Tính toán và thiết kế hệ thống xử lý nước thải bệnh viện đa khoa trung tâm an giang

Ti'nh toan va thiet ke he th6ng xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An GiangLOT CAM ON Luan van tot nghiep nay la thanh qua trong nhung nam hoc tap, trau doikien thuc tai trudng

TINH TO AN VA THIET KE HE THONG Xff LY

NlTOfC THAI BENH VIEN DA KHOA

TRUNG TAM AN GIANG

PHAM HONG NHUNG TRl/dNG DAI HOC AN GIANG

KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRUOfNG

Tilth toan va thiet ke he thong xti ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

MUC LUC

Danh sachbangiDanh sach hinhiii

CHLTONG 1: M6 DAU1

CHLTONG 2: LUQC KHAO TAI LIEU2

2.1.Vi tri dia ly22.2.Didu kien ttr nhien va moi trudng22.2.1.Dieu kien ve dia ly dia chat2

2.2.2.DiSu kien kht ttrang - thuy van2

2.3.Quy mo kham chua benh cua benh vien9

2.3.1.Quy mo9

2.3.2.To chtic nhan sir11

2.4.Phan loai nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang11

2.5.Cac thong s6 co ban cua nude thai11

•2.5.1 Cacchitieuly hoc11

2.5.2 Cac chi tieu hda hoc va sinh hda142.6.Tdng quan nude thai benh vien172.6.1.Nguon goc va thanh phan nude thai benh vien172.6.2.Nhung dac diem ly hoa cua nude thai benh vien18

2.6.3.Dac trung ve vi trung, virut va giun san cua nude thai berth vien19

2.7.Tac dqng cua nude thai benh vien doi vdi moi trudng sinh thai192.7.1.Tac dong doi vdi moi trudng khong khi19

2.7.2.Tac dong den moi trudng nude19

2.8.Cac phuong phap xti ly nude thai202.8.1.Xu ly nude thai bang phuong phap ca hoc202.8.2.Xu ly nude thai bang phucrng phap hoa hoc va hoa- ly252.8.3.Xu ly nude thai bang phuang phap sinh hoc27

TJnh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

2.9.2 Cong nghe xu ly nude thai tai phong kham da khoa (Trudng Dai Hoc Y

Dupe)41 CHU'ONG 3: PHU'ONG TIEN VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U43

3.1.Dia diem nghiSn cuu43

3.2.Boi tuang nghien cuu43

3.3.Thai gian nghien ciiu43

3.4.Muc tieu nghien ciiu43

3.5.Npi dung nghien cuu433.6.Phuang tien va vat lieu nghien ciiu443.7.Phuang phap nghien cuu44

CHU'ONG 4: TINH TOAN CAC CHI TIEU NU'OC THAI VA THIET KE HE THONG XU'LYNU'OC THAI45

4.1.Xac dinh luu lugng tinh toan45

4.2.Be xuat cong nghe xu ly47

4.2.1.Ca sd lira chpn cong nghe47

4.2.2.Phuang an 148

4.2.3.Phuang an 250

4.3.Tinh toan cac cong trinh chinh51

4.3.1.Song chin rac51

4.3.2.Him bam tigp nhan554.3.3.BS dilu hoa574.3.4.B8 Aerotank (Phuang an 1)614.3.5.BS ling724.3.6.BS ling khii triing (bS tiSp xiic)784.3.7.Thap hap phu81

4.3.8.BS nen bun83

4.3.9.BS Ipc sinh hoc (phuang an 2)86

CHU'ONG 5: DlT TOAN CHI PHI VA Ll/A CHON CONG NGHE90

5.1 Tinh toangiathanh90

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Ti'nh toan va thiet ke he thong xir ly nuoc thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

5.1.1Phuang an 1905.1.2Phuang an 2935.2.Ti'nh kinh tS965.2.1Phurong an 196

5.5.Nhan xet chung98

CHLTONG 6: QUAN LY VA VAN HANH'.99

6.1.Nguyen tac chung cua he thong99

6.2.Khai dong he th6ng99

6.2.1.Khaidongky thuat.'99

6.2.2.Khai dong smh hoc1006.2.3.Quy trinh nuoi cay vi sinh1006.3.Van hanh he th6ng1026.3.1.Tu di6u khi^n 1026.3.2.Nguyen the hoat dong1036.3.3.Quy trinh van hanh1046.4.Giai quyet sir co1066.4.1.Phathien sir c61066.4.2.Giai quylt sir c6106

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xft ly midc thai benh vien da khoa tiring tarn An Giang

6.5.1.Baodirongthietbi110

i

6.5.2.Bao duong he thdng1166.5.3 Ve sinh he th6ng 1196.6 Mot so v^n dk vh an toan lao dong120

6.6.1.Cac quy ctinh chung120

6.6.2.Cac trang thiStbibao ho cin thiSt121

CHLTONG 7: KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI122

7.1.K8tluan1227.2.Ki8nnghi122

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xti ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

DANH SACH BANG

Bang 2.1 Su thay dii nhiet dp khong khi trang binh qua cic nam (C)3Bang 2.2 Dp am trung binh cac thing trong nam (%)4Bang 2.3 So gib nang cac thing trong nam (gib)5

Bang 2.4 Luang mua cac thing trong nam (mm)6

Bang 2.5 Muc nude thip nhit va cao nhit tren song Hiu tai Long Xuyen8Bang 2.6 Phin b6 cac khoa phong, giudng benh toa nha chinh9Bang 2.7 Phan bo cic khoa phong, giudng benh khu nha phu10Bang 2.8 Lupng ric giu lai tren thiet bi chan ric, 1/ngubi.nam21Bing 2.9 So sinh hieu suit ciia cic loai be Aerotank36Bing 2.10 Gia tri cac chi tieu nude thai benh vien37Bang 4.1 Nhu cau tieu thu nude tai benh vien va trung tam y te45Bang 4.2 Thanh phan va tinh chat nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An

Giang46

Bang 4.3 He s6 diiu hoa chung47Bang 4.4 Hoc tinh hieu suit xu ly ciia cic be ciia phucrng in 149Bang 4.5 Tom tit s6 lieu thiSt ki muang din52Bing 4.6 Tom tit sd lieu thiit ke song chin ric55Bing 4.7 Tom tat thong so cua be thu gom57Bang 4.8 Tom tit thong so cua bi diiu hoa61Bing 4.9 Cong suit hoa tan oxy vao nude ciia thiet bi bpt khi min68Bang 4.10 Tom tic thong so ciia be Aerotank72Bang 4.11 Cic thong ca bin thiet ke be ling78Bang 4.12 Cic thong ca bin thiSt kg bi khii trimg81Bang 4.13 Cic thong ca bin thiet ke thip hip phu83Bang 4.14 Cic thong ca bin thiet be nen bun86

Bang 4.15 Cic thong si thiit ki bi lpc sinh hoc89

Bang 5.1 Tinh toin chi phi cic cong trinh dan vi90

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Tinh toan va thilt ke h^ thong xu ly mrdc thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Oiang

Bang 5.3 Tinh toan cac chi phi khac91Bang 5.4 Tinh toan chi phi cac cong truth don vi93Bang 5.5 Tinh toan chi phi cac thiSt bi94Bang 5.6 Tinh toan chi phi cac thiSt bi95Bang 6.1 Nguyen t5c hoat dpng he th6ng103Bang 6.2 Mot so sir co thubng gap va bien phap khac phuc106Bang 6.3 Cac loai nhot duoc nha san xuat khuyen khich sir dungIllBang 6.4 Y6u t6 kilm tra bao duong may th6i khi112Bang 6.5 Mot so sir co va each khac phuc bom113Bang 6.6 Lich ve sinh he thong dinh ky119

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nuoc thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

DANH SACH HINH

Hinh 2.1 Thanh phan chat ran trong nude thai sinh hoat chua duoc xu ly 12Hinh 2.2 Mo ta v8n dS moi truong cua nude thai benh vien 20Hinh 2.3 Bg dilu hoa ltru luomg va chat luong 22Hinh 2.4 BS dieu hoa lira lirong23Hinh 2.5 So d6 mat dung the hien 4 vimg trong bl lSng24Hinh 2.6 Hoat dong be Aerotank thong thuong 35Hinh 2.7 Hoat dong bl Aerotank thong thuong 35Hinh 2.8 Hoat dong be Aerotank thong thuong 36Hinh 2.9 So d6 phuong phap 1 38Hinh 2.10 So d6 phumtg phap 2 39Hinh 2.11 So d6 phuong phap 3" 39

Hinh 2.12 So 36 phuang phap 4 '39

Hinh 4.1 So d6 day chuygn cong nghe phuong an 1 48Hinh 4.2 So do day chuyen cong nghe phuong an 2 50Hinh 6.1 Quy trihhnuoi cay vi sinh 101Hinh 6.2 Tu dien dieu khiln 102Hinh 6.3 So d6 cac phuong an xii ly bitn117Hinh 6.4 So do xu ly bun day be lang 118Hinh 6.5 So d6 xu ly bun day bg (can ba) 119

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Ti'nh toan va thiet ke he thong xj ly nuac thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

DANH SACH TlT VIET TAT

COD [Chemical Oxygen Demand]Nhu cduoxi hoa hocBOD [Biochemical Oxygen Demand]Nhu cdu oxy sinh hoc

SS [suspended solids]Chat ran la lung

Le Quang Hoan

Kieu Do Minh LuanGiao vien humig daj

An Giang, ngay /f^.-thang <5.^7 nam 2013

Giao vien htrong din 1

t^

l^^

Ti'nh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

NHAN XET CCfA GIAO VIEN HI/ONG DAN

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Giao vien phan bien 2

An Giang, ngaythangnam 2013

Giao vien phan bien 1

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xti ly mioc thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

NBL^N XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN

Ti'nh toan va thiet ke he th6ng xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

LOT CAM ON

Luan van tot nghiep nay la thanh qua trong nhung nam hoc tap, trau doikien thuc tai trudng Dai hoc An Giang va la dau an quan trong danh dau budc

chuyen tiep tir mot sinh vien trd thanh mot tan ky su cua em.

De hoan thanh tdt Luan van nay, em da nhan dupe rat nhieu sir hd tea,

giiip da va chi bao tan tinh tir gia dinh, thay co, ban be va nhung ngudi xung

quanh.

Ldi dau tien, em xin gdi ldi cam cm chan thanh den Th.s Kieu Do Minhluan va Th.s Le Quang Hoan, ngudi thay da tan tinh chi bao em teong sudt thaigian lam Luan van tot nghiep Thay da chi bao em rat nhieu ve kien thucchuyen nganh, cung nhu da truyen dat rat nhieu kien thuc bo ich ve kinhnghiem thuc te cho em de hoan thanh luan van nay tot nhat teong kha nang cua

em.

Em cung xin gdi ldi c^m an den cac thay co da giang day va trang bi cho

em nhung kien thuc ca sd va chuyen mon trong nhung nam hoc qua Nhung

kien thuc duac hoc da giiip em rat nhieu trong viec hoan thanh tot luan vannay va se la tai san vo gia giiip em vung budc teen con dudng tuong lai

Mot ldi cam an chan thanh xin danh Sd Tai Nguyen va Moi Trudng luonnhiet tinh cung cap thong tin cln thiSt v6 Benh vien Da khoa Trung Tam AnGiang phuc vu cho luan van tot nghiep

Minh gdi ldi cam an tai nhung ngudi ban tot da hd tea minh trong viectim ki&n tai lieu, thong tin va trao doi kien thuc

Mac du co g^ng hoan thanh luan van tdt nghiep vdi tat ca no luc nhungchac chan se khong teach khdi nhung sai sot trong qua teinh thuc hien Kinhmong su thong cam va tan tinh chi bao ciia quy Thay Co giiip em hoan thien

hern.

Cuoi cung, xin kinh chiic moi ngudi sue khoe va cong viec tot

Tran trong cam on !

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

TOM TAT

Nude thai tir cac ca sa y tl bao gdm nude thai phat sinh tir cac hoat dpngcham sdc va sinh hoat trong benh vien Nuac thai nay co thl chtia vi sinh vat,kim Ioai nang, hda chat doc, dong vi phdng xa, ben canh do con co nude muakhong chua chit gay 6 nhilm

Nong do chat thai ran la lung (SS), chat htru ca (BOD5), va cac chat dinhduang (Nita, phot pho) trong nude thai berth vien khong cao nhu nude thai dothi Nong dp BOD5 thay doi tir 80-180 mg/1 Lo ngai chu yeu tap trung vao visinh vat gay benh dudng rupt dl dang lay truyen qua nude Neu nude thaibenh vien khong dupe quan ly tot, nude thai benh vien con chua nhieu dupepham, hda chat cd the anh hudng xau den hieu suat cua cong trinh xur ly sinh

hoc.

Mot so chat doc te bao hay du lupng thuoc khang sinh cung cd kha nang

cd trong nude thai benh vien Tuy nhien, den nay van chua xac dinh dupe haithanh phan doc hai ndi tren

Tir nhung dac tinh nguy hai tren, toi da dua ra hai phuang an xu ly nudethai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang Phuang an 1 su dung beAerotank Phuang an 2 su dung be lpc sinh hoc nhd gipt Ca hai phuang andeu ap dung phuang phap sinh hoc dl xu ly Sau khi so sach tinh kinh tS, kt

thuat va moi trudng cua hai phuang an.

Toi de nghi ap dung phuang an 1 vi bS Aerotank dl van hanh vao baoduang han be lpc sinh hoc nhd gipt Bitn thai dupe xem la chat thai nguy haican dupe nao vet va tieu huy bdi cong ty quan ly chat thai hoac chon lap

Qua npi dung cua luan van, phuang an he thong xti ly nude thai trenhoan toan dap ling dupe nhung yeu cau de ra Vi vay, he thong xii ly nude thaitren hoan toan cd the ap dung vao thuc te va can ap dung cang sdm cang tot dekhong anh hudng din moi hudng xung quanh

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

ABSTRACT

Sewage from medical facilities includes domestic in the and caring

activities If may contain microorganisms, heavy metals, toxic chemicals, radioactive isotopes, besides rain water does not contain contaminants

The concentration of suspended solids (SS), organic matter (B0D5), andnutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) in hospital sewage may not be as high as

urban sewage BOD5 concentrations ranged from 80-180 mg/1 The primary

concern focused on intestinal pathgenic microbe easily transmitting through

water If medical waste is not managed well, hospital waste water contains much pharmaceuticals or chemicals can adversely affect to the performance

ofthe biological treatment process

Some cytotoxic substances or residues of antibiotics are potentially

hospital contained in cess - waker However, researchers haven't identified two toxic ingredients above so far.

Because ofthe hazardous properties above, I give two sewage treatment

plans at An Giang generl hospital The first altermake uses an Aerotank andthe second refers to trickling filter Both schemes are applied biological

methods to freat After comparing the economics, engineering and the environment al ofthe two attermases.

I suggest applying for an the first one, because the Aerotank is easy tooperate on maintenance than biological trickling filter Mud is considered ashazardous waste that should be destroyed and dredged by waste management

or dipsposing companies.

Through the content of the thesis, the' project sewage treatment system fully meets the requirements set Therefore, sewage treatment systems above

can be completely applied in practice as soon as possible so that if doesn't

affect to the environment.

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

Tinh toan va thiet ke hS thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

GHlTONG 1 MOfBAU

Hoat dpng cua cac benh vien cua nuac ta hien nay dang dupe cai thien hang ngay ca ve chat Ian ve lupng Nhung nam gan day nhu cau kham chua benh cua ngudi dan rat ldn Han nua, vdi chu truang dua thay thuoc den vdi tat ca cac benh nhan tren toan quoc ke ca vung sau va vitng xa Do do, hien nay nha nuac da dau tu xay dung, cai tao nang cap nhieu benh vien, tram y te khap ca nude nham phuc vu ngudi dan duac dan tot han Ben canh do, ngay nay cd rit nhieu benh vien ca nho va vua do cac to chiic ca nhan xay dung len.

Tuy nhien, song song vdi viec tang cudng kha nang phuc vu kham chua

benh cho nhan dan, cac hoat dong cua benh vien cung thai ra mot lugng rat ldn

chdt thai gay anh hudng d^n con ngudi va moi trudng

Nhu chung ta da biet, chat thai y te duac xem la mot trong nhung loaichit thai nguy hai cd tac dpng true tiep den con ngudi va moi trudng n^^u

khong duac kiem soat, quan ly va xu ly tot VI vay, viec kiem soat, quan ly va

xu ly chat thai y te la mot nhiem vu c8p bach cua nganh y te va cac nganh lien

quan, nham bao ve moi trudng, bao ve sue khoe cho nhan vien y te, benh nhan

va cpng dong.

Ngoai chat thai y te, nude thai benh vien la mot trong nhirng moi quant^m, lo ngai sau sac doi vdi cac nha quan ly moi trudng va xa hoi va chung cdthe gdy 6 nhiem moi trudng nghiem trong va nguy hiem den ddi song conngudi VI vay viec nghien ciiu, tim ra giai phap cong nghe thich hop de xu lyhieu qua nude thai benh vien dam bao cac tieu chuin cho phep khi thai ra moi

trudng da dupe ca nha moi trudng trong va ngoai nude quan tam Do do viec

xur ly nude thai benh vien trudc khi thai vao nguon tiep nhan la mot yeu cdnthiet yeu Hien nay, cac nude tren the gidi va nude ta da ling dung nhieu giaiphap cong nghe khac nhau dl xu ly hieu qua va an toan nude thai benh vien,trong.dd.thudng sii dung pho bien la cong nghe sinh hoc

Vay d tai " Tinh toan va thiet kl he thSng xu ly nude thai ben vien

da khoa trung tam An Giang" nham thiet ke cho benh vien mot he thong xu

ly nude thai dat tieu chudn loai A theo QCVN 28 - 2010

Tinh toan va thi^t ke he thong xvr ly nude thai benh vien da khoa tiring him An Giang

CHUONG 2 LtrOC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1.Vi trf dia ly

-Huang Tay BSc: giap duang Ly Thai T6 (N6i Dai)

-Huong Dong Nam: giap duang s6 2 vao khu tai dinh cu dubng Ly Thai

T6

-Huong Dong Bile: giap duong Ung Van Khiem

-Huong Tay Nam: giap duang Noi Bo

2.2.Dieu kien tu1 nhien va moi truong

2.2.1.Dieu kien ve dia ly dia chat

a)D|a hinh, dia vat

-Dia hinh trong khu vuc tuang d6i bdng phlng mat do thuc phu tuong doiday dac phuc tap (chu yeu cay gai)

-Dia hinh trong khu vuc do tuong doi bang phang, co do doc nho

-Vdi cac.dac diem tren, dia hinh khu do dat c^m moc duac danh gia thuocloai dia hinh III (Bao cao danh gia tac dpng moi truong benh vien da khoatrung tam An Giang, 2009)

b)Dia chat cong trinh

Dia chat: DO lieu cua bao cao ket qua khao sat dia chat tai khu dat dudinh xay benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang cho thay vdi do sau 60m co 8lap dat : lap 2 la lap dat yeu co chieu day ldn, co tinh nen lun cao, kha hangchiu tai thap, lop 6 va 7 la hai lap co trang thai tot nhat, co chiSu day tuangdfii 6n dinh thich hop cho phuang an mong cpc va lap 8 la lap a set mau xamnau, nua cung chi xuSt hien tai phan noc cha ba trong sau ho khoan khao sat.(Bao cao danh gia tac dong moi trudng benh vien da khoa trung tam AnGiang, 2009)

2.2.2.Dieu kien khi tuong - thuy van

Dieu kien khi tuong - thuy van ciia Tp Long Xuyen dugc dat chungtrong dieukien khi tugng - thuy van cua tinh An Giang

a) Dieu kien khi tuong

-Khi hau nhiet ddi gio mua, nong km quanh nam rit thich hop cho viec

phat trien cay trong.

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung

27,428,027,627,428,328,329,527,926,026,4

2007

27,827,727,627,628,428,729,028,037,326,5

2006

28,027,828,227,428,529,129,627,926,825,4

-Khu vtrc du kien xay dung du an nam trong vimg khi hau nhiet ddi gio

mua co hai mua mua nang ro ret Mua mua tu thang 5 den thang 11 Mua kho

tu thang 12 dSn thang 4

b) Nhiet do khong khi

-Nhiet dp khong khi thay doi theo mua trong nam (2 mua ro ret), muamua nhiet dp co xu hudng tang cao hem, tuy nhien su chenh lech giua cacthang trong nam la khong ldn

-Nhiet dp khong khi anh hudng true tiep den qua trinh phat tan cac chat 6nhiem trong khi quyen Nhiet dp khong khi cang cao thi toe dp phan huy vachuyen hoa cac chat 6 nhiem cang ldn Ngoai ra, nhiet dp khong khi cung laydu to quan trong tac dpng d8n siic khde cong nhan trong qua trinh lao dpng

Vi vay, trong qua trinh tinh toan du bao 6 nhiem khdng khi va thiet ke cac hethong khong che 6 nhiem, can phan tich cac yeu to nhiet dp!

-Diln bien nhiet dp khong khi trong vung nhu: nhiet dp trung binh trongnam la 27 •^• 29C, thang ndng nhat thudng la thang 4, nhiet dp trung binhthang la 29,5C

Bang 2.1 Su thay doi nhiet do khong khi trung binh qua cac nam fC)

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai behh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

2007

77,082,084,082,085,084,081,07,079,079,080,0

2006

82,083,084,081,085,084,0

80,0

74,073,080,078,0

Thing 1

Thoigian-(Nguon: Nien gidm thong ke An Giang, 2007)

c) Do am khong khi

-Dp m trung birth hang nam kha cao khoang 81%

-Dp Im trung birth mua kho (thing 4): 70 - 76%

-Dp im khong khi ion nhit (thing 10): 82 - 84%.

Dp im khong khi la yiu to anh huong len qui trinh chuyen hoa cic chat

6 nhi&n cung nhir la yeu to vi khi hau anil huong den siic khoe cong nhan lao

dong

Bang 2.2 Do dm trung binh cdc thdng trong nam (%)

27,526,726,5

28,626,928,7

27,626,027,5

(Ngudn: Nien gidm thdng ke tinh An Giang, 2007)e) Mira

Mua co tac dung thanh lpc va pha loang nude thai, luong mua cang ldnthi muc dp 6 nhiem khong khi va nude thai cang giam Mua cuon theo cacSVTT: Pham H6ng Nhung5

185,5172,5

17.0,1

202,1239,0191,4

2007

2.345,9234,2228,2178,6153,6127,5123,8171,2291,1

202,8

208,4208,8217,72006%'

2.241,5152,3168,5184,8144,2

169,9

141,3190,1207,6206,9

215,6

221,8238,5

Bang 2.3 So gia ndng cac thang trong nam (gia)

81,280,6

80,0Trung binh ca nam

Tinh toan va tliiSt kS he th6ng xu ly nude thai benh vien ^a khoa trung tam An Giang

f) T6c do gio trung binh

(Nguon: Nien gidm thong Ice tinh An Giang, 2007)

1.493,03,062,4

362,8

156,8218,4

308,7

169,6141,921,218,9

23,9 •

5,4 ''•

2007

1.085,822,616,6

239,7

145,1234,796,4112,7102,397,35,93,613,9

-0,1

-

Tinh toati va thi^t kg he thdng xu ly nude thai berth vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

chat 6 nhiSm rai vai tu mat dit xudng cac nguctn nude Mua cd tac dung lamsach khong khi, ddng thai anh hudng true tiep dSn he thdng xu ly nude thai

trong khu vuc trang tam.

Che do mua trong khu vuc hang nam phan bo theo 2 mua ro ret:

-Mua mua bat d^u tu thang 5 d8n thang 11, so ngay mua chiem 86% valugng mua chidm tu 90% - 93% tdng lupng mua hang nam

-Mua kho tir thang 12 ddn thang 5 nam sau Luong mua chiem tir 7- 10%

tong lugng mua trong nam.

Bang 2.4 Luang mica cac thang trong nam (mm)

Tfnh toan va thiet kg he thong xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

Gib la ydu td (long vai trb quan trpng nhat trong viec Ian tray en chat 6nhilm kliong khi Toe do gio cang ldn thi chat 6 nhiem dugc van chuyen cang

xa ngudn gay ra 6 nhiem va ndng dp cac chat 6 nhiem cang dupe pha loangbdi khdng khi sach Khi toe dp gio nhd gan bang 0 hoac lang gio thi cac chat 6nhiem se khong dupe van chuyen di xa ma tap (rung rod xudng mat dat, gaynentinh trang 6 nhiem cao nhat tai khu vuc Vi vay, khi danh gia miic dp 6

nhiem can quan tarn den toe dp gio.

Hang nam, a khu vuc du an chiu anh hudng ciia 2 loai gio chinli:

-Tvr thang 5 den thang 10, chiu anh hudng ciia gio Tay Nam

-Tu thang 11 den thang 4 nam sau, chiu anh hubng cua gio mua DongBic

-Van toe gio trung binh la 2 m/s

-Van toe gio ldn nhat la 20 m/s

g) Che do thuy van

Thuy trieu trong cac song d Dong Bang Song Cuu Long la do tit bientruyen vao C) An Giang vita la tinh cd vimg chiu anh hudng chinh ciia songtrieu bidn Dong (4 huyen cii lao n^m giua song Tien va song Hau) lai vira cdvimg chiu anh hudng.tong hop ciia song tri6u bien Dong va song trieu bienTay (7 huyen, thi va thanh pho nam trong hi giac Long Xuyen)

Cac dac trung cua dong trilu 61 An Giang:

-Muc nu&c dinh trieu va chdn trieu, xet tren dudng qua trinh muc nude

gib ciia tram Long Xuyen va Chau D6c (tren song Hau), Chp Mdi va TanChau (tren song f idn) thi che dp ban nhat tri^u chidm uu thS, con sd ngay coche dp nhat trieu trong thang hau nhu khong dang ke Cii khoang nua thang cd

3 — 5 ngay trieu cudng, sau do trieu giam dan keo dai khoang 5 — 6 ngay, tiep

do la 3 - 5 ngay trieu len, xuong rat yu gpi la ky nude kem Cac ky con nude

d day lap lai mot each tuan hoan nhung khac nhau vb cudng dp

-Bien do trieu, chenh lech giua trieu len va trieu xuong (bien do trieu)thudng xap xi nhau Trong mot nam, bien dd trieu ciia cac tram ven song cdnhftng bien dong m^nli me Vao miia kiet, bien dp tridu tang dan va d^it tri sdldn nhat vao thang 4 hoac thang 5 Tidp do miia lu vl, nude song len, bien dptrieu giam va dat tri so nhd nhit vao thang 9 hoac thang 10

-Thai gian trieu len va xuong d cac tr^m Tan Chau, Chau Ddc, LongXuyen va Chp Mdi xap xi nhau, binh quan tir 4 gib den 5 gib ddi vdi tridu len

va 7 gib den 9 gib ddi vdi tridu xudng

SVTT: Pham Hdng Nhung7

128 88-13

-.66

-70 -83 -75 -74 -70 -22

thip

nhat

246 213 197 135 123 141 118 138 134 153

Cao

nhat 2007

143 133 51-60 -73

-77^

-71 -71 -34 -26

Th^p nhit

234 224 195 151 112 116 118 140 159 166

Caonhat 2006

156 150 56

-24 •

-88 -97 -73 -73 -68 -50

Thap

ntidt

245 244 215 140 118 98 98 120 130 150

Caonhat

2005"

129 130 56-24 -46 -88 -86 -85 -65 -37

thap nh^t

Tfnh toan va thiit kg hf th6ng xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

-T6c do truyin triiu, tren dSt An Giang, tic dp truyen trieu doc sdng Tien •

va song Hau xip xi nhau, trong mua kiet khoang 22km/gid, trong mua lu trendudi 19km/gid

-Luu luang dong trieu, xet trong mot con triiu tai Tan Chau, Chau Doc,

Vam Nao thudng co hai Ian nude chay ngupc va hai Ian nude chay xuoi, song,thai gian nude chay xuoi d ca ba tuyin do diu ldn han nhieu so vdi thai giannude chay nguac va cd xu th6 cang vao sau trong npi dia thi thai gian nudechay nguac cang giam Thudng vao dau thang 1, tai 3 mat cat tren bat dau cdluu luohg chay nguac va tang din trong thang 2, 3 va dat tri so ldn nhat vao thang 4 ho^c thang 5, sau do lai giam dan va bi triet tieu trong cac thang mua

lu (Bao cao danh gia tac dong moi trudng benh vien da khoa trung tam AnGiang, 2009)

Bang 2.5 Muc nude thap nhat va cao nhat tren song Hau tai LongXuyen

Khu berth phong: ngoai than kinh (40 giuang) lien

Khu benh phong: ngoai chan thuang chinh hinh(46 giuang) va ngoai tiit nieu (34 giuang)

Khu berth phong: Ngoai tong quat (46 giuang) vaUng buou (34 giuang)

Kho chinh, phong bao tri, nha giat, nha hang danh

cho nhan vien va khach vieng, hoi truang, vuan mai

rihan tao, npi soi, sieu am, khu xet nghiem trung tam.

Sanh chinh, quiy tiSp tan, khu kham benh ngoai

tni, khoa duac, khoa X - Quang, khu tiem truyen,

khoa kham benh theo yeu cau, khu truyen thong sue

khoe va kham tam soat, khoa dinh duong va bep

chinh, khoa cip ctiu (20 giuong)

(Nguon: Trung tarn du bdo khi luctng thuy van tinh An Giang, 2007)

2.3 Quy mo kham ehua benh cua benh vien

2.3.1 Quy mo

Du an dau tu xay dung benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang la du anxay dung mdi gom: tong so giudmg berth 600 giubng, 01 tang tret, 09 lau.Trong do 550 giuang (toa nha chinh), 50 giuang (khu lay nhiem)

Bang 2.6 Phdn bo ede khoa phong, giuong benh tod nha chinh

(Nguon: Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc dong moi truang cua Benh vien BK TTAG, 2009)

Cac dieu Men ha tang ky thuat: cap thoat nude va cap dien

50 ghrorng

20 giuang

18 giuang

12 giuangGhi chu

.Khu benh phongKhu benh phongPhong hop khoa, khu benh phong

Sanh, tiep tan, phong kham, X-Quang,

khu giao due tuyen truyen

Bang 2.7 Phdn bo ede khoqphdng, giuang benh khu nhdphu

{Nguon: Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc dong moi truang cua Benh vien BK TTAG, 2009)

Bon nuac, phong may thang may, phong quat.

Khu benh phong: npi than kinh (40 giuang) npitieu hoa (30 giuang), da lilu (5 giuang), y hoc co

-He thong cap dien: cap dien cho cong trinh dugc lay tir ludi dien chung

TP Long Xuyen

2.3.2 To chiic nhan sir

-Tong so nhan vien:1.950 ngudi

-Nhan vien lam viec theo ca:1080 ngudi-Nhan vien lam viec theo gid hanh chinh: 870 nguoi

2.4.Phan loai nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Nhdm thu 1: nude thai " ft 6 nhiem": nhdm nay bao gom toan bo lugng

nude mua roi tren mat bang khuon vien benh vien, nude thai sinh ra tit viec

giai nhiet cho may phat dien, giai nhiet cho he thong dieu hoa khong khi trungtam trong benh vien Loai nude thai nay theo nguyen tac cd the xa thang vao

nguon tiep nhan, khong can qua xu ly.

Nhom thii 2: toan bo lugng nude thai sinh hoat cho toan the can bo cong

nhan vien, than nhan ngudi benh.

Nhom thu 3: lugng nude thai sinh ra trong qua trinh kham va chua benh

cho benh nhan.

Vay nude thai nhom 2 va nhom 3 can phai dugc xii ly trudc khi dua vao

nguon tiep nhan.

2.5.Cac thong so cu ban cua nude thai

2.5.1 Cac chi tieu ly hoc

a) Chat ran trong nude thai

Chat ran la nhung thanh phan khong hoa tan trong nude Chiing dugcchia ra lam hailoai theo kich thudc cua chung:

-Chat ran cd kt'ch thudc rat nhd cd the qua lpc cd dudng kinh < 1 pm.-Chat ran cd kich thudc > lpm

Ve ban chat hoa hoc, chung cd the la nhung hat chat huu co, vo co, hoac

la nhung xac cua vi sinh vat nguyen sinh-dpng vat hay phieu sinh vSt

Cac chat ran cd trong nude dugc danh gia qua nhtrng thong so eg ban

sau:

? Tong so ch^t An (TS)

Tdng sd ch^t rin trongnudc thai la thanh pMn con lai sau khi da chonude thai bay hoi hoan toan d nhiet dp 103 — 105C Tong cac chat ran dugcbilu thi bang don vi mg/L (Le Hoang Viet, 2000)

SVTT: Pham Hdng Nhung11

Hinh 2.1 Thanh phan chat ran trong nu&c thai sinh hoat chua duoc xii ly

(Ngudn: Lam Minh Triit, 2009) b) Mui

Viec xac dinh mui ciia nude thai ngay cang trd nen quan trong, dac bi^t

la trudc cac phan ling gay gat ciia dan chiing doi vdi cac cong trinh xu ly nude

thai khong dugc van hanh tot Mui cua nude thai con mdi thudng khong gay

Tinh toan va thiSt k he thing,xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Tong cac chat ran co the chia ra lam hai thanh phan: chat ran la liing (co

thl lpc dugc) va chit rin hoa tan (khong lpc dugc) (Le Hoang Viet, 2000)

? Chat rSn Iff lung (SS)

Chat ran la liing la cac hat nho (him cc hoac vo ca) trong nude thai Khi

do van toe ciia "dong chay hi giam xuong (do no chay vao cac ho chtia Ian)

phan ldn cac chat ran la lung se hi lang xuong day ho Nhtrng hat khong lang

dugc se tao thanh dp due ctia nude Cac chat ran huu ca se tieu thu oxy de

phan huy lam giam DO cua ngupn nude Cac can lang se lam day cac be chiia

lam giam the tich huu dung cac be nay (Le Hoang Viet, 2000)

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung13

Tinh toan va thiet kg he thdng xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

dupe toa ra khi nude thai bi phan My sinh hoc dudi cac dieu kien yem khi

(Lam Minh TriSt, 2009).

c)Nhiet d6

Nhiet dp ciia nude thai thudng cao hem nhipt dp ciia nude cap do viec xacac dong nude ndng Mac am tir cac Mat dong sinh Mat, thucmg mai hay congnghiep va nhiet do ciia nude thai thudng thap hem nhiet dp cua khdng khi.Nhiet dp cua nude thai la mot trong nhung thong so quan trpng bdi viphan ldn cac so dd cong nghe xii ly nude thai ddu ling dung cac qua trinh xu

ly sinh hpc ma cac qua trinh do thudng bi anh hudng manh bdi nhiet dp Nhiet

dp cua nude thai anh hudng den ddi song cua thiiy sinh vat, den su hoa tan cuaoxy trong nude Nhiet dp con la mot trong nhung thong so quan trpng lienquan ddn qua trinh l^ng cac hat can, do nhiet dp cd anh hudng den dp nhdt ciiachdt long va do do cd lien quan ddn luc can cua qua trinh ISng cac hat cantrong nude thai

Nhiet dp ciia nude thai thudng thay doi theo mua va vi tri dia ly 0nhung vung khi hau lanh, nhiet dp cua nude thai cd thl thay ddi tu 7 - 18C,trong khi do d nhung vung cd khi hau am ap hem, nhiet dp ciia nude thai cdthd thay doi hong khoang tu 13 ddn 24C C thanh phd H6 Chi Minh va cactinh phia Nam, nhiet dp ciia nude thai thudng dao dong d miic 24 - 29C, ddi

khi len ddn tren 30C (Lam Minh TriSt, 2009).

d)Dp mau

Mau ciia nude thai la do cac chit |hai sinh boat, cong nghiep, thudcnhudm, hoac do cac san pham dupe tao ra tir cac qua trinh phan My chat huu

co Don vi do dp mau thong dung la Platin - Coban (Pt-Co)

Dp mau la mot thong sd thudng mang tinh chat dinh tinh, cd thd dupe sirdung de danh gia trang thai chung cua nude thai Nude thai sinh Mat de chuaqua 6 gid thudng cd mau nau nhat Mau xam nhat den trung binh la dac trungcua cac loai nude thai da bi phan huy mot phan Neu xuit Men mau xam samMac den, nude thai coi nhu da bi phan hu^ Man toan bdi cac vi khuin trongdieu kien ydm khi Hien tupng nude thai nga mau den thudng la do su taothanh cac sulfide khac nhau, dac biet la sunlfide sit Didu nay xay ra khi hydrosulfua dupe san sinh ra dudi cac dieu kien yem khi ket hop vdi mot kim loai

Ma tri hai cd trong nude thai chang han nhu sat (Lam Minh Triet, 2009)

e)D6 due

Tinh toan va thi6t kg he thing xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

D6 due cua nude thai la do cac chit la lung va'cac chit dang keo chiratrong nuac thai tao nen Dan vi do dp due thong dung la NTU

Gifta dp due va ham lupng chit la lung trong nuac thai ban dau (chua xilly) chua co m6i quan he dang ki nao, tuy nhien m6i quan he nay thi hien ro d

nude sau khi ra khdi bl ling dot 2 (Lam Minh Triit, 2009).

2.5.2 Cac chi tieu hda hoc va sinh hda

a)pH

Tri so pH cho biet nude thai co tinh trung hoa pH = 7 hay tinh axit pH <

7 hoac tinh kiem pH > 7, dupe tinh bing ndng dp cua ion hydro (pH = lg[lf]) pH la chi tieu quan trong nhat trong qua trinh sinh hoa bdi toe dp cuaqua trinh nay phu thupc dang ki vao su thay d6i pH Qua trinh xu ly nude thaibang phuang phap sinh hoc rat nhay cam vdi su dao dpng cua tri so pH Quatrinh xii ly hieu khi dpi hoi gia tri pH trong khoang 6.5 -^- 8.5, khoang gia tri totnhit la tCr 6.8 ^ 7.4 (Lam Minh Tri6t, 2009)

-Doi vdi nude thai sinh hoat, pH thudng dao dpng trong khoang 6.9 •^- 7.8.Nude thai cua mpt so nganh cong nghiep co th^ co nhung gia tri pH, khacnhau, vi du nhu nude thai cong nghiep san xuit hot giay thudng co pH kha cao(10 -^ 11) trong khi do cong nghiep xi ma thudng co pH kha thlp (2.5 •*• 3.5 ),

nude thai cong nghiep sa che mu cao su co pH khoang 4 -=- 4.5 De xu: ly cac

loai nude thai nay can thuc hien trung hoa (Lam Minh Triet, 2009)

b)Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa - NOS (BOD)

Nhu c^u oxy sinh hoa (viSt tit la NOS hay BOD) la lupng oxy cln thi^t

cho vi khuan song va hoat dpng de oxy hoa cac chat him ca co trong nudethai (Lam Minh Tri^t, 2009)

Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa la mdt trong nhung thong so ca ban dac trung, lachi tieu rat quan trong va tipn dung de chi muc dp nhiem ban cua nude thai bdicac chat him ca co the bj oxy hoa sinh hoa (cac chat huu ca de phan huy sinhhoc) (Lam Minh Tri^t, 2009)

BOD dupe xac dinh bang lupng oxy can thiet de oxy hoa cac chat tutu cadang hoa tan, dang keo va mot phin dang la limg vdi su tham gia cua cac visinh vat trong dieu kien hieu khi, dupe tinh bang mgO2/L hay dan gian la mg/1(Lam Minh Tri^t, 2009)

c)Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (COD)

Tinh toah va thiet ke he thong xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang •

Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc (viet tat la NOH hay COD - Chemical OxygenDemand) la luang oxy can thiet de oxy hoa toan bo cac chat him ca, mot phannhd cac chat vo ca de bi oxy hoa co trong nude thai, ke ca cac chat htru cqkhong bi phan My sinh hoc (Lam Minh Tri^t, 2009)

COD dupe xac dinh b5ng phuong phap bicromat trong moi trudng axitsunfuric co them ch^t xiic tac - sunfat bac Don vi do ciia COD la mgO2/L haydon gian la mg/1

Chi tiSu nhu cau oxy sinh hoa BOD5 khong du de phan anh kha nang oxyhoa cac chat huu co khd bi phan oxy hoa va cac chat vo co co the bi oxy hoa

co trong nude thai, nhat la nude thai cong nghiep Vi vay can phai xac dinhnhu cdu oxy hoa hoc (COD mg/1) &i oxy hoa Man toan cac chat bin cd trongnude thai Tri sd COD luon luon ldn hon tri sd BOD5 va ty s6 COD tren BODluon thay doi tuy thupc vao tinh chat cua nude thai Ty so COD : BOD cangnho thi xti ly sinh hoc cang de Doi vdi nude thai sinh hoat, thong thudngBOD = 68% COD, con ddi vdi nude thai cong nghiep thi quan he giua BOD

va COD rdt khac nhau, tuy theo timg nganh cong nghiep cu the

' Mot nhdni cac hop chat chua nita la protein va cac san ph^m phan Mycua no nhu amino axit la nguon thiic an him ca cua vi khuan Mot nhdm khaccua hap chat huu ca chiia nita cd trong nude thai bat nguon tur phan va nudetieu (ure) cua ngudi va dpng vat Ure bi phan huy ngay khi cd tac dung ciia vikhuan thanh amoni (NH41") va NH3 la hap chit vo ca chiia nita trong nude thai(Trinh Xuan Lai, 2009)

Hai dang hop chat vo ca chiia nita cd trong nude thai la nitrit va nitrat.Nitrat la san pham oxy hoa cua amoni (NLL/'O khi tdn tai oxy, thudng goi quatrinh nay la qua trinh nitrat hoa Con nitrit (NO2") la san phim trung gian ciiaqua trinh nitrat hoa, nitrit la hop chat khong ben vung de bi oxy hoa thanhnitrat (NO3") Bdi vi amoni tieu thu oxy trong qua trinh nitrat hoa va cac visinh vat nude, rong tao dung nitrat lam thuc an dl phat triSn, cho nen neu hamluong nita cd trong nude thai xa ra song, M, qua muc cho phep se gay ra hientupng phu duang kich thich su phat trien nhanh ciia rong, reu, tao lam banSVTT:Pham,H6ngNhung15

Tinh toan va thigt kg he th6ng xu ly nude thai berth vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

nguon nude Tuy nhien trong nude thai chua xii ly vd nguyen tic thudng

khdng cd NO2" va NO3".

e) Phot pho

Phdt pho cung gidhg nhu nito, la chit dinh duong cho vi khuan song vaphat tridn trong cac cdng trinh xii ly nude thai Phot pho la chat dinh duongdiu tien can thidt cho su phat trien ciia thao mdc song dudi nude, ndu ndng dpphot pho trong nude thai xa ra song, sudi hd qua muc cho phep se gay ra hidntupng phii duong Phdt pho thudng d dang photphat vd co va bit nguon titchat thai la phan, nude tieu, urd, phan bdn trong nong nghidp va tir cac chattay nia dung trong sinh hoat hang ngay (Trinh Xuan Lai, 2009)

f)Oxy ho a tan

Nong dp oxy hoa tan (DO) trong nude thai trudc va sau khi xu ly la chitieu rat quan trong dac biet la trong qua trinh xii ly sinh hoc hieu khi Lupngoxy hoa tan trong nude thai ban dau dan vao tram xii ly thudng bang khong

hoac rat nhd.

Trong qua trinh xu ly hieu ludn phai giu nong dp oxy hoa tan trong nudethai tu 1.5-2 mg/1 de qua trinh oxy hoa dien ra theo y mudn va de hdn hopkhong roi vao tinh trang ydm khi, Oxy la khi cd dp hoa tan thap va nong dpoxy hoa tan phu thupc vao nhiet dp, va ndng dp mudi trong nude Trong quatrinh xii ly nude thai, vi sinh vat tieu thu oxy hoa tan de ddng hoa cac chatdinh duong va chat nen BOD, N, P can thiet cho viec duy tri su song, sinh san

va tang trudng ciia cluing (Trinh Xuan Lai, 2009)

Trong nude thai sau xu ly, luong oxy hoa tan khong dupe nhd hon 4mg/lddi vdi nguon nude dung de cap nude (loai A) va khong nhd hon 6mg/l ddi

vdi nguon nude dung 'de nupi ca.

g)Kim loai nang va cac chat doe hai

• Kim loai nang trong nude thai cd anh hudng dang ke den cac qua trinhxii ly, nhat la xii ly sinh hoc Cac kim loai nang doe hai bao gdm: niken, ddng,

chi, coban, crdm, thiiy ngan, cadmi Ngoai ra, con cd mot nguyen to doe hai

khac khong phai kim loai nang nhu: Xianua, stibi(Sb), Bo Kim loai nangthudng cd trong nude thai ciia mot sd nganh cdng nghiep hoa chdt, xi ma, detnhdm va mot sd nganh cdng nghiep khac (Lam Minh Tridt, 2009)

h) Vi sinh vat

Nude thai sinh hoat chua vd sd vi sinh vat chii yeu la vi sinh vat vdi sd

DAI HQcl

AN GIANG SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung ItrUONG DAI HQcl'17

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xrr ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

thai la phan, nude tieu va tit dat Te bao vi sinh hinh thanh tit chat huru ca nen

co the coi tap hop vi sinh la mot phan ciia tong chat hiiu ca co trong nude thai.Phan ldn vi sinh co trong nude thai khong phai la vi khuan gay benh Co the

cd mot so it vi khuan gay benh nhu: thuong han, ta ly va vi trimg gan

2.6 Tong quan nude thai benh vien

Nude thai benh vien la mot dang cua nude thai sinh hoat va chi chi&nmot ph^n nhd trong tong sd lupmg nude thai sinh hoat cua khu dan cu Tuynhien, nude thai benh vien cue ki nguy Mem ve phuong dien ve sinh dich te,bdi vi cac benh vien tap trung nhung ngudi mac benh la nguon cua nhieu loaibenh vdi benh nguyen hoc da Met hoac doi khi con chua Met doi vdi khoa hocMen dai (Nguyen Xudn Nguyen va Pham Hong Hdi, 2004)

2.6.1 Nguon goc va thanh phan nude thai benh vien

a)Nude thai la nude mua

Nude mua dugc thu gom tren toan bo dien tich mat bang cua benh vien.Nude mua theo he thong thoat nude rieng do thtog vao cong thoat nude dothi Nude mua cd kha nang bi nhiem bin khi chay ngang qua mot s6 vi tri vakhu vuc dac biet nhu: cac gio rac dat ngoai dudng, khu vuc dat bon chuanhien lieu cho may phat dien du phdng

b)Nude thai sinh hoat cua benh vien

Nude thai sinh ra tit cac phdng ve sinh benh nhan, tu cac can tin, nha bep

benh vien, khu ve sinh cua nhan vien can bo, than nhan ngudi benh Thanh

phan nude thai tiiong tu nude thai sinh hoat tir cac cum dan cu do thi khac: cdchua cac chat can ba va cac chit Mm ca hoa tan (BOD, COD), cac chit dinhduong (N2, P) va vi trimg Chat hrong nude thai sinh hoat nay vuert qua tieuchuan cho phep do do cd kha nang gay 6 nhiem him ca, lam giam luong oxihoa tan (DO) von rat quan trong vdi ddi sdng thuy sinh tai ngudn tiip nhan.c)Nude thai tu hoat ddng kham va dieu tri benh

Moi khu kham va diiu tri benh cd nhung dich vu kham va diiu tri y khoakhac nhau, tuy theo cac benh vien cd cac yeu cau cong viec rieng Cac benhvien ldn thudng cd cac kliu kham va dieu tri vdi nude thai cd muc dp 6 nhiem

vi sinh gay benh, can la ldng, cac chat him ca, ham luong BOD, COD cao hontrong nude thai sinh hoat

Nhln chung nude thai benh vien dac trung la chua nMeu mim benh dacbiet la cac benh truyen nhiim

Tinh toan va thiet kg he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tarn An Giang

-Nude thai khu giai phau benh ly (mo hoc): chua mau, benh pham, dich

ca thl chat khu trung nhu formandehit

-Nude thai khu xet nghidm: chua nhieu vi trung gay benh khac nhau,nude thai tu khu X - Quang, nia phim

Viec xu ly nude thai bj nhiem phdng xa rat khd khan va ton kem (do chu

ky phan huy cac chat phdng xa kha lau) Trong dieu kien hien nay khdng decap din loai nude thai nay ma chi xu ly tinh chit so bo trong toan bo daychuyen xu ly nude thai benh vien

-Nude thai khu diiu trj vat ly: Chua nhieu hop chat huu co halogen hda

(AOX).

-Nude thai khoa truyln mau, huyit thanh hoc, khoa san, chua nhiiu huyitthanh va benh pham, hda chat vo ca kim loai nang (Hg), cac chat dem,

photphoate, chat oxy hda, diu ma

-Nude thai tu cac khu nghien ciiu chua cac chat 6 nhiem:

+ Chit oxy hda tiy trimg moi trudng: peroxides (H2O2)

+ DSu mo tu cac dng bcrm chan khong, cac thiet bi quay

+ Kim loai nang trong cac thuoc thu phan tich

+ Cac dung moi huu co, huyet thanh, dich co the va thuoc tay

Nguon nude thai nay cd ham lugng BOD5 va COD thap hon khu khamdieu tri nhung tren miic trung binh ciia nude thai sinh hoat.'

d) Nude thai tir phong giat tay cua benh vien

Cac phong giat tay ciia bdnh vien giat chu yeu la khan trai giudng, cac aochoang va ao cho phdng thi nghiem Nude thai nay chua mot lupng ldn cac

chat vo co, chat beo, dau mo, thuoc tay chua chat kiem gay bien doi pH

2.6.2 Nhung dac diem ly hoa cua nude thai benh vien

Trong nude thai benh cd the cd nhung chat ban khoang va huu co dacthu: cac che pham thuoc, cac chat khu trung, cac dong vi phdng xa dupe sudung trong qua trinh chuin doan va dieu tri benh Nhung nghien cuu moi nhitcho thiy su cd mat cua mot trong si chung din den viec lam giam hieu quasach nude thai trong cac cdng trinh xii ly nude thai (Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vaPham Hong Hai, 2004)

Viec sii dvmg rpng rai cac chit tiy rua (chat hoat dong b mat - HDBM)

0 xudng giat ciia benh vien cung tao nguy co lam xau di muc do hoat dongcua cdng truth xii ly Theo cac ket qua nghien ciiu thi ham lupug chat HDBM

S VTT: Pham Hong Nhung19

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

khuan tich ta trong bpt Nhung chat tay rua rieng biet anh hudng den qua trinhlam sach sinh hoc nude thai: chat tay rua anion lam tang luqng bun hoat tinh,chat tay rua cation lai lam giam di (Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vd Pham Hong Hdi,

Ve phuong dien nay dac biet nguy hiem lam nhung benh vien cd cac khoa

truyen nhiem va benh lao, cung nhu nhung khoa lay cac benh sooma

(somaticus ^ thuoc than the) ^Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vd Pham Hong Hdi,

2004).

Dac biet nguy hiem la nude thai nhiem cac vi khuan cd the dan den benhcho ngudi va dpng vat qua ngudn nude, qua cac loai rau dupe tudi bang nudethai Nhung benh truyen'nhiem loai nay la benh ta, thuong han, phd thuonghan, khuan Samonella, ly, benh do amip, benh Lamblia, benh do Leptoxpira,

benh do Brucella, benh Tulare, benh than, lao, giun san, viem gan, benh nhiem

virut rapt va ca mot vai benh khac (Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vd Pham Hong Hdi,

2004).

2.7 Tac dong cua nude thai benh vien d6i vdi moi trudng sinh thai

2.7.1.Tac dong d6i vdi moi trudng khong khi

Trong nude thai benh vien thudng cd cac thanh phan nhu mau, can lo

lung, cac chat huu ca de phan huy, cac kim loai nang Tat ca nhung chat nay

deu rat nguy hai, neu khong tap trung va xu ly triet de ma thai true tiep rangoai se gay 6 nhilm cho moi tradng, trong do cd moi tradng khong khi.Mui hdi phat ra tu cac chat thai huu ca lam anh hudng den nhung ngudidan song xung quanh khu vuc Ngoai ra, chung con theo chieu gid phat tan di

xa, mang theo ca cac vi sinh vat gay benh lam anh hudng den moi tradng ciianhung ngudi dan song d cudi hudng gid

2.7.2.Tac dong den moi truong nude

Mot so benh vien khong cd hethdng xu ly, hoac cd nhung hoat dongkem hieu qua do true tiep vao cdng thoat do thi ma khong qua qua trinh xu ly

so bd gay nguy hai cho sue khoe con ngudi va moi tradng

Hinh 2.2 Mo ta van de moi trucmg cua nude thai benh vien

2.8 Cac phuong phap xii' ly nirdc thai

2.8.1 Xu- ly nude thai bang phtrffng phap cor hoc

Nude thai cd thanh phan het sue phiic tap Trong nude thai khong chi

chua cac thanh phan hoa hoc hoa tan, cac loai vi sinh vat, ma con chua cac

chSt kliong tan Muc dich cua phumtg phat nay la loai bo cac tap ch^t khongtan va mot phan cac chat khong hoa tan d dang la lung ra khoi moi trudngnude trudc khi ap dung cac phuang phap hoa ly hoac cac phuang phap sinhhoc b5ng cac qua trinh gan, loc va ling

Su bai tiet cua ngudibenh vdi phan du cuathudc (thudc va motphan da chuyen hda)

Str phan phoi sic dungthuoc cho benh nhan

Nude thai sinh hoat tir cac

khu kt thuat cua benh vien

ong thai tronbenh vien

Nude thai tir viec kham va dieu

tri benh (mau, nude tieu, phan,

dung moi, dung dich axit, kiem,

thuoc thu, nguyen to phdng xa,

chat tay trung

Tinh toan va thiSt kS he thong xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

SVTT: Pham H6ng Nhung

Ghi chu:

-Tu sd la s6 lupng rac giu lai trong song chin rac co gidi

-Mem so la so lupng rac giu lai trong song Chan rac thu cong.

(Ngudn: Hoang Hue, 1996)Ngudi ta phan loai cac thiet.bi chan rac theo each vdt rac nhu sau:

Thiet bi chan rac vdt rac thu cong, dung cho cac tram xu ly nude thaicdngsuatnhd, lupng rac dudi 0,lm3/ngay

ThiSt bi chin rac bo tri tai mang din nude thai trudc tram bom nude thai

va trudc cac cong trinh xu ly nude thai Trudng hop tram bom nam trong khuvuc tram xd ly thi ngudi ta chi can bo tri mot thiet bi chan rac tai tram bomvdi chieu rpng khe hd bing 16mm

Luung rac giir lai a

Khe hd song chin, mm

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Cac vat chat gom cac chat co kich thudc Ian nhu cac canh cay, bao bi, chat deo, giay va cac tap chat la ltlng a dang ran long tao vdi nude thanh he

huyen phu Tuy theo tinh chat hoa ly, nong dp hat la lung, kich thudc hat, luulupng nude thai va miic dp lam sach can thiet ma ta co the ap dung cac congtrinh xu ly ca hoc cho phu hop Nhung phuang phap loai cac chat ran co kichthudc Ion va ty trpng ldn hrong nude dupe gpi chung la phuong phap cd hoc.a) Phuong phap dung thiet bi chan rac

ThiSt bi chan rac ditng dl giu lai cac tap chat tho nhu rac, ttii nilon, vd

cay nham dam bao cho may bom, cac cong trinh va thiet bi xu ly nude thai

hoat dpng on dinh

Thigt bi chin rac la cac thanh sip xgp ke tiep nhau vdi cac khe hd tu 16den 50mm Cac thanh cd the bang thep, nhua hoac go Tiet dipn cua cac thanhnay la hinh chu nhat, hinh trdn hoac elip So lupng thiet bi chan rac trong tram

xu ly nude thai toi thieu la 2 Thiet bi chan rac thudng dat nghieng theo chieuchay mot gdc 50 d&i 90

Lupng rac giir lai tren thiet bi chan rac phu thupc vao khe hd va phuongphap vdt rac

Bang 2.8 Luang rac giu: lai tren thiet bi chan rac, l/ngu&i.nam

Hinh 2.3 Be dieu hoa luu luang va chat luomg

luong va chat luong

den

Tu cong

Bom hoac van dieu

chinh luu luong

Tfnh toan va thiSt ke he thing xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Trong cac tram xii ly nude thai quy mo vira, cong suat mrdc thai tren

5000m3/ngay co the dung thiet bi chan rac - may nghien rac ket hop Rac dirge

nghien va xa luon vao trong long mang dan nuac, sau do dugc giu lai trong cac be lang cung can ba.

Thiet bi chan rac co the bao gom: Song chan rac va ludi chan rac

Song chan rac thucmg dat diing vuong goc vdi dong chay, song chingom cac thanh kim loai tiet dien 5 x 20mm dat each nhau 20 - 50mm trongmot khung thep han hinh chu nhat, de dang truot len xuong doc theo 2 khe o

thanh muong dan.

Ludi chan rac thudng dat nghieng 45 - 60 so vdi phuong thang diing.Khe rpng cua mat ludi thudng tit 10 - 20mm

b) Dieu hoa liru luong dong chay

Luu luomg va chat luong nude thai tu he thong thu gom chay v nha mayxti ly thudng xuyen dao dong theo cac gid trong ngay Be dieu hoa co nhiem

vu can bang luu luong va nong do nude thai nham dam bao hieu suat cho cac

cong doan xii ly tiep theo

Co 2 loai be dieu hoa

Be dieu hoa luu luong va chat luong nam true tiep tren dudng chuyen

dong cua dong chay.

Be dieu hoa luu lugngHinh 2.4 Be dieu hod luu lugng

(NguSn.-Trinh Xuan Lai 2009)Tuy theo dieu kien dlt dai, va chat lugng nude thai, khi mang cdng thugom la mang cong chung thudng ap dung be dieu hoa luu lugng de tich tru

dugc lugng nude sau can mua 6 cac mang thu gom la he thong cong rieng d

nhung nai cd chat lugng nude thai thay ddi thudng ap dung be dieu hoa ca luu

lugng va chat lugng.

c) Qua trinh lang

Lang la qua trinh chuyen ddng cua nhung loai tap chat d dang huyen phuthd xuong dudi day nguon nude thai nhd tac dung cua trpng luc Dua vaochiic nang, vi tri co the chia be lang thanh cac loai: be lang cat, be lang dgt 1

Be lang cat

Trong thanh phan can lang nude thai thudng cd cat vdi do ldn thuy luc u

> 18mm/s Bay la cac phan hi vo ca cd kich thudc va ty trong ldn Be dambao cho cac cong trinh xu ly sinh hoc nude thai hoat dpng on dinh can phai cdcdng trinh va thiet bi ling cat phia trudc

Be lang cat dat sau song chan rac, ludi chan va dat trudc be dieu hoa luulugng, dat trudc bd ling dgt mot

Nhiem vu cua be lang cat la loai bd can tho va nang nhu cat sdi, manh vo thuy tinh, m^nh kim loai, tro tan, than vun, vd tning de bao ve cac thidt bi

co khi de bi mai mdn, giam lugng can tho d cac cdng trinh xu ly sau

Budi tac ddng cua luc trpng luc trucmg, cac phan hi ran (cat, xi) cd tytrpng ldn hon ty trpng cua nude se dugc lang xudng day be trong qua trinh

chuyen dpng.

Theo dac tinh ddng va nguyen tac chuyen dpng cua nude trong be langcat cho cac tram xdr ly nude thai quy md nhd va vira dugc chia ra cac loai sau:SVTT: Pham Hdng Nhung23^

Be lang dot 1Ludi, song chin B6 ling cat

Bam hoac van dieu

chinh luu lugng

den

Tu cdng

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Hinh 2.5 Sff do mat dung.the Men 4 vung trong he lang

(NguontTrinhXuanLai, 2009)d) Phu'ong phap loc

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xii ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

be lang cat co dong chay ngang trong muang tiet dien hinh chu nhat, be langcat co dong chay ngang trong muang tiet dien hinh chu nhat, be lang cat codong chay doc theo mang tiet dien hinh chu nhat dat theo chu vi cua be trdn,

be lang cat sue khi, be lang cat co dong chay xoay, be lang cat ly tam.

Be lang cat ngang la doan ma rong ciia mang dan nude thai, co ho tap

trung cat phia dau Thai gian luu trong tit 0,5 den 2 phut

Be.lang cat dung co hinh tru hoac lang tru diing, trong do nude thai danvao phia dudi day ra khdi be phia tren Thai gian nude luu Iai trong be tir 2dSn 3 phut

Be (hoac thiet hi xiclon) lang cat vdi dong chay theo phuang tiep tuyen

co hieu qua.giu Iai cat cao Cung do nude chuyen dong vdng, mot phan chat

huu ca duac tach khdi cat va lay ra khdi bd bang phuang phap thu cong, bam,thidt bi nang thuy luc Cat luu giu trong bd ttr 2 ddn 5 ngay Cac loai bl langcat thudng dung cho cat tram xu ly nude thai cong suat tren 100m3/ngay

Do cau tao dan gian be lang cat ngang duac su dung rong rai han Tuy

nhien trong dieu kien can thiet phai ket hop khdi cac cong trinh xu ly nudethai, ngudi ta cd the dung be lang cat diing, be lang cat tiep tuyen hoac thiet bi

xiclon hd mot tang, nhieu hoac xiclon thuy luc.

SVTT: Pham Hong Nhung25

Tinh toan va thiet ke h^ thong xu ly nude thai benh vien da khoa trung tam An Giang

Nham de tach cac dang tap chat phan tan kich thudc nho ra khdi nudethai ma cac be lang khong the loai dugc chiing Ngudi ta tien hanh qua trinhlpc nay nhd cac vach ngan xop, cho phep chat long di qua va giu cac tap chatphan tan Qua trinh lpc cd'the xay ra dudi tac dung ciia ap suat thuy tinh ciiacot chat long hay ap suat cao trudc vach ngan hay ap suat chan khong sau vach

ngan.

e) Be vot diu m&

Thudng ap dung khi nude thai cd chua dau mo, tach cac tap chat nhe.Nhupc diim ciia phucmg phap nay chi loai bo dupe cac tap chat r^n thd"60% cac hat huy^n phu va giam BOD dSn 20% nhung lchong tach dupe cacchat gay 6 nhiem d dang keo va hoa tan

2.8.2 Xu ly nirdc thai b3ng phuong phap hoa hoc va hoa - ly

Lk qua trinh mot so hoa chat va be phan' ling nham nang cao chat lupngnude thai de dap ling hieu qua xii ly ciia cac cong doan sau

Xu ly nude thai blng phuohg phap hoa hoc - ly hoa gdm cac phucmgphap sau:

a)Phmrng phap oxy hoa

khu-De lam sach nude thai ngudi ta cd the sir dung cac chat oxy hoa manhhhu clo d dang khi va hoa long, dioxut clo, clorat canxi, hupoclorit va natri,

oxy khong khi, ozon,

Trong qua trinh oxy hoa cac chat doc hai trong nude thai chuyen thanhcac chat it doc hai hon va tach ra khoi nude Qua trinh nay it tieu ton mot nanglupng ldn cac tac nhan hoa hoc Do do qua trinh oxy hoa hoc chi dupe dungtrong nhung trudng hop khi cac tap chit gay nhiem bin trong nude thai khongtach bang nhung phuomg phap khac •

b)Be keo tu tao bong

Khi chat keo tu cho nude va nude thai, ban than cac hat keo trong nude

bi mat tinh on dinh tuomg tac vdi nhau, kit cum lai hinh thanh cac bong can

Tinh toan va thiet ke he thong xii ly nude thai benh vien da lchoa trung tarn An Giang

Qua trinh nay dugc ung dung de loai ra khdi nude cac tap chat phan tankhong tan va khd tan Ngudi ta sii dung phuang phap nay de xu ly nude thai

trong cac nganh san xuat nhu che Men dau mo; da va dung de tach bun hoat

tinh sau khi xil ly hoa sinh

Qua trinh nay dugc thuc Men bang each sue khi nhd va pha long Cac khi

do ket dinh vdi cac hat la lung va khi lire noi cua t^p hop cac bong khi va h^t

du ldn se keo theo cac hat cung noi len tren mat nude tao thanh ldp bot cd

nong do tap chat cao hon trong nude luc ban dau.

d)Qua trinh hap phu

Qua trinh nay su dung rong rai de lam sach triet de nude thai khoi cacchat him ca hoa tan sau khi xii ^^ sinh hoc cung nhu xu ly cue bd Cac chfithip phu gdm: than hoat tinh, cac chat tdng hop va chat thai mot so quy trinh

san xuit (tro, xi, mat cua).

Qua trinh xu ly nude bang phuong phap hap phu dugc tien hanh vdi maykhuay trgn manh liet hap thu vdi nude, lgc nude qua ldp chat hap phu dungyen hoac trong ldp gia long, trong cac thiet bi hoat dong gian doan hay lien

tuc.

e)Qua trinh trao doi ion

Phuang phap nay ung dung de lam sach nude thai khoi cac kim loai nhu:

kem, ddng, crom, thuy ngan cung nhu cac hap chat ciia asen, photpho,'

xianua, cac chit phdng xa Phuong phap nay cho phep thu hdi cac chat cd gia

tri vdi do lam sach nude cao.

Ban chat cua qua trinh trao doi ion la mot qua trinh tuong tac cua dungdich vdi pha rin trong nude thai, ma no cd tinh chat trao ddi ion Cac chat ciuthanh pha ran nay dugc ggi la ionit, chung khong tan trong nude, trong do cacionit tren be mat ciia chat rin cd ldia nang hap thu cac ion duang dugc ggi lacationit va cac ion cd nang hap thu cac ion am ggi la amionit

f)Qua trinh trich ly

Trich ly pha long dugc ung dung de lam sach nude thai chiia phenol,dau, axit huu ca, cac ion kim loai Phuang phap nay dugc ap dung khi nong

do chat thai ldn han 3 - 4g/l, vi khi do gia tri chat thu hoi mdi bu dip chi phi

cho qua trinh trich ly

Lam sach nude thai bing trich ly bao gom 3 giai doan: