Tính toán và thiết kế hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt khu b khu KTX trường đại học an giang

Muc ti8ucua de tai hudng tdi la tinh toan va thi^t kg he th6ng xd ly nude thai sinh hoat hoanchinh, chat lupng nude thai dau ra dat QCVN 14:2008 theo cot A.. Bai khda luang^m cac phan: t

TINH TOAN VA THIET KE HE THONG XU" LY

NIT6C THAI SINH HO AT KHU B

(KHU KTX) TRU^^NG DAI HOC AN GIANG

NGUYEN PHAT NHIEU TRtfCJNG D^J HQC AN GIANG

KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRtfOfNG

GVHD 1: Th.s Kiba D6 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyin PhatNhieu

Nguyin Phdt Nhiiu

nghiep

Em xin chdn thdnh cdm an den giajMh^bqh be nhung nguai da ludn dgng

vien em trong sudtMud^trinh hoc tdp^cung nhuihai gian thuc hien khoa ludn totnghiep.^V ' h

Di cd ngdy hdm nay, con-xin chdhlthdnh giti Idi cdm On den dang sinh thdnh

duang dqc dqy do con nen nguai ludn keyai sat cdnh ben con, dong vien con nhunglite con gap khd khan, ludn dqy con nhung dieu hay lephdi cua cudc song de conngdy mot hodn thienhon trong cudc sdhg.^,^ '•, _\

Cudi cimg em xin chuc todn the-'quy thdy cd trmmg DqiHoc An Giang, thdyKieu Do Minh Ludn vd thdy Le Quang Hodn, cha me vd cd^bqn DH10MT ludnthdnh dqt trong cdng viqc vd cudc song

Xin chdn thdnh cdm an!!!

Ddc biet, em xin chdn thanh'^dm omthay^Kieu D6 Minh Ludn vd thdy Le

Quang Hodn da chi dan tan tinh trong^suot qua

diyng vdphdt trien ddt nud

thdnh'cam an^hdy^Kieu Do Minh Ludn vd thdy Letinh trong'^"suot qudtrmh thuc hien khoa luqn tot

Vai long biet on sdu sdc"nhdtrEm,xin chdn thdnh cdm cm quy Thdy Co Khoa

Ky Thudt - Cong Nghe - l^diTpxang'r^ngtodhhhS^h Co Truang Dai An Giang

da tan tinh giang day vd trang\bi cho^em^huhg Men thuc quy bdu trong sudt qua

\ \ "•- \ X /r-^ • / vtrinh hoc tap tqi truang vcrdqchp em'mqtjphdn Men'tMtc de hodn thdnh khoa ludntdt nghiep vd giup em dongg6p^mqUphdnjtho Men thuc cua minh cho cong cuqcxdyKhoa luan tot nghiepL&pDHlOMT

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Ho^n

SVTH : Nguyln PMt Nhi^u

Th.S LS Quang HoanTh.S Kiiu D6 Miiih Luan

Long Xuyen, ngdy 15 thdng 05 nam 2013

GVHB1

Biem so bang so: Biem so bang chu

NHN XET CUA GlAO VIEN HtfGNG DAN

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Khoa luan tot nghiep

GVHD 1: Th.s Kilu B6 Mint LuSn

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhilu

Th.S LS Thi Cam Chi

Th.S Phan Tru^^ng Khanh

GVPB2

LongXuyen, ngay 15 thing 05 nam 2013

GVPB1

Biem so bang so:Biem so bang chu

NHN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN

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CHlTONG 1: Gl6l THIEU1 CHtfONG 2 Ltf<^C KHAO TAl LIEU2

2.1.Ting quan vi khu B (khu KTX tinh - Trudng Dai hoc An Giang)2

2.1.1 Vi tri dia ly2

2.1.2.Bieukientvinhign32.2.Ting quan vi nude thai sinh hoat.42.2.1.Ngu6ng6c nude thai sinh hoat4

2.2.2.ThanhpMnvadactfnh nude thai sinh hoat52.2.3 Anh hudng nude thai sinh hoat tdi mdi trudng72.3.Tong quan vi cac phuong phap xu ly nude thai82.3.1.Xii ly nude thai blng phuong phap ca hoc8

2.3.2.Xii ly hoa hoc10

2.3.3,Phuong phap hoa ly112.3.4.Phuong phap sinh hoc13

2.3.5.Phuong phap khii trung nude192.3.6.X^ ly can20

CHlTONG 3 PHlTONG TIEN VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ22

3.1.Doi tu^ng nghien cdu223.2.Thdi gian nghien cuu22

3.3.Muc tiSu nghien cdu223.4.Nqi dung nghien cdu223.5.Phuong tifn v^ v^t BSu nghien cdu223.6.Phuong phsip nghien cdu22

3.7.Y nghla cfla di tdi23

GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu B6 Minh LuanivGVHD 2 : Th.s LS Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen Phat Nhiiu

Khoa luan tdt nghifpL&p DH10MT

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B Mmh LuanvGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhi^u

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CHtfONG 4 TINH TOAN VA THBET KE24

4.1.Nhifm vu thiet ki va cac so liu cff sfr244.1.1.Nhiem vu thiSt ki244.1.2.Cac s6 lieu ccr sd phuc vu cho tinh toan thiSt ke24

4.2.Xac djnh cac thong so tinh toan244.2.1.Xac dinh luu luong nude Mi sinh hoat244.2.2.Th6ng si diu vao25

4.3.Di xu^t c6ng nghe xft ^^28

4.3.1.Phuong an 1284.3.2.Phuongan231

4.4.Tinh todn e^e cdng trinh don vi334.4.1.Phucmg an 1334.4.1.1.Ngantiepnhan334.4.1.2.Songchanrac344.4.1.3.Ngan ling cat39

4.4.1.4.Be dilu hoa434.4.1.5.BllSng dung dot 148

4.4.1.6.Be Aerotank564.4.1.7.Be 15ng diing dot 2664.4.1.8.Bl tigp xiic khut trung74

4.4.1.9.Be gom bun va san phod bun77

4.4.1.Phuongan279

4.5.Bo tri mat bang tram xu ly nude thai va cao trinh xay dung cac hangmuc cong trinh864.5.1.Bo tri vi tri va mat blng tram xd ly nude thai86

4.5.2 Cao trinh xSy dung cac hung muc86

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CHlTONG 5 D^ TO AN TONG KINH PHI DlU TU" XAY DyNG VA CHI PHI VAN HANH TRAM XU"LY NlTdC THAI88

5.1.Phinmg an 1885.1.1.DLPtoanchiphixaydLPng885.1.2.Dutoanthietbi885.1.3.Chi phi xu ly 01m3 nude ^i92

5.2.Phinmg an 2.945.2.1.D\r toin chi phi xay dung945.2.2.Dvrtoslnthietbi955.2.3.CM phi xutly 01m3 nude thai98

5.3.Cac uu nhinrc diem cua 2 Phuromg an de xuat va lua chon phmmg an

,100

CHlTONG 6 QUAN LY VAN HANH102

6.1.Khdi dgng h^ th6ng102

6.1.1.Khdid6ngkythuat1026.1.2.KhdidongsinhhQC102

6.1.3.Quytrinhnu6icayvisinh1036.2.Van hanh he thong1046.2.1.TudiSukhi^n1046.2.2.Nguyen tic hoat d^ng105

6.2.3.Quytrinhv|nhanh106

6.3.Giai quvet sir co1096.3.1.Phat Men sued109

6.3.2.Giai quygt su c61106.4.B^o dirdng thiet bj va he thing 114

6.4.1.BaoduongtM6tbi1146.4.2.B^o duong h^ thing 120GVHD 1: Th.s KiSu B6 Minh LuanviGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu Do Minh LuanviiGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

6.5.5.Thao tac voi bun phat sinh1276.5.6.Thao tac vdi hoa chat127

CHlTONG 7 KET LU^N VA KEEN NGHI128

7.1.Kit luf n128

7.2.Kiln nghi128

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

PHULUC

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu D6 Minh Lu^nviiiGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen PMt Nhilu

HinhTrangBOnh 2.1: Ban dd vf tri cua Khu B - Trudng Dai hoc An Giang 2Hinh 2.2: Cdc cdng trinh xu ly nude thai being phuang phdp sinh hoc hieu khi

15

Hinh 2.3: H$ thdngxu ly nude thai theo qua trinh bi Iqc sinh hqc16Hinh 2.4: He thdngxu ly nude thai theo qua trinh tang trudng la lung.17Hinh 2.5: Bi aeroten thong thudng.18Hinh 2.6: Bi aeroten khudy iron hodn todn19Hinh 2.7: Bi khu triing nude thai bdng NaOCl.20

Hinh 4.1: Sa dd quy trinh xu ly nude thai theo phuang an 129Hinh 4.2: Sa do quy trinh xu ly nude thai theo phuang an 231

Hinh 6.1: Quy trinh nudi cdy visinh104 Hinh 6.2: Tit dien diiu khiin 105

Hinh 6.3: Sa do cdc phuang an xu ly bun121Hinh 6.4: Sa dd xu ly bun day bi lang 123

Hinh 6.5: Sa dd xu ly bim day bi (can ba) 123

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DANHSACHHINH

BangTrangBang 2.1: Thanh phdn dqc trtmg cua nude thai sinh hoat7Bang 4.1: Tea luang 6 nhiem nude thai sinh hoat26Bang 4.2: Kich thudc ngdn tiip nhdn33

Bang 4.3: Cdc thong so tinh todn muongddn nude thai35Bang 4.4: H? sofi di tinh sue can c^c bo cua song chan 37

B^ng 4.5: Thong so thiit ki song chan me39Bang 4.6: Thong so thiet ki be Idng cat ngang 42

Bang 4.7: Thong sd thiit ki bi dieu hoa47

Bang 4.8: Thong so tinh todn be long dung 155Bang 4.9: Cong sudt hoa tan oxi vdo nude cua thiet bj bot khi min 63Bang 4.10: Thong so thiet ki bi aerotank66

Bang 4.11: Thong so thiit ki bi lang 2 73 Bang 4.12: Thong so thiit ki bi tiip xuc khu trung76

Bang 4.13: Thong so thiit ki son phari bun78Bang 4.14: Khodng each cdc 16 din tarn true quay cua he thong tudiphdn

luc82Bang 4.15: Modun luu lupng Km(l/s) ieng vdi cdc loqi dudng kinh khdc

nhau86Bang 4.16: Cdc thong so tinh todn bi he sinh hpc cao tdi86

Bang 4.17: Ton that dp luc qua cdc cong trinh87Bang 5.1: Nhung hang muc xdy dung vd gid thdnh cdc cong trinh don vi theoPhuong an 188Bang 5.2: Dtr todn chiphi thiet bi trong he thong xu ly nude thai theo Phuang

an 188Bang 5.3: Chiphi dien ndng tieu thu theo Phuong an 192GVHD 1 : Th.s Kieu Do Minh LuanixGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyin Phat Nhieu

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GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D Minh Luan

^n295

Bang 5.7: Chiphi dien nang tieu thu theo Phuang an 298Bang 5.8: Chiphi nhdn vien theo Phuang an 2 99Bang 6.1: Nguyen t&c hoat dong h? thong105Bang 6.2: Cdchpha hoa chat107Bang 6.3: Motsdstf cd thudnggefp va bienphdp khacphuc110Bang 6.4: Cdc loai nhdt dupe nha son xudt khuyin khich sit dung115

Bang 6.5: Yeu to Mem tra bdo dudng may thoi khi116Bang 6.6: Mot so su co va each khacphuc bam117Bang 6.7: Lich vesinh he thong dinh ky124

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu Do Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln PhSt Nhieu

: ViptNamddng

: Bun hotit tinh

: Nude thai sinh hoat

:Kytucxa.

:Tieuchuan Viet Nam

: Tieu chuan xay dung

: Bp Tai Nguyen Moi Trudng

BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand_Nhu cSu Oxy sinh hoa

COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand_Nhu cau Oxy hoa hoc

DO: Dissolved Oxygen_Oxy hoa tan

SS: Suspended soild_Chat rin la Iting

TSS: Total suspended solidsChat r5n la lirng tong cpng

RBC: Rotating Biological ContactorJLoc sinh hoc

SBR: Squencing Biological Reactor_Be loc sinh hoc tirng me

F/M: Ty le thiic an tren vi smh vat

MLSS): Mixed liquor suspended solids _N6ng dp bun hoat tinh tinh theo

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh Luan

thai ra ngudn ti^p nh|n HiSn feii Khu B (khu KTX) chua co he thdng xet ly nude ttai

sinh hoat chu y8u xu ly so bo thong qua b8 Phdt B8 hoan thanh khda hoc toi dachpn d8 tai 'Tinh toan va thi^t ke he thong xd ly nude thai sinh hoat khu B (khu

KTX) Trudmg Bai hoc An Giang" lam Khda luan tdt nghiep nhlm gdp phin bao vp

sue khde sinh vidn ndi riSng va bao ve mdi trucmg ndi chung cho khu B Muc ti8ucua de tai hudng tdi la tinh toan va thi^t kg he th6ng xd ly nude thai sinh hoat hoanchinh, chat lupng nude thai dau ra dat QCVN 14:2008 theo cot A Bai khda luang^m cac phan: tinh toan xac dinh lcm luomg nude thai, dg xuat day chuygn cdngnghe xd ly, tinh toan chi tigt cac cong trinh dcrn vi trong he thong dua theo 2 phuomg

an de xuat, tinh toan kinh tg, chon phucmg an phu hop va cac ban ve chi ti^t dupethe hien trong bai khda luan nay

Sau khi phan tich cac ygu to mdi trudng, ky thuat va kinh te thi vdi chi phi xd

ly hop ly, tdng chi phi diu tu x^y d\mg la 1.532.430.000 VNB, va chi phi xd ly lm3nude thai la 2.740 VNB Phu hop vdi dia phucmg va dam bao vg mat ky thuat.Phuomg an 1 la phucmg an chpn lua dg tiln hanh xay dvmg cho khu B

Khi he thong xd ly nude thai sinh hoat di vao hoat dpng can chu y den van dequan trac ch^t lupng nude dau ra, thuong xuygn kiem tra van hanh va dao tao can bp

ky thuat va quan ly mdi trucmg

GVHDl:Th.sKieuB6MinhLuansinGVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH :NguylnPhatNhieu

Vietnam's economy on a parallel development due to problems ofenvironmental pollution occur with increasing severity faster and its effects onhuman life are also growing and seems more dangerous To reduce environmentalpollution caused by the process of economic development, the commercial,residential, dormitory, should have water treatment system before dischargingwaste into receptacles Currently in Zone B (the dorm) does not have a wastewatertreatment activities are mainly pre-treated through septic tanks To complete thecourse I chose the topic "Calculation and system design of water treatment wastesite B (the dorm) University of An Giang" as graduation thesis aims to contribute tothe protection of reproductive health staff particular and environmental protection ingeneral for the B The objective of the study is to calculate the direction and design

of water treatment systems complete waste, effluent quality achieved by columnNTR 14:2008 A Last thesis consists of several parts: calculations determinewastewater flow, proposed technological line processing, detailed calculations of theunits in the two systems based on the proposed method, the economic calculations,select the appropriate option and detailed drawings are presented in the thesis of thisarticle.

After analyzing the environmental factors, the economic and technical withreasonable processing costs, the total cost of construction investment is 1.53243billion VND, and the cost of wastewater treatment lm 2,740VND In accordancewith local and ensure technical Option 1 is the choice option to proceed to theconstruction of B.

When the system handle domestic wastewater in operation should payattention to issues of water quality monitoring output, regularly check the operationand training of technical staff and management environment

Khoa luqn tot nghiepL6p DH10MT

SUMMARY

GVHD 1: Th.s KiSu D Minh LuanTrang 1GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hqan

SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu

Khoa luqn tot nghiep'L&p DH10MT

CHtfONG 1 GIOT THIEU

Ben canh viec khong ngirng nang cao v6 chat lugng giao due, Trudng Daihoc An Giang cung quan tarn d^n vln dg cong tac xa hoi hda, cham lo cho a, nodsinh hoat cho sinh vien va can ho giang vien trong trudng do do Khu B (KhuKTX tinh) cung dugc thanh lap song song vdi qua trinh phat trien cua trudng

Hien nay ch a cua sinh vien trong KTX luon la mot vdn dl dugc quantarn khong chi ctia cac bac phu huynh - nhung ngudi c6 con em minh dang sinhhoat va hoc tap tai day ma con la m6i quan tSm cua toan xa hoi khi ma cac berthtruyen nhi&n dang ngay cang de dpa den khu vuc nay do tinh chat tap trung dongdue Trong qua trinh sinh hoat phat sinh ra lugng nude thai kha Ion trong khi dokhong dugc xu ly ma thai true tiep ra moi trucmg, lam 6 nhilm moi trudng xung

quanh

Tdt ca KTX (ky tuc xa) cua cac trudmg Dai hoc trong ca nuac noi chung

va khu KTX tinh ciia Trucmg Dai hoc An Giang noi rieng hau nhu dieu chuadugc quan tarn dlu tu xay dvmg he thong xti ly nude thai sinh hoat tap trung Chuyeu nude thai sinh hoat dugc xu ly yem khi so bo thong qua bh phot Ben canh

do do lugng ngudi tap trung vdi so lugng ldn ma h? thong xu ly bang be phot lai

bi han che ve dung tich cung nhu kha nang xii ly din den nude thai dau ra khongdam bao Quy chuan cho phep hien hanh Nude thai dau ra da qua xd ly nhungvan con mau vang va hoc mui hoi thoi gay 6 nhiem nghiem trong trong cac khu

ky hie xa

Vi vay di giai quy^t tdt vln de thoat nude va xu ly nude thai nhlm bao vem6i trudng do nude thai sinh hoat gay ra va dam b^o sdc khde cho sinh viencung nhu ve m^ quan cua Khu B Chinh vi the de tai "Tinh toan va thiet ke hethong xu ly nu&c thai sinh hoat khuB- Trudng Dai hgc An Giang" la het sdc

cln thiet nhlm gdp phln giam thieu 6 nhiem moi trudng trong KTX va gdp phln

lam giam di lugng nude thai sinh hoat cho thanh pho

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D6 Mmh LuanTrang 2GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu

Khoa luan tot nghiep^L&pDHlOMT

CHUONG 2 HfQfC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1 Tong quan ve khu B (khu KTX tinh - Trudng Dai hQC An Giang).Khu B (Khu KTX) Trudng Dai hoc An Giang dugc phat trien song songvdi qua trinh thanh lap va phat triSn cua Trucmg Dugc dau tu cai tao, xay dgngcdc hang muc cong trinh tut nam 1993 d^n nay

Khu B nam d6i diSn vdi Khu A Truong Dai hoc An Giang theo hudng

Tay Nam, khu B bao g6m cac hang muc cong trinh nhu khu KTX (bao g6m KTXtinh, KTX Tri Ton, Tjnh Bien, An Phii, T3n ChSu, Chau D6c), nha khach qu6c

te, nha gianh cho giang vien thinh giang tit cac trucrng khac, khu nha d tap thegianh cho giang vien, can — tin phuc an uong

Hi^n nay so lugng sinh vien dang d la khoang 1750 sinh vien va cokhoang 20 gia dmh giang vien dang d va lam viec

Hien nay nude thai sinh hoat cila khu B dugc xu ly so ho thong qua bephdt sau do dugc thai vao he thong thoat nude chung cua thanh ph6

2.1.1 Vitridia^^

-Phia B^c giap vdi dudng Vo Thi Sau noi dai;

-Phia Nam giap vdi h din;

-Phia Dong giap dudng Ly Thai T6 noi dai;

-Phia Tay giap vdi Khu A - Trucrng Dai hoc An Giang

Trang 3GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B Minh LuSn

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hqan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu

Hlnh 2.1: Ban dd vj tri cua Khu B - TnccngDai hoc An Giang

2.1.2 Diiu kifn ty nhien

a Dia hinh, dia mao.

Dia hinh tuong doi bang phang va thap, bi chia cat bdi song rach, cao dobiln d6i tit 1,5m den 4,5m, khu vuc cao la nlm or noi 6 thi xa cu, khu thip la khurupng trQng, kenh rach

Cac khu vuc nhin chung co nln dat y^u, can phai xit ly n^n mong khi xaydung cong trinh

Muc nude ngSm cao va thudng on dinh ct dp sau 1,0m so vdi razi ddt tunhien.

Hipn chua co mat cat dia chat cong trinh tai khu vuc xay dung qua mot soh6 khoan cda cac cong trinh da xay dung tai khu vuc thanh pho Long Xuy6n chothSy co cac lop dat nhu sau:

-Ldp 1: Lop dit nguyen tho pha tap chat him co bi phan My xen lln cat,

da gach v\m vdi ham lucmg khong dang k6, ldp nay cd cudng dp bi^n thien tit0,2- 0,4 Kg/cm2.

-Ldp 2: ddt set mau xam lln nhi^u chit him cor va bpt cat d trang thai deomem den deo nhao, cd cho la d^ng bun set

-Ldp 3: dlt set mau xam lln dlt bpt va cac nhuyln trting thai chay deoden deo nhao.

-Ldp 4:cat hat min mau xam xanh, doi chd lln bun trang thai chat

Mach nude ngam dao dpng each mat dat trung binh tit 1- 1,5m

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Tom lai, dia chat cdng trinh trong khu vpc nay chu yeu la dat set, khanang chiu tii thip

b.Dieukienkhihau

Thanh Ph6 Long Xuyen nSm trong vung nhiet ddi gid mua, hang nam chialam 2 mua ro ret, mua mua tir thing 5 din thing 10, mua kho tir thing 11 denthing 4 nam sau.

+ Nhiet do trung hinh trong nam:27,1C

+ S6 gid ning trung binh trong nam:2.200 gid

+ Lupng mua trung binh trong nam:1.71 lmm/nam

+ Dp im trung binh nam:81,5%

Gio: Huong gio think hanh, tin suit va tie do thay doi theo tvmg mua Vgmua mua, huong gio chu dao theo huong Tay Nam, co tic do trung binh khoang3,5m/s ve mua kho, huong gio cM dao theo huong Dong Bac, sau do chuyindan sang Dong va Dong Nam

-Muc nude cao nhat: + 4,9m.

-Muc nude thip nhat: - 0,5m.

-Luu lupng hinh quan khoang : 8.000m3/s

Che dp thiiy van: anh hudng true tiep che dp thiiy van song Hau vdi muamua hang nam vao thing 9,10,11 Dinh lu cao nhit + 2,65 m so vdi he cao dpqudc gia

2.2 Tong quan ve nude thai sinh hoat

2.2.1 Nguon goc nude thai sinh hoat

Nude thii sinh hopt (NTSH) phit sinh tit cic hoat dpng sing hang ngay

cua con ngudi nhu tim rua, bai tiit, ch hiin thuc an, d Viet Nam lupng nudethii nay trung binh khoing 120 - 260 lit/ngucd/ngay NTSH dupe thu gom tir cicGVHD1: Th.s Kieu D Minh LuanTrang 4GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoin

SVTH : NguylnPhitNhiiu

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D Minh LuanTrang 5GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhat Nhieu

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can ho, ca quan, trudng hoc, benh vien, khu dan cu, ca sd kinh doanh, chor, caccong trinh cong cong khac va ngay chinh trong cac ca sd sdn xuat NTSH 6 cactrung tarn do thi thudng thoat bang he thong thoat nude din ra ede song rach, concac vung ngoai thanh va nong thdn do khong co he thong thoat nude nen nudethai thudng duqc tieu thoat tu nhien vao cac ao ho hoac thoat bang bien phdp tuthlm

Khoi luqng nude thai cua mot cong ddng dan cu phu thupc vao:

-Quy m6 dan so;

-Tieu chuin dp nude;

-Kha nang va dac diem cua he thong thodt nude

Muc d$ 6 nhiim cua nude thai sinh hoat phu thupc vao:

-Luu lupng nude thai;

-Tai trpng chit ban tinh theo dlu ngudi

Ma tai trpng chat ban tinh theo dlu ngudi phu thupc vao:

-Muc sing, dieu Men song va tap quan sing;

-Dieu Men khihau.

Nude thai sinh hoat glm 2 loai:

-Nude thai nhiem ban do chat bai tiet cua con ngudi tur cac phdng ve sinh

-Nude thai nhiem ban do cac chat thai sinh hoat khac nhu: can tu nhabep, cac chat thli rfla, ke ca tit lam ve sinh san nha

2.2.2 Thanh phan va dac tinh nude thai sinh hoat

Thanh phln va tinh chat cua nude thai sinh hoat phu thupc rlt nhilu vaongudn goc nude thai Dae diem chung cua nude thai sinh hoat la thanh phan ciia

chiing tuang dli In dinh Cac thanh phln nay bao glm 52% chit huu ca, 48%

chit vo ca, ngoai ra nude thai sinh hoat con chda nhieu cac vi sinh vat gay benh

va cac doe to cua chung Phan ldn cac vi sinh vSt trong nude thai la cac vi khuan

va vi nit gay benh nhu: cac vi khuln gay benh ta, ly, thuang han

Thanh phan nude thai dupe phan chia nhu sau:

Theo thanh phan vat ly: Bieu thi dang ede chat ban co trong nude thai dcac Mch thudc khdc nhau, dupe chia thanh 3 nhdm:

Trang 6GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D6 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu

25 0 100 40 120 80 120 200

Thlp

50 0 200 8 350 150 350 500

Trung binh

Mac do 6 nhilm

85 0 300 12 600 300 700 1000

Ting chit ran la lung

Chit ran khong hoa tan

Chit ran hda tan

Tong chit ran

(mgA)

Thanh phan

•Nhdm 1: glm cac chit khong tan chua trong nude thdi dang tho (vdi,gily, canh la cay, san, s6i, cat, da, long, ) a dang la lung ( 8 > 10"' mm) va adang huyln phu, nhu tuang, bgt (8 = 10"1 — 10"4 mm)

" Nhom 2: glm cac chit bin dang keo (8 = 10A - 10"6 mm)

•Nhom 3: G6m cdc chit bin 6 dang hoa tan co 8 < 10'6 mm; chung cothe a dang ion hoac phan hi

Theo thanh phdn hoa hoc: Bilu thi dang cac chit bin trong nuac thai cocac tinh chit hod hoc khac nhau, dugc chia thanh 2 nhdm:

•Thanh phln vo ca: cat, sdt, xi, axit vo ca, cac ion cua muoi phanly, (khoang 42% d6i vdi nude thai smh hoat);

•Thanh phan him ca: Cac chit c6 ngu6n goc ttr dong vat, thuc vat, can

ba bai tiet, (chiem khoang 58%)

-Cac chit chuaNita: Ure, protein, amin, acid amin,

-Cac hap chit nhom hydrocacbon: m&, xa phong, cellulose,

-Cdc hap chit co chiia phosphor, luu huynh

Thanh phdn sinh hoc: nlm men, nam m6c, tao, vi khuan,

Thanh phan dac trung cua nude thai sinh hoat dugc trinh bay d bang 2.1.Bang 2.1: Thanh phdn dac trung cua nude thai sinh hoat

L&pDHlOMT

Khoa lugn tot nghifp

(Nguon: Xu ly nude thai do th\ va cong nghiep, tinh todn Met he cong trinh, Lam MinhTriit, 2004).

Nhu vdy, dac tinh chung cua NTSH thudng bi 6 nhiem bed ede chat can bahuu co, ede chat huu co hoa tan (thong qua ede chi tiSu BOD, COD), cac chatdinh dudng (nitophospho), cac vi trung gay benh (Ecoli, coliform, )

2.2.3 Anh hu&ng nude thai sinh hoat tdi moi trvomg

Tac hai den moi truong cua nude thai do ede thanh phan 6 nhilm t6n taitrong nude thai gay ra

-COD, BOD: su khodng hoa, 6n dinh chat huu ca tieu thu mot lugrng ldn

va gay thieu hpt oxi cua nguon tiep nhan dan den dnh hudng tdi he sinh thai moitrudng nude Neu 6 nhiem qud miic, dieu kien yem khi co the hinh thdnh

Trong qud trinh phan huy yem khi sinh ra ede san pham nhu H2S, NH3,CH4, lam cho nude co mui hoi thoi va giam pH cua moi trudng.

-SS: ling ddng d ngudn tigp nhan, gdy dieu kien yem khi

-Nhi^t dq: nhiet dp cua nude thai sinh hoat thudng khong anh hudng denddi song cua thuy sinh vat nude

-Vi trung gdy benh: gay ra ede berth Ian truyen bang dudng nude nhu tieuchdy, ngp dpc thiic an, vang da,

-Ammonia, P: day la nhung nguyen td dinh dudng da luong Ndu ndng dptrong nude qud cao din ddn hien tupng phu dudng hoa (su phdt tridn bung phdtcua ede loai tdo, lam cho nong dp oxy trong nude rdt thdp vao ban dem gdy ngatthd va dipt vong ede vi sinh vat, trong khi do ban ngay ndng dp oxy rdt cao doqud trinh hd hap cua tdo thdi ra)

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu Dd Minh LuanTrang 7GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguy!n PhatNhieu

0 50 15

-0,1

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8 20 100 100

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40 200 175

-0,40,1

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Niter him co1

Khoa luan totnghiep'LdpDHlOMT

GVHD 1 : Th.s Kieu Dd Minh LuanTrang 8GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

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Klwa lugn tdt nghiep*L&pDHlOMT

-Mdu: mit my quan.

-Dau mo: gay mui, ngan cdn khuech tan oxy tren be mat.

Su co mat cua cdc chit dpc hai xd vdo nguon nude se lam phd va can blngsinh hQc t^r nhien ciia nguon nuac va kim ham qua trinh tu lam sach cua ngudnnuac S\r co mat ciia cac vi sinh vat, trong do c6 cac vi khuin gay benh, de doatinh an todn vp sinh cua nguon nude.

Bipn phdp duqc coi la hieu qud nhat de bdo ve nguon nude la:

-Han che so luqng nude thdi xa vao nguon nude;

-Gidm thidu ndng do 6 nhiem trong nude thdi theo quy dinh bang each dpdung cdng nghe xu ly phd hpp dil tieu chuan xa ra nguon nude

Vipc xay dung tram xd ly nude thai ndi chung va nude thdi sinh hoat ndirieng la can thiet doi vdi hau het cac nguon thai, nhdm lam sach nude trudc khidua trd lai moi trudng Tuy theo dieu Men npi tai cua mi dia phuong se conhiing yeu cau khdc nhau ve miic do xut ly Tuy nhien, toi thieu phdi ddm bdo khinude thdi trd ra moi trudng thl ngudn tidp nhan phdi cd kha nang hdi phpc, nghia

la moi trudng cd kha nang tu trd lai trang thdi can bdng tu nhien, cd the dong hodluang chat 6 nhiem cd trong nude thai duac thdi vao Trong moi trudng hap cancan nhdc kha nang tu lam sach cua cac nguon tiep nhan trong dieu Men tu nhien

dd quydt dinh miic do can xii ly Xet vd khia canh moi trudng, de duy tri canbdng sinh thdi bdo ve moi trudng thi vide xut ly nude thai 6 nhidm la het siic clnthiet nham trdnh nhung hau qua tieu cue d6i vdi moi trudng Dd chinh la mucdich chinh yeu ma he thong xd ly nude thdi cdn dat duac

2.3 Tong quan ve cac phuwng phdp xu ly nude thai

2.3.1 Xu ly nude thdi bang phuong phdp eff hoc

a Xul^cohoc

Trong nude thdi thudng cd cac loai tap chat ran cd khdc nhau bi cudntheo, nhu ram cd, go mau, bao bi chat deo, giay, gie, diu ma noi, cat, sdi, w Ngoai ra cdn cd cac loai hat la lung a dang huydn phu rat khd lang Xii ly ca hocnham loai bd ede tap chdt khdng hod tan va mot phan cac chit d dang keo ra khdinude thdi nham nang cao chit lupng vd hieu qud ciia ede budc xd ly tiep Phuomgphdp ca hpc duac thuc hien d ede cdng trinh xu ly sau

Phuong phdp xic ly ca hpc cd thd loai bd duac 60% ede tap chit khdng

hda tan cd trong nude thdi vd gidm BOD den 30% De tang hieu suit cua cac

Khoa luan tot nghiep'L&pDHlOMT

cong trinh xu ly cor hoc co thi dung bien phip lam thoang so bo, Hi?u qui xu ly

co thi len tdi 75% chit la lung va 40 - 50% BOD (Lam VTnh Son, 2010)

??? Song chan rdc, ludi chart rac

Song chin rac hoac htdi chin rac dat trade tram bam tren dudng tip trungnude chiy vao him tiip nhan

Nhim gifia lai cic vat tho phi'a trade Song chin rac dupe chia lam hailoai di dpng hoac co dinh, thudng duac dat nghieng mot gdc 60 — 75 theohudng dong chiy, duac lam bang sit trdn hoac vudng va cung co the la vua trdnvda vuong, thanh no each thanh kia mQt khoing 60 - 100mm de chan v^t tho va

10 - 25mm di chin vat nho hem (Nguyin Thi Thu Thuy, 2000)

Ludi chin rac thudng dat nghieng 45 - 60 so vdi phuong thang diing, vantic qua ludi \^^ ^ 0,6m/s Khe rqng cua mit ludi thudng td 10 - 20mm Lamsach song chan va ludi chan bang thd cong, hay bang cac thiet bi ca khi tu donghay ban t^ dong (Lam VTnh Sam, 2010)

Sau song chan rac, de co the loai bo cac tap chat ran co kich thudc ca nho

va min horn ta co the dat them ludi loc Ludi cd kich thudc 16 0,5 - lmm Ludi

lpc dupe thiet ki vdi nhiiu hlnh dang khac nhau (Hodng hue, 1996)

?Belong cat

Be ling cat thudng dupe thiet ki di tich cac tap chit rin vo ca khong tan

cd kich thudc td 0,2 - 2 mm ra khdi nude thai (Hodng Hue, 1996) Dua vaonguyen ly trong luc, dong nude thai dupe cho chay vao bi ling theo nhiiu eachkhac nhau: theo tiip tuyen, theo dong ngang, theo dong td tren xuong va tda raxung quanh Nude qua be lang, dudi tie dung cua trpng luc, cat nang se langxuong dudi va keo theo mot phan chit dong tu Theo nguyen ly lam vi6c, ngudi

ta chia bi lang cat thanh hai loai: bi lang cat ngang va bi lang cat dung

?Be dieu hod

Luu lupng va chit lupng nude thai td cong thu gom chay vi tr^un xu lynude thai, dac biet dii vdi dong thai cong nghiep va dong thai suih hoat thudngxuyen dao dong theo thdi gian trong ngay Khi xay drag be dieu hoa cd the dambio cho cic cong trinh xd ly tiep theo lam viec in dinh va dat dupe gii tri kinh ticao

Khoa luan tdt nghiep*L&p DH10MT

- Be dieu hda luu lupng la chu yiu, co the nlm true tiSp tren duang vanchuyin cua dong ch&y hoac nlm ngoai dudng di cua dong chay

?Be Idng dot 1, dot 2

B^ ling co nhiem vu ling cac hat can la liing co sin trong nude thai (beling 1) hoac cac bong can dupe tao ra tit qua trinh keo ta too bong hay tir qua

trinh xu ly sinh hqc (bi ling 2) Theo cMSu dong chay bi ling duqc chia thanh 2

loai la be lang dung be lang ngang

Bi ling ngang co dang hinh chft nhat Thong thubng be ling ngang duqc

su dung trong cac tram xrr ly co cong suit 3.000 m3/ngay dem d6i vai truanghap xut ly nude co dung phen va ap dung cong suat bat ky cho cac tram xir lynude khong dung phen (HoangHui, 1996)

Trong bi ling ngang, ngudi ta chia dong chay va qua trinh ling th^nh bonvung: Vung nude thai vao, vung tach, vung xa nude ra va vung bun Be langngang thucmg cd chiSu sau H tir 1,5 •*• 4 m, chieu dai bang 8 •*• 12 Ian chieu cao

H, chieu rong kenh tir 3 •^• 6 m Van toe dong chay trong bl ling ngang thucmgchon khong ldn han 0,01 m/s, thai gian luu 1 -=- 3 gid

Trong bi ling dung nude chuyln dong tir dudi len tren, con cac hat canrai nguqc chiiu vdi chiiu chuyin dong cua dong nude KM xu ly nude khongdung chat keo ta, cac hat can cd toe do rai ldn han toe do dang cua dong nude seling xuong day be ling Con kM dimg chat keo ta, thi con cd them mot sd cac hatc|ta cd tic dp rai nho han tic do chuyen dong cua dong nude cung duqc lingtheo.

Hieu qua ling trong b ling dung phu thuqc vao chat keo ta, su phan b6deu cua dong nude va cMeu cao vung lang Be lang diing thudng cd dang hlnhvudng hoac hinh tron va duqc su dtmg cho cac tram xir ly cd cong suit den 3.000m3/ngay dem Nude thai dua vao tam bl vdi tic do khong qua 30 mm/s, thai

gian luu nude trong be tir 45 ^ 120 phiit (TCVN 7957: 2008)

2.3.2 Xulyho^hqc

?Trunghoa

Dimg de dua moi trudng nude thai cd chua cac axid vo ca hoac kiim vidang trung tinh cd pH = 6,5 - 7,5 Phuang phap nay cd thi thuc Men bing nhiiueach: trqn lln nude thai cd tinh acid vdi nude thai cd tinh baza; bi sung them cactac nhan hoa hoc; lqc qua ldp vat lieu lqc cd tac dung trung hoa, hip phu kMchua axid bang nude thai chua kiim,

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SVTH : NguylnPhatNMlu

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh LuSnTrang 11GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

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Be trung hoa nude thai chua axit, co the su dung cac tac nhan hda hocnhu: NaOH, KOH, dung dich amoni NH4OH, ddldmit (CaCO2.MgCO3), Xongtac nhan re nhit la voi sua 5-10% Ca(OH)2, tiip do la soda va NaOH d dang phithai

Be trung hoa nude thai co chua kiem, co the dung khi axit (chiia CO2,SO2, NO2, ) Viec set dung khi axit khong nhung co the trung hoa dupe nudethai ma con lam giam chinh khi thai khdi cac cau tut doc hai

?Oxykoakhic

BS lam sach nude thai, co thi sii dung cac tac nhan oxy hoa nhu clo ddang khi va hda long, dioxyt clo, clorat canxi, hypoclorit canxi va natri,permanganat kali, bicromat kali, peroxy hydro (H2O2), oxy ciia khong khi, ozone.Qua trinh oxy hda se chuyen cac chat doc hai trong nude thai thanh cac chit itdoc hai hem va tach khoi nude Qua trinh nay tieu tin nhiiu hda chit nen thudngchi su dung khi khong thi xu ly blng nhung phuomg phap khac

2.3.3 Phiromg phap hod ly

Nhung phucmg phap hda ly thudng dupe sis dung trong xut ly nude thai la:keo tu, hip phu, trich ly, bay hoi, tuyen ndi, trung hda Xu ly hda ly cd the lagiai doan xut ly doc lap hoac xut ly cimg vdi cac phuomg phap ca hoc, hda hoc,sinh hoc khac trong cdng nghe xii ly nude thai hoan chinh (Iran Hieu Nhue,

ra khoi nude (Iran Van Nhan, Ngo Thi Nga 2005)

Cac chit keo tu thudng dung la phen nhdm (A12(SO4)3.18H2O, NaAlO2,

A12(OH)5C1,KA1(SO4)2.12H2O,NH4A1(SO4)2.12H2O); phen sit (Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O;

Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O; FeSO4.7H2O va FeCl3) hoac chit keo tu khong phan ly, dangcao phan tut cd ngudn goc thien nhien hoac tdng hop Cac chit keo tu cao phan ti

Khoa luan tdt nghiep*L&pDHlOMT

cho phep nang cao dang kd hieu qui cua qua trinh keo tu va lang bong can sau

do.

?Htipphu

Tach cac chat hiiu ca va khf hba tan kh6i nude th&i bang each tap trungcac chat do tren be mat chat ran hoac bang each tuong tac giua cac chat ban hoatan vdi cac chat ran Phuong phap hap phu duqc dung de loai hdt cac chat banhoa tan vao nude ma mot so phuong phap khac khdng loai bo dugc Thongthudng day la cac hop chit hoa tan cd doc tinh cao hoac cac chit cd mui, vi vamau rit khd bi phan huy sinh hoc Cac chit hip phu thudng dung la than hoattlnh, dit set hoat tinh, silicagen, keo nhdm, mot s6 chit ting hop khac hoac chitthai trong san xuit nhu: xi tro, xi mat sat, Trong so nay than hoat tinh dugc sutdung nhidu nhit (Fran Van Man, Ngo Thi Nga, 2005)

?Tuyen noi

Phuong phap tuyen noi thudng dugc su dgng de tach cac tap chat phan tankhong tan, kha nang tu ling kem ra khdi pha long va cung dugc dung de tachmot si tap chit hoa tan nhu cac chit hoat dong be mat (Fran Van Man, Ngo FhiNga, 2005) Uu diem cua phuong phap tuyen noi so vdi phuong phap ling la cdthe khu dugc hoan toan cac hat nhd, nhe va lang cham trong mot thai gian ngan.(Lam Vinh San, 2010)

Qua trinh tuyen ndi dugc thuc hien bang each sue cac bgt khi nhd vaotrong pha long, cac hot khi do ket dinh vdi cac hat chat ban va keo chung noi lentren be mat, sau do chiing tap hgp lai vdi nhau thanh cac ldp bgt Cd hai hinh

thiic tuyen noi: Sue khi d ap suit khi quyin va bao hda khong khi d ap suit khi

quyin sau do thoat khi ra khdi nude d ap suit chan khong (Lam VTnh San, 2010)

Cac phuang phap tuyin ndi thudng ap dung la:

+ Tuyen ndi chan khong

+ Tuyen noi ap luc (tuydn noi khi tan)

+ Tuyen ndi ca gidi

+ Tuydn ndi vdi cung cip khong khi qua vat lieu xdp

+ Tuydn ndi didn

+ Tuydn ndi sinh hoc

+ Tuydn ndi hoa hgc

Trong do tuyin noi khi tan thudng dugc ap dung nhieu nhit

GVHD 1: Th.s Kidu Dd Minh LuanTrang 12GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

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2.3.4 Phinmg phiip sinh hoc

Xd ly nude thai bang phuomg phap sinh hoc la dua vio khi nang sdng vihoat ddng cua cac vi sinh vat co tac dung phan hda nhung chit huu ca trd thinhnude, nhiing chit vo ca va nhiing chat khi dan giin

Nude thdi dupe xii ly bing phuang phap sinh hoc se dupe die trung bdichi tieu BOD hoac COD Dd cd the xu: ly bang phuang phap nay nude thii sinxuit cin khdng chiia cac chit doe va tap chit, cac mudi kim loai nang, hoac ndng

dp cda chung khdng dupe vupt qua ndng dp cue dai cho phep va cd ty s6BOD/COD > 0,5

Cac cdng trinh sinh hoc cd the dupe chia lam cac cdng trinh sinh hpc hieukhi va ky khi, hoac cd the dupe phln loai thanh cac cong trinh sinh hpc trongdi6u kien tu nhien va nhan tao

? Cong trinh xit ly sinh hpc trong dieu kien tu nhien

Co sd cua phuang phap nay la dua vao kha nang tir lam sach dat vi nude,viec xu ly nude thai dupe thuc hien tren cac cong trinh: canh ddng tudi congcong, bai lpc, canh ddng tudi ndng nghidp, ho sinh hoc,

P- Canh ddng tudi cong cong vd bai lpc

Trong nude thai sinh hoat cd chuta cac chit dinh dudng cho cay trdng nhu:dam, kali, Ian ham lupng cua chiing phu thupc vao tieu chuln thai nude Nudethai trade khi dua len canh ddng tudi, bai lpc can phai xu ly sa bd trade

Canh dong tudi va canh dong lpc dupe xay dung d nhung ncri cd dp ddc tunhien 0,02, each xa khu dan cu ve cuoi hudng gid, va thudng dupe xay dimg dnhung nod dat cat, dlt a cat tuy nhien cung cd the xay dung d nhung nod a set

Canh ddng tudi va bai lpc la nhung d dat dupe san phang hoac doe khdngdang kd, va dupe ngan each bang nhung bd dlt Nude thai dupe phin phdi vaocac d nhd he thong mang ludi tudi, bao gdm: muang chinh, muang phan phdi va

he thing mang ludi tudi trong cac d Kich thudc ciia cac d phu thupc vao diahinh, tinh chit cda dlt va phuang phap canh tac (Hodng Hue, 1996)

> Canh dong tudi ndng nghiep

Tu lau ngudd ta da nghi tdi viec su dung cac chat thii cd chiia trong nudethii dd lim phan bdn, khdng chi blng each tudi len nhftng canh ddng cdng cdng,

mi con tudi len nhung cinh ddng ndng nghipp thupc ndng tradng vi nhfing vimgngoai d do thi Tuy theo chd dp tudi nude mi ngucd ta phan ra: canh ddng tudithu nh^n nude thai quanh nam hay canh dong tudi thu nhan nude thii theo mua.GVHDl:Th.sKiduD6MinhLuanTrangl3GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguydnPMtNhidu

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Trang 15GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu D6 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhiiu

Hinh 2.2: Cac cong trinh xir ly nude thai bangphuangphap sinh hoc hieu khi

• Xir ly bang phurrng phap sinh hoc dinh bam

Khi dong nude thai di qua nhung ldp vat lieu rin lam gia dd cac vi sinhvat se bam dinh len bi mat Trong sd cac vi sinh v$t nay cd loai sinh ra cacpplysacarit cd tinh chit nhu la mpt polymer sinh hoc cd kha nang kit dinh taothanh mang Mang nay cu day them vdi sinh khdi cua vi sinh vat dinh bam hay

co dinh tren mang Mang dupe tao thanh tu hang trieu din hang ty ti bao vikhuin, vdi mat dp vi sinh vat rit cao mang cd khi nang oxy hoa cac hop chit hiiu

Dia quaysinhhQc

LpcSHnhogiot

Lpchiiu khi

Xit ly sinhhQC theo me

Hiiu khi

tiepxuc Aerotank

khoang 3 •*• 12 ngay H6 hiiu khi lam thoang nhSn tao la loai hi dupe cung cipoxy bang cac thiit bi thii khf nhan tao hoac may khuiy co hoc Chiiu sau cua hi

co thl tu 2 ^ 4,5 m (Hodng Hu?, 1996)

Qua trlnh oxy hba cac chit him co bang vi sinh vat hiiu khi Bupc phanlam hai nhdm: hi lam thoang tu nhien va hi lam thoang nMn tao

+ Ho lam tho^ng t^ nhien: oxy cung cap cho qua trinh oxy hoa chu yeu do

su khuyech tan khong khi qua mat nude va qua qua trinh quanh hop cua cac thucvat nude.

+ H6 hi^u khi lam thoang nhan tao: nguon cung cap oxy cho qua trinhsinh hoa la bang cac thiet bi nhu bom khi nen hoac may khuiy co hoc

??? Cong trinh xie ly sinh hoc trong dieu Men nhan tao

^ Xit ly nude thai bangphuangphdp sinh hoc hieu khi

Sit dung nhdm vi sinh vSt hieu khi, hoat dong trong di6u kien cung capoxy liSn tuc Gac qua trinh xir ly sinh hoc bang phucrng phap ky khi va hieu khi

cd the xay ra d dieu kien tu nhign hoac nhan tao Trong cac cong trinh xut ly nhantao, ngudi ta tao di^u kien toi uu cho qua trinh oxy sinh hoa ri&i qua trinh xit ly

cd tdc do va hi?u suit cao hem xu ly sinh hoc tu nhien (Iran Hiiu Nh$u, 2001)

LdpDHlOMT

Khoa luan tot nghiep

GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu B6 Minh LuanTrang 16GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhiiu

Hinh 2.3: He thong xit ly nude thai theo qua trinh he loc sinh hoc

Bg loc sinh hoc chiia diy vat li^u dip xiic, la gia thi cho vi sinh vat songbam Nude thai dupe pMn ho diu tren hi mat lop vat lieu bang M thong quayhoac voi phun Quan the vi sinh vat sing ham trdn gia thi tao nen mang nhaysinh hoc co kha nang hip phu va phan My chat huu ca chiia trong nude thai

(Trdn Hiiu Nhue, 2001)

D Thap Iqc sinh hoc:

Khac voi he loc sinh hoc ngap nude, thap loc sinh hoc dupe xay dvmg vdi

he thong quat gid cudng buc tir dudi len, nude thai dupe phan phoi tit phia tren,chay qua lap mang vi sinh bam tr&i cac gia thi va xuong be thu d phia dudi

Boi vdp thap loc sinh hoc, lupng khdng khi dupe cung cip nhiiu nen sinhkhoi phat trien rat nhanh, thai gian nude thai chay xuong thudng ngin nen visinh vat khd oxy hoa hit lupng huu ca co trong nude thai den mire tii da, do dd:thudng phdi tuin hoan lai nude dau ra hoac kit hop vdi be aeroten

D Thap loc sinh hoc nhd giot:

Thap Ipe sinh hoc nhd gipt cd kit ciu giing nhu thap loc sinh hoc Tuy

nhien, van tic cua nude th^i di qua gia thi nhd hem nhiiu, ciu tnic cua gia thicung dupe thay ddi sao cho cd the luu nude dupe trdn gia the lau hem Thap Ipenay cho phep gidm ham lupng cMt huu ca nhilm bin trong nude thai xuong muc

Khda lugn tdt nghiep;L&pDHlOMT

ca, hip thu cac chit bin la lung co trong nude khi chay qua hoac tiep xiic vdimang (Tran Hiiu Nhue, 2001)

Qua trinh loc sinb hoc thi'ch hap cho viec xii ly nude thai cdng nghiep hem

la xet ly nuac thdi sinh hpat

D Be loc sinh hoc

TRLfdNG BA1 HQC

AN GIANG

Trang 17GVHD 1: Th.s Kidu Bo Muih Luan

? Dia quay sink hoc (KBC)

RBC bao gdm cac dia trdn polystyren Mac polyvinyl chloride dat gin sdtnhau Bla nhiing chim mpt phin trong nude th&i \k quay d t6c dp ch$m Tuongtyr nhu bd Ipe sinh hoc, mang vi sinh hinh th^nh va bam trdn be mat dia KM diaquay, mang sinh khdi trdn dia tidp xuc vdi chit hftu cor trong nude th^i va sau dotiip xiic vdi oxy Bia quay tao diSu Men chuyin hda oxy va luon gifi sinh Miditrong dieu Men Meu Mii B^ng thai, Mii dia quay tao nen luc cat loai bd cac mang

vi sinh Midng con Mia nang bim dinh va gift chiing d dang la lung de dua sang

be ling dot hai

D Be Igc sinh hoc co vat lieu Igc ngqp trong nude

Bd lpc sinh hoc chiia day vat lieu tidp xiic, la gia the cho vi sinh vat songbam Nude thai dupe phan bo deu tren mat lap vat lieu bang he thong quay hoacvdi phun, co the tut dudi len hoac tir tren xuong Quin the vi sinh vit song bamtren gia the tao nen mang rihiy sinh hoc co Mia nang hap phu va phan My chithuu ca chua trong nude thai.

• Xic ly bang phuong phdp bun hoqt tinh

Xic ly nude thai theo qua trinh bun Mat tinh bao gdm rit nhieu he thongMiac nhau vdi each thutc xay dimg Miac nhau Mac du vay, tit ca cac cdng trinh

co cung chung mot dac diem la: su dvmg bun Mat tinh dang la lutng de xii ly cacchit him ca hoa tan Mac cac chit him ca dang la lumg

BHT dupe cung cip thudng la him tyr Mai Mac BHT lay tir cac nha may

xu ly nude thai dang Mat dpng (Iran Hieu Nhue, 2001)

L&pDHlOMT

Khoa luan tot nghiip

Trang 18GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhat Nhieu

Hinh 2.5: Be aeroten thong thudng

Mot so cong trinh hieu khi pho bien xdy dung tren ca so xic ly sink hocbang bun hogt tinh:

0 Be aeroten thong thudng

Bdi h6i chfi do dong chay nut (plug - flow), khi do chiiu dai bi rit Ion so

vdi chieu rpng Trong be nay nude thai vao co the phan bo fir nhieu diem theochiSu dai, bun hoat tinh tuin hoan dua vao diu bfi d chS do dong chay mit, bongbim co dac tinh tfit hon, dl ling Toe dp sue khi giam din theo chieu dai b6 Taitrpng thich hprp vao khofing 0,3 - 0,6 kg BODs/m3 ngay voi ham luong MLSS1.500 - 3.000 mg/L, thai gian luu nude tit 4 - 8 gid, ty s6 F/M = 0,2 - 0,4, thaigian luu bim tit 5 — 15 ngay

? Bi aeroten xdo tron hoan toan

Boi hoi chpn binb dang b, trang thiet bi sue khi thich hpp Thiet bi suekhi ca khi (motour va canh khuay) hoac thiet bi khuech tan khi thudng duoc sitdtuig B8 nay thudng co dang trdn hoac vuong, ham luang bim hoat tinh va nhuciu oxy dong nhit trong toan bo thi tich be Bi nay co uu difim chiu dupe qua tairat tot BOD5/m3 ngay vdi ham luang bim 2.500 - 4.000 mg/L, ty s6 F/M = 0,2 -0,6.

L&pDHlOMT

Khoa luan tdt nghifp

Trang 19GVHD 1: Th.s Ki^u Do Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s L Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen PhatNhieu

Hinh 2.6: Biaeroten khuay tr$n hoan toon

? Be aeroten mo rongHan che lucmg bun du sinh ra, khi do tdc do sinh tracmg thap, san lucmgbun thap va chit lucmg nude ra cao hon Thai gian luu bun cao han so vdi cac bgkhac (20 - 30 ngay) Ham luqng bun thich hop trong khoang 3.000 - 6.000mg/L

D Aeroten hoat dong gian doan theo me (he SBR)

Be hoat dong gian doan la he thong xu ly nude thai vdi bun hoat tinh theoki6u lam diy va xa can Qua trinh xay ra trong be SBR tuang tu nhu trong be bunhoat tinh hoat dong lien t^c, chi co digu tit ca qua trinh xay ra trong cung mot bg

va du^c thuc hien lln luat theo cac budc: (1) lam day, (2) phan ling, (3) ling, (4)

xa can, (5) ngirng

2.3.5 Phuong phap khu trung nude

Nude thai sau khi xii 1^ bang phuang ph^p sinh hoc con chiia khoang

105-106 vi khuan trong 1 ml Hau het cac loai vi khuan cd trong nude thai khong phai

la vi trimg gay henh, nhung khong loai tru kha nang ton tai mot vai loai vi khuangay benh nao trong nude thai ra nguon cap nude, ho boi, ho nuoi ca thi kha nangIan tmygn bgnh se rit cao, do do ph^i cd bien phap tiet trimg nude th^i trade khi

xi ra ngudn tigp nhan Cac bien ph^p tiet trimg nude th^i ph6 bign hien nay la:

-Dimg Clo hoi qua thiet bi dinh lucmg Clo

-Dung Hypoclorit - canxi dang bot - Ca(ClO)2 - hoa tan trong thimgdimg dich 3 - 5% roi dinh lugmg vao bg tigp xiic

MSyth&khf

L&pDHlOMT

Khoa lugn tot ngliiep

Trang 20GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu Dd Minh Luin

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoari

SVTH : Nguyen Phat Nhiiu

Hinh 2.7: Be khit trung nuac thai bdng NaOCl

2.3.6 Xirlycan

Trong cic tram xu ly thudng cd khoi lugng can ling tucmg ddi ldn tir songchan rac, he lang dgt mot, dgt hai, Trong can chda rit nhieu nude (dg am tir97% - 99 %), va chiia nhiiu chit huu ca cd khi nang, do do can cin phii dugcxir ly di giim bdt nude, cac vi sinh vat dpc hai trudc khi thii can ra nguin tiepnhin.

Ddi vdi him sinh ra trong qua trinh xit ly nude thii, ta cd thi ap dung cacqua trinh xii ly sau:

NaOCl

-Dimg Hydroclorit - natri, nude zavel NaClO

-Dung Ozon, Ozon dugc sin xuit tit khdng khi do may too Ozon dattrong nha may xii ly nude thai Ozon sin xuit ra dugc dan ngay vao be hoi tan

-Lugng Clo du 0.5mg/l trong nude thii d6 dim bio su an toin va on dinhcho qua trinh tiet trung se giy hai din ca va cic sinh vat nude cd ich khac

-Clo kit hgp ydi Hydrocacbon thinh hgp chit cd hai cho moi trudngsong.

Trong qua trinh xii ly nude thii, cong doan khd khuan thudng dugc dat dcudi qua trinh, trudc khi lam sach nude triet di va chuan bi di vao ngudn

L&pDHlOMT

Khoa lugn tot nghiep

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu Do Minh LuanTrang 21GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hqan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhi6u

Khda luan tot nghi$p"L&p DH10MT

a.Tdch nude: de loai mot phan nuac co trong bun, ta co the ap dung caccong trinh sau: be nen him trong lpc (gravity thickening), nen bun bang phuongphap tuyen noi (flotation thickening), may li tam bun (centrifugation), may lpc ep

daydai,

b.On dinh bun: Co nhigu phucrng phap 6n dinh bun, phuong phap hoahoc, sinh hoc; nhiet, trong d6 phuong phap sinh hoc thuong ducrc sue dung rongrai DS 6n dinh bun blng phucng phap sinh hpc, ta co thl ap dvmg mot trong haiqua trinh: on dinh bun hieu khi va on dinh bun ky khi

c.Thai bo bun: bun sau qua trinh xii ly co thg dupe mang di lam phanbon, dupe chon lap tai mot vi tri thich hop, dua ra san phoi bun hoac dot ra tro

Khoa luan tot nghiep'L&pDHlOMT

CHITONG 3 PHlTONG TIEN VA PHtfONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

3.1.Doi tugmg nghien cuu.

Nude thai sinh hoat tvr Khu B

3.2.Thoi gian nghien cuu.

Thdi gian nghien cuu tir ngay 15/01/2013 din ngay 25/04/2013.

3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu.

Thiit kg he thing xd ly nude thai cong suit 300 m3/ng.d cho Khu B Chit lupmg nude thai diu ra dat QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT - c6t A.

3.4.NQi dung nghien cuu

-Tim hieu vi tri dia ly, tu nhien, diiu ki^n kinh tg- xa hoi va hien trang

moi trudng tai khu B (khu KTX);

-Xac dinh dac tinh nude thai: luu lui^ig, thanh phan, tinh chit, nguon xa

thai;

-Be xuit 2 phucmg an xu ly nude thai sinh hoat cho khu B;

-Tinh toan va thiet ke cac cong trinh don vi cua he thong xu ly nude thaisinh hoat tren day chuyen cong nghe theo 2 phucmg an de xuat;

-Du to^n chi phi xay dung, thiet bi, hda chit, chi phi van hanh tram xu lynude thai;

-Chpn phucmg an xu ly dat hieu qua cao va phu horp vdi khu B;

-Thi hien cac cong trinh tren bang ve;

-Tong hop va viit bao cao

3.5.Phuung tien vh vat li^u nghien cuu

-Phucmg tien: mdy anh, may vi tinh, Internet, xe may

-So d6 mat bang tdng thi Khu B

-So do he thing cip thoat nude Khu B

3.6.Phuung phap nghien cuu

-Phuomgphap thu thap so lieu: Thu thap ede tai lieu ly thuyit vi s6 lupngsinh vign; tien dien, nude; digu kien tu nhign lam co sd dg danh gii hi^n trang vatai luong 6 nhigm do nude thdi sinh hoat khu B gay ra

GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu B Minh LuanTrang 22GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen PhatNhieu

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D Minh LuanTraiig 23GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguyinPhatNhiSu

Khoa lugn tot nghiep*L&pDHlOMT

-Phuomgphdp so sdnh: So sanh uu khuyet diem cua cac cong nghe xii ly

de dua ra giai phap xii ly nude thai co hieu qui hem

-Phucmgphdp trao ddi y kiin: Trong qua trinh thvrc hien d6 tai da thamkh^o y kiSn cua giao vien hudng din vl vln dl co lien quan

-Phucmgphdp tinh todn: Sit dung cac cong thiic toan hoc de tinh toan caccong trinh don vi cua he thong xii ly nude th^i, chi phi xay drag va van hanh hething

-Dung phan mSm Autocad de mo t& kien tnic cong nghe xtt ly nude thdi

3.7 Y nghia cua de tai

-XSy d\mg tram xut ly nude thai dat ti^u chuan moi trudng giai quyet duqcvan d^ 6 nhilm moi trudng do nude thai sinh hoat gay ra cho Khu B

-Gdp phan nang cao y thdc ve moi trudng cho sinh vien cung nhu Banquan ly Khu B

Khi tram xu ly hoan thanh va di vao hoat dpng se la nod dl cac TrudngDai hoc khac va sinh vien tham quan, hoc tap

GVHDl:Th.sKiauB6MinhLuanTrang24GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhilu

Khoa lugn tot nghiep'L&pDHlOMT

CHlTOfNG 4 TINH TOAN VA THIET KE

4.1.Nhiem vu thiet ke va cac so lieu cor so

4.1.1.Nhimvuthietke

Yeu cau tinh toan thiet ke he thong xii ly nude thdi sinh hoat tap trung chotoan bo khu B (khu KTX) theo quy hoach cua Trudng Bai hoc An Giang trongtucmg lai, dim bko cac yeu c^u vh bio ve moi tnrcmg theo quy dinh cua nhanude.

4.1.2.Cac so lieu eff sd phuc vu cho tinh toan thiet ke

Tieu chudn thodt nwac q:

Tieu chuan thoat nuac trung buih: q^ ^= 1201/ngucri/ngd

Tieu chuin thoat nude trong ngay dung nude ldn nhat:

qmax = 1501/ngudi/ngdYeu cau co ban ve chit luqng nude thai sau khi xit ly dat QCVN14:2008/BTNMT - cot Atrudc khi xa vao h^ thdng thoat nude chung cua Thanhpho.

4.2.Xac dinh cac thong so tinh toan

4.2.1 Xac dinh lira luong nude thai sinh hoat

?Lira Iu^ng nude cap tinh toan

Luu luqng nude dip trung blnh ngay cho khu B

^.=Axgcxl(r3=1940x 150x 10^3 = 291 mVngay

Trong do:

N: So luqng sinh vien d trong ky tiic xi;

qc: Tieu chuan cap nude;

Vdi Khu B thuqc d6i tuqng dung nude la thanh phd, thi xa vua va nhdchqn tieu chuin dung nude sinh hoat la qc= 1501/ngucri.^i^eo TCXDVN

33:2006).

?Luu luqng nude thai tinh toan

Luu luqng nude thii tinh toan trung binh ngay:

GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu D Minh LuanTrang 25GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

4.2.2 Thong so dau vao

Noi dung xac dinh cac thong so tinh toan cho tram xu ly nude thai gbm:

•Lira luang tinh toan.

•N6ng dp ban theo chat lo lung va theo COD cua chit thai

" Mire dp cin thiit xu ly nude th^i

•S6 luong sinh vien tinh toan

Thanh phan va dac tinh nude thii sinh hoat

Khoa lugn tot nghiep*L&pDHlOMT

Luu luang nude thai trung binh ngay dupe tinh biing 80% lira luang nudecip cho Khu B

g^ = 80%xfl;= 80% x 291 = 232,8 mVng.d

Ta lly tron du phong la 300 m3/ng.d

Lira luong nude thai trung binh gib:

Cong thiic xac dinh:

Qt=^- =12,5 m3/h

24

Lira lupng nude thai trung binh giay:

C6ng thuc xac dinh:

Trang 26GVHD 1: Th.s KiSu 06 Minh Luan

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu

Trong do:

nu : dinh muc chit la lung tinh tren diu ngudi (g/ngudi/ngay.dem)

nn = 60 - 65 (g/ng.ngd) liy nu= 65 g/ng.ngd (bang 25 TCVN 7957: 2008)

qtb: tieu chuan thoat nudc(l/ngudi/ngay.d)

Ham lu^ng BOD5 trong nude thai da ling tinh theo cong thiic

o ^ nuxlO00 = 35xlOg0=233)3(mg//)

9a150H^m luqng BODbt trong nude thai chua ling tinh theo cong thuc

150 Z

Nguon : Rapid Environmental Assessment, WHO, 1995.

Bang s6 lieu tren la ccr sa danh gia dac tinh nude thai sinh hoat cua khu B

Ham luomg chat la lutng trong nude thai sinh hoat tinh theo cong thurc

65^00 43

-65

-30-353,3

8

-60-65

Theo TCVN 7957:2008

10-30

85 -102

45-540,6-4,56-123,6 - 7,270-145Cac quoc gia phat triln

tAi trqng chAt bAn