Idng ly tarn dot 147Bang 4.9: Cdc thong so dqng hoc cua qua truth bun hoqt tinh & 27C47Bang 4.10: Cdc thong so dpng hoc cua vi khudn nitrobacteria48Bang 4.11: Thong si thiit ki bi SBR63Bang 4.12: Thong so thiit ki bi tiip xitc65Bang 4.13: Thong sd thiit ki bi AO80Bang 4.14: Thong so thiit ki be Idng ly tdm dot 284Bang 4.15 :Chiphixdy dungphuang an 188Bang 4.16: Chi phi thiit bi phuang an 189Bang 4.17 Chi phi dien ndngphuang an 190Bang 4.18: Hoa chdtvd liiu luqng sic dung phuang an 190
Trang 12oq onqdovip
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Trang 13DANH SACH HiNH
Hinh 2.1: Thanh phdn cdc chat ban trong nude thai sinh hoat12Hinh 2.2: So do long qudt cong nghe xic ly nude thai cho cdc mice do lam sqchkhdenhau22Hinh 2.3: So do nguyen lyva cdc mice do xu ly nude thai24Hinh 4.1: So do cong nghe he thogn xu ly nude thaiphuong an 132Hinh 4.2: So do cong nghe he thogn xu ly nude thai phuong an 234
Hinh 4.3: So do can tao cua ngdn tiep nhqn35
Hinh 4.4: So dd cdc viing thi tich trong bi SBR49
Hinh 4.5: Can tao Decanter thu nude61
Trang 14Dia quay sinh hoc (Rotating Biological Contactors)
RBC
DANH S ACH CAC TlT VIET TAT
bCODNhu cau oxy hoa hoc co the phan hiiy sinh hoc (Biodegradable
Chemical Oxygen Demand)
BOD5Nhu cau oxy sinh hoc 5 ngay (Biology Oxygen Demand)
BTNMTBo Tai nguyen Moi truong
CODNhu c^u oxy hoa hoc (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
DOOxy hoa tan (Dissolved Oxigen)
F/MTy le thuc an cua vi sinh vat/ vi sinh vat (Food/Microorganism)
GDPTong san pham npi dia (Gross Domestic Product)
HPMa Lire (Horsepower)
iTSST6ng ran lo lung tru (Inert Total Suspended Solids)
NNitor
nbVSSChat ran lo liing bay bai khong phan huy sinh hoc
(Nonbiodegradable Volatile Suspended Solids)
MLSSHam luong chat ran la lung (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids)
MLVSSHam lupng chat ran la lung bay hai (Mixed Liquor Volatile
Suspended Solids)
PPhotpho
QCVNQuy chuln Viet Nam
TCXDVN Tilu chuln xay dung Viet Nam
rbCODNhu cau oxy hoa hoc co the phan huy sinh hoc de dang (Readily
Biodegradable Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Trang 15SBRBe phan ling gian doan theo me (Sequencing Batch Reactor)
SDNRX6c dp klni niter rieng (Specific Denitrification Rate)
SRTThai gian luu bun (Sludge Retention Time)
ssChSt r^n la liing (Suspended Solid)
SVIChi s6 thS tich bun (Sludge Volume Index)
TKNxdng nita Kjeldahl (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen)
TST6ng chdt rln (Total Solid)
UBNDUy ban nhan d^n
UASBXu ly sinh hoc dong chay nguac qua tang bun ki khi (Upflow
Anaerobic Slugdge Blanket)
c^it r5n la liing bay hai (Volatile Suspended Solids)
Trang 16SVTH: V5 Hua Huy6n Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Chuo-ngl:M6'DAUCung vdi sir phat trien cua kinh te xa hoi, ap lire ma con ngudi dat len moitrudng ngay cang tang Nen nong nghiep, cong nghiep hien dai va toe do do thi
hoa nhanh lam cho cac van dS moi trudng ngay cang trd nen gay gat Khi thai,
nude thai va chdt thai An thai ra ngay cang nhieu la nguyen nhan gay nen 6
nhiem moi trudng Be xay dung mot xa hoi tien bo va ben vung, van de bao ve moi truong la van de cap bach can diroc cpng dong quan tarn.
Thanh ph6 Long Xuyen la thanh ph6 trung tam cua tinh An Giang dongthoi cung la mot trong so trung tam chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa va khoa hoc kythuat cua vung D6ng blng song Cvra Long Nam 2009, Chinh phu da cong nhanthanh pho Long Xuyen la do thi loai II true thuoc tinh An Giang
Hien nay, thanh ph6 dang phai doi mat vdi nhung thach thiic ldn ve 6
nhiem moi trudng Mot trong nhung nguyen nhan la do thanh pho van chua co he
th6ng xir ly nude thai sinh hoat, ph^n ldn nude thai sinh hoat thoat chung vdi he
thong thoat nude mua hoac xa true tiep ra kenh, song, rach gan nhat khong cd bat
ky bien phap nao xu ly nguon nude thai Dieu nay, dan den 6 nhiem moi trudng,
anh hudng sue klide cong dong va lam mat ve my quan cua thanh pho.
Do do, viec xay dung he thong xu ly nude thai thanh pho Long Xuyen lahet sue can thiet nham giam 6 nhiem moi trudng, benh tat do nude thai bi tudpng va khong dugc xu ly, tao dieu kien song tot hern cho ngudi dan, gdp phanphat trien kinh te xa hoi Mat khac, thanh pho Long Xuyen la mot thanh pho tre,nang dong vdi toe do do thi hoa kha nhanh dien hinh la su tang dan so, xay dung
them cac diem dich vu kliach san, nha hang, trudng hpc, sieu thi luu lupng
nude thai va tai luong 6 nhiem se tang nhanh hang nam Vi vay, toi da thuc hien
de tai "Tinh todn thiet ke he thong xie ly nuotc thai sinh hoat cho thanh phoLong Xuyen din nam 2020"
Trang 17SVTH: Vo Hiia Huy^n Tram
(Uyban nhdn dan Thanh phd Long Xuyen, 2011)
Phuong Dong Xuyen
Phuong Binh Khanh
Phuong Binh Due
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Chuong 2: LlTOfC KHAO TAI LIEU
2.1 Tong quan ve thanh pho Long Xuyen
2.1.1.Vi trf aia ly
Thanh pho Long Xuyen true thupc tinh An Giang, thupc ha luu viing Dong
bang song Cuu Long Long Xuyen nam tren quoc 16 91, ben bo song Hau, each
Thu do Ha Npi 1950 km v6 phfa Nam, each Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh 190 km v6phia Tay Nam, each bien giai Campuchia 45 km duong chim bay
Tpa dp dia ly: 1018' B^c va 10530' kinh dp Dong, Phia Tay B^c giap voihuyen Chau Thanh, Dong B^c ti8p giap voi huyen Chp Moi, Tay giap huyenThoai Son, Nam giap huyen Th6t N6t ciia thanh ph6 CSn Tho
(Uy ban nhdn dan Thanh phd Long Xuyen, 2011)
2.1.2.Dien tich - Dun vi hanh chinh
Thanh ph6 Long Xuyen co dien tich la 115,3439 km2 co 13 don vi hanhchinh true thupc g6m 11 phuong va 02 xa:
Trang 18SVTH: Vo Hua Huyen Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguygn Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
2.1.3 Dae diem khi hau
Khi hau thanh ph6 Long Xuyen co tinh chat khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia vdi
mot nen nhiet dp cao quanh nam va lupng mua tuang doi phong phii.
Nhiet dp khdng khi tai thanh ph6 Long Xuyen tuong doi cao va rat on dinh.Nhiet dp trung binh nam: 27,7C Nhiet dp khong khi thay ddi theo mua nhungbien dp nhiet tuong.ddi nhd Nhung thing co chenh lech nhiet dp ldn nhat vaomua khd khoang 1,5 ddn 3C Con mua mua chenh lech khoang 1C Mua khdnhiet dp cao nhat trung binh 35 ddn 36C Mua mua nhiet dp thap nhat trung binhkhoang20ddn21C
Che dp gio tai thanh phd Long Xuyen dac trung bdi tic ddng cua cic hethong hoan luu gio miia nen rat on dinh Huong gio chii dao thay doi theo miia:Tir thing 5 ddn thing 11 chu ydu la gio Tay Nam, Nam - Tay Nam Tir thing 12ddn thing 4 nam sau chu ydu la gio Dong Bic, Bac - Dong Bac Toe dp gio
tucrng doi manh, trung binh deu dat tren 3 m/s.
Che dp mua tai Long Xuyen anh hudng theo 2 mua gio, su bien dpng cuamua tuong doi phiic tap nhung muc dp bien dpng khong ldn Lupng mua chuyeu tap trung vao mua mua tir thing 5 den thing 11, chiem khoang 90% lupngmua ci nam Lupngmua trung binh ca nam tai Long Xuyen tir 1400 den 1500
mm Trong do miia mua chiem tir 1300 den 1350 mm va tap trung nhieu nhat vaothing 10 vdi lupng mua tir 500 den 600 mm Luang mua hang nam tai LongXuyen khong ldn lam nhung cudng dp mua trung binh mot ngay la 13,5 mm.Lupng boc hoi nude tai Long Xuyen cung chiu anh hudng theo miia Mua kholupng boc hai rit ldn thudng chidm 2/3 lupng boc hai ci nam, ma cao nhit lavao thing 3 (han 160 mm) lupng bde hai nho nhit vio thing 9 va thing 10 lathing co mua nhieu va dp am ldn (khoang 80 mm) Lupng boc hai ci nam taiLong Xuyen khoang 1300 mm Do co lupng boc hai nude ldn nen mac du comot miia kho keo dai, khi hau Long Xuyen van thupc loai am
Dp am tirang doi cua khong khi tai Long Xuyen phu thupc chii yeu vao che
dp mua Miia kho dp am tuang ddi thap (tir 70 den 76%) Mua mua tirang ddicao (ldn han 80%, ci biet co thing xip xi 90%)
So gid nang tai Long Xuyen va viing Nam Bd ndi chung tuang ddi cao vituang ddi deu trong cic thing Mua mua so gid nang co it han nhung binh quinmdi ngay cung co tir 5 den 6 gid nang
(Uyban nhdn dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2011)
Trang 19SVTH: Vo Hiia Huygn Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhda luan t6t nghiep
2.1.4.Dae diem thuy van
Song Hau cung cap nude va phii sa cho vung tii giac Long Xuygn, sau 13
m Doan song Hau chay qua dia phan thanh pho Long Xuyen co chieu dai 15 km,chigu rpng trung binh tir 800 ddn 1000 m Song Hau la ngu6n cung cap nude
ngpt cho cac tinh, dong thai la true giao thong quoc gia, quoc te quan trpng cua dong bang song Cuu Long Muc nude cao nhat 241 cm va thap nhat 88 cm.
^ thanh pho Long Xuyen muc nude ngam tang ndng tir 40 - 80 m RachLong Xuyen rpng 100 m, sau 8 m, Qw = 300 mVs, hudng chay la hudng Dong
B^e-TayNam.
Chg dp thuy van tai Long Xuyen phu thupc vao thuy van song Hau theo che
dp ban nhat triSu khong dlu Dp chenh lech triSu binh quan tir 0,8 - 1,1 m vao
mua kho, tu 0,2 - 0,5 m vao mua lu Muc nude dinh trieu cao binh quan tu 1,1 den 1,4 m, vao mua kho va tir 1,7 den 2,3 m vao mua lu.
Chg dp thuy van tai Long Xuygn cung nhu mot so tinh khac cua Nam Bp lachiu anh hudng cua lu he thong song Cuu Long Mua lu thudng bat dau tir thang
8 keo dai dgn thang 11 hang nam, gay ngap ling va klid khan cho viec thoat nude
cua do thi vao miia mua.
(Uy ban nbdn dan Thanh phS Long Xuyen, 2011)
2.1.5.Dae diem dia hinh, dia chat
Dia hinh thanh pho Long Xuygn tuong doi bang phang va cao dp mat dattucrng doi thap bj chia cat bdi cac kgnh rach, muong, Hep, ao ho Cao dp tir 1 -
2,5 m so vdi muc nude bign.
Khu vuc mat dat cd cao dp tir 2 - 3 m la khu vuc npi 6 gom 2 phudng My
Binh, My Long va ven true quoc 16 91.
Khu vuc cd cao dp mat dit tir 1,5 - 2,5 m, phan ldn la ven cac song rach chinh nhu song Hau, rach Long Xuyen va ven cac true 16.
-Cac khu vuc con lai cd cao dp mat dat nhd hon 1,5 m la cac khu vuc rupng
trdng va cac khu vuc cd cao dp nhd hon 2 m; cac khu vuc nay thudng bi anh
hudng ngap nude vao mua lu hang nam.
Dia chat: gom cd set, cat min, san, sdi
(Uy ban nhan dan Thanh phS Long Xuyen, 2011)
Trang 20GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh HiingKhoa luan tit nghiep
2.1.6 Dae dlim kinh t6
Nam 2011 thu nhap binh quandlu ngubi dat 55,6 trieu dong/ngudi, gap doi
so vdi binh quan cua tinh.
Vg ca cSu kinh te, ty trqng khu vuc thurong mai - dich vu chiem 71,49%,cong nghiep - xay dung chiem 25,10%, rieng ty trpng klm vuc nong nghiep giamchi con 3,41% Co cau kinh ti thanh pho the hien thi manh ciia khu vuc dich vu
va cong nghiep Vdi ca cau kinh tg nay thanh phi Long Xuygn co nen tang vungchac dg canh tranh vdi cac do thi khac trong vung
(Uy ban nhdn dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2011)Trong giai doan 2007- 2011, t6c dp tang trirbng binh quan cua thanh phoLong Xuygn dat 14,22%, cao han binh quan cua tinh; huy dong cac nguon luc xahoi trien khai dupe 13 du an chp, sigu thi, trung tarn thuang mai vdi tong von dau
hr 230 ty ddng va 17.000 USD; nhilu khu do thi mdi dupe hinh thanh, ha t^ng
giao thong dupe dau tu dong bp Do la nhung digu kien quan trong de dgn nam
2015, Long Xuyen xay dung hoan chinh cac tieu chi do thi loai II va phan daudupe cong nhan do thi loai I vao nam 2020
Dae biet, thanh pho Long Xuyen da thu hut va hinh thanh nhieu hoat dong
thuang mai - dich vu chuygn nghiep tren dia ban, nhu: Metro, Co.opMart,
Vinatex Mart, dien may Chp Ldn va cac hoat dong tai chinh- tin dung cua nhigu
ngan hang da tao dong luc thuc day phat trign kinh tg - xa hoi dia phuang.
Hien tai, co nhung du an ldn dang d giai doan chuyen tiep, dau tu mdi hoac dadupe tinh chap thuan chu truang dau tu nhu: khu nha hang - khach san 5 saodudi chan cau Hoang Dieu, sieu thi Vinh Tra, du an ALPHANAM Golden City -khu lien hop van hda, the thao, dich vu, hoi chp trien lam va dan cu phudng My
Hoa Bgn canh do, Sd Cong thuang da lign kit vdi Co.opMart va Vinatex Mart
de tiep tuc dau tu he thong phan phoi ban le sieu thi, cua hang tien ich tren dia
ban Long Xuygn.
Mot trong nhOng dia diim thi hien hieu qua trong cong tac kgu gpi dau tucua thanh pho Long Xuyen la cum cong nghiep My Quy khi da thu hut dupe 4doanh nghiep thug 13,2 ha, lip diy 100% dien tich dit cong nghiep tai day Dg
ho trp thanh pho Long Xuyen dau tu hoan chinh co sd kinh te - xa hoi theo Nghiquyit 03-NQ/TU, ngay 4 thang 12 nam 2006 cua Ban Thudng vu Tinh uy, trong
5 nam qua, UBND tinh da phan bo nguon von cho thanh pho gan 847 ty dong de
tap trung phat trien cac llnh vuc: cong nghiep, nong nghiep - thuy lpi - thuy san,
giao thong van tai, khoa hoc cong nghe, giao due dao tao, y tg, van hda thong tin,
SVTH: Vo Hua Huyin Tram5^
Trang 21SVTH: Vo Hiia Huyen Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguygn Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
quan ly Nha nude Tu do, nhieu cong trinh quan trqng da dupe hoan thanh, dua vao phuc vu nhan dan.
(Ngo Chuan, 2012)
2.1.7 Dae dilm xa hoi
?Dan so va lao dong
Dan s6 toan thanh phd dSn nam 2011 la 280.051 ngudi Mat do dan s6 la2.428 ngudi/km2 Trong do npi thi, vdi dien ti'ch 84,59 km2, dan s6 246.900ngudi (chiSm 88,16% dan s6); ngoai thi, vdi dien tich 30,72 km2, dan s6 33.151ngudi (chi&n 11,84% dan s6) Ty le tang dan s6 tu nhien cac nam 2009, 2010,
2011 lln lupt la 11,10%, 10,70%, 10,60%
Dan cu ciia thanh pho phan bo khong dong deu giua cac don vi hanh chinh
phudng xa, tap hung mat dp cao chu yeu a npi thi va cac vung ven do Mat dp
dan so cao nhat la phudng My Xuyen 25.763 ngudi/km2 va phudng My Long16.832 ngudi/km2, thgp nhlt la xa My Hda Hung 1.033 ngudi/km2
Dan s6 trong dp tudi lao dong cua thanh phd Long Xuyen nam 2011 la197.272 ngudi, chiSm 70,44% t6ng dan s6 Dan s6 lao dong cua kliu vuc npi thi
chuan muc chat lupng va toi thieu.
Cong tac xa hoi hoa giao due ngay cang dupe xa hoi quan tam dau tu, dahinh thanh va di vao hoat dong 10 trudng mam non tu thuc va 55 diem, lap mamnon tu thuc; 2 trudng tieu hoc va 2 trudng pho thong Tat ca 13 phudng deu co
trung tam hoc tap cong dong.
Trudng dai hoc An Giang nam tren dia ban thanh pho Long Xuyen, la trungtam dao tao dai hoc da nganh (kinh te, ky thuat), dong thai la trung tam nghiencuu, ling dung va chuyen giao cong nghe phuc vu nhu cau phat trien kinh tS - xahoi tinh An Giang, Dong Thap, Kien Giang va cac tinh Ian can Hang nam trudngdao tao han 5.000 can bp trinh dp dai hoc va dudi dai hoc
Trang 22SVTH: V6 Hiia Huyen Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguyin Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Tren ilia ban co cac ca sa dao tao nghg nhvr : trubng Trung cap nghg Kinh
tg Ky thuat cong doan, truang Ky thuat nghiep vu Giao thong Van tai, truang
Trung hoc Y tg, trung tarn gidi thieu viec lam (Sd lao dong - Tlurong binh - Xahoi), Trung tarn day nghg - Giai thieu viec lam Hoi ndng dan, Trung tam Dich vu
Viec lam Phu nu va nhieu ca sd dang ky hoat dong day nghe Ngoai ra, con cd
nhung ca sd ngoai cong lap tham gia day nghe ngan han, gdp phan dao tao nghe
cho ngudi lao dohg Hang nam to chiic dao tao nghe cho khoang 2.500 - 3.000 lao dong.
(Uy ban nhan dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2011)
?Y tg
Theo thong kg dgn thai digm hien nay dia ban Long Xuyen co 19 ca sd y tehoat dong (17 ca sd cong lap), vdi 1.370 giudng, trong do co 04 benh vien dakhoa (02 benh vien da khoa ngoai cong lap), 02 benh vien chuygn khoa, 13 tram
y tg phudng, xa Nganh y tg cua thanh pho quan ly 01 benh vien da khoa, 01trung tam y tg va 13 tram y tg phudng, xa vdi quy mo 2100 giudng 100% tram y
tg cd bac si 13/13 tram y tg dat chuan qudc gia y tg xa va dat chuan tign tign vg y
hoc cd truygn.
Ngoai ra, la dia ban thanh phd, trung tam cua tinh ngn cac ca sd hanh nghg
y dugc tu nhan tap trung kha ldn, hien dang quan ly 560 ca sd (366 ca sd y dich vu y tg va 244 ca sd dugc)
-Nganh y tg thanh phd dang dugc tidp tuc dau tu xay dung: nang cap va mdrdng benh vien Long Xuygn vdi quy md 80 giudng, dap ling ty le 50 giudngbenh/10.000 dan; nang cap cho 05 tram y tg xudng cap la My Quy, Ddng Xuygn,Binh Due, My Thai, My Thanh; dang lap hd sa dau tu xay dung he thong xu lynude thai y tg cho 07 tram y tg chua cd he thong nay tu ngudn ngan sach thanhphd; con xa My Khanh, My Hda Hung nam trong du an xay dung ndng thdn mdi
se dugc kinh phi Trung uang hd trg
(Uy ban nhan dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2011)
?Van hoa
Hien cd 78,8% ho dan dat chuan gia dinh van hda, 95,8% dugc cong nhankhu dan cu tign tign, khdm ap van hda, 98% ca quan van hda, 96,8% trudng hocvan hda va 02 xa dat danh hieu van hda
Trang 23GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh Hung 'Khda luan t6t nghiepMang ludi thilt did van hoa da dang va phan bo rpng kMp, dam bao phuc
vu t6t cho moi hoat dong vui choi, giai tri Tren dia ban thanh pho co 04 nha vanhoa phudng, xa; 15 thu vien va phdng doc cac loai (01 thu vien do tinh quan ly).Thdng qua he thdng 13 dai truyen thanh vdi 670 loa truyen thanh, cac chu
tniong, chinh sach cua Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nude va cac nhiem vu chinh tri cua dia phuang dupe tuyen truyen den ngudi dan.
(Uyban nhan dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2011) 2.1.8 Hien trang cap thoat nuofc va 6 nhlem moi tru-ong do nuoc thai
sinh hoat 61 thanh pho Long Xuyen
Hien thanh pho Long Xuyen co nha may nude Binh Due vdi cong suat34.000 mVngay dem, nha may nude Long Xuyen cd cong suit 9.000 m3/ngay
dent Ben canh do con cd cac he thong cap nude tap trung cho cac cum dan cu
nhd le, tong cong suat cap nude sach tren dia ban thanh pho dat 45.000 m3/ ngay
dem.
He thong thoat nude tren dia ban thanh pho chii yeu phuc vu cho thoat nudemua va thoat nude ban Tai khu vuc npi thanh, he thong thoat nude kha hoanchinh vdi he thong cong chung (nude mua va nude ban chay chung) tong chieudai he thing cdng la 263,5 km vdi 9.203 hi ga, mat dp cdng thoat nude la 3,33km/km2 Cong thoat nude chu yeu la loai betong tron cd dudng kinh 0400 -01.000; tai cac khu vuc clip va khu pho npi 6 cu cd mot so tuyen mupng dap
dang phtjc vu thoat nude trong kltu vuc.
(Uy ban nhan dan Thanh pho Long Xuyen, 2012)
Do chua cd he thong xu ly nude thai tap trung, khu lien hop xii ly rac thai,tinh trang 6 nhiem moi trudng van con xay ra d nhieu noi nhu: Rach Cai Son,
Tarn Bdt, Ba B8u, 6ng Manh Day dupe xem la mot trong nhung thach thuc
doi vdi quyet tam phat trien thanh do thi loai I cua Long Xuyen vao nam 2020
(Ngo Chudn, 2012)
Cupc song cua nhieu ngudi dan song doc theo tuyen rach Cai Son, Xeo
Chanh phai chiu anh hudng nang ne bdi rac thai sinh hoat va nude thai cuanhieu ca sd san xuat kinh doanh, benh vien va chinh mot so ngudi thieu y thiickhien ddng nude trong xanh ngay nao gid trd thanh tuyen rach den, gay 6 nhiemmoi trudng Chay doc theo tuyen rach Cai San, hay re qua rach Xeo Chanh(phudng My Phudc), de dang bat gap rat nhieu rac thai sinh hoat noi lenh benh
tren mat nude cd mau due ngau, den si, boc mui hoi tanh Tren dia ban thanh pho
SVTH: Vo Hua HuySn Tram8
Trang 24SVTH: Vo Hiia Huyen Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguygn Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Long Xuyen co rat nhieu con kenh, rach cung chung "so phan" 6 nhiem nhtr
rach Cai So^, Xeo Chanh, gay anh huong khong nhd den ddi song va sire khde
cua rat nhieu ho ngudi dan dang sinh song doc theo nhung tuyen kenh, rach nay.
(Bdo An Giang, 2012)
1.1 Tong quan ve nuoc thai sinh hoat
2.2.1 Nguon goc phat sinh nude thai sinh hoat
Nude thai sinh hoat la nude thai dupe thai bo sau khi su dung cho cac muc
dich sinh hoat cua cpng dong: tarn giat giu, tay nra, ve sinh cac nhan, Chiing thudng duac thai ra trr cac can ho, ca quan, trudng hoc, benh vien, cha va cac
cong trinh cong cpng khac (Lam Minh Triet va ctv, 2006)
1.1.1 Lupng nuoc thai sinh hoat
Nude thai sinh hoat thudng tu 65% den 80% so lupng nude cap di qua dong
ho cac ho dan, ca quan, benh vien, trudng hoc, khu thuong mai, khu giai tri v.v ; 65% ap dung cho noi kho ndng, ca nude cap dung cho viec tudi cay cd.
(Trinh Xuan Lai, 2000)Luang nude thai sinh hoat cua khu dan cu dupe xac dinh tren ca sd nudecap Tieu chuan nude thai sinh hoat ciia cac khu dan cu do thi thudng la tu 100den 250 1/ngudi.ngay dem (doi vdi cac nude dang phat trien) va tu 150 den 5001/ngudi ngay dem (doi vdi cac nude phat trien) CS nude ta tieu chuan cap nudedao dong tu 120 den 180 1/ngudi.ngay Doi vdi khu vuc nong thon, tieu chuancap nude sinh hoat tir 50 d^n 100 1/ngudi ngay Thong thudng tieu chuan nudeth^i sinh hoat liy b^ng 90 dSn 100% tieu chuin cap nude Ngoai ra, lupng nudethai sinh hoat cua khu dan cu con phu thupc vao trang thiet bi ve sinh nha d, dacdiem khi hau thai tiet va tap quan sinh hoat cua ngudi dan Lupng nude thai sinhhoat tai cac ca sd dich vu cong trinh cong cpng phu thupc vao loai cong trinh,chiic nang, s6 ngudi tham gia, phuc vu trong do
(Trdn Due Ha, 2006)
Trang 2510SVTH: Vo Hiia HuySn Tram
Ngudn: Metcalf and Eddy, 2004
625 38 378 38 435 38 322
95
56-113
190-45519-56284-53019-56284-53019-56
473 - 908
Sinh viendieu duongNguai trong nhaQuan giao
Tu nhanNhan vien phuc vuGiucmg benhNhan vien phuc vuGiucmg benh
Truong Dai hoc
Bang 2.2: Tieu chudn nude thai tie cong sd
Nguon: Metcalf and Eddy, 2004
11 38
11 50
1900 38 180 38 49
2080 11
38 49
26-6026-50
7,5-15
1703-246026-6026-49151-21230-451515-227038-60
3,8-19
26-50
7,5-15
Nhan vienNguai lam viecNguai anMay giatCong nhanNguai phuc vuKhach
Nhan vien phuc vuNha ve sinh
Nguai phuc vuKhach hang
Gara - 6 to, sua xe
Nha ga, san bay
Luu luung (l/dom vi tinh - ngay)Khoang dao dong Tri so tieu bienNguon nuoc thai^(m vi tinh
Bang 2.1: Tieu chudn nude thai tie ede khu dich vu thuong mai
Khoa luan t6t nghiepGVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh Hung
Trang 2611SVTH: V6 Hua Huyen Tram
2.2.3 Thanh phan va dac tinh nude thai sinh hoat
Thanh phan cua nude thai sinh hoat gom 2 loai:
-Nude thai nhiem ban do chat bai tiet cua con ngudi tu cac phdng ve sinh
-Nude thai nhiem ban do cac chat thai sinh hoat: can ba tu" nha bep, cac chat rua trdi ke ca lam ve sinh san nha.
15126,5
113
38
7,5151 227
15-30
7,5-15
30-4519-4530-18915-3875-150
30-45
3,8-11
30-189189-265Khoang dao dong Tri s6 tieu biiu
tinh - ngay)
luan tot nghiep
Luu luung (1/don vj
quan
Ngudi thamGhe ngdiNhan vienNgudi tamNhan vien
Khu trien lam giai tri
Khu nghi mat leu,
khach san mini
Khu nghi mat co
Nguon nude thai
Bang 2.3: Tieu chudn nude thai tit cdc khu gidi tri
KhdaGVHD: Th.S Nguyin Thanh Hung
Trang 27S VTH: Vo Hua Huyen Tram12
Tai trong chat thai trung binh tinh theo dau ngudi d dieu kien ciia Due vdinhu cau cap nude 150 1/ngudi.ngay, duac trinh bay trong bang 2.2
65% I25% |10%
Protein Cacbonhydrat Cac chat beoCatMuoi Kim loai
Hinh 2.1: Thanh phan cac chat ban irong nuac thai sinh hoat
Nguon: Tran Bice Ha, 2006
Nude thai sinh boat
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Trong nude thai sinh hoat con chiia cac loai sinh vat gay benh va cac doc to cua chiing Phan ldn cac virut, vi khuan gay benh ta, vi khuan gay benh ly, vi khuan gay benh thtrcmg han, Ngoai ra, cac nude thai sinh hoat thudng chiia
thanh phan dinh duong rit cao NhiSu trudng hop, lugng chit dinh duang nayvugt qua nhu cau phat trien cua vi sinh vat dung trong xu ly bang phuang phapsinh hoc Trong cac cong trinh xu ly nude theo phuang phap sinh hoc, luqngdinh du&ng can thiSt trung binh tinh theo ty le BOD5: N: P la 100: 5: 1 Cac chathuu ca co trong nude thai khong phai duac chuyln hda het bdi cac loai vi sinhvat ma co khoang 20 - 40% BOD khong qua qua trinh chuyen hda vi sinh vat,chiing chuyen ra cung vdi bun lang (Nguyen Van Phuuc,2010)
Theo Trin Due Ha, 2006 thanh phln chat bin trong nude thai sinh hoat thghien d so do hinh 2.2 sau:
Trang 28SVTH: Vo Hua HuySn Tram13
Chat hoat dong be mat
Clorua (CP)
Photphat (P2O5)
Nita cua cac muoi amdni (N-NH4)
BOD5 cua nude thai da qua 18ng
BOD5 cua nude thai chua lang
Chat la lung (SS)
Cac dai luong
Bang 2.5: Luong chat ban mot ngudi trong mot ngay xa vao he thong thoat nude
6 nuoc ta nhung quy dinh ve luong chat ban tinh cho mot nguai dan do thi
xa vao he th6ng thoat nude trong mot ngay theo TCXDVN 51 : 2008 dugc trinh
g/ngnoi.ngay Chat hun cat,
30 60 90 100 190
g/ngirdi.ngayT6ng chat thai
Chat khong lang
Chat lang
Cac chat khong tan
Cac chat tan
Tong hrcmg chat thai
Cac chSt
Bang 2.4: Tdi trong chat thai trung binh mot ngay tinh theo ddu ngudi
GVHD: Th,S Nguyen Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
Trang 29Nguon; Mackenzio L.Davis and Susan J Macten, 1999
Nude thai sinh hoat co thanh phan vdi cac gia tri dien hinh nhu sau: COD =
500 mg/1; BOD5 = 250 mg/1; SS = 220 mg/1; Photpho = 8 mg/1, nita NH3 va nitahim ca = 40 mg/1; pH = 6,8; TS = 720 mg/1
(Tr&n Van Nhan vd Ngo Tin Nga, 2009)
2.3 Tong quan ve cac phunng phap xir ly nuoc thai va xu- ly can
2.3.1 Xu- ly nuoc thai bang phuang phap co' hoc
Xii ly ca hoc gom nhung qua trinh ma khi nude thai di qua qua trinh do sekhong thay doi tinh chat hoa hoc va sinh hoc cua no Xii ly ca hoc nham nangcao chat lugng va hieu qua cua cac budc xu ly ti6p theo
(Trinh Xudn Lai, 2000)Phuang phap xii ly ca hoc duqc dung d6 tach cac chSt khong hoa tan vamot phan cac chat d dang keo ra khdi nude thai Nhung cong trinh xii ly ca hoc
bao gom:
SVTH: Vo Hua Huydn Tram14
-0 0 15
0,1
0 15 10
25
0 100 4 120 8 120
200 ThSp
8 20 100
100
0,2
0,0530 20 50 0
200 8
350
150
350 500Trung binhMuc do 6 nhiem
-40 200 175
0,40,1
50
35
85 0 300 12 600 300 700 1000
Nang
cua nuac thai sink hoat
Khoa luan t6t nghiep
Chat ran lang, ml/1
Tong chat ran la lung, mg/1
Chat ran khong hoa tan, mg/1
Chat ran hoa tan, mg/1
T6ng chSt rSn, mg/1
Cac chat co trong nude thai
Bang2.6: Thanh phan trungblnh
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh Hung
Trang 30GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh HiingKhda luan t6t nghiep
Song chdn rdc, lu&i loc: dung de chan gift cac can ban co kich thudc Ion
hoac a dang sgi nhu giay, rau co, rac, dugc goi chung la rac Rac thirong dugc
chuyen tori may nghien rac, sau khi dugc nghien nhd, cho do trd lai trudc songchin rac hoac chuyen tdi be phan hiiy can Trong nhftng nam gan day sii dungphd bien la loai song chan rac lien hgp vira chan gift vua nghien rac doi vdi cac
tram xii ly cong suat vua va nho.
Be tang cat: tdch ra khdi chat thai cac chat ban vo ca trong lugng rieng ldn (nhu xi than, cat, ) Chung khdng co lui doi vdi cac qua Uinh lam trong, xu ly
sinh hoa nude thai va xu ly can ba cung nhu khong co lgi doi vdi cac cong trinhthidt bi cong nghe tren tram xu ly Cat tu bd ling cat dua di phoi khd a tren sanphai va sau do thuang dugc su dung cho nhftng muc dich xay dung
Be tang tach: cac chat la lung co trong lugng rieng khac vdi vdi tronglugng rieng cua chit thai Chit la lung nang se tu tu lang xuong day, cac chat lalung nhe se ndi 18n b mat Can ling va bot ridi nhd cac thiet bi ca hoc thu gom
va van chuyen len cong trinh xu ly can.
Be v&t dun mo': thudng dp dung khi xu ly nude thai co chua dau mo (nude.thai cong nghiep) D6i vdi nude thai sinh hoat khi ham lugng dau ma kliong caotin viec vdt dau ma thudng thuc hien ngay d be lang nhd thiet bi gat chat noi
Be loc: nham tach cac chat d trang thai la lung kich thudc nhd bang eachcho nude thai di qua lap vat lieu loc, cong trinh nay su dung chu yeu cho mot soloai nude thai cong nghiep
Phuang phdp xu ly nude thai bang ca hgc cd the loai bo khdi nude thaidugc 60% cac tap chat khong hoa tan va 20% BOD Hieu qua xft ly cd the dat tdi75% theo ham lugng chit la lung va 30 - 35% theo BOD blng cac bien phdplam thodng sa bd hoac ddng tu sinh hoc
(Hodng Van Hue va Trdn Dice Ha, 2002)2.3.2 Xft ly nu-frc thai bdng phuo'ng phdp hoa hoc
Thuc chat cua phuang phdp xu ly hoa hoc la dua vao nude thai chat phanung nao do de gay tdc ddng vdi cac tap chat ban, bien doi hoa hoc va tao can langhoac tao dang chat hoa tan nhung khong doc hai, khong gay d nhiem mdi trudng.Nhftng phan ung didn ra cd the la phan ling oxy hoa - khii, cac phan ling tao chatket tua hoac cac phan ung phan huy chit ddc hai
Phuffng phdp trung hoa: dung de dua mdi trudng nude thai cd chiia cacaxit vd ca hoac kidm ve trang thai tmng tinh pH= 6,5 - 8,5 Phuang phdp nay cd
SVTH: Vo Hiia HuySn Tram\5
Trang 31SVTH: Vo Hiia Huy6n Tram16
GVHD: Th.S Nguygn Thanh HungKhda luan t6t nghiep
the thuc hien bang nhieu each: trpn Ian nude thai chiia axit va chua kiem; bo
sung them cac tac nhan hoa hoc; loc qua lop vat lieu loc co tac dung trung hoa, hap thu khi axit bang nude thai chua kiem,
Phuffngphdp keo tu (dong tu keo): dung de lam trong va khu nude thaibang each dung cac chat keo tu (phen) va cac chat tig keo tu de lien ket cac chatran d dang la lung va keo cd trong nude thai thanh nhung bong co kich thudc ldn
hom.
Phuffng phdp Ozon hoa: la phuang phap xu ly nude thai cp chua cac chathuu ca dang hoa tan va dang keo blng ozon Ozon de dang nhudng nguyen tu
cho cac tap chat him ca.
Phuffng phdp dien hoa hoc: thuc chat la pha hiiy cac tap chat doc hai cdtrong nude thai bang cac oxy hoa dien hoa tren cue anot hoac diing de phuc hoicac ch^^t quy (dong, chi, sit, ) Thong thudng hai nhiem vu phan huy chat dochai va thu hoi chat quy dupe giai quyet dong thai
(Hodng Van Hue va Trdn Due Ha, 2002)2.3.3 Xu ly nude thai bang phuffng phap hoa - ly
Hap phu: dung de tach cac chat huu ca va khi hoa tan khdi nude thai bangeach tucrng tac giua cac chit ban hoa tan vdi cac chat rin (hap phu hoa hoc)
Trich ly: dung de tach cac chat ban hoa tan ra khdi nude thai bang each bo
sung mot chat dung moi khong hoa tan vao nude, nhung do hoa tan cua chat ban trong dung moi cao han trong nude.
Chung bay hoi: la chung nude thai de cac chat hoa tan trong do cung bayhai len theo hai nude Khi ngung tu, hai nude va chat ban de bay hai se hinhthanh cac ldp rieng biet va do do de dang tach cac chat ban ra
Tuyen ndi la phuang phap dung de loai bd cac tap chat ra khdi nude bangeach tao cho chiing kha nang de noi len mat nude khi bam theo cac bpt khi
Trao doi ion la phuang phap thu hoi cac cation va anion bang cac chat traodoi ion (ionit) Cac chat trao doi ion la cac chat ran trong thien nhien hoac vatlieu nhan tao Chung khong hoa tan trong nude va trong dung moi huu ca, cd kha
nang trao doi ion.
Tach bang mang la phuang phap tach cac chat tan khdi cac hat keo bang
each dung cac mang ban tham Do la cac mang xop dac biet khong cho cac hat keo di qua.
Trang 32THl/VIEN
TRliQNG DAI HQC!
AN GIANG
SVTH: Vo Hua Huyen Tram
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhda luan t6t nghiep
(Hoang Van Hue va Trdn Dice Ha, 2002)2.3.4 Xup ly nu^e thai blng phuong phap sinh hoc
Cac hop chSt him ca a dang keo, huyen phii va dung dich la nguon thiic an
cua vi sinh vat Trong qua trinh hoat dong song, vi sinh vat oxy hoa hoac khu cac
hop chit huu ca nay, ket qua la lain sach nude thai khdi cac chat huu ca
(Trdn Due Ha, 2006)
? Xir ly nude thai bang phuong phap sinh hoc hieu khi
Qua trinh xu ly nude thai dugc dua tren su oxy hoa cac chat huu ca cd
trong nude nhd oxy tu do hoa tan.
-Neu oxy dugc van chuyen va hoa tan trong nude nhd cac yeu to tu nhien
thi do la qua trinh xu ly sinh hgc hieu khi trong dieu kien tu nhien Xu ly sinhhoc hieu khi trong dieu kien tu nhien thudng dugc tien hanli trong ho (ho sinhhoc oxy hoa, h<5 sinh hoc 6n dinh) hoac trong dat ngap nude (cac loai bai lpc,
dam lay nhan tao).
+ Xu- ly nu&c thai trong dat: Cac cong trinh xu ly nude thai trong dat lanhung vung dat quy hoach tudi nude thai dinh ky va goi la canh dong ngap nude(canh dong tudi va canh dong loc) Canh dong ngap nude dugc tinh toan thiet ke
dua vao kha nang giu lai, chuyen hoa chat ban trong dat Nhung chat do tao nen
lap mang gom vo so vi sinh vat cd kha nang hap phu va oxy hoa cac chat huu ca
cd trong nude thai.
+ Xir ly nu&c thai trong ho sinh hoc: Ho sinh hoc la cac thiiy vuc tu nhienhoac nhan tao khdng ldn ma d day se dien ra qua trinh tu lam sach trong cac song
ho tu nhien vdi vai trd chu yeu la cac loai vi khuan va tao
(Trdn Dice Ha, 2006)
-Neu oxy dugc cap bang thiet bi hoac nhd cau tao cong trinh, thi do la quatrinh xii ly hilu khi trong didu kien nhan tao Cac cong trinh xu ly sinh hoc hilukhi trong dieu kien nhan tao thudng duac dua tren nguyen tac hoat dong cua bunhoat tinh (be aerotank trpn, kenh oxy hda tuan hoan) hoac mang sinh vat (be locsinh hoc, dTa sinh hoc) (Trdn Dice Ha, 2006)
•+ Be aerotank — be phan ung sinh hoc hieu khi: nude thai dugc chay quasuot chieu dai cua be va dugc sue khi, khuay dao nham tang cudng lugng oxi hdatan va tang cudng qua trinh oxi hda chat ban huu ca cd trong nude Nude thaisau khi xu ly so bo con chua phln ldn cac chat huu ca d dang hda tan Cac chat
la lung lam nai vi khuan bam vao de cu tru, sinh san va phat trien, dan thanh cac
Trang 33SVTH: Vo Hiia Huyln Tram18
GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhda luan tdt nghiep
hat can bong Cac bong can nay la bun hoat tinh Bun hoat tinh la cac bong can
co mau nau sSm, chiia cac chit him ccr hip phu tir nude thai va la noi cu tru cho
cac vi khuln cung cac sinh vat bac thlp khac nhu nguyen sinh dpng vat song vaphat trien (Luang Bice Pham, 2007) Vi khuan va cac vi sinh vat song dung chatndn (BOD) va chit dinh duang (N, P) lam thirc an dl chuySn hda chung thanhcac chat tro khdng hoa tan va thanh cac te bao mdi So lupng bun hoat tinh sinh
ra trong thai gian hru lai trong be aerotank cua lupng nude thai di vao be khong
du de lam giam cac chat huu ca, do do phai sir dung lai him hoat tinh da langxudng day be lang dot 2 bang each tuan hoan bun ngupc trd lai dau be aerotank
de duy tri nong do du cua vi khuln trong be Bun du d day be lang dugc xa rakhu xu ly bun (Trinh Xudn Lai, 2000)
+ Kenh oxy hoa tuan hoan: la dang cai tien cua be aerotank khuay trpn
hoan chinh lam viec trong che dp lam thoang keo dai vdi dung dich bun hoat tinh
la lung trong nude thai chuyen dpng tuan hoan lien tuc trong kenh ( Trinh XudnLai, 2000) Kenh oxy hoa tuan hoan cd uu diem la luong bun du thap, dupe ondinh tuong d6i, hieu qua xu ly BOD cao, cac chit dinh duong nhu N, P dupe khiidang ke, quan ly van hanh khong phuc tap Do thai gian luu nude Ion nen congtrinh cd tinh dem cao Tuy nhien cong trinh xay dung hd va dien tich chiem datIdn la nhung yeu to han che de su dung no cho cac trudng hap xu ly nude thaiquy mo Idn, dupe su dung cho cac vung dan sd tir 200 den 15.000 ngudi (FranBice Ha, 2006)
+ Be loc sinh hoc: Khi nude thai tudi qua lap vat lieu Ipc bang cac phan hiran xop, cac vi khuan se dupe hap phu, sinh song va phat trien tren be mat do (visinh vat sinh trudng dinh bam) Vi khuan dinh bam vao vat rin nhd chat glelatin
do chung tiet ra va chting de dang di chuyen trong ldp chat nhay nay Dau tienchiing vi khuan tap trung d mot khu vuc, sau do chung phat trien Ian dan phu kin
be mat vat lieu loc Cac chat dinh duong nhu muoi khoang, hop chat huu ca vaoxy cd trong nude thai khuech tan qua man sinh vat va cd the vao tan ldpxenluno da tich luy phia trong cung Chia thanh hai loai: loai cd vat lieu loc tiepxuc khong ngap trong nude vdi chl dp tudi nude theo chu ky va loai cd vat lieuloc tiep xuc ngap trong nude giau oxy Ngoai ra, be loc sinh hoc cao tai dung de
xu ly sinh hoc hieu khi vdi tai trong thuy luc tir 10 den 30 m3 nude thai/m2 bemat be.ngay, hieu qua khu BOD ciia be tir 60 den 85%, thudng dung de xu lynude thai sinh hoat va cac loai thai khac cd thanh phan tinh chat tuang tu, congsuat 500 den hang chuc ngan m3 trong ngay (Trdn Bice Ha, 2006)
Trang 34GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HiingKhoa luan tot nghiep
+ Dia sinh hoc JRJSC: Dia quay sinh hoc gdm hang loat dia trdn, phang
dupe lam bang PVC, lap tren mot true Cac dia nay duqc dat ngap vao nude mot
phan va quay cham khi lam viec Day la cong trinh xii ly nude thai dua tren su
sinhtruong gan ket cua vi sinh vat tren be mat cua cac vat lieu dia Khi quay,
mang sinh hoc tiep xiic vdi chat huu co trong nude thai va sau do tiep xiic vdi oxikhi ra khdi nude thai Dia quay nhd mdto hoac sue gid Nhfr quay lien tuc mamang sinh hoc vua tigp xiic duqc vdi khdng khi vira tiep xuc duqc vdi chat huucor trong nude thai, vi vay chat huu ca duqc phan hiiy nhanh Ve phuong dienthiSt kg RBC va thuc tg thiy ring, d dia sinh hoc luqng sinh klioi M ton tai la ldn
va do do ti s6 F/M la nhd Chinh vi le do cac RBC cd tai trong thuy luc cao va tai
trong cac chat huu co cung cao, dan dgn xu ly nude thai rat cd hieu qua.
(Luang Dice Phdm, 2007)
^ Xii ly bangphuffngphdp sinh hoc ky khi
Qua trinh xu ly duqc dua trgn co sd phan huy cac chat huu co giu lai trongcong trinh nhd su Ign men ky khi D6i vdi cac he thong thoat nude quy mo nhd
va vua ngudi ta thudng dung cac cong trinh ket hop giua viec tach can lang (lamtrong nude) vdi phan huy yem khi cac chat huu co trong pha ran va pha long.Cac cong trinh duqc ling dung rqng rai la cac loai bg tu hoai, gigng tham, be langhai vd (be lang Imhoff), bg lang trong kgt hop vdi ngan len men, be loc nguqcqua ting can ky khi (UASB) (Trdn Dice Ha, 2006)
+ Be lang Imhoff: Phan tren cua bg la mang lang, phan dudi la ngang Ignmen bun can Nude chuygn dqng qua mang lang theo nguygn tac giong be langngang vdi van toe nhd (5 dgn 10 mm/s), cac hat can lang xudng , qua cac kherong 0,12 - 0,15 m roi vao ngan len men Bg ling hai vd duqc su dung rpng rainhieu noi trgn thg gidi vdi cong suat xu ly tu hang chuc dgn hang ngan met khoinude thai trong mot ngay (Iran Dice Ha, 2006)
+ Be UASB - Xii ly nude thai d ldp bun ki khi Vdi ddng hudng len: Nudethai duqc phan phoi dgu trgn dien tich day bg, di tu dudi Ign vdi va tdc tu' 0,6 -0,9 m/h Hdn hop bun ygm khi trong be hap thu chat hiru co hda tan trong nudethai, phan huy va chuyen hda chiing thanh khi ( 70 - 80 % khi metan va 20 -30% khi cacbonic) Bpt khi sinh ra bam vao hat bun can ndi len tren Khi n6i Ign
trgn hat can va vao tarn chan, hat can bi vo, khi thoat Ign trgn, can roi xudng
dudi Hdn hop bun nude da tach hgt khi di qua cua vao ngan lang Nude thaitrong ngan lang xudng dudi day qua cua tuan hoan lai vung phan ling yem khi.Nude trong dang len trgn duqc thu vao mang theo dng din sang bg lam sach khi,khi duqc thu vg binh chua (Trinh Xudn Lai, 2000)
SVTH: V6 Hiia Huyen Tram19^
Trang 35GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhda luan t6t nghiep
2.3.5.Xu- ly nude thai miic do cao (xu- ly bo sung)
Xii ly nude thai a muc dp cao dupe ling dung trong cac trudng hop yeu caugiam th^p nong dp ch^t b^n (theo chat la lung, BOD, COD, nita, photpho va cac
chat khac ) sau khi da xu ly sinh hoc trudc khi xa vao ngudn nude.
-Bg loai bo d miic dp cao cac chat la lung, thudng ting dung ede be lpc cdciu true khac nhau, tuydn noi ap lire hay tuyen noi khi hda tan;
-Bg loai bo cac tap chat khd oxy hda cd the su dung phuong phap keo tu vahap thu;
-Khu nita va photpho trong nude thai dupe tien hanh trong nhtrng trudnghap khi xa nude thai vao nguon nude cd kha nang gay hien tupng phii duang De
loai bo nita dang NO2", NO3" va cac dang muoi amonia trong nude thai sau khi
xu ly sinh hoc, thudng sir dung cac phuang phap hoa - ly (trao doi ion, hap phu
bang than hoat tinh sau khi thuc hien clorua hda sa bp, tham thau ngupc ) hoac
phuang phap sinh hoc (qua trinh nitrat hda va khu nitrat);
-Bg loai cac lien kgt photpho ra khdi nude thai, thudng ap dung phuangphap hda hoc (dung vdi, sunfat nhuom, sunfat sat)
(Lam Minh Triit va ctv, 2006)
2.3.6.Khu trung nude thai
Muc dich cua qua trinh khu trung la nham dam bao nude thai khi xa vao
nguon tiep nhan khong con vi trung, virut gay va truyen benh, khir mau, khu mui
va giam nhu cau oxy sinh hda cua nguon tiep nhan Khu trung cd nhieu phuang
phap: Dung clo, ozon, tia cue tint
(Hoang Van Hue va Trdn Dice Ha, 2002)
2.3.7.Xu- ly can cua nude thai
Bg giam lupng chat huu ca trong can, ngudi ta sir dung cac phuang phap:-Lgn men bim nhd vi sinh vat yem khi (be tu hoai, be lang hai vd, bg lang
trong u bun, bg metan)
-On dinh higu khi bun
Giam dp am cua bung can bang each luu giu trgn san phai bim hoac ho phai
bim hoac bang cac phuang phap ca hoc nhu dp lpc, lang li tarn, say va dot can,
Bun can dupe thu hoi dg lam phan bdn cho nong nghiep hoac lam chat phu
chua prdtit, vitamin, cho thgm vao thuc an cua gia sue.
SVTH: V6 Hda Huygn Tram2^
Trang 36S VTH: Vo Hura Huy6n Tram21
GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh HungKhoa luan t6t nghiep
(Trin Due Ha, 2006)
2.4 So" do cong nghe xti" ly mrdc thai
Chon so do tram xir ly nude thai phai tuy tirng tnrdng hop cu the Tram xu
ly dugc thiet ke vdi thai han tinh toan la 20 - 30 nam nen phai chii y den: su phat
trien cua thanh pho, tieu chuan dung nuac ngay cang tang va trang thiet bi ve
sinh ngay cang hien dai
Ca so lua chon:
-Quy mo (cong suat) va dac diem doi tugng thoat mrdc (luu vuc phan tan
cua do thi, khu dan cu, benh vien, );
-Dac diem nguon tiep nhan nude thai va kha nang tu lam sach cua no; miic
do va cac giai doan xii ly nude thai can thiet;
-Dieu kien tu nhien khu vuc: khi hau, thai tiet, dia hinh, dia chat, thuy
van, ; dieu kien cung cap nguyen vat lieu de xu ly nude thai tai dia phuang;
-Kha nang su dung nude thai cho cac muc dich kinli ke tai dia phuang
(nuoi ca, tudi ruong giu muc nude tao canh quan do thi );
-Dien tich va vi tri dat dai sir dung de xay dung tram xil ly nude thai;
-Nguon tai chinh va cac di^u kien kinh te kliac;
-Su chap nhan va tham gia cua cong dong.
(Triii Due Ha, 2006)
Trang 38GVHD: Th.S Nguyln Thanh HungKhoa luan tot nghiep
Theo chat lugng nude dat dupe, cac qua trinh xu ly dugc torn lai thanh cac
cong doan: xu ly cap I, xii ly cap II, xu ly cap III.
-Xu ly cap I gom cac qua trinh xu ly sa bo va lang, bat dau tu song (hoac ludi) chan va ket thiic sau lang cap I Cong doan nay co nhiem vu khu cac vat ran
noi co kich thudc ldn va cac tap chat ran co the lang ra khdi nude thai de bao vebam va dudng 6ng Hau het cac chat ran la lung lang d be lang cap I C5 day
thudng gom cac qua trinh lpc qua song (hoac ludi chan), lang, tuyen noi, tach dau ma va trung hoa.
-Xu ly cap II gom cac qua trinh sinh hoc (doi khi ca qua trinh hoa hoc) cotac dung khu hlu hdt cac tap chdt him ca hoa tan co the phan huy bang condudng sinh hoc, nghTa la khu BOD Do la cac qua trinh: hoat hoa biin, lpc sinhhoc hay oxy hoa sinh hoc trong cac ho (ho sinh hoc) va phan huy yem khi Tat ca
cac qua trinh nay deu su dung kha nang cua cac vi sinh vat chuyen hoa cac chat
thai huu ca ve dang on dinh va nang lupng thap
-Xu ly cap III thudng gom cac qua trinh vi lpc, ket tua hoa hoc va dong tu,hap thu bang than hoat tinh, trao doi ion, tham thau ngupc, dien tham tich, cac
qua trinh khu cac chat dinh duang, clo hoa va ozon hoa.
(Trdn Van Man va Ngo Tin Nga, 2009)
Trang 39SVTH: Vo Hua Huyen Tram
Hinh 2.3: Sa do nguyen ly vd cdc mice do xic ly tucac thai
1 Thanh hoac luai chan rac; 2 Be lang cat; 3 Be lang cap I; 4 Xti ly cap II (hoathoa bun hoac loc sinh hoc); 5 Be lang cap II; 6 Be tiep xuc Clo; 7 Be lang lamctac bun; 8 Be tieu huy bun yem khi; 9 Thiet bi tach nuac (loc khung ban hoac
loc bang tai )
Ngudn: Trdn Van Man vd Ngo Tin Nga, 2009
X0Iyc6pll : Xdlycfipllt
Khoa luan tot nghiep GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh Hung
Trang 40SVTH: Vo Hua Huyen Tram25
GVHD: Th.S Nguyen Thanh HungKhda luan t6t nghiep
Chuxmg 3: PHlTONG TIEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CU"U
3.1.Doi tirffng nghien cuu
Nude thai sinh hoat cua thanh pho Long Xuyen
3.2.Thoi gian nghien ciiu
-BStdau: 15/1/2013
-Ketthuc: 15/4/2013
3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu
Tinh toan thiet ke he thong xir ly nude thai sinh hoat cho thanh pho LongXuyen den nam 2020 chuin dau ra loai A (QCVN 14: 2008/BTNMT)
3.4.Noi dung nghien cuu
-Tinh toan luu lugng va thanh ph^n nude thai suih hoat thanh pho LongXuyen dSn nam 2020
-Bua ra cac phuong an va lua ehon quy trinh cong nghe xu ly nude thai
sinh hoat cho thanh pho Long Xuyen dgn nam 2020
-Tinh toan thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai va the hien chi tiet tren ban ve-Du toan kinh phi xay dung va chi phi van hanli he thong xu ly nude thai
3.5.Phuong den va vat lieu nghien ciiu
-Phan mem ve ky thuat Autocad 2007
3.6.Phuung phap nghien eiiu
?Phuong phap nghien ciiu bien hoi
Tham khao, tong hcrp tai lieu, thu thap cac sd lieu cin thiSt dS tinh toan
•^? Phuong phap xu ly so lieu
Sir dung chucmg trinh Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel de tinh toan va viet
bao cao, Autocad 2007 dl ve cac ban ve.
?Phuung phap udc luffng dan so
Phuong phap giam ty le cda su gia tang:
Su udc lugng dan so lien quan den gia tri gidi han va diem bao hda
Sir dung cac cong thiic sau de tinh toan:
dY
^10